Vendor nftables library, add utils.SupportsIPTables and utils.SupportsNFTables

Signed-off-by: Dan Winship <danwinship@redhat.com>
This commit is contained in:
Dan Winship 2023-07-31 09:37:51 -04:00 committed by Casey Callendrello
parent a6d6efa5ca
commit 729dd23c40
22 changed files with 3390 additions and 0 deletions

1
go.mod
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@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ require (
github.com/safchain/ethtool v0.4.1
github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0
golang.org/x/sys v0.23.0
sigs.k8s.io/knftables v0.0.17
)
require (

4
go.sum
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@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeN
github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240727154555-813a5fbdbec8 h1:FKHo8hFI3A+7w0aUQuYXQ+6EN5stWmeY/AZqtM8xk9k=
github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240727154555-813a5fbdbec8/go.mod h1:K1liHPHnj73Fdn/EKuT8nrFqBihUSKXoLYU0BuatOYo=
github.com/google/uuid v1.1.2/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
github.com/lithammer/dedent v1.1.0 h1:VNzHMVCBNG1j0fh3OrsFRkVUwStdDArbgBWoPAffktY=
github.com/lithammer/dedent v1.1.0/go.mod h1:jrXYCQtgg0nJiN+StA2KgR7w6CiQNv9Fd/Z9BP0jIOc=
github.com/mattn/go-shellwords v1.0.12 h1:M2zGm7EW6UQJvDeQxo4T51eKPurbeFbe8WtebGE2xrk=
github.com/mattn/go-shellwords v1.0.12/go.mod h1:EZzvwXDESEeg03EKmM+RmDnNOPKG4lLtQsUlTZDWQ8Y=
github.com/networkplumbing/go-nft v0.4.0 h1:kExVMwXW48DOAukkBwyI16h4uhE5lN9iMvQd52lpTyU=
@ -194,3 +196,5 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
sigs.k8s.io/knftables v0.0.17 h1:wGchTyRF/iGTIjd+vRaR1m676HM7jB8soFtyr/148ic=
sigs.k8s.io/knftables v0.0.17/go.mod h1:f/5ZLKYEUPUhVjUCg6l80ACdL7CIIyeL0DxfgojGRTk=

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pkg/utils/netfilter.go Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
// Copyright 2023 CNI authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package utils
import (
"github.com/coreos/go-iptables/iptables"
"sigs.k8s.io/knftables"
)
// SupportsIPTables tests whether the system supports using netfilter via the iptables API
// (whether via "iptables-legacy" or "iptables-nft"). (Note that this returns true if it
// is *possible* to use iptables; it does not test whether any other components on the
// system are *actually* using iptables.)
func SupportsIPTables() bool {
ipt, err := iptables.NewWithProtocol(iptables.ProtocolIPv4)
if err != nil {
return false
}
// We don't care whether the chain actually exists, only whether we can *check*
// whether it exists.
_, err = ipt.ChainExists("filter", "INPUT")
return err == nil
}
// SupportsNFTables tests whether the system supports using netfilter via the nftables API
// (ie, not via "iptables-nft"). (Note that this returns true if it is *possible* to use
// nftables; it does not test whether any other components on the system are *actually*
// using nftables.)
func SupportsNFTables() bool {
// knftables.New() does sanity checks so we don't need any further test like in
// the iptables case.
_, err := knftables.New(knftables.IPv4Family, "supports_nftables_test")
return err == nil
}

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@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
// Copyright 2023 CNI authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package utils
import (
"os"
. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2"
. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
)
var _ = Describe("netfilter support", func() {
When("it is available", func() {
It("reports that iptables is supported", func() {
Expect(SupportsIPTables()).To(BeTrue(), "This test should only fail if iptables is not available, but the test suite as a whole requires it to be available.")
})
It("reports that nftables is supported", func() {
Expect(SupportsNFTables()).To(BeTrue(), "This test should only fail if nftables is not available, but the test suite as a whole requires it to be available.")
})
})
// These are Serial because os.Setenv has process-wide effect
When("it is not available", Serial, func() {
var origPath string
BeforeEach(func() {
origPath = os.Getenv("PATH")
os.Setenv("PATH", "/does-not-exist")
})
AfterEach(func() {
os.Setenv("PATH", origPath)
})
It("reports that iptables is not supported", func() {
Expect(SupportsIPTables()).To(BeFalse(), "found iptables outside of PATH??")
})
It("reports that nftables is not supported", func() {
Expect(SupportsNFTables()).To(BeFalse(), "found nftables outside of PATH??")
})
})
})

3
vendor/modules.txt vendored
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@ -267,3 +267,6 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/anypb
# gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
## explicit
gopkg.in/yaml.v3
# sigs.k8s.io/knftables v0.0.17
## explicit; go 1.20
sigs.k8s.io/knftables

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vendor/sigs.k8s.io/knftables/.gitignore generated vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
*~
hack/bin/golangci-lint

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vendor/sigs.k8s.io/knftables/CHANGELOG.md generated vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
# ChangeLog
## v0.0.17
- `ListRules()` now accepts `""` for the chain name, meaning to list
all rules in the table. (`@caseydavenport`)
- `ListElements()` now handles elements with prefix/CIDR values (e.g.,
`"192.168.0.0/16"`; these are represented specially in the JSON
format and the old code didn't handle them). (`@caseydavenport`)
- Added `NumOperations()` to `Transaction` (which lets you figure out
belatedly whether you added anything to the transaction or not, and
could also be used for metrics). (`@fasaxc`)
- `knftables.Interface` now reuses the same `bytes.Buffer` for each
call to `nft` rather than constructing a new one each time, saving
time and memory. (`@aroradaman`)
- Fixed map element deletion in `knftables.Fake` to not mistakenly
require that you fill in the `.Value` of the element. (`@npinaeva`)
- Added `Fake.LastTransaction`, to retrieve the most-recently-executed
transaction. (`@npinaeva`)
## v0.0.16
- Fixed a bug in `Fake.ParseDump()` when using IPv6. (`@npinaeva`)
## v0.0.15
- knftables now requires the nft binary to be v1.0.1 or later. This is
because earlier versions (a) had bugs that might cause them to crash
when parsing rules created by later versions of nft, and (b) always
parsed the entire ruleset at startup, even if you were only trying
to operate on a single table. The combination of those two factors
means that older versions of nft can't reliably be used from inside
a container. (`@danwinship`)
- Fixed a bug that meant we were never setting comments on
tables/chains/sets/etc, even if nft and the kernel were both new
enough to support it. (`@tnqn`)
- Added `Fake.ParseDump()`, to load a `Fake` from a `Fake.Dump()`
output. (`@npinaeva`)
## v0.0.14
- Renamed the package `"sigs.k8s.io/knftables"`, reflecting its new
home at https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/knftables/
- Improvements to `Fake`:
- `Fake.Run()` is now properly transactional, and will have no
side effects if an error occurs.
- `Fake.Dump()` now outputs all `add chain`, `add set`, and `add
table` commands before any `add rule` and `add element`
commands, to ensure that the dumped ruleset can be passed to
`nft -f` without errors.
- Conversely, `Fake.Run()` now does enough parsing of rules and
elements that it will notice rules that do lookups in
non-existent sets/maps, and rules/verdicts that jump to
non-existent chains, so it can error out in those cases.
- Added `nft.Check()`, which is like `nft.Run()`, but using
`nft --check`.
- Fixed support for ingress and egress hooks (by adding
`Chain.Device`).
## v0.0.13
- Fixed a bug in `Fake.Run` where it was not properly returning "not
found" / "already exists" errors.
## v0.0.12
- Renamed the package from `"github.com/danwinship/nftables"` to
`"github.com/danwinship/knftables"`, for less ambiguity.
- Added `NameLengthMax` and `CommentLengthMax` constants.
- Changed serialization of `Chain` to convert string-valued `Priority`
to numeric form, if possible.
- (The `v0.0.11` tag exists but is not usable due to a bad `go.mod`)
## v0.0.10
- Dropped `Define`, because nft defines turned out to not work the way
I thought (in particular, you can't do "$IP daddr"), so they end up
not really being useful for our purposes.
- Made `NewTransaction` a method on `Interface` rather than a
top-level function.
- Added `Transaction.String()`, for debugging
- Fixed serialization of set/map elements with timeouts
- Added special treament for `"@"` to `Concat`
- Changed `nftables.New()` to return an `error` (doing the work that
used to be done by `nft.Present()`.)
- Add autodetection for "object comment" support, and have
serialization just ignore comments on `Table`/`Chain`/`Set`/`Map` if
nft or the kernel does not support them.
- Renamed `Optional()` to `PtrTo()`
## v0.0.9
- Various tweaks to `Element`:
- Changed `Key` and `Value` from `string` to `[]string` to better
support concatenated types (and dropped the `Join()` and
`Split()` helper functions that were previously used to join and
split concatenated values).
- Split `Name` into separate `Set` and `Map` fields, which make it
clearer what is being named, and are more consistent with
`Rule.Chain`, and provide more redundancy for distinguishing set
elements from map elements.
- Fixed serialization of map elements with a comments.
- Rewrote `ListElements` and `ListRules` to use `nft -j`, for easier /
more reliable parsing. But this meant that `ListRules` no longer
returns the actual text of the rule.
## v0.0.8
- Fixed `Fake.List` / `Fake.ListRules` / `Fake.ListElements` to return
errors that would be properly recognized by
`IsNotFound`/`IsAlreadyExists`.
## v0.0.7
- Implemented `tx.Create`, `tx.Insert`, `tx.Replace`
- Replaced `tx.AddRule` with the `Concat` function
## v0.0.6
- Added `IsNotFound` and `IsAlreadyExists` error-checking functions
## v0.0.5
- Moved `Define` from `Transaction` to `Interface`
## v0.0.3, v0.0.4
- Improvements to `Fake` to handle `Rule` and `Element`
deletion/overwrite.
- Added `ListRules` and `ListElements`
- (The `v0.0.3` and `v0.0.4` tags are identical.)
## v0.0.2
- Made `Interface` be specific to a single family and table. (Before,
that was specified at the `Transaction` level.)
## v0.0.1
- Initial "release"

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@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
# Contributing Guidelines
Welcome to Kubernetes. We are excited about the prospect of you joining our [community](https://git.k8s.io/community)! The Kubernetes community abides by the CNCF [code of conduct](code-of-conduct.md). Here is an excerpt:
_As contributors and maintainers of this project, and in the interest of fostering an open and welcoming community, we pledge to respect all people who contribute through reporting issues, posting feature requests, updating documentation, submitting pull requests or patches, and other activities._
## Getting Started
We have full documentation on how to get started contributing here:
<!---
If your repo has certain guidelines for contribution, put them here ahead of the general k8s resources
-->
- [Contributor License Agreement](https://git.k8s.io/community/CLA.md) - Kubernetes projects require that you sign a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) before we can accept your pull requests
- [Kubernetes Contributor Guide](https://k8s.dev/guide) - Main contributor documentation, or you can just jump directly to the [contributing page](https://k8s.dev/docs/guide/contributing/)
- [Contributor Cheat Sheet](https://k8s.dev/cheatsheet) - Common resources for existing developers
## Mentorship
- [Mentoring Initiatives](https://k8s.dev/community/mentoring) - We have a diverse set of mentorship programs available that are always looking for volunteers!
## Contact Information
knftables is maintained by [Kubernetes SIG Network](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-network).
- [sig-network slack channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-network)
- [kubernetes-sig-network mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-network)

