addition to POSIX mode documentation; new translations; update copyrights on some files; update formatted documentation; changes to cut/lcut loadable builtins when supplied -a ARRAY

2026-06-26 15:23:09 +02:00 · 2025-06-06 12:16:11 -04:00
parent dbe4256d5e
commit 727b8d3663
56 changed files with 6737 additions and 11126 deletions
@@ -792,6 +792,7 @@ examples/loadables/csv.c	f
 examples/loadables/dsv.c	f
 examples/loadables/kv.c		f
 examples/loadables/cut.c	f
+examples/loadables/ocut.c	f
 examples/loadables/logname.c	f
 examples/loadables/basename.c	f
 examples/loadables/dirname.c	f
@@ -362,14 +362,23 @@ The following list is what's changed when POSIX mode is in effect:
  75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
     of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it.

-There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
-even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
+There is additional POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by
+default even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:

-  1. The ‘fc’ builtin checks ‘$EDITOR’ as a program to edit history
+  1. POSIX requires that word splitting be byte-oriented.  That is, each
+     _byte_ in the value of ‘IFS’ potentially splits a word, even if
+     that byte is part of a multibyte character in ‘IFS’ or part of
+     multibyte character in the word.  Bash allows multibyte characters
+     in the value of ‘IFS’, treating a valid multibyte character as a
+     single delimiter, and will not split a valid multibyte character
+     even if one of the bytes composing that character appears in ‘IFS’.
+     This is POSIX interpretation 1560, further modified by issue 1924.
+
+  2. The ‘fc’ builtin checks ‘$EDITOR’ as a program to edit history
     entries if ‘FCEDIT’ is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
     ‘ed’.  ‘fc’ uses ‘ed’ if ‘EDITOR’ is unset.

-  2. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
+  3. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
     for the ‘echo’ builtin to be fully conformant.

 Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from bashref.texi.
+This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.2 from bashref.texi.

 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 7 April 2025).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2025).

-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 7 April 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.

   Copyright © 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Bash Features
 *************

 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 7 April 2025).  The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2025).  The Bash home page is
 <http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.

-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 7 April 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.

   Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
@@ -7990,14 +7990,23 @@ startup files.
  75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
     of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it.

-   There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
-even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
+   There is additional POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by
+default even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:

-  1. The ‘fc’ builtin checks ‘$EDITOR’ as a program to edit history
+  1. POSIX requires that word splitting be byte-oriented.  That is, each
+     _byte_ in the value of ‘IFS’ potentially splits a word, even if
+     that byte is part of a multibyte character in ‘IFS’ or part of
+     multibyte character in the word.  Bash allows multibyte characters
+     in the value of ‘IFS’, treating a valid multibyte character as a
+     single delimiter, and will not split a valid multibyte character
+     even if one of the bytes composing that character appears in ‘IFS’.
+     This is POSIX interpretation 1560, further modified by issue 1924.
+
+  2. The ‘fc’ builtin checks ‘$EDITOR’ as a program to edit history
     entries if ‘FCEDIT’ is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
     ‘ed’.  ‘fc’ uses ‘ed’ if ‘EDITOR’ is unset.

-  2. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
+  3. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
     for the ‘echo’ builtin to be fully conformant.

   Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
@@ -13600,141 +13609,140 @@ D.5 Concept Index
 * yanking text:                          Readline Killing Commands.
                                                              (line   6)

-

 Tag Table:
-Node: Top893
-Node: Introduction2826
-Node: What is Bash?3039
-Node: What is a shell?4172
-Node: Definitions6782
-Node: Basic Shell Features10109
-Node: Shell Syntax11333
-Node: Shell Operation12360
-Node: Quoting13651
-Node: Escape Character14989
-Node: Single Quotes15524
-Node: Double Quotes15873
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting17218
-Node: Locale Translation18612
-Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts20015
-Node: Comments24213
-Node: Shell Commands24980
-Node: Reserved Words25919
-Node: Simple Commands26784
-Node: Pipelines27446
-Node: Lists30702
-Node: Compound Commands32574
-Node: Looping Constructs33583
-Node: Conditional Constructs36132
-Node: Command Grouping51202
-Node: Coprocesses52694
-Node: GNU Parallel55380
-Node: Shell Functions56298
-Node: Shell Parameters64746
-Node: Positional Parameters69647
-Node: Special Parameters70737
-Node: Shell Expansions74198
-Node: Brace Expansion76387
-Node: Tilde Expansion79723
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion82678
-Node: Command Substitution103321
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion106850
-Node: Process Substitution108026
-Node: Word Splitting109134
-Node: Filename Expansion111578
-Node: Pattern Matching114802
-Node: Quote Removal120525
-Node: Redirections120829
-Node: Executing Commands131092
-Node: Simple Command Expansion131759
-Node: Command Search and Execution133867
-Node: Command Execution Environment136311
-Node: Environment139759
-Node: Exit Status141662
-Node: Signals143720
-Node: Shell Scripts148649
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands151947
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins154058
-Node: Bash Builtins180705
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior217629
-Node: The Set Builtin217971
-Node: The Shopt Builtin229965
-Node: Special Builtins247017
-Node: Shell Variables248006
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables248440
-Node: Bash Variables250948
-Node: Bash Features290072
-Node: Invoking Bash291086
-Node: Bash Startup Files297670
-Node: Interactive Shells302912
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?303320
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?303982
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior304806
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions308567
-Node: Shell Arithmetic313984
-Node: Aliases317313
-Node: Arrays320447
-Node: The Directory Stack328035
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins328832
-Node: Controlling the Prompt333277
-Node: The Restricted Shell336162
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode339044
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode357401
-Node: Job Control366408
-Node: Job Control Basics366865
-Node: Job Control Builtins373233
-Node: Job Control Variables379915
-Node: Command Line Editing381146
-Node: Introduction and Notation382849
-Node: Readline Interaction385201
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials386389
-Node: Readline Movement Commands388197
-Node: Readline Killing Commands389193
-Node: Readline Arguments391216
-Node: Searching392273
-Node: Readline Init File394516
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax395819
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs422644
-Node: Sample Init File427029
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands430149
-Node: Commands For Moving431687
-Node: Commands For History434151
-Node: Commands For Text439541
-Node: Commands For Killing443666
-Node: Numeric Arguments446454
-Node: Commands For Completion447606
-Node: Keyboard Macros453302
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands454003
-Node: Readline vi Mode460570
-Node: Programmable Completion461547
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins470284
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example482021
-Node: Using History Interactively487366
-Node: Bash History Facilities488047
-Node: Bash History Builtins491782
-Node: History Interaction498253
-Node: Event Designators503203
-Node: Word Designators504781
-Node: Modifiers507173
-Node: Installing Bash509110
-Node: Basic Installation510226
-Node: Compilers and Options514102
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures514852
-Node: Installation Names516605
-Node: Specifying the System Type518839
-Node: Sharing Defaults519585
-Node: Operation Controls520299
-Node: Optional Features521318
-Node: Reporting Bugs533698
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell535055
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License556481
-Node: Indexes581658
-Node: Builtin Index582109
-Node: Reserved Word Index589207
-Node: Variable Index591652
-Node: Function Index609065
-Node: Concept Index623060
+Node: Top891
+Node: Introduction2822
+Node: What is Bash?3035
+Node: What is a shell?4168
+Node: Definitions6778
+Node: Basic Shell Features10105
+Node: Shell Syntax11329
+Node: Shell Operation12356
+Node: Quoting13647
+Node: Escape Character14985
+Node: Single Quotes15520
+Node: Double Quotes15869
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting17214
+Node: Locale Translation18608
+Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts20011
+Node: Comments24209
+Node: Shell Commands24976
+Node: Reserved Words25915
+Node: Simple Commands26780
+Node: Pipelines27442
+Node: Lists30698
+Node: Compound Commands32570
+Node: Looping Constructs33579
+Node: Conditional Constructs36128
+Node: Command Grouping51198
+Node: Coprocesses52690
+Node: GNU Parallel55376
+Node: Shell Functions56294
+Node: Shell Parameters64742
+Node: Positional Parameters69643
+Node: Special Parameters70733
+Node: Shell Expansions74194
+Node: Brace Expansion76383
+Node: Tilde Expansion79719
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion82674
+Node: Command Substitution103317
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion106846
+Node: Process Substitution108022
+Node: Word Splitting109130
+Node: Filename Expansion111574
+Node: Pattern Matching114798
+Node: Quote Removal120521
+Node: Redirections120825
+Node: Executing Commands131088
+Node: Simple Command Expansion131755
+Node: Command Search and Execution133863
+Node: Command Execution Environment136307
+Node: Environment139755
+Node: Exit Status141658
+Node: Signals143716
+Node: Shell Scripts148645
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands151943
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins154054
+Node: Bash Builtins180701
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior217625
+Node: The Set Builtin217967
+Node: The Shopt Builtin229961
+Node: Special Builtins247013
+Node: Shell Variables248002
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables248436
+Node: Bash Variables250944
+Node: Bash Features290068
+Node: Invoking Bash291082
+Node: Bash Startup Files297666
+Node: Interactive Shells302908
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?303316
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?303978
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior304802
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions308563
+Node: Shell Arithmetic313980
+Node: Aliases317309
+Node: Arrays320443
+Node: The Directory Stack328031
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins328828
+Node: Controlling the Prompt333273
+Node: The Restricted Shell336158
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode339040
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode357986
+Node: Job Control366993
+Node: Job Control Basics367450
+Node: Job Control Builtins373818
+Node: Job Control Variables380500
+Node: Command Line Editing381731
+Node: Introduction and Notation383434
+Node: Readline Interaction385786
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials386974
+Node: Readline Movement Commands388782
+Node: Readline Killing Commands389778
+Node: Readline Arguments391801
+Node: Searching392858
+Node: Readline Init File395101
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax396404
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs423229
+Node: Sample Init File427614
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands430734
+Node: Commands For Moving432272
+Node: Commands For History434736
+Node: Commands For Text440126
+Node: Commands For Killing444251
+Node: Numeric Arguments447039
+Node: Commands For Completion448191
+Node: Keyboard Macros453887
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands454588
+Node: Readline vi Mode461155
+Node: Programmable Completion462132
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins470869
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example482606
+Node: Using History Interactively487951
+Node: Bash History Facilities488632
+Node: Bash History Builtins492367
+Node: History Interaction498838
+Node: Event Designators503788
+Node: Word Designators505366
+Node: Modifiers507758
+Node: Installing Bash509695
+Node: Basic Installation510811
+Node: Compilers and Options514687
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures515437
+Node: Installation Names517190
+Node: Specifying the System Type519424
+Node: Sharing Defaults520170
+Node: Operation Controls520884
+Node: Optional Features521903
+Node: Reporting Bugs534283
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell535640
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License557066
+Node: Indexes582243
+Node: Builtin Index582694
+Node: Reserved Word Index589792
+Node: Variable Index592237
+Node: Function Index609650
+Node: Concept Index623645

 End Tag Table

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 %!PS-Adobe-3.0
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-%%CreationDate: Tue Apr 22 10:00:28 2025
+%%CreationDate: Fri May 30 08:52:48 2025
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@@ -1469,18 +1469,18 @@ F1 .523(are each e)3.023 F -.25(va)-.25 G .523(luated as arith-).25 F
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-(ariable using com-)-.25 F .262(pound assignment \(see)108 436.8 R F2
-(Arrays)2.761 E F1(belo)2.761 E .261(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E
-2.761(sv)-.55 G .261(alue is not unset \(as it is when using and ne)
-3.011 F 2.761(wv)-.25 G(alues)-3.011 E .437
-(are appended to the array be)108 448.8 R .438
-(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.938(sm)-.55 G .438
-(aximum inde)-2.938 F 2.938(x\()-.15 G .438(for inde)-2.938 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.938(da).15 G .438(rrays\) or)-2.938 F .123
-(added as additional k)108 460.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .123
-(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F .423 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E
-5.123(.W)-.65 G .122(hen applied to a string-v)-5.123 F .122(alued v)
-.25 F(ariable,)-.25 E F0(value)2.622 E F1(is e)108 472.8 Q
+(ariable using com-)-.25 F .537(pound assignment \(see)108 436.8 R F2
+(Arrays)3.036 E F1(belo)3.036 E .536(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E
+3.036(sv)-.55 G .536
+(alue is not unset \(as it is when using \231=\232\), and ne)-3.286 F(w)
+-.25 E -.25(va)108 448.8 S .431(lues are appended to the array be).25 F
+.431(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.931(sm)-.55 G .431
+(aximum inde)-2.931 F 2.932(x\()-.15 G .432(for inde)-2.932 F -.15(xe)
+-.15 G 2.932(da).15 G -.2(r-)-2.932 G .532
+(rays\) or added as additional k)108 460.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E
+.532(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F .832 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E
+5.532(.W)-.65 G .532(hen applied to a string-v)-5.532 F .531(alued v)
+-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E(able,)108 472.8 Q F0(value)2.5 E F1(is e)2.5 E
 (xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G
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 -3.632 F F0(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)3.382 E .882
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
-<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.1, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.2, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
 <!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 7 April 2025).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2025).