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@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
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# Copyright 2023 The Kubernetes Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
all build:
echo "Usage:"
echo "make test - run unit tests"
echo "make update - run gofmt, etc"
echo "make verify - run golangci, etc"
clean:
test:
./hack/test.sh
update:
./hack/update.sh
verify:
./hack/verify.sh
.PHONY: all build clean test update verify

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# See the OWNERS docs at https://go.k8s.io/owners
reviewers:
- aojea
- danwinship
approvers:
- danwinship

278
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# knftables: a golang nftables library
This is a library for using nftables from Go.
It is not intended to support arbitrary use cases, but instead
specifically focuses on supporting Kubernetes components which are
using nftables in the way that nftables is supposed to be used (as
opposed to using nftables in a naively-translated-from-iptables way,
or using nftables to do totally valid things that aren't the sorts of
things Kubernetes components are likely to need to do; see the
"[iptables porting](./docs/iptables-porting.md)" doc for more thoughts
on porting old iptables-based components to nftables.)
knftables is still under development and is not yet API stable. (See the
section on "Possible future changes" below.)
The library is implemented as a wrapper around the `nft` CLI, because
the CLI API is the only well-documented interface to nftables.
Although it would be possible to use netlink directly (and some other
golang-based nftables libraries do this), that would result in an API
that is quite different from all documented examples of nftables usage
(e.g. the man pages and the [nftables wiki](http://wiki.nftables.org/))
because there is no easy way to convert the "standard" representation
of nftables rules into the netlink form.
(Actually, it's not quite true that there's no other usable API: the
`nft` CLI is just a thin wrapper around `libnftables`, and it would be
possible for knftables to use cgo to invoke that library instead of
using an external binary. However, this would be harder to build and
ship, so I'm not bothering with that for now. But this could be done
in the future without needing to change knftables's API.)
knftables requires nft version 1.0.1 or later, because earlier
versions would download and process the entire ruleset regardless of
what you were doing, which, besides being pointlessly inefficient,
means that in some cases, other people using new features in _their_
tables could prevent you from modifying _your_ table. (In particular,
a change in how some rules are generated starting in nft 1.0.3
triggers a crash in nft 0.9.9 and earlier, _even if you aren't looking
at the table containing that rule_.)
## Usage
Create an `Interface` object to manage operations on a single nftables
table:
```golang
nft, err := knftables.New(knftables.IPv4Family, "my-table")
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("no nftables support: %v", err)
}
```
(If you want to operate on multiple tables or multiple nftables
families, you will need separate `Interface` objects for each. If you
need to check whether the system supports an nftables feature as with
`nft --check`, use `nft.Check()`, which works the same as `nft.Run()`
below.)
You can use the `List`, `ListRules`, and `ListElements` methods on the
`Interface` to check if objects exist. `List` returns the names of
`"chains"`, `"sets"`, or `"maps"` in the table, while `ListElements`
returns `Element` objects and `ListRules` returns *partial* `Rule`
objects.
```golang
chains, err := nft.List(ctx, "chains")
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("could not list chains: %v", err)
}
FIXME
elements, err := nft.ListElements(ctx, "map", "mymap")
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("could not list map elements: %v", err)
}
FIXME
```
To make changes, create a `Transaction`, add the appropriate
operations to the transaction, and then call `nft.Run` on it:
```golang
tx := nft.NewTransaction()
tx.Add(&knftables.Chain{
Name: "mychain",
Comment: knftables.PtrTo("this is my chain"),
})
tx.Flush(&knftables.Chain{
Name: "mychain",
})
var destIP net.IP
var destPort uint16
...
tx.Add(&knftables.Rule{
Chain: "mychain",
Rule: knftables.Concat(
"ip daddr", destIP,
"ip protocol", "tcp",
"th port", destPort,
"jump", destChain,
)
})
err := nft.Run(context, tx)
```
If any operation in the transaction would fail, then `Run()` will
return an error and the entire transaction will be ignored. You can
use the `knftables.IsNotFound()` and `knftables.IsAlreadyExists()`
methods to check for those well-known error types. In a large
transaction, there is no supported way to determine exactly which
operation failed.
## `knftables.Transaction` operations
`knftables.Transaction` operations correspond to the top-level commands
in the `nft` binary. Currently-supported operations are:
- `tx.Add()`: adds an object, which may already exist, as with `nft add`
- `tx.Create()`: creates an object, which must not already exist, as with `nft create`
- `tx.Flush()`: flushes the contents of a table/chain/set/map, as with `nft flush`
- `tx.Delete()`: deletes an object, as with `nft delete`
- `tx.Insert()`: inserts a rule before another rule, as with `nft insert rule`
- `tx.Replace()`: replaces a rule, as with `nft replace rule`
## Objects
The `Transaction` methods take arguments of type `knftables.Object`.
The currently-supported objects are:
- `Table`
- `Chain`
- `Rule`
- `Set`
- `Map`
- `Element`
Optional fields in objects can be filled in with the help of the
`PtrTo()` function, which just returns a pointer to its argument.
`Concat()` can be used to concatenate a series of strings, `[]string`
arrays, and other arguments (including numbers, `net.IP`s /
`net.IPNet`s, and anything else that can be formatted usefully via
`fmt.Sprintf("%s")`) together into a single string. This is often
useful when constructing `Rule`s.
## `knftables.Fake`
There is a fake (in-memory) implementation of `knftables.Interface`
for use in unit tests. Use `knftables.NewFake()` instead of
`knftables.New()` to create it, and then it should work mostly the
same. See `fake.go` for more details of the public APIs for examining
the current state of the fake nftables database.
## Missing APIs
Various top-level object types are not yet supported (notably the
"stateful objects" like `counter`).
Most IPTables libraries have an API for "add this rule only if it
doesn't already exist", but that does not seem as useful in nftables
(or at least "in nftables as used by Kubernetes-ish components that
aren't just blindly copying over old iptables APIs"), because chains
tend to have static rules and dynamic sets/maps, rather than having
dynamic rules. If you aren't sure if a chain has the correct rules,
you can just `Flush` it and recreate all of the rules.
The "destroy" (delete-without-ENOENT) command that exists in newer
versions of `nft` is not currently supported because it would be
unexpectedly heavyweight to emulate on systems that don't have it, so
it is better (for now) to force callers to implement it by hand.
`ListRules` returns `Rule` objects without the `Rule` field filled in,
because it uses the JSON API to list the rules, but there is no easy
way to convert the JSON rule representation back into plaintext form.
This means that it is only useful when either (a) you know the order
of the rules in the chain, but want to know their handles, or (b) you
can recognize the rules you are looking for by their comments, rather
than the rule bodies.
## Possible future changes
### `nft` output parsing
`nft`'s output is documented and standardized, so it ought to be
possible for us to extract better error messages in the event of a
transaction failure.
Additionally, if we used the `--echo` (`-e`) and `--handle` (`-a`)
flags, we could learn the handles associated with newly-created
objects in a transaction, and return these to the caller somehow.
(E.g., by setting the `Handle` field in the object that had been
passed to `tx.Add` when the transaction is run.)
(For now, `ListRules` fills in the handles of the rules it returns, so
it's possible to find out a rule's handle after the fact that way. For
other supported object types, either handles don't exist (`Element`)
or you don't really need to know their handles because it's possible
to delete by name instead (`Table`, `Chain`, `Set`, `Map`).)
### List APIs
The fact that `List` works completely differently from `ListRules` and
`ListElements` is a historical artifact.
I would like to have a single function
```golang
List[T Object](ctx context.Context, template T) ([]T, error)
```
So you could say
```golang
elements, err := nft.List(ctx, &knftables.Element{Set: "myset"})
```
to list the elements of "myset". But this doesn't actually compile
("`syntax error: method must have no type parameters`") because
allowing that would apparently introduce extremely complicated edge
cases in Go generics.
### Set/map type representation
There is currently an annoying asymmetry in the representation of
concatenated types between `Set`/`Map` and `Element`, where the former
uses a string containing `nft` syntax, and the latter uses an array:
```golang
tx.Add(&knftables.Set{
Name: "firewall",
Type: "ipv4_addr . inet_proto . inet_service",
})
tx.Add(&knftables.Element{
Set: "firewall",
Key: []string{"10.1.2.3", "tcp", "80"},
})
```
This will probably be fixed at some point, which may result in a
change to how the `type` vs `typeof` distinction is handled as well.
### Optimization and rule representation
We will need to optimize the performance of large transactions. One
change that is likely is to avoid pre-concatenating rule elements in
cases like:
```golang
tx.Add(&knftables.Rule{
Chain: "mychain",
Rule: knftables.Concat(
"ip daddr", destIP,
"ip protocol", "tcp",
"th port", destPort,
"jump", destChain,
)
})
```
This will presumably require a change to `knftables.Rule` and/or
`knftables.Concat()` but I'm not sure exactly what it will be.
## Community, discussion, contribution, and support
knftables is maintained by [Kubernetes SIG Network](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-network).
- [sig-network slack channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-network)
- [kubernetes-sig-network mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-network)
See [`CONTRIBUTING.md`](CONTRIBUTING.md) for more information about
contributing. Participation in the Kubernetes community is governed by
the [Kubernetes Code of Conduct](code-of-conduct.md).