-This is Edition 5.3, last updated 7 April 2025,
+This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2025,
 of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
 for Bash, Version 5.3.

@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previou
 <h1 class="top" id="Bash-Features-1"><span>Bash Features<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Features-1"> &para;</a></span></h1>

 <p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 7 April 2025).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2025).
 The Bash home page is <a class="url" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
 </p>
-<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 7 April 2025,
+<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2025,
 of <cite class="cite">The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
 for <code class="code">Bash</code>, Version 5.3.
 </p>
@@ -99,70 +99,70 @@ The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
 reference on shell behavior.
 </p>

-<div class="element-contents" id="SEC_Contents">
+<div class="region-contents" id="SEC_Contents">
 <h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>

 <div class="contents">

 <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-  <li><a id="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Introduction" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-    <li><a id="toc-What-is-Bash_003f-1" href="#What-is-Bash_003f">1.1 What is Bash?</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-What-is-a-shell_003f-1" href="#What-is-a-shell_003f">1.2 What is a shell?</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-What-is-Bash_003f" href="#What-is-Bash_003f">1.1 What is Bash?</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-What-is-a-shell_003f" href="#What-is-a-shell_003f">1.2 What is a shell?</a></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">2 Definitions</a></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Basic-Shell-Features-1" href="#Basic-Shell-Features">3 Basic Shell Features</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Definitions" href="#Definitions">2 Definitions</a></li>
+  <li><a id="toc-Basic-Shell-Features" href="#Basic-Shell-Features">3 Basic Shell Features</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Syntax-1" href="#Shell-Syntax">3.1 Shell Syntax</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Syntax" href="#Shell-Syntax">3.1 Shell Syntax</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Shell-Operation-1" href="#Shell-Operation">3.1.1 Shell Operation</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Quoting-1" href="#Quoting">3.1.2 Quoting</a>
+      <li><a id="toc-Shell-Operation" href="#Shell-Operation">3.1.1 Shell Operation</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Quoting" href="#Quoting">3.1.2 Quoting</a>
      <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-        <li><a id="toc-Escape-Character-1" href="#Escape-Character">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</a></li>
-        <li><a id="toc-Single-Quotes-1" href="#Single-Quotes">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</a></li>
-        <li><a id="toc-Double-Quotes-1" href="#Double-Quotes">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</a></li>
-        <li><a id="toc-ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</a></li>
+        <li><a id="toc-Escape-Character" href="#Escape-Character">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</a></li>
+        <li><a id="toc-Single-Quotes" href="#Single-Quotes">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</a></li>
+        <li><a id="toc-Double-Quotes" href="#Double-Quotes">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</a></li>
+        <li><a id="toc-ANSI_002dC-Quoting" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</a></li>
        <li><a id="toc-Locale_002dSpecific-Translation" href="#Locale-Translation">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</a></li>
      </ul></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Comments-1" href="#Comments">3.1.3 Comments</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Comments" href="#Comments">3.1.3 Comments</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Commands-1" href="#Shell-Commands">3.2 Shell Commands</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Commands" href="#Shell-Commands">3.2 Shell Commands</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Reserved-Words-1" href="#Reserved-Words">3.2.1 Reserved Words</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Simple-Commands-1" href="#Simple-Commands">3.2.2 Simple Commands</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Pipelines-1" href="#Pipelines">3.2.3 Pipelines</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Reserved-Words" href="#Reserved-Words">3.2.1 Reserved Words</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Simple-Commands" href="#Simple-Commands">3.2.2 Simple Commands</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Pipelines" href="#Pipelines">3.2.3 Pipelines</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Lists-of-Commands" href="#Lists">3.2.4 Lists of Commands</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Compound-Commands-1" href="#Compound-Commands">3.2.5 Compound Commands</a>
+      <li><a id="toc-Compound-Commands" href="#Compound-Commands">3.2.5 Compound Commands</a>
      <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-        <li><a id="toc-Looping-Constructs-1" href="#Looping-Constructs">3.2.5.1 Looping Constructs</a></li>
-        <li><a id="toc-Conditional-Constructs-1" href="#Conditional-Constructs">3.2.5.2 Conditional Constructs</a></li>
+        <li><a id="toc-Looping-Constructs" href="#Looping-Constructs">3.2.5.1 Looping Constructs</a></li>
+        <li><a id="toc-Conditional-Constructs" href="#Conditional-Constructs">3.2.5.2 Conditional Constructs</a></li>
        <li><a id="toc-Grouping-Commands" href="#Command-Grouping">3.2.5.3 Grouping Commands</a></li>
      </ul></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Coprocesses-1" href="#Coprocesses">3.2.6 Coprocesses</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-GNU-Parallel-1" href="#GNU-Parallel">3.2.7 GNU Parallel</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Coprocesses" href="#Coprocesses">3.2.6 Coprocesses</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-GNU-Parallel" href="#GNU-Parallel">3.2.7 GNU Parallel</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Functions-1" href="#Shell-Functions">3.3 Shell Functions</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Parameters-1" href="#Shell-Parameters">3.4 Shell Parameters</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Functions" href="#Shell-Functions">3.3 Shell Functions</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Parameters" href="#Shell-Parameters">3.4 Shell Parameters</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Positional-Parameters-1" href="#Positional-Parameters">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Special-Parameters-1" href="#Special-Parameters">3.4.2 Special Parameters</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Positional-Parameters" href="#Positional-Parameters">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Special-Parameters" href="#Special-Parameters">3.4.2 Special Parameters</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Expansions-1" href="#Shell-Expansions">3.5 Shell Expansions</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Expansions" href="#Shell-Expansions">3.5 Shell Expansions</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Brace-Expansion-1" href="#Brace-Expansion">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Tilde-Expansion-1" href="#Tilde-Expansion">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Command-Substitution-1" href="#Command-Substitution">3.5.4 Command Substitution</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Arithmetic-Expansion-1" href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Process-Substitution-1" href="#Process-Substitution">3.5.6 Process Substitution</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Word-Splitting-1" href="#Word-Splitting">3.5.7 Word Splitting</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Filename-Expansion-1" href="#Filename-Expansion">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</a>
+      <li><a id="toc-Brace-Expansion" href="#Brace-Expansion">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Tilde-Expansion" href="#Tilde-Expansion">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Shell-Parameter-Expansion" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Command-Substitution" href="#Command-Substitution">3.5.4 Command Substitution</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Arithmetic-Expansion" href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Process-Substitution" href="#Process-Substitution">3.5.6 Process Substitution</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Word-Splitting" href="#Word-Splitting">3.5.7 Word Splitting</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Filename-Expansion" href="#Filename-Expansion">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</a>
      <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-        <li><a id="toc-Pattern-Matching-1" href="#Pattern-Matching">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</a></li>
+        <li><a id="toc-Pattern-Matching" href="#Pattern-Matching">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</a></li>
      </ul></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Quote-Removal-1" href="#Quote-Removal">3.5.9 Quote Removal</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Quote-Removal" href="#Quote-Removal">3.5.9 Quote Removal</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Redirections-1" href="#Redirections">3.6 Redirections</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Redirections" href="#Redirections">3.6 Redirections</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-Redirecting-Input" href="#Redirecting-Input">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Redirecting-Output" href="#Redirecting-Output">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</a></li>
@@ -175,134 +175,134 @@ reference on shell behavior.
      <li><a id="toc-Moving-File-Descriptors" href="#Moving-File-Descriptors">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing" href="#Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Executing-Commands-1" href="#Executing-Commands">3.7 Executing Commands</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Executing-Commands" href="#Executing-Commands">3.7 Executing Commands</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Simple-Command-Expansion-1" href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Command-Search-and-Execution-1" href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Command-Execution-Environment-1" href="#Command-Execution-Environment">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">3.7.4 Environment</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Exit-Status-1" href="#Exit-Status">3.7.5 Exit Status</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Signals-1" href="#Signals">3.7.6 Signals</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Simple-Command-Expansion" href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Command-Search-and-Execution" href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Command-Execution-Environment" href="#Command-Execution-Environment">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Environment" href="#Environment">3.7.4 Environment</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Exit-Status" href="#Exit-Status">3.7.5 Exit Status</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Signals" href="#Signals">3.7.6 Signals</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Scripts-1" href="#Shell-Scripts">3.8 Shell Scripts</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Scripts" href="#Shell-Scripts">3.8 Shell Scripts</a></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Shell-Builtin-Commands-1" href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands">4 Shell Builtin Commands</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Shell-Builtin-Commands" href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands">4 Shell Builtin Commands</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-    <li><a id="toc-Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Bourne-Shell-Builtins" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Bash-Builtin-Commands" href="#Bash-Builtins">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1" href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Modifying-Shell-Behavior" href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-The-Set-Builtin-1" href="#The-Set-Builtin">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-The-Shopt-Builtin-1" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-The-Set-Builtin" href="#The-Set-Builtin">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-The-Shopt-Builtin" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Special-Builtins-1" href="#Special-Builtins">4.4 Special Builtins</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Special-Builtins" href="#Special-Builtins">4.4 Special Builtins</a></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Shell-Variables-1" href="#Shell-Variables">5 Shell Variables</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Shell-Variables" href="#Shell-Variables">5 Shell Variables</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-    <li><a id="toc-Bourne-Shell-Variables-1" href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Bash-Variables-1" href="#Bash-Variables">5.2 Bash Variables</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Bourne-Shell-Variables" href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Bash-Variables" href="#Bash-Variables">5.2 Bash Variables</a></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Bash-Features-2" href="#Bash-Features">6 Bash Features</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Bash-Features-1" href="#Bash-Features">6 Bash Features</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-    <li><a id="toc-Invoking-Bash-1" href="#Invoking-Bash">6.1 Invoking Bash</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Bash-Startup-Files-1" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">6.2 Bash Startup Files</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Interactive-Shells-1" href="#Interactive-Shells">6.3 Interactive Shells</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Invoking-Bash" href="#Invoking-Bash">6.1 Invoking Bash</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Bash-Startup-Files" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">6.2 Bash Startup Files</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Interactive-Shells" href="#Interactive-Shells">6.3 Interactive Shells</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f-1" href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f-1" href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Interactive-Shell-Behavior-1" href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Interactive-Shell-Behavior" href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Bash-Conditional-Expressions-1" href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Arithmetic-1" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Aliases-1" href="#Aliases">6.6 Aliases</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Arrays-1" href="#Arrays">6.7 Arrays</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-The-Directory-Stack-1" href="#The-Directory-Stack">6.8 The Directory Stack</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Bash-Conditional-Expressions" href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Arithmetic" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Aliases" href="#Aliases">6.6 Aliases</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Arrays" href="#Arrays">6.7 Arrays</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-The-Directory-Stack" href="#The-Directory-Stack">6.8 The Directory Stack</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Directory-Stack-Builtins-1" href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Directory-Stack-Builtins" href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Controlling-the-Prompt-1" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-The-Restricted-Shell-1" href="#The-Restricted-Shell">6.10 The Restricted Shell</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Controlling-the-Prompt" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-The-Restricted-Shell" href="#The-Restricted-Shell">6.10 The Restricted Shell</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Bash-and-POSIX" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">6.11 Bash and POSIX</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-What-is-POSIX_003f" href="#What-is-POSIX_003f">6.11.1 What is POSIX?</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Bash-POSIX-Mode-1" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode-1">6.11.2 Bash POSIX Mode</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Bash-POSIX-Mode" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode-1">6.11.2 Bash POSIX Mode</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Compatibility-Mode-1" href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">6.12 Shell Compatibility Mode</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Shell-Compatibility-Mode" href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">6.12 Shell Compatibility Mode</a></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Job-Control-1" href="#Job-Control">7 Job Control</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Job-Control" href="#Job-Control">7 Job Control</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-    <li><a id="toc-Job-Control-Basics-1" href="#Job-Control-Basics">7.1 Job Control Basics</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Job-Control-Builtins-1" href="#Job-Control-Builtins">7.2 Job Control Builtins</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Job-Control-Variables-1" href="#Job-Control-Variables">7.3 Job Control Variables</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Job-Control-Basics" href="#Job-Control-Basics">7.1 Job Control Basics</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Job-Control-Builtins" href="#Job-Control-Builtins">7.2 Job Control Builtins</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Job-Control-Variables" href="#Job-Control-Variables">7.3 Job Control Variables</a></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Command-Line-Editing-1" href="#Command-Line-Editing">8 Command Line Editing</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Command-Line-Editing" href="#Command-Line-Editing">8 Command Line Editing</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
    <li><a id="toc-Introduction-to-Line-Editing" href="#Introduction-and-Notation">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Readline-Interaction-1" href="#Readline-Interaction">8.2 Readline Interaction</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Readline-Interaction" href="#Readline-Interaction">8.2 Readline Interaction</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Bare-Essentials-1" href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Movement-Commands-1" href="#Readline-Movement-Commands">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Killing-Commands-1" href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Arguments-1" href="#Readline-Arguments">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Bare-Essentials" href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Movement-Commands" href="#Readline-Movement-Commands">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Killing-Commands" href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Arguments" href="#Readline-Arguments">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Searching-for-Commands-in-the-History" href="#Searching">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Readline-Init-File-1" href="#Readline-Init-File">8.3 Readline Init File</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Readline-Init-File" href="#Readline-Init-File">8.3 Readline Init File</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Conditional-Init-Constructs-1" href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Sample-Init-File-1" href="#Sample-Init-File">8.3.3 Sample Init File</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Readline-Init-File-Syntax" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Conditional-Init-Constructs" href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Sample-Init-File" href="#Sample-Init-File">8.3.3 Sample Init File</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Bindable-Readline-Commands-1" href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</a>
+    <li><a id="toc-Bindable-Readline-Commands" href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Commands-For-Moving-1" href="#Commands-For-Moving">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Commands-For-Moving" href="#Commands-For-Moving">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History" href="#Commands-For-History">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Commands-For-Changing-Text" href="#Commands-For-Text">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Killing-And-Yanking" href="#Commands-For-Killing">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Specifying-Numeric-Arguments" href="#Numeric-Arguments">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Letting-Readline-Type-For-You" href="#Commands-For-Completion">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Keyboard-Macros-1" href="#Keyboard-Macros">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Keyboard-Macros" href="#Keyboard-Macros">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Some-Miscellaneous-Commands" href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
    </ul></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Readline-vi-Mode-1" href="#Readline-vi-Mode">8.5 Readline vi Mode</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Programmable-Completion-1" href="#Programmable-Completion">8.6 Programmable Completion</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Programmable-Completion-Builtins-1" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-A-Programmable-Completion-Example-1" href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Readline-vi-Mode" href="#Readline-vi-Mode">8.5 Readline vi Mode</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Programmable-Completion" href="#Programmable-Completion">8.6 Programmable Completion</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Programmable-Completion-Builtins" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-A-Programmable-Completion-Example" href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</a></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Using-History-Interactively-1" href="#Using-History-Interactively">9 Using History Interactively</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Using-History-Interactively" href="#Using-History-Interactively">9 Using History Interactively</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-    <li><a id="toc-Bash-History-Facilities-1" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">9.1 Bash History Facilities</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Bash-History-Builtins-1" href="#Bash-History-Builtins">9.2 Bash History Builtins</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Bash-History-Facilities" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">9.1 Bash History Facilities</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Bash-History-Builtins" href="#Bash-History-Builtins">9.2 Bash History Builtins</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-History-Expansion" href="#History-Interaction">9.3 History Expansion</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-      <li><a id="toc-Event-Designators-1" href="#Event-Designators">9.3.1 Event Designators</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Word-Designators-1" href="#Word-Designators">9.3.2 Word Designators</a></li>
-      <li><a id="toc-Modifiers-1" href="#Modifiers">9.3.3 Modifiers</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Event-Designators" href="#Event-Designators">9.3.1 Event Designators</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Word-Designators" href="#Word-Designators">9.3.2 Word Designators</a></li>
+      <li><a id="toc-Modifiers" href="#Modifiers">9.3.3 Modifiers</a></li>
    </ul></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Installing-Bash-1" href="#Installing-Bash">10 Installing Bash</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Installing-Bash" href="#Installing-Bash">10 Installing Bash</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-    <li><a id="toc-Basic-Installation-1" href="#Basic-Installation">10.1 Basic Installation</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Compilers-and-Options-1" href="#Compilers-and-Options">10.2 Compilers and Options</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures-1" href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Installation-Names-1" href="#Installation-Names">10.4 Installation Names</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Specifying-the-System-Type-1" href="#Specifying-the-System-Type">10.5 Specifying the System Type</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Sharing-Defaults-1" href="#Sharing-Defaults">10.6 Sharing Defaults</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Operation-Controls-1" href="#Operation-Controls">10.7 Operation Controls</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Optional-Features-1" href="#Optional-Features">10.8 Optional Features</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Basic-Installation" href="#Basic-Installation">10.1 Basic Installation</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Compilers-and-Options" href="#Compilers-and-Options">10.2 Compilers and Options</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Installation-Names" href="#Installation-Names">10.4 Installation Names</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Specifying-the-System-Type" href="#Specifying-the-System-Type">10.5 Specifying the System Type</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Sharing-Defaults" href="#Sharing-Defaults">10.6 Sharing Defaults</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Operation-Controls" href="#Operation-Controls">10.7 Operation Controls</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Optional-Features" href="#Optional-Features">10.8 Optional Features</a></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Reporting-Bugs-1" href="#Reporting-Bugs">Appendix A Reporting Bugs</a></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1" href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-Reporting-Bugs" href="#Reporting-Bugs">Appendix A Reporting Bugs</a></li>
+  <li><a id="toc-Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
    <li><a id="toc-Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell" href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</a></li>
  </ul></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
-  <li><a id="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">Appendix D Indexes</a>
+  <li><a id="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
+  <li><a id="toc-Indexes" href="#Indexes">Appendix D Indexes</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
    <li><a id="toc-Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands" href="#Builtin-Index" rel="index">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words" href="#Reserved-Word-Index" rel="index">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Parameter-and-Variable-Index" href="#Variable-Index" rel="index">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Function-Index-1" href="#Function-Index" rel="index">D.4 Function Index</a></li>
-    <li><a id="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index" rel="index">D.5 Concept Index</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Function-Index" href="#Function-Index" rel="index">D.4 Function Index</a></li>
+    <li><a id="toc-Concept-Index" href="#Concept-Index" rel="index">D.5 Concept Index</a></li>
  </ul></li>
 </ul>
 </div>
@@ -9562,7 +9562,8 @@ not when the function is executed, because a function definition
 is itself a command.
 As a consequence, aliases
 defined in a function are not available until after that
-function is executed.  To be safe, always put
+function is executed.
+To be safe, always put
 alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use <code class="code">alias</code>
 in compound commands.
 </p>
@@ -10531,12 +10532,22 @@ statuses after the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin returns it.

 </li></ol>

-<p>There is other <small class="sc">POSIX</small> behavior that Bash does not implement by
+<p>There is additional <small class="sc">POSIX</small> behavior that Bash does not implement by
 default even when in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode.
 Specifically:
 </p>
 <ol class="enumerate">
-<li> The <code class="code">fc</code> builtin checks <code class="code">$EDITOR</code> as a program to edit history
+<li> <small class="sc">POSIX</small> requires that word splitting be byte-oriented.
+That is, each <em class="emph">byte</em> in the value of <code class="env">IFS</code> potentially splits a
+word, even if that byte is part of a multibyte character in <code class="env">IFS</code>
+or part of multibyte character in the word.
+Bash allows multibyte characters in the value of <code class="env">IFS</code>, treating
+a valid multibyte character as a single delimiter, and will not
+split a valid multibyte character even if one of the bytes composing that
+character appears in <code class="env">IFS</code>.
+This is <small class="sc">POSIX</small> interpretation 1560, further modified by issue 1924.
+
+</li><li> The <code class="code">fc</code> builtin checks <code class="code">$EDITOR</code> as a program to edit history
 entries if <code class="code">FCEDIT</code> is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
 <code class="code">ed</code>.
 <code class="code">fc</code> uses <code class="code">ed</code> if <code class="code">EDITOR</code> is unset.
@@ -12866,7 +12877,7 @@ This is how to insert key sequences like <kbd class="kbd">C-q</kbd>, for example
 </p>

 </dd>
-<dt><a id="index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"></a><span><code class="code">self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"></a><span><code class="code">self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Insert the character typed.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -13059,7 +13070,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letting Readli
 </div>
 <h4 class="subsection" id="Specifying-Numeric-Arguments"><span>8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments<a class="copiable-link" href="#Specifying-Numeric-Arguments"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 <dl class="ftable">
-<dt><a id="index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"></a><span><code class="code">digit-argument (<kbd class="kbd">M-0</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd>)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_002e_002e_002e-M_002d_002d_0029"></a><span><code class="code">digit-argument (<kbd class="kbd">M-0</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd>)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_002e_002e_002e-M_002d_002d_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
 argument.
 <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd> starts a negative argument.
@@ -13298,7 +13309,7 @@ ring the terminal&rsquo;s bell (subject to the setting of
 <code class="code">bell-style</code>).
 </p>
 </dd>
-<dt><a id="index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"></a><span><code class="code">do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var class="var">x</var>, &hellip;)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"></a><span><code class="code">do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var class="var">x</var>, &hellip;)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If the metafied character <var class="var">x</var> is upper case, run the command
 that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.
 The behavior is undefined if <var class="var">x</var> is already lower case.
@@ -16650,7 +16661,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index of Shell Res
 <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
 </td></tr></table>
-<table class="bt-entries-printindex" border="0">
+<table class="bt-entries-printindex">
 <tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1">:</th></tr>
@@ -16842,7 +16853,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Parameter and Variable
 <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
 </td></tr></table>
-<table class="rw-entries-printindex" border="0">
+<table class="rw-entries-printindex">
 <tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1">!</th></tr>
@@ -16994,7 +17005,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Pre
 <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
 </td></tr></table>
-<table class="vr-entries-printindex" border="0">
+<table class="vr-entries-printindex">
 <tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1">_</th></tr>
@@ -17343,7 +17354,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ
 <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
 </td></tr></table>
-<table class="fn-entries-printindex" border="0">
+<table class="fn-entries-printindex">
 <tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-A">A</th></tr>
@@ -17384,9 +17395,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"><code>delete-char (C-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"><code>digit-argument (<kbd class="kbd">M-0</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_002e_002e_002e-M_002d_002d_0029"><code>digit-argument (<kbd class="kbd">M-0</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var class="var">x</var>, &hellip;)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var class="var">x</var>, &hellip;)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"><code>dump-functions ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"><code>dump-macros ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -17471,7 +17482,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"><code>revert-line (M-r)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-S">S</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"><code>set-mark (C-@)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002db_0029"><code>shell-backward-word (M-C-b)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
@@ -17602,7 +17613,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Function Index</a>,
 <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
 </td></tr></table>
-<table class="cp-entries-printindex" border="0">
+<table class="cp-entries-printindex">
 <tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</th></tr>
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from
+This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.2 from
 bashref.texi.