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# Defined below are the security contacts for this repo.
#
# They are the contact point for the Security Response Committee to reach out
# to for triaging and handling of incoming issues.
#
# The below names agree to abide by the
# [Embargo Policy](https://git.k8s.io/security/private-distributors-list.md#embargo-policy)
# and will be removed and replaced if they violate that agreement.
#
# DO NOT REPORT SECURITY VULNERABILITIES DIRECTLY TO THESE NAMES, FOLLOW THE
# INSTRUCTIONS AT https://kubernetes.io/security/
danwinship

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# Kubernetes Community Code of Conduct
Please refer to our [Kubernetes Community Code of Conduct](https://git.k8s.io/community/code-of-conduct.md)

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/*
Copyright 2023 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package knftables
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"os/exec"
"strings"
"syscall"
)
type nftablesError struct {
wrapped error
msg string
errno syscall.Errno
}
// wrapError wraps an error resulting from running nft
func wrapError(err error) error {
nerr := &nftablesError{wrapped: err, msg: err.Error()}
ee := &exec.ExitError{}
if errors.As(err, &ee) {
if len(ee.Stderr) > 0 {
nerr.msg = string(ee.Stderr)
eol := strings.Index(nerr.msg, "\n")
// The nft binary does not call setlocale() and so will return
// English error strings regardless of the locale.
enoent := strings.Index(nerr.msg, "No such file or directory")
eexist := strings.Index(nerr.msg, "File exists")
if enoent != -1 && (enoent < eol || eol == -1) {
nerr.errno = syscall.ENOENT
} else if eexist != -1 && (eexist < eol || eol == -1) {
nerr.errno = syscall.EEXIST
}
}
}
return nerr
}
// notFoundError returns an nftablesError with the given message for which IsNotFound will
// return true.
func notFoundError(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
return &nftablesError{msg: fmt.Sprintf(format, args...), errno: syscall.ENOENT}
}
// existsError returns an nftablesError with the given message for which IsAlreadyExists
// will return true.
func existsError(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
return &nftablesError{msg: fmt.Sprintf(format, args...), errno: syscall.EEXIST}
}
func (nerr *nftablesError) Error() string {
return nerr.msg
}
func (nerr *nftablesError) Unwrap() error {
return nerr.wrapped
}
// IsNotFound tests if err corresponds to an nftables "not found" error of any sort.
// (e.g., in response to a "delete rule" command, this might indicate that the rule
// doesn't exist, or the chain doesn't exist, or the table doesn't exist.)
func IsNotFound(err error) bool {
var nerr *nftablesError
if errors.As(err, &nerr) {
return nerr.errno == syscall.ENOENT
}
return false
}
// IsAlreadyExists tests if err corresponds to an nftables "already exists" error (e.g.
// when doing a "create" rather than an "add").
func IsAlreadyExists(err error) bool {
var nerr *nftablesError
if errors.As(err, &nerr) {
return nerr.errno == syscall.EEXIST
}
return false
}

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/*
Copyright 2023 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package knftables
import (
"os/exec"
)
// execer is a mockable wrapper around os/exec.
type execer interface {
// LookPath wraps exec.LookPath
LookPath(file string) (string, error)
// Run runs cmd as with cmd.Output(). If an error occurs, and the process outputs
// stderr, then that output will be returned in the error.
Run(cmd *exec.Cmd) (string, error)
}
// realExec implements execer by actually using os/exec
type realExec struct{}
// LookPath is part of execer
func (realExec) LookPath(file string) (string, error) {
return exec.LookPath(file)
}
// Run is part of execer
func (realExec) Run(cmd *exec.Cmd) (string, error) {
out, err := cmd.Output()
if err != nil {
err = wrapError(err)
}
return string(out), err
}

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/*
Copyright 2023 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package knftables
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"reflect"
"regexp"
"sort"
"strings"
)
// Fake is a fake implementation of Interface
type Fake struct {
nftContext
nextHandle int
// Table contains the Interface's table. This will be `nil` until you `tx.Add()`
// the table.
Table *FakeTable
// LastTransaction is the last transaction passed to Run(). It will remain set until the
// next time Run() is called. (It is not affected by Check().)
LastTransaction *Transaction
}
// FakeTable wraps Table for the Fake implementation
type FakeTable struct {
Table
// Chains contains the table's chains, keyed by name
Chains map[string]*FakeChain
// Sets contains the table's sets, keyed by name
Sets map[string]*FakeSet
// Maps contains the table's maps, keyed by name
Maps map[string]*FakeMap
}
// FakeChain wraps Chain for the Fake implementation
type FakeChain struct {
Chain
// Rules contains the chain's rules, in order
Rules []*Rule
}
// FakeSet wraps Set for the Fake implementation
type FakeSet struct {
Set
// Elements contains the set's elements. You can also use the FakeSet's
// FindElement() method to see if a particular element is present.
Elements []*Element
}
// FakeMap wraps Set for the Fake implementation
type FakeMap struct {
Map
// Elements contains the map's elements. You can also use the FakeMap's
// FindElement() method to see if a particular element is present.
Elements []*Element
}
// NewFake creates a new fake Interface, for unit tests
func NewFake(family Family, table string) *Fake {
return &Fake{
nftContext: nftContext{
family: family,
table: table,
},
}
}
var _ Interface = &Fake{}
// List is part of Interface.
func (fake *Fake) List(_ context.Context, objectType string) ([]string, error) {
if fake.Table == nil {
return nil, notFoundError("no such table %q", fake.table)
}
var result []string
switch objectType {
case "chain", "chains":
for name := range fake.Table.Chains {
result = append(result, name)
}
case "set", "sets":
for name := range fake.Table.Sets {
result = append(result, name)
}
case "map", "maps":
for name := range fake.Table.Maps {
result = append(result, name)
}
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported object type %q", objectType)
}
return result, nil
}
// ListRules is part of Interface
func (fake *Fake) ListRules(_ context.Context, chain string) ([]*Rule, error) {
if fake.Table == nil {
return nil, notFoundError("no such table %q", fake.table)
}
rules := []*Rule{}
if chain == "" {
// Include all rules across all chains.
for _, ch := range fake.Table.Chains {
rules = append(rules, ch.Rules...)
}
} else {
ch := fake.Table.Chains[chain]
if ch == nil {
return nil, notFoundError("no such chain %q", chain)
}
rules = append(rules, ch.Rules...)
}
return rules, nil
}
// ListElements is part of Interface
func (fake *Fake) ListElements(_ context.Context, objectType, name string) ([]*Element, error) {
if fake.Table == nil {
return nil, notFoundError("no such %s %q", objectType, name)
}
if objectType == "set" {
s := fake.Table.Sets[name]
if s != nil {
return s.Elements, nil
}
} else if objectType == "map" {
m := fake.Table.Maps[name]
if m != nil {
return m.Elements, nil
}
}
return nil, notFoundError("no such %s %q", objectType, name)
}
// NewTransaction is part of Interface
func (fake *Fake) NewTransaction() *Transaction {
return &Transaction{nftContext: &fake.nftContext}
}
// Run is part of Interface
func (fake *Fake) Run(_ context.Context, tx *Transaction) error {
fake.LastTransaction = tx
updatedTable, err := fake.run(tx)
if err == nil {
fake.Table = updatedTable
}
return err
}
// Check is part of Interface
func (fake *Fake) Check(_ context.Context, tx *Transaction) error {
_, err := fake.run(tx)
return err
}
func (fake *Fake) run(tx *Transaction) (*FakeTable, error) {
if tx.err != nil {
return nil, tx.err
}
updatedTable := fake.Table.copy()
for _, op := range tx.operations {
// If the table hasn't been created, and this isn't a Table operation, then fail
if updatedTable == nil {
if _, ok := op.obj.(*Table); !ok {
return nil, notFoundError("no such table \"%s %s\"", fake.family, fake.table)
}
}
if op.verb == addVerb || op.verb == createVerb || op.verb == insertVerb {
fake.nextHandle++
}
switch obj := op.obj.(type) {
case *Table:
err := checkExists(op.verb, "table", fake.table, updatedTable != nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
switch op.verb {
case flushVerb:
updatedTable = nil
fallthrough
case addVerb, createVerb:
if updatedTable != nil {
continue
}
table := *obj
table.Handle = PtrTo(fake.nextHandle)
updatedTable = &FakeTable{
Table: table,
Chains: make(map[string]*FakeChain),
Sets: make(map[string]*FakeSet),
Maps: make(map[string]*FakeMap),
}
case deleteVerb:
updatedTable = nil
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unhandled operation %q", op.verb)
}
case *Chain:
existingChain := updatedTable.Chains[obj.Name]
err := checkExists(op.verb, "chain", obj.Name, existingChain != nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
switch op.verb {
case addVerb, createVerb:
if existingChain != nil {
continue
}
chain := *obj
chain.Handle = PtrTo(fake.nextHandle)
updatedTable.Chains[obj.Name] = &FakeChain{
Chain: chain,
}
case flushVerb:
existingChain.Rules = nil
case deleteVerb:
// FIXME delete-by-handle
delete(updatedTable.Chains, obj.Name)
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unhandled operation %q", op.verb)
}
case *Rule:
existingChain := updatedTable.Chains[obj.Chain]
if existingChain == nil {
return nil, notFoundError("no such chain %q", obj.Chain)
}
if op.verb == deleteVerb {
i := findRule(existingChain.Rules, *obj.Handle)
if i == -1 {
return nil, notFoundError("no rule with handle %d", *obj.Handle)
}
existingChain.Rules = append(existingChain.Rules[:i], existingChain.Rules[i+1:]...)
continue
}
rule := *obj
refRule := -1
if rule.Handle != nil {
refRule = findRule(existingChain.Rules, *obj.Handle)
if refRule == -1 {
return nil, notFoundError("no rule with handle %d", *obj.Handle)
}
} else if obj.Index != nil {
if *obj.Index >= len(existingChain.Rules) {
return nil, notFoundError("no rule with index %d", *obj.Index)
}
refRule = *obj.Index
}
if err := checkRuleRefs(obj, updatedTable); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
switch op.verb {
case addVerb:
if refRule == -1 {
existingChain.Rules = append(existingChain.Rules, &rule)
} else {
existingChain.Rules = append(existingChain.Rules[:refRule+1], append([]*Rule{&rule}, existingChain.Rules[refRule+1:]...)...)
}
rule.Handle = PtrTo(fake.nextHandle)
case insertVerb:
if refRule == -1 {
existingChain.Rules = append([]*Rule{&rule}, existingChain.Rules...)
} else {
existingChain.Rules = append(existingChain.Rules[:refRule], append([]*Rule{&rule}, existingChain.Rules[refRule:]...)...)
}
rule.Handle = PtrTo(fake.nextHandle)
case replaceVerb:
existingChain.Rules[refRule] = &rule
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unhandled operation %q", op.verb)
}
case *Set:
existingSet := updatedTable.Sets[obj.Name]
err := checkExists(op.verb, "set", obj.Name, existingSet != nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
switch op.verb {
case addVerb, createVerb:
if existingSet != nil {
continue
}
set := *obj
set.Handle = PtrTo(fake.nextHandle)
updatedTable.Sets[obj.Name] = &FakeSet{
Set: set,
}
case flushVerb:
existingSet.Elements = nil
case deleteVerb:
// FIXME delete-by-handle
delete(updatedTable.Sets, obj.Name)
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unhandled operation %q", op.verb)
}
case *Map:
existingMap := updatedTable.Maps[obj.Name]
err := checkExists(op.verb, "map", obj.Name, existingMap != nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
switch op.verb {
case addVerb:
if existingMap != nil {
continue
}
mapObj := *obj
mapObj.Handle = PtrTo(fake.nextHandle)
updatedTable.Maps[obj.Name] = &FakeMap{
Map: mapObj,
}
case flushVerb:
existingMap.Elements = nil
case deleteVerb:
// FIXME delete-by-handle
delete(updatedTable.Maps, obj.Name)
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unhandled operation %q", op.verb)
}
case *Element:
if obj.Set != "" {
existingSet := updatedTable.Sets[obj.Set]
if existingSet == nil {
return nil, notFoundError("no such set %q", obj.Set)
}
switch op.verb {
case addVerb, createVerb:
element := *obj
if i := findElement(existingSet.Elements, element.Key); i != -1 {
if op.verb == createVerb {
return nil, existsError("element %q already exists", strings.Join(element.Key, " . "))
}
existingSet.Elements[i] = &element
} else {
existingSet.Elements = append(existingSet.Elements, &element)
}
case deleteVerb:
element := *obj
if i := findElement(existingSet.Elements, element.Key); i != -1 {
existingSet.Elements = append(existingSet.Elements[:i], existingSet.Elements[i+1:]...)
} else {
return nil, notFoundError("no such element %q", strings.Join(element.Key, " . "))
}
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unhandled operation %q", op.verb)
}
} else {
existingMap := updatedTable.Maps[obj.Map]
if existingMap == nil {
return nil, notFoundError("no such map %q", obj.Map)
}
if err := checkElementRefs(obj, updatedTable); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
switch op.verb {
case addVerb, createVerb:
element := *obj
if i := findElement(existingMap.Elements, element.Key); i != -1 {
if op.verb == createVerb {
return nil, existsError("element %q already exists", strings.Join(element.Key, ". "))
}
existingMap.Elements[i] = &element
} else {
existingMap.Elements = append(existingMap.Elements, &element)
}
case deleteVerb:
element := *obj
if i := findElement(existingMap.Elements, element.Key); i != -1 {
existingMap.Elements = append(existingMap.Elements[:i], existingMap.Elements[i+1:]...)
} else {
return nil, notFoundError("no such element %q", strings.Join(element.Key, " . "))
}
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unhandled operation %q", op.verb)
}
}
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unhandled object type %T", op.obj)
}
}
return updatedTable, nil
}
func checkExists(verb verb, objectType, name string, exists bool) error {
switch verb {
case addVerb:
// It's fine if the object either exists or doesn't
return nil
case createVerb:
if exists {
return existsError("%s %q already exists", objectType, name)
}
default:
if !exists {
return notFoundError("no such %s %q", objectType, name)
}
}
return nil
}
// checkRuleRefs checks for chains, sets, and maps referenced by rule in table
func checkRuleRefs(rule *Rule, table *FakeTable) error {
words := strings.Split(rule.Rule, " ")
for i, word := range words {
if strings.HasPrefix(word, "@") {
name := word[1:]
if i > 0 && (words[i] == "map" || words[i] == "vmap") {
if table.Maps[name] == nil {
return notFoundError("no such map %q", name)
}
} else {
// recent nft lets you use a map in a set lookup
if table.Sets[name] == nil && table.Maps[name] == nil {
return notFoundError("no such set %q", name)
}
}
} else if (word == "goto" || word == "jump") && i < len(words)-1 {
name := words[i+1]
if table.Chains[name] == nil {
return notFoundError("no such chain %q", name)
}
}
}
return nil
}
// checkElementRefs checks for chains referenced by an element
func checkElementRefs(element *Element, table *FakeTable) error {
if len(element.Value) != 1 {
return nil
}
words := strings.Split(element.Value[0], " ")
if len(words) == 2 && (words[0] == "goto" || words[0] == "jump") {
name := words[1]
if table.Chains[name] == nil {
return notFoundError("no such chain %q", name)
}
}
return nil
}
// Dump dumps the current contents of fake, in a way that looks like an nft transaction.
func (fake *Fake) Dump() string {
if fake.Table == nil {
return ""
}
buf := &strings.Builder{}
table := fake.Table
chains := sortKeys(table.Chains)
sets := sortKeys(table.Sets)
maps := sortKeys(table.Maps)
// Write out all of the object adds first.
table.writeOperation(addVerb, &fake.nftContext, buf)
for _, cname := range chains {
ch := table.Chains[cname]
ch.writeOperation(addVerb, &fake.nftContext, buf)
}
for _, sname := range sets {
s := table.Sets[sname]
s.writeOperation(addVerb, &fake.nftContext, buf)
}
for _, mname := range maps {
m := table.Maps[mname]
m.writeOperation(addVerb, &fake.nftContext, buf)
}
// Now write their contents.
for _, cname := range chains {
ch := table.Chains[cname]
for _, rule := range ch.Rules {
// Avoid outputing handles
dumpRule := *rule
dumpRule.Handle = nil
dumpRule.Index = nil
dumpRule.writeOperation(addVerb, &fake.nftContext, buf)
}
}
for _, sname := range sets {
s := table.Sets[sname]
for _, element := range s.Elements {
element.writeOperation(addVerb, &fake.nftContext, buf)
}
}
for _, mname := range maps {
m := table.Maps[mname]
for _, element := range m.Elements {
element.writeOperation(addVerb, &fake.nftContext, buf)
}
}
return buf.String()
}
// ParseDump can parse a dump for a given nft instance.
// It expects fake's table name and family in all rules.
// The best way to verify that everything important was properly parsed is to
// compare given data with nft.Dump() output.
func (fake *Fake) ParseDump(data string) (err error) {
lines := strings.Split(data, "\n")
var i int
var line string
parsingDone := false
defer func() {
if err != nil && !parsingDone {
err = fmt.Errorf("%w (at line %v: %s", err, i+1, line)
}
}()
tx := fake.NewTransaction()
commonRegexp := regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(`add %s %s %s (.*)`, noSpaceGroup, fake.family, fake.table))
for i, line = range lines {
line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
if line == "" || line[0] == '#' {
continue
}
match := commonRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(line)
if match == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("could not parse, or wrong table/family")
}
var obj Object
switch match[1] {
case "table":
obj = &Table{}
case "chain":
obj = &Chain{}
case "rule":
obj = &Rule{}
case "map":
obj = &Map{}
case "set":
obj = &Set{}
case "element":
obj = &Element{}
default:
return fmt.Errorf("unknown object %s", match[1])
}
err = obj.parse(match[2])
if err != nil {
return err
}
tx.Add(obj)
}
parsingDone = true
return fake.Run(context.Background(), tx)
}
func sortKeys[K ~string, V any](m map[K]V) []K {
keys := make([]K, 0, len(m))
for key := range m {
keys = append(keys, key)
}
sort.Slice(keys, func(i, j int) bool { return keys[i] < keys[j] })
return keys
}
func findRule(rules []*Rule, handle int) int {
for i := range rules {
if rules[i].Handle != nil && *rules[i].Handle == handle {
return i
}
}
return -1
}
func findElement(elements []*Element, key []string) int {
for i := range elements {
if reflect.DeepEqual(elements[i].Key, key) {
return i
}
}
return -1
}
// copy creates a copy of table with new arrays/maps so we can perform a transaction
// on it without changing the original table.
func (table *FakeTable) copy() *FakeTable {
if table == nil {
return nil
}
tcopy := &FakeTable{
Table: table.Table,
Chains: make(map[string]*FakeChain),
Sets: make(map[string]*FakeSet),
Maps: make(map[string]*FakeMap),
}
for name, chain := range table.Chains {
tcopy.Chains[name] = &FakeChain{
Chain: chain.Chain,
Rules: append([]*Rule{}, chain.Rules...),
}
}
for name, set := range table.Sets {
tcopy.Sets[name] = &FakeSet{
Set: set.Set,
Elements: append([]*Element{}, set.Elements...),
}
}
for name, mapObj := range table.Maps {
tcopy.Maps[name] = &FakeMap{
Map: mapObj.Map,
Elements: append([]*Element{}, mapObj.Elements...),
}
}
return tcopy
}
// FindElement finds an element of the set with the given key. If there is no matching
// element, it returns nil.
func (s *FakeSet) FindElement(key ...string) *Element {
index := findElement(s.Elements, key)
if index == -1 {
return nil
}
return s.Elements[index]
}
// FindElement finds an element of the map with the given key. If there is no matching
// element, it returns nil.
func (m *FakeMap) FindElement(key ...string) *Element {
index := findElement(m.Elements, key)
if index == -1 {
return nil
}
return m.Elements[index]
}

514
vendor/sigs.k8s.io/knftables/nftables.go generated vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
/*
Copyright 2023 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package knftables
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"os/exec"
"strings"
"sync"
)
// Interface is an interface for running nftables commands against a given family and table.
type Interface interface {
// NewTransaction returns a new (empty) Transaction
NewTransaction() *Transaction
// Run runs a Transaction and returns the result. The IsNotFound and
// IsAlreadyExists methods can be used to test the result.
Run(ctx context.Context, tx *Transaction) error
// Check does a dry-run of a Transaction (as with `nft --check`) and returns the
// result. The IsNotFound and IsAlreadyExists methods can be used to test the
// result.
Check(ctx context.Context, tx *Transaction) error
// List returns a list of the names of the objects of objectType ("chain", "set",
// or "map") in the table. If there are no such objects, this will return an empty
// list and no error.
List(ctx context.Context, objectType string) ([]string, error)
// ListRules returns a list of the rules in a chain, in order. If no chain name is
// specified, then all rules within the table will be returned. Note that at the
// present time, the Rule objects will have their `Comment` and `Handle` fields
// filled in, but *not* the actual `Rule` field. So this can only be used to find
// the handles of rules if they have unique comments to recognize them by, or if
// you know the order of the rules within the chain. If the chain exists but
// contains no rules, this will return an empty list and no error.
ListRules(ctx context.Context, chain string) ([]*Rule, error)
// ListElements returns a list of the elements in a set or map. (objectType should
// be "set" or "map".) If the set/map exists but contains no elements, this will
// return an empty list and no error.
ListElements(ctx context.Context, objectType, name string) ([]*Element, error)
}
type nftContext struct {
family Family
table string
// noObjectComments is true if comments on Table/Chain/Set/Map are not supported.
// (Comments on Rule and Element are always supported.)
noObjectComments bool
}
// realNFTables is an implementation of Interface
type realNFTables struct {
nftContext
bufferMutex sync.Mutex
buffer *bytes.Buffer
exec execer
path string
}
// newInternal creates a new nftables.Interface for interacting with the given table; this
// is split out from New() so it can be used from unit tests with a fakeExec.
func newInternal(family Family, table string, execer execer) (Interface, error) {
var err error
nft := &realNFTables{
nftContext: nftContext{
family: family,
table: table,
},
buffer: &bytes.Buffer{},
exec: execer,
}
nft.path, err = nft.exec.LookPath("nft")
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not find nftables binary: %w", err)
}
cmd := exec.Command(nft.path, "--version")
out, err := nft.exec.Run(cmd)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not run nftables command: %w", err)
}
if strings.HasPrefix(out, "nftables v0.") || strings.HasPrefix(out, "nftables v1.0.0 ") {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("nft version must be v1.0.1 or later (got %s)", strings.TrimSpace(out))
}
// Check that (a) nft works, (b) we have permission, (c) the kernel is new enough
// to support object comments.
tx := nft.NewTransaction()
tx.Add(&Table{
Comment: PtrTo("test"),
})
if err := nft.Check(context.TODO(), tx); err != nil {
// Try again, checking just that (a) nft works, (b) we have permission.
tx := nft.NewTransaction()
tx.Add(&Table{})
if err := nft.Check(context.TODO(), tx); err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not run nftables command: %w", err)
}
nft.noObjectComments = true
}
return nft, nil
}
// New creates a new nftables.Interface for interacting with the given table. If nftables
// is not available/usable on the current host, it will return an error.
func New(family Family, table string) (Interface, error) {
return newInternal(family, table, realExec{})
}
// NewTransaction is part of Interface
func (nft *realNFTables) NewTransaction() *Transaction {
return &Transaction{nftContext: &nft.nftContext}
}
// Run is part of Interface
func (nft *realNFTables) Run(ctx context.Context, tx *Transaction) error {
nft.bufferMutex.Lock()
defer nft.bufferMutex.Unlock()
if tx.err != nil {
return tx.err
}
nft.buffer.Reset()
err := tx.populateCommandBuf(nft.buffer)
if err != nil {
return err
}
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, nft.path, "-f", "-")
cmd.Stdin = nft.buffer
_, err = nft.exec.Run(cmd)
return err
}
// Check is part of Interface
func (nft *realNFTables) Check(ctx context.Context, tx *Transaction) error {
nft.bufferMutex.Lock()
defer nft.bufferMutex.Unlock()
if tx.err != nil {
return tx.err
}
nft.buffer.Reset()
err := tx.populateCommandBuf(nft.buffer)
if err != nil {
return err
}
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, nft.path, "--check", "-f", "-")
cmd.Stdin = nft.buffer
_, err = nft.exec.Run(cmd)
return err
}
// jsonVal looks up key in json; if it exists and is of type T, it returns (json[key], true).
// Otherwise it returns (_, false).
func jsonVal[T any](json map[string]interface{}, key string) (T, bool) {
if ifVal, exists := json[key]; exists {
tVal, ok := ifVal.(T)
return tVal, ok
}
var zero T
return zero, false
}
// getJSONObjects takes the output of "nft -j list", validates it, and returns an array
// of just the objects of objectType.
func getJSONObjects(listOutput, objectType string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
// listOutput should contain JSON looking like:
//
// {
// "nftables": [
// {
// "metainfo": {
// "json_schema_version": 1,
// ...
// }
// },
// {
// "chain": {
// "family": "ip",
// "table": "kube-proxy",
// "name": "KUBE-SERVICES",
// "handle": 3
// }
// },
// {
// "chain": {
// "family": "ip",
// "table": "kube-proxy",
// "name": "KUBE-NODEPORTS",
// "handle": 4
// }
// },
// ...
// ]
// }
//
// In this case, given objectType "chain", we would return
//
// [
// {
// "family": "ip",
// "table": "kube-proxy",
// "name": "KUBE-SERVICES",
// "handle": 3
// },
// {
// "family": "ip",
// "table": "kube-proxy",
// "name": "KUBE-NODEPORTS",
// "handle": 4
// },
// ...
// ]
jsonResult := map[string][]map[string]map[string]interface{}{}
if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(listOutput), &jsonResult); err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse nft output: %w", err)
}
nftablesResult := jsonResult["nftables"]
if len(nftablesResult) == 0 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not find result in nft output %q", listOutput)
}
metainfo := nftablesResult[0]["metainfo"]
if metainfo == nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not find metadata in nft output %q", listOutput)
}
// json_schema_version is an integer but `json.Unmarshal()` will have parsed it as
// a float64 since we didn't tell it otherwise.
if version, ok := jsonVal[float64](metainfo, "json_schema_version"); !ok || version != 1.0 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not find supported json_schema_version in nft output %q", listOutput)
}
var objects []map[string]interface{}
for _, objContainer := range nftablesResult {
obj := objContainer[objectType]
if obj != nil {
objects = append(objects, obj)
}
}
return objects, nil
}
// List is part of Interface.
func (nft *realNFTables) List(ctx context.Context, objectType string) ([]string, error) {
// All currently-existing nftables object types have plural forms that are just
// the singular form plus 's'.
var typeSingular, typePlural string
if objectType[len(objectType)-1] == 's' {
typeSingular = objectType[:len(objectType)-1]
typePlural = objectType
} else {
typeSingular = objectType
typePlural = objectType + "s"
}
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, nft.path, "--json", "list", typePlural, string(nft.family))
out, err := nft.exec.Run(cmd)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to run nft: %w", err)
}
objects, err := getJSONObjects(out, typeSingular)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
var result []string
for _, obj := range objects {
objTable, _ := jsonVal[string](obj, "table")
if objTable != nft.table {
continue
}
if name, ok := jsonVal[string](obj, "name"); ok {
result = append(result, name)
}
}
return result, nil
}
// ListRules is part of Interface
func (nft *realNFTables) ListRules(ctx context.Context, chain string) ([]*Rule, error) {
// If no chain is given, return all rules from within the table.
var cmd *exec.Cmd
if chain == "" {
cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, nft.path, "--json", "list", "table", string(nft.family), nft.table)
} else {
cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, nft.path, "--json", "list", "chain", string(nft.family), nft.table, chain)
}
out, err := nft.exec.Run(cmd)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to run nft: %w", err)
}
jsonRules, err := getJSONObjects(out, "rule")
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to parse JSON output: %w", err)
}
rules := make([]*Rule, 0, len(jsonRules))
for _, jsonRule := range jsonRules {
parentChain, ok := jsonVal[string](jsonRule, "chain")
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected JSON output from nft (rule with no chain)")
}
rule := &Rule{
Chain: parentChain,
}
// handle is written as an integer in nft's output, but json.Unmarshal
// will have parsed it as a float64. (Handles are uint64s, but they are
// assigned consecutively starting from 1, so as long as fewer than 2**53
// nftables objects have been created since boot time, we won't run into
// float64-vs-uint64 precision issues.)
if handle, ok := jsonVal[float64](jsonRule, "handle"); ok {
rule.Handle = PtrTo(int(handle))
}
if comment, ok := jsonVal[string](jsonRule, "comment"); ok {
rule.Comment = &comment
}
rules = append(rules, rule)
}
return rules, nil
}
// ListElements is part of Interface
func (nft *realNFTables) ListElements(ctx context.Context, objectType, name string) ([]*Element, error) {
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, nft.path, "--json", "list", objectType, string(nft.family), nft.table, name)
out, err := nft.exec.Run(cmd)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to run nft: %w", err)
}
jsonSetsOrMaps, err := getJSONObjects(out, objectType)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to parse JSON output: %w", err)
}
if len(jsonSetsOrMaps) != 1 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected JSON output from nft (multiple results)")
}
jsonElements, _ := jsonVal[[]interface{}](jsonSetsOrMaps[0], "elem")
elements := make([]*Element, 0, len(jsonElements))
for _, jsonElement := range jsonElements {
var key, value interface{}
elem := &Element{}
if objectType == "set" {
elem.Set = name
key = jsonElement
} else {
elem.Map = name
tuple, ok := jsonElement.([]interface{})
if !ok || len(tuple) != 2 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected JSON output from nft (elem is not [key,val]: %q)", jsonElement)
}
key, value = tuple[0], tuple[1]
}
// If the element has a comment, then key will be a compound object like:
//
// {
// "elem": {
// "val": "192.168.0.1",
// "comment": "this is a comment"
// }
// }
//
// (Where "val" contains the value that key would have held if there was no
// comment.)
if obj, ok := key.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
if compoundElem, ok := jsonVal[map[string]interface{}](obj, "elem"); ok {
if key, ok = jsonVal[interface{}](compoundElem, "val"); !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected JSON output from nft (elem with no val: %q)", jsonElement)
}
if comment, ok := jsonVal[string](compoundElem, "comment"); ok {
elem.Comment = &comment
}
}
}
elem.Key, err = parseElementValue(key)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if value != nil {
elem.Value, err = parseElementValue(value)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}
elements = append(elements, elem)
}
return elements, nil
}
// parseElementValue parses a JSON element key/value, handling concatenations, prefixes, and
// converting numeric or "verdict" values to strings.
func parseElementValue(json interface{}) ([]string, error) {
// json can be:
//
// - a single string, e.g. "192.168.1.3"
//
// - a single number, e.g. 80
//
// - a prefix, expressed as an object:
// {
// "prefix": {
// "addr": "192.168.0.0",
// "len": 16,
// }
// }
//
// - a concatenation, expressed as an object containing an array of simple
// values:
// {
// "concat": [
// "192.168.1.3",
// "tcp",
// 80
// ]
// }
//
// - a verdict (for a vmap value), expressed as an object:
// {
// "drop": null
// }
//
// {
// "goto": {
// "target": "destchain"
// }
// }
switch val := json.(type) {
case string:
return []string{val}, nil
case float64:
return []string{fmt.Sprintf("%d", int(val))}, nil
case map[string]interface{}:
if concat, _ := jsonVal[[]interface{}](val, "concat"); concat != nil {
vals := make([]string, len(concat))
for i := range concat {
if str, ok := concat[i].(string); ok {
vals[i] = str
} else if num, ok := concat[i].(float64); ok {
vals[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", int(num))
} else {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse element value %q", concat[i])
}
}
return vals, nil
} else if prefix, _ := jsonVal[map[string]interface{}](val, "prefix"); prefix != nil {
// For prefix-type elements, return the element in CIDR representation.
addr, ok := jsonVal[string](prefix, "addr")
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse 'addr' value as string: %q", prefix)
}
length, ok := jsonVal[float64](prefix, "len")
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse 'len' value as number: %q", prefix)
}
return []string{fmt.Sprintf("%s/%d", addr, int(length))}, nil
} else if len(val) == 1 {
var verdict string
// We just checked that len(val) == 1, so this loop body will only
// run once
for k, v := range val {
if v == nil {
verdict = k
} else if target, ok := v.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
verdict = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", k, target["target"])
}
}
return []string{verdict}, nil
}
}
return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse element value %q", json)
}