 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 7 April 2025).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2025).

-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 7 April 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.

   Copyright © 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ Bash Features
 *************

 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 7 April 2025).  The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2025).  The Bash home page is
 <http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.

-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 7 April 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.

   Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
@@ -7991,14 +7991,23 @@ startup files.
  75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
     of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it.

-   There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
-even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
+   There is additional POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by
+default even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:

-  1. The ‘fc’ builtin checks ‘$EDITOR’ as a program to edit history
+  1. POSIX requires that word splitting be byte-oriented.  That is, each
+     _byte_ in the value of ‘IFS’ potentially splits a word, even if
+     that byte is part of a multibyte character in ‘IFS’ or part of
+     multibyte character in the word.  Bash allows multibyte characters
+     in the value of ‘IFS’, treating a valid multibyte character as a
+     single delimiter, and will not split a valid multibyte character
+     even if one of the bytes composing that character appears in ‘IFS’.
+     This is POSIX interpretation 1560, further modified by issue 1924.
+
+  2. The ‘fc’ builtin checks ‘$EDITOR’ as a program to edit history
     entries if ‘FCEDIT’ is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
     ‘ed’.  ‘fc’ uses ‘ed’ if ‘EDITOR’ is unset.

-  2. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
+  3. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
     for the ‘echo’ builtin to be fully conformant.

   Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
@@ -13601,141 +13610,140 @@ D.5 Concept Index
 * yanking text:                          Readline Killing Commands.
                                                              (line   6)