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/*
Copyright 2023 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package knftables
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"regexp"
"strconv"
"strings"
"time"
)
func parseInt(numbersOnly string) *int {
i64, _ := strconv.ParseInt(numbersOnly, 10, 64)
i := int(i64)
return &i
}
func parseUint(numbersOnly string) *uint64 {
ui64, _ := strconv.ParseUint(numbersOnly, 10, 64)
return &ui64
}
// getComment parses a match for the commentGroup regexp (below). To distinguish between empty comment and no comment,
// we capture comment with double quotes.
func getComment(commentGroup string) *string {
if commentGroup == "" {
return nil
}
noQuotes := strings.Trim(commentGroup, "\"")
return &noQuotes
}
var commentGroup = `(".*")`
var noSpaceGroup = `([^ ]*)`
var numberGroup = `([0-9]*)`
// Object implementation for Table
func (table *Table) validate(verb verb) error {
switch verb {
case addVerb, createVerb, flushVerb:
if table.Handle != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify Handle in %s operation", verb)
}
case deleteVerb:
// Handle can be nil or non-nil
default:
return fmt.Errorf("%s is not implemented for tables", verb)
}
return nil
}
func (table *Table) writeOperation(verb verb, ctx *nftContext, writer io.Writer) {
// Special case for delete-by-handle
if verb == deleteVerb && table.Handle != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "delete table %s handle %d", ctx.family, *table.Handle)
return
}
// All other cases refer to the table by name
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s table %s %s", verb, ctx.family, ctx.table)
if verb == addVerb || verb == createVerb {
if table.Comment != nil && !ctx.noObjectComments {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " { comment %q ; }", *table.Comment)
}
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "\n")
}
var tableRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(
`(?:{ comment %s ; })?`, commentGroup))
func (table *Table) parse(line string) error {
match := tableRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(line)
if match == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed parsing table add command")
}
table.Comment = getComment(match[1])
return nil
}
// Object implementation for Chain
func (chain *Chain) validate(verb verb) error {
if chain.Hook == nil {
if chain.Type != nil || chain.Priority != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("regular chain %q must not specify Type or Priority", chain.Name)
}
if chain.Device != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("regular chain %q must not specify Device", chain.Name)
}
} else {
if chain.Type == nil || chain.Priority == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("base chain %q must specify Type and Priority", chain.Name)
}
}
switch verb {
case addVerb, createVerb, flushVerb:
if chain.Name == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("no name specified for chain")
}
if chain.Handle != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify Handle in %s operation", verb)
}
case deleteVerb:
if chain.Name == "" && chain.Handle == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("must specify either name or handle")
}
default:
return fmt.Errorf("%s is not implemented for chains", verb)
}
return nil
}
func (chain *Chain) writeOperation(verb verb, ctx *nftContext, writer io.Writer) {
// Special case for delete-by-handle
if verb == deleteVerb && chain.Handle != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "delete chain %s %s handle %d", ctx.family, ctx.table, *chain.Handle)
return
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s chain %s %s %s", verb, ctx.family, ctx.table, chain.Name)
if verb == addVerb || verb == createVerb {
if chain.Type != nil || (chain.Comment != nil && !ctx.noObjectComments) {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " {")
if chain.Type != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " type %s hook %s", *chain.Type, *chain.Hook)
if chain.Device != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " device %q", *chain.Device)
}
// Parse the priority to a number if we can, because older
// versions of nft don't accept certain named priorities
// in all contexts (eg, "dstnat" priority in the "output"
// hook).
if priority, err := ParsePriority(ctx.family, string(*chain.Priority)); err == nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " priority %d ;", priority)
} else {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " priority %s ;", *chain.Priority)
}
}
if chain.Comment != nil && !ctx.noObjectComments {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " comment %q ;", *chain.Comment)
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " }")
}
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "\n")
}
// groups in []: [1]%s(?: {(?: type [2]%s hook [3]%s(?: device "[4]%s")(?: priority [5]%s ;))(?: comment [6]%s ;) })
var chainRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(
`%s(?: {(?: type %s hook %s(?: device "%s")?(?: priority %s ;))?(?: comment %s ;)? })?`,
noSpaceGroup, noSpaceGroup, noSpaceGroup, noSpaceGroup, noSpaceGroup, commentGroup))
func (chain *Chain) parse(line string) error {
match := chainRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(line)
if match == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed parsing chain add command")
}
chain.Name = match[1]
chain.Comment = getComment(match[6])
if match[2] != "" {
chain.Type = (*BaseChainType)(&match[2])
}
if match[3] != "" {
chain.Hook = (*BaseChainHook)(&match[3])
}
if match[4] != "" {
chain.Device = &match[4]
}
if match[5] != "" {
chain.Priority = (*BaseChainPriority)(&match[5])
}
return nil
}
// Object implementation for Rule
func (rule *Rule) validate(verb verb) error {
if rule.Chain == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("no chain name specified for rule")
}
if rule.Index != nil && rule.Handle != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify both Index and Handle")
}
switch verb {
case addVerb, insertVerb:
if rule.Rule == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("no rule specified")
}
case replaceVerb:
if rule.Rule == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("no rule specified")
}
if rule.Handle == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("must specify Handle with %s", verb)
}
case deleteVerb:
if rule.Handle == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("must specify Handle with %s", verb)
}
default:
return fmt.Errorf("%s is not implemented for rules", verb)
}
return nil
}
func (rule *Rule) writeOperation(verb verb, ctx *nftContext, writer io.Writer) {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s rule %s %s %s", verb, ctx.family, ctx.table, rule.Chain)
if rule.Index != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " index %d", *rule.Index)
} else if rule.Handle != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " handle %d", *rule.Handle)
}
switch verb {
case addVerb, insertVerb, replaceVerb:
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " %s", rule.Rule)
if rule.Comment != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " comment %q", *rule.Comment)
}
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "\n")
}
// groups in []: [1]%s(?: index [2]%s)?(?: handle [3]%s)? [4]([^"]*)(?: comment [5]%s)?$
var ruleRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(
`%s(?: index %s)?(?: handle %s)? ([^"]*)(?: comment %s)?$`,
noSpaceGroup, numberGroup, numberGroup, commentGroup))
func (rule *Rule) parse(line string) error {
match := ruleRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(line)
if match == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed parsing rule add command")
}
rule.Chain = match[1]
rule.Rule = match[4]
rule.Comment = getComment(match[5])
if match[2] != "" {
rule.Index = parseInt(match[2])
}
if match[3] != "" {
rule.Handle = parseInt(match[3])
}
return nil
}
// Object implementation for Set
func (set *Set) validate(verb verb) error {
switch verb {
case addVerb, createVerb:
if (set.Type == "" && set.TypeOf == "") || (set.Type != "" && set.TypeOf != "") {
return fmt.Errorf("set must specify either Type or TypeOf")
}
if set.Handle != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify Handle in %s operation", verb)
}
fallthrough
case flushVerb:
if set.Name == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("no name specified for set")
}
case deleteVerb:
if set.Name == "" && set.Handle == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("must specify either name or handle")
}
default:
return fmt.Errorf("%s is not implemented for sets", verb)
}
return nil
}
func (set *Set) writeOperation(verb verb, ctx *nftContext, writer io.Writer) {
// Special case for delete-by-handle
if verb == deleteVerb && set.Handle != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "delete set %s %s handle %d", ctx.family, ctx.table, *set.Handle)
return
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s set %s %s %s", verb, ctx.family, ctx.table, set.Name)
if verb == addVerb || verb == createVerb {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " {")
if set.Type != "" {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " type %s ;", set.Type)
} else {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " typeof %s ;", set.TypeOf)
}
if len(set.Flags) != 0 {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " flags ")
for i := range set.Flags {
if i > 0 {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, ",")
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s", set.Flags[i])
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " ;")
}
if set.Timeout != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " timeout %ds ;", int64(set.Timeout.Seconds()))
}
if set.GCInterval != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " gc-interval %ds ;", int64(set.GCInterval.Seconds()))
}
if set.Size != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " size %d ;", *set.Size)
}
if set.Policy != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " policy %s ;", *set.Policy)
}
if set.AutoMerge != nil && *set.AutoMerge {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " auto-merge ;")
}
if set.Comment != nil && !ctx.noObjectComments {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " comment %q ;", *set.Comment)
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " }")
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "\n")
}
func (set *Set) parse(line string) error {
match := setRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(line)
if match == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed parsing set add command")
}
set.Name, set.Type, set.TypeOf, set.Flags, set.Timeout, set.GCInterval,
set.Size, set.Policy, set.Comment, set.AutoMerge = parseMapAndSetProps(match)
return nil
}
// Object implementation for Map
func (mapObj *Map) validate(verb verb) error {
switch verb {
case addVerb, createVerb:
if (mapObj.Type == "" && mapObj.TypeOf == "") || (mapObj.Type != "" && mapObj.TypeOf != "") {
return fmt.Errorf("map must specify either Type or TypeOf")
}
if mapObj.Handle != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify Handle in %s operation", verb)
}
fallthrough
case flushVerb:
if mapObj.Name == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("no name specified for map")
}
case deleteVerb:
if mapObj.Name == "" && mapObj.Handle == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("must specify either name or handle")
}
default:
return fmt.Errorf("%s is not implemented for maps", verb)
}
return nil
}
func (mapObj *Map) writeOperation(verb verb, ctx *nftContext, writer io.Writer) {
// Special case for delete-by-handle
if verb == deleteVerb && mapObj.Handle != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "delete map %s %s handle %d", ctx.family, ctx.table, *mapObj.Handle)
return
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s map %s %s %s", verb, ctx.family, ctx.table, mapObj.Name)
if verb == addVerb || verb == createVerb {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " {")
if mapObj.Type != "" {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " type %s ;", mapObj.Type)
} else {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " typeof %s ;", mapObj.TypeOf)
}
if len(mapObj.Flags) != 0 {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " flags ")
for i := range mapObj.Flags {
if i > 0 {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, ",")
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s", mapObj.Flags[i])
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " ;")
}
if mapObj.Timeout != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " timeout %ds ;", int64(mapObj.Timeout.Seconds()))
}
if mapObj.GCInterval != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " gc-interval %ds ;", int64(mapObj.GCInterval.Seconds()))
}
if mapObj.Size != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " size %d ;", *mapObj.Size)
}
if mapObj.Policy != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " policy %s ;", *mapObj.Policy)
}
if mapObj.Comment != nil && !ctx.noObjectComments {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " comment %q ;", *mapObj.Comment)
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " }")
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "\n")
}
func (mapObj *Map) parse(line string) error {
match := mapRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(line)
if match == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed parsing map add command")
}
mapObj.Name, mapObj.Type, mapObj.TypeOf, mapObj.Flags, mapObj.Timeout, mapObj.GCInterval,
mapObj.Size, mapObj.Policy, mapObj.Comment, _ = parseMapAndSetProps(match)
return nil
}
var autoMergeProp = `( auto-merge ;)?`
// groups in []: [1]%s {(?: [2](type|typeof) [3]([^;]*)) ;(?: flags [4]([^;]*) ;)?(?: timeout [5]%ss ;)?(?: gc-interval [6]%ss ;)?(?: size [7]%s ;)?(?: policy [8]%s ;)?[9]%s(?: comment [10]%s ;)? }
var mapOrSet = `%s {(?: (type|typeof) ([^;]*)) ;(?: flags ([^;]*) ;)?(?: timeout %ss ;)?(?: gc-interval %ss ;)?(?: size %s ;)?(?: policy %s ;)?%s(?: comment %s ;)? }`
var mapRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(mapOrSet, noSpaceGroup, numberGroup, numberGroup, noSpaceGroup, noSpaceGroup, "", commentGroup))
var setRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(mapOrSet, noSpaceGroup, numberGroup, numberGroup, noSpaceGroup, noSpaceGroup, autoMergeProp, commentGroup))
func parseMapAndSetProps(match []string) (name string, typeProp string, typeOf string, flags []SetFlag,
timeout *time.Duration, gcInterval *time.Duration, size *uint64, policy *SetPolicy, comment *string, autoMerge *bool) {
name = match[1]
// set and map have different number of match groups, but comment is always the last
comment = getComment(match[len(match)-1])
if match[2] == "type" {
typeProp = match[3]
} else {
typeOf = match[3]
}
if match[4] != "" {
flags = parseSetFlags(match[4])
}
if match[5] != "" {
timeoutObj, _ := time.ParseDuration(match[5] + "s")
timeout = &timeoutObj
}
if match[6] != "" {
gcIntervalObj, _ := time.ParseDuration(match[6] + "s")
gcInterval = &gcIntervalObj
}
if match[7] != "" {
size = parseUint(match[7])
}
if match[8] != "" {
policy = (*SetPolicy)(&match[8])
}
if len(match) > 10 {
// set
if match[9] != "" {
autoMergeObj := true
autoMerge = &autoMergeObj
}
}
return
}
func parseSetFlags(s string) []SetFlag {
var res []SetFlag
for _, flag := range strings.Split(s, ",") {
res = append(res, SetFlag(flag))
}
return res
}
// Object implementation for Element
func (element *Element) validate(verb verb) error {
if element.Map == "" && element.Set == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("no set/map name specified for element")
} else if element.Set != "" && element.Map != "" {
return fmt.Errorf("element specifies both a set name and a map name")
}
if len(element.Key) == 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("no key specified for element")
}
if element.Set != "" && len(element.Value) != 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("map value specified for set element")
}
switch verb {
case addVerb, createVerb:
if element.Map != "" && len(element.Value) == 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("no map value specified for map element")
}
case deleteVerb:
default:
return fmt.Errorf("%s is not implemented for elements", verb)
}
return nil
}
func (element *Element) writeOperation(verb verb, ctx *nftContext, writer io.Writer) {
name := element.Set
if name == "" {
name = element.Map
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s element %s %s %s { %s", verb, ctx.family, ctx.table, name,
strings.Join(element.Key, " . "))
if verb == addVerb || verb == createVerb {
if element.Comment != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " comment %q", *element.Comment)
}
if len(element.Value) != 0 {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " : %s", strings.Join(element.Value, " . "))
}
}
fmt.Fprintf(writer, " }\n")
}
// groups in []: [1]%s { [2]([^:"]*)(?: comment [3]%s)? : [4](.*) }
var mapElementRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(
`%s { ([^"]*)(?: comment %s)? : (.*) }`, noSpaceGroup, commentGroup))
// groups in []: [1]%s { [2]([^:"]*)(?: comment [3]%s)? }
var setElementRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(
`%s { ([^"]*)(?: comment %s)? }`, noSpaceGroup, commentGroup))
func (element *Element) parse(line string) error {
// try to match map element first, since it has more groups, and if it matches, then we can be sure
// this is map element.
match := mapElementRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(line)
if match == nil {
match = setElementRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(line)
if match == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed parsing element add command")
}
}
element.Comment = getComment(match[3])
mapOrSetName := match[1]
element.Key = append(element.Key, strings.Split(match[2], " . ")...)
if len(match) == 5 {
// map regex matched
element.Map = mapOrSetName
element.Value = append(element.Value, strings.Split(match[4], " . ")...)
} else {
element.Set = mapOrSetName
}
return nil
}