-

 Tag Table:
-Node: Top896
-Node: Introduction2832
-Node: What is Bash?3048
-Node: What is a shell?4184
-Node: Definitions6797
-Node: Basic Shell Features10127
-Node: Shell Syntax11354
-Node: Shell Operation12384
-Node: Quoting13678
-Node: Escape Character15019
-Node: Single Quotes15557
-Node: Double Quotes15909
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting17257
-Node: Locale Translation18654
-Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts20060
-Node: Comments24261
-Node: Shell Commands25031
-Node: Reserved Words25973
-Node: Simple Commands26841
-Node: Pipelines27506
-Node: Lists30765
-Node: Compound Commands32640
-Node: Looping Constructs33652
-Node: Conditional Constructs36204
-Node: Command Grouping51277
-Node: Coprocesses52772
-Node: GNU Parallel55461
-Node: Shell Functions56382
-Node: Shell Parameters64833
-Node: Positional Parameters69737
-Node: Special Parameters70830
-Node: Shell Expansions74294
-Node: Brace Expansion76486
-Node: Tilde Expansion79825
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion82783
-Node: Command Substitution103429
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion106961
-Node: Process Substitution108140
-Node: Word Splitting109251
-Node: Filename Expansion111698
-Node: Pattern Matching114925
-Node: Quote Removal120651
-Node: Redirections120958
-Node: Executing Commands131224
-Node: Simple Command Expansion131894
-Node: Command Search and Execution134005
-Node: Command Execution Environment136452
-Node: Environment139903
-Node: Exit Status141809
-Node: Signals143870
-Node: Shell Scripts148802
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands152103
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins154217
-Node: Bash Builtins180867
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior217794
-Node: The Set Builtin218139
-Node: The Shopt Builtin230136
-Node: Special Builtins247191
-Node: Shell Variables248183
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables248620
-Node: Bash Variables251131
-Node: Bash Features290258
-Node: Invoking Bash291275
-Node: Bash Startup Files297862
-Node: Interactive Shells303107
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?303518
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?304183
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior305010
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions308774
-Node: Shell Arithmetic314194
-Node: Aliases317526
-Node: Arrays320663
-Node: The Directory Stack328254
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins329054
-Node: Controlling the Prompt333502
-Node: The Restricted Shell336390
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode339275
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode357635
-Node: Job Control366645
-Node: Job Control Basics367105
-Node: Job Control Builtins373476
-Node: Job Control Variables380161
-Node: Command Line Editing381395
-Node: Introduction and Notation383101
-Node: Readline Interaction385456
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials386647
-Node: Readline Movement Commands388458
-Node: Readline Killing Commands389457
-Node: Readline Arguments391483
-Node: Searching392543
-Node: Readline Init File394789
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax396095
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs422923
-Node: Sample Init File427311
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands430434
-Node: Commands For Moving431975
-Node: Commands For History434442
-Node: Commands For Text439835
-Node: Commands For Killing443963
-Node: Numeric Arguments446754
-Node: Commands For Completion447909
-Node: Keyboard Macros453608
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands454312
-Node: Readline vi Mode460882
-Node: Programmable Completion461862
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins470602
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example482342
-Node: Using History Interactively487690
-Node: Bash History Facilities488374
-Node: Bash History Builtins492112
-Node: History Interaction498586
-Node: Event Designators503539
-Node: Word Designators505120
-Node: Modifiers507515
-Node: Installing Bash509455
-Node: Basic Installation510574
-Node: Compilers and Options514453
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures515206
-Node: Installation Names516962
-Node: Specifying the System Type519199
-Node: Sharing Defaults519948
-Node: Operation Controls520665
-Node: Optional Features521687
-Node: Reporting Bugs534070
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell535430
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License556859
-Node: Indexes582039
-Node: Builtin Index582493
-Node: Reserved Word Index589594
-Node: Variable Index592042
-Node: Function Index609458
-Node: Concept Index623456
+Node: Top894
+Node: Introduction2828
+Node: What is Bash?3044
+Node: What is a shell?4180
+Node: Definitions6793
+Node: Basic Shell Features10123
+Node: Shell Syntax11350
+Node: Shell Operation12380
+Node: Quoting13674
+Node: Escape Character15015
+Node: Single Quotes15553
+Node: Double Quotes15905
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting17253
+Node: Locale Translation18650
+Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts20056
+Node: Comments24257
+Node: Shell Commands25027
+Node: Reserved Words25969
+Node: Simple Commands26837
+Node: Pipelines27502
+Node: Lists30761
+Node: Compound Commands32636
+Node: Looping Constructs33648
+Node: Conditional Constructs36200
+Node: Command Grouping51273
+Node: Coprocesses52768
+Node: GNU Parallel55457
+Node: Shell Functions56378
+Node: Shell Parameters64829
+Node: Positional Parameters69733
+Node: Special Parameters70826
+Node: Shell Expansions74290
+Node: Brace Expansion76482
+Node: Tilde Expansion79821
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion82779
+Node: Command Substitution103425
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion106957
+Node: Process Substitution108136
+Node: Word Splitting109247
+Node: Filename Expansion111694
+Node: Pattern Matching114921
+Node: Quote Removal120647
+Node: Redirections120954
+Node: Executing Commands131220
+Node: Simple Command Expansion131890
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+2588 y(v)m(ersions,)40 b(the)e Ft(BASH_COMPAT)d Fu(v)-5
 b(ariable)39 b(is)e(preferred,)i(and)e(it)i(is)f(required)f(for)g
-(bash-5.1)i(and)e(later)150 2203 y(v)m(ersions.)150 2381
-y Ft(compat31)705 2522 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Quoting)32 b(the)f(rhs)g(of)g
+(bash-5.1)i(and)e(later)150 2698 y(v)m(ersions.)150 2856
+y Ft(compat31)705 2990 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Quoting)32 b(the)f(rhs)g(of)g
 (the)h Ft([[)e Fu(command's)i(regexp)f(matc)m(hing)i(op)s(erator)f(\(=)
-p Ft(~)p Fu(\))f(has)810 2632 y(no)f(sp)s(ecial)h(e\013ect)150
-2804 y Ft(compat40)705 2945 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)32
+p Ft(~)p Fu(\))f(has)810 3099 y(no)f(sp)s(ecial)h(e\013ect)150
+3258 y Ft(compat40)705 3392 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)32
 b(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(to)g(the)f
 Ft([[)g Fu(command)g(do)g(not)g(consider)h(the)f(curren)m(t)810
-3055 y(lo)s(cale)41 b(when)d(comparing)i(strings;)k(they)c(use)f(ASCI)s
-(I)f(ordering.)67 b(Bash)40 b(v)m(ersions)810 3164 y(prior)f(to)i
+3501 y(lo)s(cale)41 b(when)d(comparing)i(strings;)k(they)c(use)f(ASCI)s
+(I)f(ordering.)67 b(Bash)40 b(v)m(ersions)810 3611 y(prior)f(to)i
 (bash-4.1)f(use)g(ASCI)s(I)e(collation)k(and)d(strcmp\(3\);)45
-b(bash-4.1)c(and)e(later)810 3274 y(use)30 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s
+b(bash-4.1)c(and)e(later)810 3720 y(use)30 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s
 (cale's)i(collation)h(sequence)d(and)g(strcoll\(3\).)150
-3446 y Ft(compat41)705 3587 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)35 b
+3879 y Ft(compat41)705 4013 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)35 b
 Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)j Ft(time)d Fu(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i
 (b)m(y)f(options)g(and)e(still)j(b)s(e)e(recognized)810
-3696 y(as)c(a)f(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)f(\(this)h(is)f
-Fm(posix)g Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(267\).)705 3837 y Fq(\017)60
+4122 y(as)c(a)f(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)f(\(this)h(is)f
+Fm(posix)g Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(267\).)705 4256 y Fq(\017)60
 b Fu(In)33 b Fm(posix)h Fu(mo)s(de,)h(the)f(parser)g(requires)g(that)g
 (an)g(ev)m(en)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(single)f(quotes)810
-3947 y(o)s(ccur)28 b(in)g(the)h Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(p)s(ortion)d(of)h(a)g
+4366 y(o)s(ccur)28 b(in)g(the)h Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(p)s(ortion)d(of)h(a)g
 (double-quoted)f($)p Fi({)6 b Fu(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b Fi(})29
-b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)810 4056 y(and)34 b(treats)h(them)f(sp)s
+b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)810 4475 y(and)34 b(treats)h(them)f(sp)s
 (ecially)-8 b(,)37 b(so)e(that)g(c)m(haracters)g(within)f(the)h(single)
-g(quotes)g(are)810 4166 y(considered)30 b(quoted)h(\(this)f(is)h
-Fm(posix)e Fu(in)m(terpretation)j(221\).)150 4338 y Ft(compat42)705
-4479 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45 b(replacemen)m(t)i(string)f(in)f
+g(quotes)g(are)810 4585 y(considered)30 b(quoted)h(\(this)f(is)h
+Fm(posix)e Fu(in)m(terpretation)j(221\).)150 4743 y Ft(compat42)705
+4877 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45 b(replacemen)m(t)i(string)f(in)f
 (double-quoted)h(pattern)f(substitution)g(do)s(es)h(not)810
-4589 y(undergo)30 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)32 b(as)e(it)h(do)s(es)f
-(in)g(v)m(ersions)h(after)g(bash-4.2.)705 4729 y Fq(\017)60
+4987 y(undergo)30 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)32 b(as)e(it)h(do)s(es)f
+(in)g(v)m(ersions)h(after)g(bash-4.2.)705 5121 y Fq(\017)60
 b Fu(In)36 b Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)j(single)e(quotes)h(are)g
 (considered)f(sp)s(ecial)h(when)e(expanding)h(the)810
-4839 y Fr(w)m(ord)g Fu(p)s(ortion)c(of)g(a)h(double-quoted)g($)p
+5230 y Fr(w)m(ord)g Fu(p)s(ortion)c(of)g(a)h(double-quoted)g($)p
 Fi({)6 b Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)f(and)
-g(can)h(b)s(e)810 4949 y(used)40 b(to)i(quote)g(a)f(closing)h(brace)f
-(or)g(other)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracter)i(\(this)e(is)g(part)g(of)810
-5058 y Fm(posix)36 b Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(221\);)42
-b(in)36 b(later)h(v)m(ersions,)h(single)f(quotes)g(are)g(not)f(sp)s
-(ecial)810 5168 y(within)30 b(double-quoted)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions.)150
-5340 y Ft(compat43)p eop end
+g(can)h(b)s(e)810 5340 y(used)40 b(to)i(quote)g(a)f(closing)h(brace)f
+(or)g(other)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracter)i(\(this)e(is)g(part)g(of)p
+eop end
 %%Page: 123 129
 TeXDict begin 123 128 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
-b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(123)705 299 y Fq(\017)60
-b Fu(W)-8 b(ord)32 b(expansion)g(errors)g(are)g(considered)g(non-fatal)
-h(errors)e(that)i(cause)f(the)g(cur-)810 408 y(ren)m(t)26
-b(command)g(to)h(fail,)h(ev)m(en)f(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(\(the)g
-(default)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(is)g(to)h(mak)m(e)810 518
-y(them)j(fatal)i(errors)e(that)h(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit\).)705
-647 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(When)36 b(executing)h(a)f(shell)g(function,)h
-(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)h(\(while/un)m(til/etc.\))61 b(is)36
-b(not)810 757 y(reset,)e(so)g Ft(break)d Fu(or)i Ft(continue)e
-Fu(in)h(that)i(function)f(will)g(break)g(or)g(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(lo)s
-(ops)810 866 y(in)h(the)g(calling)h(con)m(text.)57 b(Bash-4.4)37
-b(and)d(later)i(reset)g(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)810
-976 y(this.)150 1124 y Ft(compat44)705 1253 y Fq(\017)60
-b Fu(The)38 b(shell)g(sets)g(up)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)38
-b(used)g(b)m(y)g Ft(BASH_ARGV)d Fu(and)j Ft(BASH_ARGC)d
-Fu(so)k(they)810 1363 y(can)26 b(expand)f(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(p)s
+b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(123)810 299 y Fm(posix)36
+b Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(221\);)42 b(in)36 b(later)h(v)m(ersions,)h
+(single)f(quotes)g(are)g(not)f(sp)s(ecial)810 408 y(within)30
+b(double-quoted)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions.)150 579 y Ft(compat43)705
+719 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(W)-8 b(ord)32 b(expansion)g(errors)g(are)g
+(considered)g(non-fatal)h(errors)e(that)i(cause)f(the)g(cur-)810
+829 y(ren)m(t)26 b(command)g(to)h(fail,)h(ev)m(en)f(in)f
+Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(\(the)g(default)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(is)g(to)h
+(mak)m(e)810 938 y(them)j(fatal)i(errors)e(that)h(cause)g(the)f(shell)h
+(to)g(exit\).)705 1078 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(When)36 b(executing)h(a)f
+(shell)g(function,)h(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)h(\(while/un)m(til/etc.\))61
+b(is)36 b(not)810 1188 y(reset,)e(so)g Ft(break)d Fu(or)i
+Ft(continue)e Fu(in)h(that)i(function)f(will)g(break)g(or)g(con)m(tin)m
+(ue)h(lo)s(ops)810 1297 y(in)h(the)g(calling)h(con)m(text.)57
+b(Bash-4.4)37 b(and)d(later)i(reset)g(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)i(to)e
+(prev)m(en)m(t)810 1407 y(this.)150 1577 y Ft(compat44)705
+1717 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38 b(shell)g(sets)g(up)g(the)g(v)-5
+b(alues)38 b(used)g(b)m(y)g Ft(BASH_ARGV)d Fu(and)j Ft(BASH_ARGC)d
+Fu(so)k(they)810 1827 y(can)26 b(expand)f(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(p)s
 (ositional)g(parameters)g(ev)m(en)h(if)e(extended)h(debugging)810
-1472 y(mo)s(de)k(is)g(not)h(enabled.)705 1601 y Fq(\017)60
+1937 y(mo)s(de)k(is)g(not)h(enabled.)705 2077 y Fq(\017)60
 b Fu(A)38 b(subshell)f(inherits)g(lo)s(ops)h(from)f(its)h(paren)m(t)g
 (con)m(text,)k(so)c Ft(break)e Fu(or)i Ft(continue)810
-1711 y Fu(will)d(cause)g(the)f(subshell)f(to)i(exit.)54
+2186 y Fu(will)d(cause)g(the)f(subshell)f(to)i(exit.)54
 b(Bash-5.0)36 b(and)d(later)j(reset)f(the)f(lo)s(op)h(state)g(to)810
-1820 y(prev)m(en)m(t)c(the)g(exit.)705 1949 y Fq(\017)60
+2296 y(prev)m(en)m(t)c(the)g(exit.)705 2436 y Fq(\017)60
 b Fu(V)-8 b(ariable)27 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(builtins)g(lik)m
 (e)i Ft(export)d Fu(and)i Ft(readonly)d Fu(that)j(set)810
-2059 y(attributes)37 b(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(to)g(a\013ect)g(v)-5
+2545 y(attributes)37 b(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(to)g(a\013ect)g(v)-5
 b(ariables)37 b(with)g(the)f(same)h(name)g(in)g(the)f(calling)810
-2168 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)31 b(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h(shell)g(is)f(not)h
-(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de.)150 2317 y Ft(compat50)f(\(set)h(using)g
-(BASH_COMPAT\))705 2426 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash-5.1)29
+2655 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)31 b(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h(shell)g(is)f(not)h
+(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de.)150 2826 y Ft(compat50)f(\(set)h(using)g
+(BASH_COMPAT\))705 2935 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash-5.1)29
 b(c)m(hanged)g(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)g Ft($RANDOM)e Fu(is)i(generated)h(to)f
-(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(sligh)m(tly)h(more)810 2536 y(randomness.)39
+(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(sligh)m(tly)h(more)810 3045 y(randomness.)39
 b(If)30 b(the)f(shell)h(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(is)f(set)g(to)h
-(50)f(or)g(lo)m(w)m(er,)h(it)f(rev)m(erts)810 2645 y(to)e(the)g(metho)s
+(50)f(or)g(lo)m(w)m(er,)h(it)f(rev)m(erts)810 3154 y(to)e(the)g(metho)s
 (d)f(from)g(bash-5.0)h(and)f(previous)g(v)m(ersions,)i(so)e(seeding)h
-(the)g(random)810 2755 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 b(generator)j(b)m(y)e
+(the)g(random)810 3264 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 b(generator)j(b)m(y)e
 (assigning)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(to)g Ft(RANDOM)e Fu(will)i(pro)s
-(duce)e(the)i(same)810 2865 y(sequence)31 b(as)f(in)g(bash-5.0.)705
-2993 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(If)22 b(the)g(command)g(hash)f(table)i(is)f
+(duce)e(the)i(same)810 3373 y(sequence)31 b(as)f(in)g(bash-5.0.)705
+3513 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(If)22 b(the)g(command)g(hash)f(table)i(is)f
 (empt)m(y)-8 b(,)25 b(Bash)d(v)m(ersions)g(prior)g(to)h(bash-5.1)f
-(prin)m(ted)810 3103 y(an)29 b(informational)i(message)g(to)f(that)g
+(prin)m(ted)810 3623 y(an)29 b(informational)i(message)g(to)f(that)g
 (e\013ect,)h(ev)m(en)g(when)d(pro)s(ducing)g(output)h(that)810
-3213 y(can)40 b(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)69 b(Bash-5.1)42
+3733 y(can)40 b(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)69 b(Bash-5.1)42
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-3322 y Fu(option)31 b(is)f(supplied.)150 3471 y Ft(compat51)e(\(set)h
-(using)g(BASH_COMPAT\))705 3580 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38
+3842 y Fu(option)31 b(is)f(supplied.)150 4013 y Ft(compat51)e(\(set)h
+(using)g(BASH_COMPAT\))705 4122 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38
 b Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)g(will)h(unset)f(the)h(arra)m(y)g
 Ft(a)g Fu(giv)m(en)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(lik)m(e)h(`)p
-Ft(a[@])p Fu('.)810 3690 y(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(unset)f(an)g(elemen)m
+Ft(a[@])p Fu('.)810 4232 y(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(unset)f(an)g(elemen)m
 (t)i(with)e(k)m(ey)i(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')e(\(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)k(arra)m
-(ys\))d(or)f(remo)m(v)m(e)810 3799 y(all)h(the)g(elemen)m(ts)h(without)
+(ys\))d(or)f(remo)m(v)m(e)810 4341 y(all)h(the)g(elemen)m(ts)h(without)
 e(unsetting)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(\(indexed)f(arra)m(ys\).)705
-3928 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)31 b(commands)f(\()h(\(\()6
+4482 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)31 b(commands)f(\()h(\(\()6
 b(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b(\)\))31 b(\))g(and)f(the)g(expressions)g(in)g(an)h
-(arithmetic)g(for)810 4038 y(statemen)m(t)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(expanded)f
-(more)i(than)f(once.)705 4167 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Expressions)20
+(arithmetic)g(for)810 4591 y(statemen)m(t)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(expanded)f
+(more)i(than)f(once.)705 4731 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Expressions)20
 b(used)f(as)i(argumen)m(ts)g(to)g(arithmetic)h(op)s(erators)f(in)f(the)
-h Ft([[)f Fu(conditional)810 4276 y(command)30 b(can)h(b)s(e)f
-(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once.)705 4405 y Fq(\017)60
+h Ft([[)f Fu(conditional)810 4841 y(command)30 b(can)h(b)s(e)f
+(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once.)705 4981 y Fq(\017)60
 b Fu(The)31 b(expressions)g(in)h(substring)e(parameter)i(brace)g
-(expansion)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 4515 y(more)g(than)f(once.)705
-4644 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35 b(expressions)g(in)g(the)h($\(\()42
+(expansion)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 5090 y(more)g(than)f(once.)705
+5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35 b(expressions)g(in)g(the)h($\(\()42
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-(expanded)g(more)810 4753 y(than)30 b(once.)705 4882
-y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)33 b(expressions)f(used)g(as)h(indexed)e
-(arra)m(y)i(subscripts)e(can)i(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 4992
-y(more)f(than)f(once.)705 5121 y Fq(\017)60 b Ft(test)29
-b(-v)p Fu(,)35 b(when)f(giv)m(en)h(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(`)p
-Ft(A[@])p Fu(',)h(where)f Fr(A)h Fu(is)f(an)h(existing)g(asso-)810
-5230 y(ciativ)m(e)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)37 b(will)d(return)f(true)g(if)h
-(the)h(arra)m(y)f(has)g(an)m(y)g(set)g(elemen)m(ts.)53
-b(Bash-5.2)810 5340 y(will)31 b(lo)s(ok)g(for)f(and)g(rep)s(ort)f(on)i
-(a)f(k)m(ey)i(named)d(`)p Ft(@)p Fu('.)p eop end
+(expanded)g(more)810 5340 y(than)30 b(once.)p eop end
 %%Page: 124 130
 TeXDict begin 124 129 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(124)705 299 y Fq(\017)60
-b Fu(the)40 b($)p Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7 b Fu([:]=)p Fr(v)-5
-b(alue)5 b Fi(})42 b Fu(w)m(ord)e(expansion)f(will)i(return)d
-Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)43 b(b)s(efore)d(an)m(y)810 408
-y(v)-5 b(ariable-sp)s(eci\014c)34 b(transformations)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s
-(een)e(p)s(erformed)f(\(e.g.,)36 b(con)m(v)m(erting)e(to)810
-518 y(lo)m(w)m(ercase\).)43 b(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(return)e(the)i
+b Fu(Arithmetic)33 b(expressions)f(used)g(as)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)i
+(subscripts)e(can)i(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 408 y(more)f(than)f(once.)705
+543 y Fq(\017)60 b Ft(test)29 b(-v)p Fu(,)35 b(when)f(giv)m(en)h(an)g
+(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(`)p Ft(A[@])p Fu(',)h(where)f Fr(A)h
+Fu(is)f(an)h(existing)g(asso-)810 653 y(ciativ)m(e)h(arra)m(y)-8
+b(,)37 b(will)d(return)f(true)g(if)h(the)h(arra)m(y)f(has)g(an)m(y)g
+(set)g(elemen)m(ts.)53 b(Bash-5.2)810 762 y(will)31 b(lo)s(ok)g(for)f
+(and)g(rep)s(ort)f(on)i(a)f(k)m(ey)i(named)d(`)p Ft(@)p
+Fu('.)705 897 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)40 b($)p Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7
+b Fu([:]=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Fi(})42 b Fu(w)m(ord)e(expansion)f(will)
+i(return)d Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)43 b(b)s(efore)d(an)m(y)810
+1006 y(v)-5 b(ariable-sp)s(eci\014c)34 b(transformations)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h
+(b)s(een)e(p)s(erformed)f(\(e.g.,)36 b(con)m(v)m(erting)e(to)810
+1116 y(lo)m(w)m(ercase\).)43 b(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(return)e(the)i
 (\014nal)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(assigned)f(to)i(the)e(v)-5
-b(ariable.)705 653 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)40 b(command)f
+b(ariable.)705 1250 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)40 b(command)f
 (substitutions)f(will)i(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g(as)f(if)g(extended)g
-(globbing)h(\(see)810 762 y(Section)e(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],)
-j(page)f(78\))g(is)f(enabled,)i(so)e(that)g(parsing)g(a)810
-872 y(command)24 b(substitution)g(con)m(taining)h(an)f(extglob)i
+(globbing)h(\(see)810 1360 y(Section)e(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f
+(Builtin],)j(page)f(78\))g(is)f(enabled,)i(so)e(that)g(parsing)g(a)810
+1469 y(command)24 b(substitution)g(con)m(taining)h(an)f(extglob)i
 (pattern)e(\(sa)m(y)-8 b(,)27 b(as)d(part)g(of)g(a)h(shell)810
-981 y(function\))30 b(will)h(not)g(fail.)41 b(This)30
+1579 y(function\))30 b(will)h(not)g(fail.)41 b(This)30
 b(assumes)g(the)h(in)m(ten)m(t)g(is)g(to)g(enable)g(extglob)g(b)s
-(efore)810 1091 y(the)i(command)f(is)g(executed)h(and)f(w)m(ord)g
+(efore)810 1689 y(the)i(command)f(is)g(executed)h(and)f(w)m(ord)g
 (expansions)g(are)h(p)s(erformed.)45 b(It)33 b(will)f(fail)810
-1200 y(at)42 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(time)g(if)f(extglob)i(hasn't)e(b)s
-(een)g(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(time)g(the)810 1310 y(command)30
-b(is)h(executed.)150 1469 y Ft(compat52)d(\(set)h(using)g
-(BASH_COMPAT\))705 1579 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)23 b Ft(test)g
+1798 y(at)42 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(time)g(if)f(extglob)i(hasn't)e(b)s
+(een)g(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(time)g(the)810 1908 y(command)30
+b(is)h(executed.)150 2067 y Ft(compat52)d(\(set)h(using)g
+(BASH_COMPAT\))705 2177 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)23 b Ft(test)g
 Fu(builtin)g(uses)h(its)g(historical)h(algorithm)g(to)f(parse)g(paren)m
-(thesized)g(sub)s(ex-)810 1689 y(pressions)30 b(when)f(giv)m(en)i
-(\014v)m(e)g(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts.)705 1823 y Fq(\017)60
+(thesized)g(sub)s(ex-)810 2286 y(pressions)30 b(when)f(giv)m(en)i
+(\014v)m(e)g(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts.)705 2421 y Fq(\017)60
 b Fu(If)25 b(the)h Ft(-p)f Fu(or)h Ft(-P)f Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)e
 (to)j(the)f Ft(bind)e Fu(builtin,)i Ft(bind)f Fu(treats)i(an)m(y)f
-(argu-)810 1933 y(men)m(ts)h(remaining)g(after)h(option)f(pro)s
+(argu-)810 2531 y(men)m(ts)h(remaining)g(after)h(option)f(pro)s
 (cessing)g(as)g(bindable)f(command)h(names,)h(and)810
-2042 y(displa)m(ys)k(an)m(y)f(k)m(ey)i(sequences)f(b)s(ound)d(to)j
-(those)g(commands,)g(instead)g(of)g(treating)810 2152
+2640 y(displa)m(ys)k(an)m(y)f(k)m(ey)i(sequences)f(b)s(ound)d(to)j
+(those)g(commands,)g(instead)g(of)g(treating)810 2750
 y(the)f(argumen)m(ts)f(as)h(k)m(ey)g(sequences)g(to)g(bind.)705
-2286 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(will)h(notify)g
+2884 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(will)h(notify)g
 (the)f(user)g(of)h(completed)g(jobs)f(while)g(sourcing)h(a)810
-2396 y(script.)i(New)m(er)31 b(v)m(ersions)f(defer)g(noti\014cation)i
+2994 y(script.)i(New)m(er)31 b(v)m(ersions)f(defer)g(noti\014cation)i
 (un)m(til)f(script)f(execution)i(completes.)p eop end
 %%Page: 125 131
 TeXDict begin 125 130 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(125)150 299
@@ -143,9 +143,8 @@ getlist (char *arg, struct cutpos **opp)
 }

 static int
-cutbytes (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
+cutbytes (SHELL_VAR *v, arrayind_t ind, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
 {
-  arrayind_t ind;
  char *buf, *bmap;
  size_t llen;
  int i, b, n, s, e;
@@ -175,36 +174,31 @@ cutbytes (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
      buf[b++] = line[i];
  buf[b] = 0; 

-  if (v)
-    {
-      ind = 0;
 #if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      bind_array_element (v, ind, buf, 0);
-#endif
-      ind++;
-    }
+  if (v)
+    bind_array_element (v, ind, buf, 0);
  else
+#endif
    printf ("%s\n", buf);

  free (buf);
  free (bmap);

-  return ind;
+  return 1;
 }

 static int
-cutchars (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
+cutchars (SHELL_VAR *v, arrayind_t ind, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
 {
-  arrayind_t ind;
  char *buf, *bmap;
  wchar_t *wbuf, *wb2;
  size_t llen, wlen;
  int i, b, n, s, e;

  if (MB_CUR_MAX == 1)
-    return (cutbytes (v, line, ops));
+    return (cutbytes (v, ind, line, ops));
  if (locale_utf8locale && utf8_mbsmbchar (line) == 0)
-    return (cutbytes (v, line, ops));
+    return (cutbytes (v, ind, line, ops));

  llen = strlen (line);
  wbuf = (wchar_t *)xmalloc ((llen + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t));
@@ -213,7 +207,7 @@ cutchars (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
  if (MB_INVALIDCH (wlen))
    {
      free (wbuf);
-      return (cutbytes (v, line, ops));
+      return (cutbytes (v, ind, line, ops));
    }

  bmap = xmalloc (llen + 1);
@@ -245,21 +239,17 @@ cutchars (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
  buf = bmap;
  n = wcstombs (buf, wb2, llen);

-  if (v)
-    {
-      ind = 0;
 #if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      bind_array_element (v, ind, buf, 0);
-#endif
-      ind++;
-    }
+  if (v)
+    bind_array_element (v, ind, buf, 0);
  else
+#endif
    printf ("%s\n", buf);

  free (buf);
  free (wb2);

-  return ind;
+  return 1;
 }

 /* The basic strategy is to cut the line into fields using strsep, populate
@@ -267,15 +257,12 @@ cutchars (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
   bitmap approach as cut{bytes,chars} and assign them to the array variable
   V or print them on stdout. This function obeys SFLAG. */
 static int
-cutfields (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
+cutfields (SHELL_VAR *v, arrayind_t ind, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
 {
-  arrayind_t ind;
  char *buf, *bmap, *field, **fields, delim[2];
  size_t llen, fsize;
  int i, b, n, s, e, nf;

-  ind = 0;
-
  delim[0] = ops->delim;
  delim[1] = '\0';

@@ -302,17 +289,15 @@ cutfields (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
    {
      free (fields);
      if (ops->flags & SFLAG)
-	return ind;
-      if (v)
-	{
+	return 0;
 #if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	  bind_array_element (v, ind, line, 0);
-#endif
-	  ind++;
-	}
+      if (v)
+	bind_array_element (v, ind, line, 0);
      else
+#endif
 	printf ("%s\n", line);
-      return ind;
+
+      return 1;
    }

  bmap = xmalloc (nf + 1);
@@ -332,57 +317,61 @@ cutfields (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
 	bmap[i] = 1;
    }

-  for (i = 1, b = 0; b < nf; b++)
+  /* build the string and assign or print it all at once */
+  buf = xmalloc (strlen (line) + 1);
+
+  for (i = 1, n = b = 0; b < nf; b++)
    {
      if (bmap[b] == 0)
 	continue;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      if (v)
-	{
-	  bind_array_element (v, ind, fields[b], 0);
-	  ind++;
-	}
-      else
-#endif
-	{
-	  if (i == 0)
-	    putchar (ops->delim);
-	  printf ("%s", fields[b]);
-	}
+      if (i == 0)
+	buf[n++] = ops->delim;
+      strcpy (buf + n, fields[b]);
+      n += STRLEN (fields[b]);
      i = 0;
    }
-  if (v == 0)
-    putchar ('\n');

-  return nf;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  if (v)
+    bind_array_element (v, ind, buf, 0);
+  else
+#endif
+    printf ("%s\n", buf);
+
+  free (bmap);
+  free (buf);
+
+  return 1;
 }

 static int
-cutline (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
+cutline (SHELL_VAR *v, arrayind_t ind, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
 {
  int rval;

  if (ops->flags & BFLAG)
-    rval = cutbytes (v, line, ops);
+    rval = cutbytes (v, ind, line, ops);
  else if (ops->flags & CFLAG)
-    rval = cutchars (v, line, ops);
+    rval = cutchars (v, ind, line, ops);
  else
-    rval = cutfields (v, line, ops);
+    rval = cutfields (v, ind, line, ops);

-  return (rval >= 0 ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+  return (rval);
 }

 static int
 cutfile (SHELL_VAR *v, WORD_LIST *list, struct cutop *ops)
 {
-  int fd, unbuffered_read;
+  int fd, unbuffered_read, r;
  char *line, *b;
  size_t llen;
  WORD_LIST *l;
  ssize_t n;
+  arrayind_t ind;

  line = 0;
  llen = 0;
+  ind = 0;

  l = list;
  do
@@ -409,7 +398,8 @@ cutfile (SHELL_VAR *v, WORD_LIST *list, struct cutop *ops)
 	  QUIT;
 	  if (line[n] == '\n')
 	    line[n] = '\0';		/* cutline expects no newline terminator */
-	  cutline (v, line, ops);	/* can modify line */
+	  r = cutline (v, ind, line, ops);	/* can modify line */
+	  ind += r;
 	}
      if (fd > 0)
 	close (fd);
@@ -534,7 +524,8 @@ cut_internal (int which, WORD_LIST *list)