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/*
Copyright 2023 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package knftables
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
)
// Transaction represents an nftables transaction
type Transaction struct {
*nftContext
operations []operation
err error
}
// operation contains a single nftables operation (eg "add table", "flush chain")
type operation struct {
verb verb
obj Object
}
// verb is used internally to represent the different "nft" verbs
type verb string
const (
addVerb verb = "add"
createVerb verb = "create"
insertVerb verb = "insert"
replaceVerb verb = "replace"
deleteVerb verb = "delete"
flushVerb verb = "flush"
)
// populateCommandBuf populates the transaction as series of nft commands to the given bytes.Buffer.
func (tx *Transaction) populateCommandBuf(buf *bytes.Buffer) error {
if tx.err != nil {
return tx.err
}
for _, op := range tx.operations {
op.obj.writeOperation(op.verb, tx.nftContext, buf)
}
return nil
}
// String returns the transaction as a string containing the nft commands; if there is
// a pending error, it will be output as a comment at the end of the transaction.
func (tx *Transaction) String() string {
buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
for _, op := range tx.operations {
op.obj.writeOperation(op.verb, tx.nftContext, buf)
}
if tx.err != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(buf, "# ERROR: %v", tx.err)
}
return buf.String()
}
// NumOperations returns the number of operations queued in the transaction.
func (tx *Transaction) NumOperations() int {
return len(tx.operations)
}
func (tx *Transaction) operation(verb verb, obj Object) {
if tx.err != nil {
return
}
if tx.err = obj.validate(verb); tx.err != nil {
return
}
tx.operations = append(tx.operations, operation{verb: verb, obj: obj})
}
// Add adds an "nft add" operation to tx, ensuring that obj exists by creating it if it
// did not already exist. (If obj is a Rule, it will be appended to the end of its chain,
// or else added after the Rule indicated by this rule's Index or Handle.) The Add() call
// always succeeds, but if obj is invalid, or inconsistent with the existing nftables
// state, then an error will be returned when the transaction is Run.
func (tx *Transaction) Add(obj Object) {
tx.operation(addVerb, obj)
}
// Create adds an "nft create" operation to tx, creating obj, which must not already
// exist. (If obj is a Rule, it will be appended to the end of its chain, or else added
// after the Rule indicated by this rule's Index or Handle.) The Create() call always
// succeeds, but if obj is invalid, already exists, or is inconsistent with the existing
// nftables state, then an error will be returned when the transaction is Run.
func (tx *Transaction) Create(obj Object) {
tx.operation(createVerb, obj)
}
// Insert adds an "nft insert" operation to tx, inserting obj (which must be a Rule) at
// the start of its chain, or before the other Rule indicated by this rule's Index or
// Handle. The Insert() call always succeeds, but if obj is invalid or is inconsistent
// with the existing nftables state, then an error will be returned when the transaction
// is Run.
func (tx *Transaction) Insert(obj Object) {
tx.operation(insertVerb, obj)
}
// Replace adds an "nft replace" operation to tx, replacing an existing rule with obj
// (which must be a Rule). The Replace() call always succeeds, but if obj is invalid, does
// not contain the Handle of an existing rule, or is inconsistent with the existing
// nftables state, then an error will be returned when the transaction is Run.
func (tx *Transaction) Replace(obj Object) {
tx.operation(replaceVerb, obj)
}
// Flush adds an "nft flush" operation to tx, clearing the contents of obj. The Flush()
// call always succeeds, but if obj does not exist (or does not support flushing) then an
// error will be returned when the transaction is Run.
func (tx *Transaction) Flush(obj Object) {
tx.operation(flushVerb, obj)
}
// Delete adds an "nft delete" operation to tx, deleting obj. The Delete() call always
// succeeds, but if obj does not exist or cannot be deleted based on the information
// provided (eg, Handle is required but not set) then an error will be returned when the
// transaction is Run.
func (tx *Transaction) Delete(obj Object) {
tx.operation(deleteVerb, obj)
}