  /* we implement cut as a builtin with a cutfile() function that opens each
     filename in LIST as a filename (or `-' for stdin) and runs cutline on
-     every line in the file. */
+     every line in the file. lcut just runs cutline on the first string in
+     LIST. */
  if (which == 0)
    {
      cutstring = list->word->word;
@@ -543,7 +534,9 @@ cut_internal (int which, WORD_LIST *list)
 	  free (poslist);
 	  return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
 	}
-      rval = cutline (v, cutstring, &op);
+      rval = cutline (v, 0, cutstring, &op);
+      /* Normalize rval, because cutline returns an increment for ind */
+      rval = (rval >= 0 ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE);
    }
  else
    rval = cutfile (v, list, &op);
@@ -568,8 +561,8 @@ char *lcut_doc[] = {
 	"Extract selected fields from a string.",
 	"",
        "Select portions of LINE (as specified by LIST) and assign them to",
-        "elements of the indexed array ARRAY starting at index 0, or write",
-        "them to the standard output if -a is not specified.",
+        "element 0 of the indexed array ARRAY, or write them to the standard",
+        "output if -a is not specified.",
        "",
 	"Items specified by LIST are either column positions or fields delimited",
 	"by a special character, and are described more completely in cut(1).",
@@ -577,6 +570,11 @@ char *lcut_doc[] = {
 	"Columns correspond to bytes (-b), characters (-c), or fields (-f). The",
 	"field delimiter is specified by -d (default TAB). Column numbering",
 	"starts at 1.",
+	"",
+	"When -a is specified, lcut assigns the selected portions of LINE",
+	"to index 0 of ARRAY. The string lcut assigns to ARRAY is identical",
+	"to the string it would write to the standard output if -a were not",
+	"supplied.",
 	(char *)NULL
 };

@@ -593,7 +591,8 @@ char *cut_doc[] = {
 	"Extract selected fields from each line of a file.",
 	"",
        "Select portions of each line (as specified by LIST) from each FILE",
-        "and write them to the standard output. cut reads from the standard",
+        "and write them to the standard output, or assign them to the indexed",
+        "array ARRAY starting at index 0. cut reads from the standard",
        "input if no FILE arguments are specified or if a FILE argument is a",
        "single hyphen.",
        "",
@@ -603,6 +602,11 @@ char *cut_doc[] = {
 	"Columns correspond to bytes (-b), characters (-c), or fields (-f). The",
 	"field delimiter is specified by -d (default TAB). Column numbering",
 	"starts at 1.",
+	"",
+	"When -a is specified, cut assigns the output from each line it",
+	"processes to successive elements of ARRAY, beginning at 0. The",
+	"strings cut assigns to ARRAY are identical to the strings it would",
+	"write to the standard output if -a were not supplied.",
 	(char *)NULL
 };

@@ -0,0 +1,616 @@
+/* cut,lcut - extract specified fields from a line and assign them to an array
+	      or print them to the standard output */
+
+/*
+   Copyright (C) 2020,2022,2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+
+   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+/* See Makefile for compilation details. */
+
+#include <config.h>
+
+#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
+#  include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+#include "bashansi.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "loadables.h"
+#include "shmbutil.h"
+
+#define CUT_ARRAY_DEFAULT	"CUTFIELDS"
+
+#define NOPOS	-2		/* sentinel for unset startpos/endpos */
+
+#define BOL	0		
+#define EOL	INT_MAX
+#define NORANGE	-1		/* just a position, no range */
+
+#define BFLAG	(1 << 0)
+#define CFLAG	(1 << 1)
+#define DFLAG	(1 << 2)
+#define FFLAG	(1 << 3)
+#define SFLAG	(1 << 4)
+
+struct cutpos
+{
+  int startpos, endpos;		/* zero-based, correction done in getlist() */
+};
+
+struct cutop
+{
+  int flags;
+  int delim;
+  int npos;
+  struct cutpos *poslist;
+};
+
+static int
+poscmp (const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+  struct cutpos *p1, *p2;
+
+  p1 = (struct cutpos *)a;
+  p2 = (struct cutpos *)b;
+  return (p1->startpos - p2->startpos);
+}
+
+static int
+getlist (char *arg, struct cutpos **opp)
+{
+  char *ntok, *ltok, *larg;
+  int s, e;
+  intmax_t num;
+  struct cutpos *poslist;
+  int npos, nsize;
+
+  poslist = 0;
+  nsize = npos = 0;
+  s = e = 0;
+  larg = arg;
+  while (ltok = strsep (&larg, ","))
+    {
+      if (*ltok == 0)
+        continue;
+
+      ntok = strsep (&ltok, "-");
+      if (*ntok == 0)
+        s = BOL;
+      else
+	{
+	  if (valid_number (ntok, &num) == 0 || (int)num != num || num <= 0)
+	    {
+	      builtin_error ("%s: invalid list value", ntok);
+	      *opp = poslist;
+	      return -1;
+	    }
+	  s = num;
+	  s--;		/* fields are 1-based */
+	}
+      if (ltok == 0)
+	e = NORANGE;
+      else if (*ltok == 0)
+	e = EOL;
+      else
+	{
+	  if (valid_number (ltok, &num) == 0 || (int)num != num || num <= 0)
+	    {
+	      builtin_error ("%s: invalid list value", ltok);
+	      *opp = poslist;
+	      return -1;
+	    }
+	  e = num;
+	  e--;
+	  if (e == s)
+	    e = NORANGE;
+	}
+
+      if (npos == nsize)
+	{
+	  nsize += 4;
+	  poslist = (struct cutpos *)xrealloc (poslist, nsize * sizeof (struct cutpos));
+	}
+      poslist[npos].startpos = s;
+      poslist[npos].endpos = e; 
+      npos++;
+    }
+  if (npos == 0)
+    {
+      builtin_error ("missing list of positions");
+      *opp = poslist;
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+  qsort (poslist, npos, sizeof(poslist[0]), poscmp);
+  *opp = poslist;
+
+  return npos;
+}
+
+static int
+cutbytes (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
+{
+  arrayind_t ind;
+  char *buf, *bmap;
+  size_t llen;
+  int i, b, n, s, e;
+
+  llen = strlen (line);
+  buf = xmalloc (llen + 1);
+  bmap = xmalloc (llen + 1);
+  memset (bmap, 0, llen);
+
+  for (n = 0; n < ops->npos; n++)
+    {
+      s = ops->poslist[n].startpos;		/* no translation needed yet */
+      e = ops->poslist[n].endpos;
+      if (e == NORANGE)
+        e = s;
+      else if (e == EOL || e >= llen)
+	e = llen - 1;
+      /* even if a column is specified multiple times, it will only be printed
+         once */
+      for (i = s; i <= e; i++)
+	bmap[i] = 1;
+    }
+
+  b = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < llen; i++)
+    if (bmap[i])
+      buf[b++] = line[i];
+  buf[b] = 0; 
+
+  if (v)
+    {
+      ind = 0;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+      bind_array_element (v, ind, buf, 0);
+#endif
+      ind++;
+    }
+  else
+    printf ("%s\n", buf);
+
+  free (buf);
+  free (bmap);
+
+  return ind;
+}
+
+static int
+cutchars (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
+{
+  arrayind_t ind;
+  char *buf, *bmap;
+  wchar_t *wbuf, *wb2;
+  size_t llen, wlen;
+  int i, b, n, s, e;
+
+  if (MB_CUR_MAX == 1)
+    return (cutbytes (v, line, ops));
+  if (locale_utf8locale && utf8_mbsmbchar (line) == 0)
+    return (cutbytes (v, line, ops));
+
+  llen = strlen (line);
+  wbuf = (wchar_t *)xmalloc ((llen + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t));
+
+  wlen = mbstowcs (wbuf, line, llen);
+  if (MB_INVALIDCH (wlen))
+    {
+      free (wbuf);
+      return (cutbytes (v, line, ops));
+    }
+
+  bmap = xmalloc (llen + 1);
+  memset (bmap, 0, llen);
+  
+  for (n = 0; n < ops->npos; n++)
+    {
+      s = ops->poslist[n].startpos;		/* no translation needed yet */
+      e = ops->poslist[n].endpos;
+      if (e == NORANGE)
+        e = s;
+      else if (e == EOL || e >= wlen)
+	e = wlen - 1;
+      /* even if a column is specified multiple times, it will only be printed
+         once */
+      for (i = s; i <= e; i++)
+	bmap[i] = 1;
+    }
+
+  wb2 = (wchar_t *)xmalloc ((wlen + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t));
+  b = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < wlen; i++)
+    if (bmap[i])
+      wb2[b++] = wbuf[i];
+  wb2[b] = 0;
+
+  free (wbuf);
+
+  buf = bmap;
+  n = wcstombs (buf, wb2, llen);
+
+  if (v)
+    {
+      ind = 0;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+      bind_array_element (v, ind, buf, 0);
+#endif
+      ind++;
+    }
+  else
+    printf ("%s\n", buf);
+
+  free (buf);
+  free (wb2);
+
+  return ind;
+}
+
+/* The basic strategy is to cut the line into fields using strsep, populate
+   an array of fields from 0..nf, then select those fields using the same
+   bitmap approach as cut{bytes,chars} and assign them to the array variable
+   V or print them on stdout. This function obeys SFLAG. */
+static int
+cutfields (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
+{
+  arrayind_t ind;
+  char *buf, *bmap, *field, **fields, delim[2];
+  size_t llen, fsize;
+  int i, b, n, s, e, nf;
+
+  ind = 0;
+
+  delim[0] = ops->delim;
+  delim[1] = '\0';
+
+  fields = 0;
+  nf = 0;
+  fsize = 0;
+
+  field = buf = line;
+  do
+    {
+      field = strsep (&buf, delim);	/* destructive */
+      if (nf == fsize)
+	{
+	  fsize += 8;
+	  fields = xrealloc (fields, fsize * sizeof (char *));
+	}
+      fields[nf] = field;
+      if (field)
+	nf++;
+    }
+  while (field);
+
+  if (nf == 1)
+    {
+      free (fields);
+      if (ops->flags & SFLAG)
+	return ind;
+      if (v)
+	{
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+	  bind_array_element (v, ind, line, 0);
+#endif
+	  ind++;
+	}
+      else
+	printf ("%s\n", line);
+      return ind;
+    }
+
+  bmap = xmalloc (nf + 1);
+  memset (bmap, 0, nf);
+
+  for (n = 0; n < ops->npos; n++)
+    {
+      s = ops->poslist[n].startpos;		/* no translation needed yet */
+      e = ops->poslist[n].endpos;
+      if (e == NORANGE)
+        e = s;
+      else if (e == EOL || e >= nf)
+	e = nf - 1;
+      /* even if a column is specified multiple times, it will only be printed
+         once */
+      for (i = s; i <= e; i++)
+	bmap[i] = 1;
+    }
+
+  for (i = 1, b = 0; b < nf; b++)
+    {
+      if (bmap[b] == 0)
+	continue;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+      if (v)
+	{
+	  bind_array_element (v, ind, fields[b], 0);
+	  ind++;
+	}
+      else
+#endif
+	{
+	  if (i == 0)
+	    putchar (ops->delim);
+	  printf ("%s", fields[b]);
+	}
+      i = 0;
+    }
+  if (v == 0)
+    putchar ('\n');
+
+  return nf;
+}
+
+static int
+cutline (SHELL_VAR *v, char *line, struct cutop *ops)
+{
+  int rval;
+
+  if (ops->flags & BFLAG)
+    rval = cutbytes (v, line, ops);
+  else if (ops->flags & CFLAG)
+    rval = cutchars (v, line, ops);
+  else
+    rval = cutfields (v, line, ops);
+
+  return (rval >= 0 ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static int
+cutfile (SHELL_VAR *v, WORD_LIST *list, struct cutop *ops)
+{
+  int fd, unbuffered_read;
+  char *line, *b;
+  size_t llen;
+  WORD_LIST *l;
+  ssize_t n;
+
+  line = 0;
+  llen = 0;
+
+  l = list;
+  do
+    {
+      /* for each file */
+      if (l == 0 || (l->word->word[0] == '-' && l->word->word[1] == '\0'))
+	fd = 0;
+      else
+	fd = open (l->word->word, O_RDONLY);
+      if (fd < 0)
+	{
+	  file_error (l->word->word);
+	  return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+	}
+
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+      unbuffered_read = (lseek (fd, 0L, SEEK_CUR) < 0) && (errno == ESPIPE);
+#else
+      unbuffered_read = 1;
+#endif
+
+      while ((n = zgetline (fd, &line, &llen, '\n', unbuffered_read)) != -1)
+	{
+	  QUIT;
+	  if (line[n] == '\n')
+	    line[n] = '\0';		/* cutline expects no newline terminator */
+	  cutline (v, line, ops);	/* can modify line */
+	}
+      if (fd > 0)
+	close (fd);
+
+      QUIT;
+      if (l)
+	l = l->next;
+    }
+  while (l);
+
+  free (line);
+  return EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+#define OPTSET(x)	     ((cutflags & (x)) ? 1 : 0)
+
+static int
+cut_internal (int which, WORD_LIST *list)
+{
+  int opt, rval, cutflags, delim, npos;
+  char *array_name, *cutstring, *list_arg;
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+  struct cutop op;
+  struct cutpos *poslist;
+
+  v = 0;
+  rval = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
+
+  cutflags = 0;
+  array_name = 0;
+  list_arg = 0;
+  delim = '\t';
+
+  reset_internal_getopt ();
+  while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "a:b:c:d:f:sn")) != -1)
+    {
+      switch (opt)
+	{
+	case 'a':
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+	  array_name = list_optarg;
+	  break;
+#else
+	  builtin_error ("arrays not available");
+	  return (EX_USAGE);
+#endif
+	case 'b':
+	  cutflags |= BFLAG;
+	  list_arg = list_optarg;
+	  break;
+	case 'c':
+	  cutflags |= CFLAG;
+	  list_arg = list_optarg;
+	  break;
+	case 'd':
+	  cutflags |= DFLAG;
+	  delim = list_optarg[0];
+	  if (delim == 0 || list_optarg[1])
+	    {
+	      builtin_error ("delimiter must be a single non-null character");
+	      return (EX_USAGE);
+	    }
+	  break;
+	case 'f':
+	  cutflags |= FFLAG;
+	  list_arg = list_optarg;
+	  break;
+	case 'n':
+	  break;
+	case 's':
+	  cutflags |= SFLAG;
+	  break;
+	CASE_HELPOPT;
+	default:
+	  builtin_usage ();
+	  return (EX_USAGE);
+	}
+    }
+  list = loptend;
+
+  if (array_name && (valid_identifier (array_name) == 0))
+    {
+      sh_invalidid (array_name);
+      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+  if (list == 0 && which == 0)
+    {
+      builtin_error ("string argument required");
+      return (EX_USAGE);
+    }
+
+  /* options are mutually exclusive and one is required */
+  if ((OPTSET (BFLAG) + OPTSET (CFLAG) + OPTSET (FFLAG)) != 1)
+    {
+      builtin_usage ();
+      return (EX_USAGE);
+    }
+
+  if ((npos = getlist (list_arg, &poslist)) < 0)
+    {
+      free (poslist);
+      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  if (array_name)
+    {
+      v = builtin_find_indexed_array (array_name, 1);
+      if (v == 0)
+	{
+	  free (poslist);
+	  return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+	}
+    }
+#endif
+
+  op.flags = cutflags;
+  op.delim = delim;
+  op.npos = npos;
+  op.poslist = poslist;
+
+  /* we implement cut as a builtin with a cutfile() function that opens each
+     filename in LIST as a filename (or `-' for stdin) and runs cutline on
+     every line in the file. */
+  if (which == 0)
+    {
+      cutstring = list->word->word;
+      if (cutstring == 0 || *cutstring == 0)
+	{
+	  free (poslist);
+	  return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
+	}
+      rval = cutline (v, cutstring, &op);
+    }
+  else
+    rval = cutfile (v, list, &op);
+
+  free (poslist);
+  return (rval);
+}
+
+int
+lcut_builtin (WORD_LIST *list)
+{
+  return (cut_internal (0, list));
+}
+
+int
+cut_builtin (WORD_LIST *list)
+{
+  return (cut_internal (1, list));
+}
+
+char *lcut_doc[] = {
+	"Extract selected fields from a string.",
+	"",
+        "Select portions of LINE (as specified by LIST) and assign them to",
+        "elements of the indexed array ARRAY starting at index 0, or write",
+        "them to the standard output if -a is not specified.",
+        "",
+	"Items specified by LIST are either column positions or fields delimited",
+	"by a special character, and are described more completely in cut(1).",
+	"",
+	"Columns correspond to bytes (-b), characters (-c), or fields (-f). The",
+	"field delimiter is specified by -d (default TAB). Column numbering",
+	"starts at 1.",
+	(char *)NULL
+};
+
+struct builtin lcut_struct = {
+	"lcut",			/* builtin name */
+	lcut_builtin,		/* function implementing the builtin */
+	BUILTIN_ENABLED,	/* initial flags for builtin */
+	lcut_doc,		/* array of long documentation strings. */
+	"lcut [-a ARRAY] [-b LIST] [-c LIST] [-f LIST] [-d CHAR] [-sn] line",	/* usage synopsis; becomes short_doc */
+	0			/* reserved for internal use */
+};
+
+char *cut_doc[] = {
+	"Extract selected fields from each line of a file.",
+	"",
+        "Select portions of each line (as specified by LIST) from each FILE",
+        "and write them to the standard output. cut reads from the standard",
+        "input if no FILE arguments are specified or if a FILE argument is a",
+        "single hyphen.",
+        "",
+	"Items specified by LIST are either column positions or fields delimited",
+	"by a special character, and are described more completely in cut(1).",
+	"",
+	"Columns correspond to bytes (-b), characters (-c), or fields (-f). The",
+	"field delimiter is specified by -d (default TAB). Column numbering",
+	"starts at 1.",
+	(char *)NULL
+};
+
+struct builtin cut_struct = {
+	"cut",			/* builtin name */
+	cut_builtin,		/* function implementing the builtin */
+	BUILTIN_ENABLED,	/* initial flags for builtin */
+	cut_doc,		/* array of long documentation strings. */
+	"cut [-a ARRAY] [-b LIST] [-c LIST] [-f LIST] [-d CHAR] [-sn] [file ...]",	/* usage synopsis; becomes short_doc */
+	0			/* reserved for internal use */
+};
@@ -5536,6 +5536,10 @@ execute_subshell_builtin_or_function (WORD_LIST *words, REDIRECT *redirects,

      if (result == EXITPROG || result == EXITBLTIN)
 	subshell_exit (last_command_exit_value);
+#if 0	/* TAG:bash-5.4 https://savannah.gnu.org/support/?109840 6/5/2025 */
+      else if (result == ERREXIT)
+	subshell_exit (last_command_exit_value ? last_command_exit_value : EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+#endif
      else if (result)
 	subshell_exit (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
      else if (funcvalue)
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* histexpand.c -- history expansion. */

-/* Copyright (C) 1989-2021,2023-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1989-2021,2023-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file contains the GNU History Library (History), a set of
   routines for managing the text of previously typed lines.
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* history.c -- standalone history library */

-/* Copyright (C) 1989-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1989-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file contains the GNU History Library (History), a set of
   routines for managing the text of previously typed lines.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 /*								    */
 /* **************************************************************** */

-/* Copyright (C) 1987-2021,2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1987-2021,2023,2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* readline.c -- a general facility for reading lines of input
   with emacs style editing and completion. */

-/* Copyright (C) 1987-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1987-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* rlmbutil.h -- utility functions for multibyte characters. */

-/* Copyright (C) 2001-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 2001-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* rltty.c -- functions to prepare and restore the terminal for readline's
   use. */

-/* Copyright (C) 1992-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1992-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* rlwinsize.h -- an attempt to isolate some of the system-specific defines
   for `struct winsize' and TIOCGWINSZ. */

-/* Copyright (C) 1997-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1997-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* search.c - code for non-incremental searching in emacs and vi modes. */

-/* Copyright (C) 1992-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1992-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* shell.c -- readline utility functions that are normally provided by
 	      bash when readline is linked as part of the shell. */

-/* Copyright (C) 1997-2009,2017,2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1997-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* terminal.c -- controlling the terminal with termcap. */

-/* Copyright (C) 1996-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1996-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* util.c -- readline utility functions */

-/* Copyright (C) 1987-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1987-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
@@ -574,13 +574,13 @@ declare -ai a=([0]="0" [1]="16")
 3
 3
 5
-/usr/local/build/bash/bash-current/bash: line 1: a[k]: unbound variable
+bash: line 1: a[k]: unbound variable
 ok 1
-/usr/local/build/bash/bash-current/bash: line 1: r0: unbound variable
+bash: line 1: r0: unbound variable
 ok 2
-/usr/local/build/bash/bash-current/bash: line 1: r: unbound variable
+bash: line 1: r: unbound variable
 ok 3
-/usr/local/build/bash/bash-current/bash: line 1: k: unbound variable
+bash: line 1: k: unbound variable
 ok 4
 ok 5
 ok 6
@@ -1,12 +1,25 @@
+#   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#   (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#   GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
 # issues with nounset and references to nameref variables whose value
 # contains an unset variable

-$THIS_SH -uc 'a=() k=; "${a[k]}"' ||  echo ok 1
-$THIS_SH -uc 'declare -n r0=b ; : "$r0"' || echo ok 2
-$THIS_SH -uc 'a=() k=; declare -n r='a[k]' ; : "$r"' || echo ok 3
-$THIS_SH -uc 'declare -n r='a[k]' ; : "$r"' || echo ok 4
+$THIS_SH -uc 'a=() k=; "${a[k]}"' bash ||  echo ok 1
+$THIS_SH -uc 'declare -n r0=b ; : "$r0"' bash || echo ok 2
+$THIS_SH -uc 'a=() k=; declare -n r='a[k]' ; : "$r"' bash || echo ok 3
+$THIS_SH -uc 'declare -n r='a[k]' ; : "$r"' bash || echo ok 4

-$THIS_SH -uc 'a=() k=; declare -n r='a[@]' ; : "$r"' && echo ok 5
-$THIS_SH -uc 'declare -n r='a[@]' ; : "$r"' && echo ok 6
-$THIS_SH -uc 'a=() k=; declare -n r='a[*]' ; : "$r"' && echo ok 7
-$THIS_SH -uc 'declare -n r='a[*]' ; : "$r"' && echo ok 8
+$THIS_SH -uc 'a=() k=; declare -n r='a[@]' ; : "$r"' bash && echo ok 5
+$THIS_SH -uc 'declare -n r='a[@]' ; : "$r"' bash && echo ok 6
+$THIS_SH -uc 'a=() k=; declare -n r='a[*]' ; : "$r"' bash && echo ok 7
+$THIS_SH -uc 'declare -n r='a[*]' ; : "$r"' bash && echo ok 8