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/*
Copyright 2023 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package knftables
import (
"io"
"time"
)
const (
// Maximum length of a table, chain, set, etc, name
NameLengthMax = 256
// Maximum length of a comment
CommentLengthMax = 128
)
// Object is the interface for an nftables object. All of the concrete object types
// implement this interface.
type Object interface {
// validate validates an object for an operation
validate(verb verb) error
// writeOperation writes out an "nft" operation involving the object. It assumes
// that the object has been validated.
writeOperation(verb verb, ctx *nftContext, writer io.Writer)
// parse is the opposite of writeOperation; it fills Object fields based on an "nft add"
// command. line is the part of the line after "nft add <type> <family> <tablename>"
// (so for most types it starts with the object name).
// If error is returned, Object's fields may be partially filled, therefore Object should not be used.
parse(line string) error
}
// Family is an nftables family
type Family string
const (
// IPv4Family represents the "ip" nftables family, for IPv4 rules.
IPv4Family Family = "ip"
// IPv6Family represents the "ip6" nftables family, for IPv6 rules.
IPv6Family Family = "ip6"
// InetFamily represents the "inet" nftables family, for mixed IPv4 and IPv6 rules.
InetFamily Family = "inet"
// ARPFamily represents the "arp" nftables family, for ARP rules.
ARPFamily Family = "arp"
// BridgeFamily represents the "bridge" nftables family, for rules operating
// on packets traversing a bridge.
BridgeFamily Family = "bridge"
// NetDevFamily represents the "netdev" nftables family, for rules operating on
// the device ingress/egress path.
NetDevFamily Family = "netdev"
)
// Table represents an nftables table.
type Table struct {
// Comment is an optional comment for the table. (Requires kernel >= 5.10 and
// nft >= 0.9.7; otherwise this field will be silently ignored. Requires
// nft >= 1.0.8 to include comments in List() results.)
Comment *string
// Handle is an identifier that can be used to uniquely identify an object when
// deleting it. When adding a new object, this must be nil.
Handle *int
}
// BaseChainType represents the "type" of a "base chain" (ie, a chain that is attached to a hook).
// See https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Configuring_chains#Base_chain_types
type BaseChainType string
const (
// FilterType is the chain type for basic packet filtering.
FilterType BaseChainType = "filter"
// NATType is the chain type for doing DNAT, SNAT, and masquerading.
// NAT operations are only available from certain hooks.
NATType BaseChainType = "nat"
// RouteType is the chain type for rules that change the routing of packets.
// Chains of this type can only be added to the "output" hook.
RouteType BaseChainType = "route"
)
// BaseChainHook represents the "hook" that a base chain is attached to.
// See https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Configuring_chains#Base_chain_hooks
// and https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Netfilter_hooks
type BaseChainHook string
const (
// PreroutingHook is the "prerouting" stage of packet processing, which is the
// first stage (after "ingress") for inbound ("input path" and "forward path")
// packets.
PreroutingHook BaseChainHook = "prerouting"
// InputHook is the "input" stage of packet processing, which happens after
// "prerouting" for inbound packets being delivered to an interface on this host,
// in this network namespace.
InputHook BaseChainHook = "input"
// ForwardHook is the "forward" stage of packet processing, which happens after
// "prerouting" for inbound packets destined for a non-local IP (i.e. on another
// host or in another network namespace)
ForwardHook BaseChainHook = "forward"
// OutputHook is the "output" stage of packet processing, which is the first stage
// for outbound packets, regardless of their final destination.
OutputHook BaseChainHook = "output"
// PostroutingHook is the "postrouting" stage of packet processing, which is the
// final stage (before "egress") for outbound ("forward path" and "output path")
// packets.
PostroutingHook BaseChainHook = "postrouting"
// IngressHook is the "ingress" stage of packet processing, in the "netdev" family
// or (with kernel >= 5.10 and nft >= 0.9.7) the "inet" family.
IngressHook BaseChainHook = "ingress"
// EgressHook is the "egress" stage of packet processing, in the "netdev" family
// (with kernel >= 5.16 and nft >= 1.0.1).
EgressHook BaseChainHook = "egress"
)
// BaseChainPriority represents the "priority" of a base chain. Lower values run earlier.
// See https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Configuring_chains#Base_chain_priority
// and https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Netfilter_hooks#Priority_within_hook
//
// In addition to the const values, you can also use a signed integer value, or an
// arithmetic expression consisting of a const value followed by "+" or "-" and an
// integer.
type BaseChainPriority string
const (
// RawPriority is the earliest named priority. In particular, it can be used for
// rules that need to run before conntrack. It is equivalent to the value -300 and
// can be used in the ip, ip6, and inet families.
RawPriority BaseChainPriority = "raw"
// ManglePriority is the standard priority for packet-rewriting operations. It is
// equivalent to the value -150 and can be used in the ip, ip6, and inet families.
ManglePriority BaseChainPriority = "mangle"
// DNATPriority is the standard priority for DNAT operations. In the ip, ip6, and
// inet families, it is equivalent to the value -100. In the bridge family it is
// equivalent to the value -300. In both cases it can only be used from the
// prerouting hook.
DNATPriority BaseChainPriority = "dstnat"
// FilterPriority is the standard priority for filtering operations. In the ip,
// ip6, inet, arp, and netdev families, it is equivalent to the value 0. In the
// bridge family it is equivalent to the value -200.
FilterPriority BaseChainPriority = "filter"
// OutPriority is FIXME. It is equivalent to the value 300 and can only be used in
// the bridge family.
OutPriority BaseChainPriority = "out"
// SecurityPriority is the standard priority for security operations ("where
// secmark can be set for example"). It is equivalent to the value 50 and can be
// used in the ip, ip6, and inet families.
SecurityPriority BaseChainPriority = "security"
// SNATPriority is the standard priority for SNAT operations. In the ip, ip6, and
// inet families, it is equivalent to the value 100. In the bridge family it is
// equivalent to the value 300. In both cases it can only be used from the
// postrouting hook.
SNATPriority BaseChainPriority = "srcnat"
)
// Chain represents an nftables chain; either a "base chain" (if Type, Hook, and Priority
// are specified), or a "regular chain" (if they are not).
type Chain struct {
// Name is the name of the chain.
Name string
// Type is the chain type; this must be set for a base chain and unset for a
// regular chain.
Type *BaseChainType
// Hook is the hook that the chain is connected to; this must be set for a base
// chain and unset for a regular chain.
Hook *BaseChainHook
// Priority is the chain priority; this must be set for a base chain and unset for
// a regular chain. You can call ParsePriority() to convert this to a number.
Priority *BaseChainPriority
// Device is the network interface that the chain is attached to; this must be set
// for a base chain connected to the "ingress" or "egress" hooks, and unset for
// all other chains.
Device *string
// Comment is an optional comment for the object. (Requires kernel >= 5.10 and
// nft >= 0.9.7; otherwise this field will be silently ignored. Requires
// nft >= 1.0.8 to include comments in List() results.)
Comment *string
// Handle is an identifier that can be used to uniquely identify an object when
// deleting it. When adding a new object, this must be nil
Handle *int
}
// Rule represents a rule in a chain
type Rule struct {
// Chain is the name of the chain that contains this rule
Chain string
// Rule is the rule in standard nftables syntax. (Should be empty on Delete, but
// is ignored if not.) Note that this does not include any rule comment, which is
// separate from the rule itself.
Rule string
// Comment is an optional comment for the rule.
Comment *string
// Index is the number of a rule (counting from 0) to Add this Rule after or
// Insert it before. Cannot be specified along with Handle. If neither Index
// nor Handle is specified then Add appends the rule the end of the chain and
// Insert prepends it to the beginning.
Index *int
// Handle is a rule handle. In Add or Insert, if set, this is the handle of
// existing rule to put the new rule after/before. In Delete or Replace, this
// indicates the existing rule to delete/replace, and is mandatory. In the result
// of a List, this will indicate the rule's handle that can then be used in a
// later operation.
Handle *int
}
// SetFlag represents a set or map flag
type SetFlag string
const (
// ConstantFlag is a flag indicating that the set/map is constant. FIXME UNDOCUMENTED
ConstantFlag SetFlag = "constant"
// DynamicFlag is a flag indicating that the set contains stateful objects
// (counters, quotas, or limits) that will be dynamically updated.
DynamicFlag SetFlag = "dynamic"
// IntervalFlag is a flag indicating that the set contains either CIDR elements or
// IP ranges.
IntervalFlag SetFlag = "interval"
// TimeoutFlag is a flag indicating that the set/map has a timeout after which
// dynamically added elements will be removed. (It is set automatically if the
// set/map has a Timeout.)
TimeoutFlag SetFlag = "timeout"
)
// SetPolicy represents a set or map storage policy
type SetPolicy string
const (
// PolicyPerformance FIXME
PerformancePolicy SetPolicy = "performance"
// PolicyMemory FIXME
MemoryPolicy SetPolicy = "memory"
)
// Set represents the definition of an nftables set (but not its elements)
type Set struct {
// Name is the name of the set.
Name string
// Type is the type of the set key (eg "ipv4_addr"). Either Type or TypeOf, but
// not both, must be non-empty.
Type string
// TypeOf is the type of the set key as an nftables expression (eg "ip saddr").
// Either Type or TypeOf, but not both, must be non-empty. (Requires at least nft
// 0.9.4, and newer than that for some types.)
TypeOf string
// Flags are the set flags
Flags []SetFlag
// Timeout is the time that an element will stay in the set before being removed.
// (Optional; mandatory for sets that will be added to from the packet path)
Timeout *time.Duration
// GCInterval is the interval at which timed-out elements will be removed from the
// set. (Optional; FIXME DEFAULT)
GCInterval *time.Duration
// Size if the maximum numer of elements in the set.
// (Optional; mandatory for sets that will be added to from the packet path)
Size *uint64
// Policy is the FIXME
Policy *SetPolicy
// AutoMerge indicates that adjacent/overlapping set elements should be merged
// together (only for interval sets)
AutoMerge *bool
// Comment is an optional comment for the object. (Requires kernel >= 5.10 and
// nft >= 0.9.7; otherwise this field will be silently ignored.)
Comment *string
// Handle is an identifier that can be used to uniquely identify an object when
// deleting it. When adding a new object, this must be nil
Handle *int
}
// Map represents the definition of an nftables map (but not its elements)
type Map struct {
// Name is the name of the map.
Name string
// Type is the type of the map key and value (eg "ipv4_addr : verdict"). Either
// Type or TypeOf, but not both, must be non-empty.
Type string
// TypeOf is the type of the set key as an nftables expression (eg "ip saddr : verdict").
// Either Type or TypeOf, but not both, must be non-empty. (Requires at least nft 0.9.4,
// and newer than that for some types.)
TypeOf string
// Flags are the map flags
Flags []SetFlag
// Timeout is the time that an element will stay in the set before being removed.
// (Optional; mandatory for sets that will be added to from the packet path)
Timeout *time.Duration
// GCInterval is the interval at which timed-out elements will be removed from the
// set. (Optional; FIXME DEFAULT)
GCInterval *time.Duration
// Size if the maximum numer of elements in the set.
// (Optional; mandatory for sets that will be added to from the packet path)
Size *uint64
// Policy is the FIXME
Policy *SetPolicy
// Comment is an optional comment for the object. (Requires kernel >= 5.10 and
// nft >= 0.9.7; otherwise this field will be silently ignored.)
Comment *string
// Handle is an identifier that can be used to uniquely identify an object when
// deleting it. When adding a new object, this must be nil
Handle *int
}
// Element represents a set or map element
type Element struct {
// Set is the name of the set that contains this element (or the empty string if
// this is a map element.)
Set string
// Map is the name of the map that contains this element (or the empty string if
// this is a set element.)
Map string
// Key is the element key. (The list contains a single element for "simple" keys,
// or multiple elements for concatenations.)
Key []string
// Value is the map element value. As with Key, this may be a single value or
// multiple. For set elements, this must be nil.
Value []string
// Comment is an optional comment for the element
Comment *string
}

117
vendor/sigs.k8s.io/knftables/util.go generated vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
/*
Copyright 2023 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package knftables
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
"strings"
)
// PtrTo can be used to fill in optional field values in objects
func PtrTo[T any](val T) *T {
return &val
}
var numericPriorities = map[string]int{
"raw": -300,
"mangle": -150,
"dstnat": -100,
"filter": 0,
"security": 50,
"srcnat": 100,
}
var bridgeNumericPriorities = map[string]int{
"dstnat": -300,
"filter": -200,
"out": 100,
"srcnat": 300,
}
// ParsePriority tries to convert the string form of a chain priority into a number
func ParsePriority(family Family, priority string) (int, error) {
val, err := strconv.Atoi(priority)
if err == nil {
return val, nil
}
modVal := 0
if i := strings.IndexAny(priority, "+-"); i != -1 {
mod := priority[i:]
modVal, err = strconv.Atoi(mod)
if err != nil {
return 0, fmt.Errorf("could not parse modifier %q: %w", mod, err)
}
priority = priority[:i]
}
var found bool
if family == BridgeFamily {
val, found = bridgeNumericPriorities[priority]
} else {
val, found = numericPriorities[priority]
}
if !found {
return 0, fmt.Errorf("unknown priority %q", priority)
}
return val + modVal, nil
}
// Concat is a helper (primarily) for constructing Rule objects. It takes a series of
// arguments and concatenates them together into a single string with spaces between the
// arguments. Strings are output as-is, string arrays are output element by element,
// numbers are output as with `fmt.Sprintf("%d")`, and all other types are output as with
// `fmt.Sprintf("%s")`. To help with set/map lookup syntax, an argument of "@" will not
// be followed by a space, so you can do, eg, `Concat("ip saddr", "@", setName)`.
func Concat(args ...interface{}) string {
b := &strings.Builder{}
var needSpace, wroteAt bool
for _, arg := range args {
switch x := arg.(type) {
case string:
if needSpace {
b.WriteByte(' ')
}
b.WriteString(x)
wroteAt = (x == "@")
case []string:
for _, s := range x {
if needSpace {
b.WriteByte(' ')
}
b.WriteString(s)
wroteAt = (s == "@")
needSpace = b.Len() > 0 && !wroteAt
}
case int, uint, int16, uint16, int32, uint32, int64, uint64:
if needSpace {
b.WriteByte(' ')
}
fmt.Fprintf(b, "%d", x)
default:
if needSpace {
b.WriteByte(' ')
}
fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s", x)
}
needSpace = b.Len() > 0 && !wroteAt
}
return b.String()
}