diff --git a/chapters/01_introduction.ist b/chapters/01_introduction.ist index 5f2c541..60546c8 100644 --- a/chapters/01_introduction.ist +++ b/chapters/01_introduction.ist @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ % makeindex style file created by the glossaries package -% for document '01_introduction' on 2026-9-18 +% for document '01_introduction' on 2026-9-25 actual '?' encap '|' level '!' diff --git a/chapters/01_introduction.pdf b/chapters/01_introduction.pdf index f47ba73..64802ee 100644 Binary files a/chapters/01_introduction.pdf and b/chapters/01_introduction.pdf differ diff --git a/chapters/01_introduction.tex b/chapters/01_introduction.tex index 4ac89be..81d6cb0 100644 --- a/chapters/01_introduction.tex +++ b/chapters/01_introduction.tex @@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ \thispagestyle{mainbody} \section{Monoterpenes in the atmosphere} + The biosphere of Earth emits large quantities of \glspl{VOCa}. The natural flux of \glspl{VOCa} to the atmosphere exceeds the anthropogenic one, and accounts for \qtyrange{75}{90}{\percent} of the total \gls{VOCa} flux \citep{messina_global_2016}. Due to their biogenic origin, these latter \glspl{VOCa} are often referred to as \glspl{BVOCa}. + \section{Iodine in the atmosphere} @@ -31,69 +33,5 @@ \section{Relevant instrumentation} - - Iodine is the heaviest stable halogen element with atomic number \qty{53}{}. It has an average atomic weight of \qty{126.904}{\amu} and forms a semi-lustrous solid under standard conditions (here \qty{273.15}{\kelvin} and \qty{1}{\bar}, see \citet{calvert_glossary_1990}) \citep{kaiho_physical_2015}. Its melting and boiling points are \qty{114}{\degreeCelsius} and \qty{184}{\degreeCelsius}, respectively, and its vapour pressure is \qty{0.031}{\kilo\pascal} and \qty{9.17}{\kilo\pascal} at \qty{25}{\degreeCelsius} and \qty{113.6}{\degreeCelsius}, respectively \citep{kaiho_physical_2015}. The atomic radius of iodine is \qty{140}{\pico\meter} and its first ionisation energy is \qty{1015}{\kilo\joule\per\mol} \citep{kaiho_physical_2015}. Iodine is important in the enviornment: in the atmosphere, it influences the chemistry of ozone and important radical species, and it may be cause the formation of particles that may act as nuclei for aerosol or clouds \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}. The former is important for the capability of the atmophere to oxidise and remove species emitted to it, while the latter is important because of its effect on radiative equilibrium of Earth. - - \section{Iodine in the environment} - - Iodine is litophilic and incompatible in Earth's astenosphere, and therefore concentrated in oceans and surface sediments \citep{kendrick_halogen_2024}. Marine sediments constitute the largest iodine reservoir \citep{kendrick_halogen_2024} with much higher concentrations of \qtyrange{20}{600}{\milli\gram\per\kilogram} compared to soil- (\qtyrange{0.5}{20}{\milli\gram\per\kilogram}) or rock (\qtyrange{0.08}{0.5}{\milli\gram\per\kilogram}) concentrations \citep{whitehead_distribution_1984}. Sedimented iodine may be recycled into the oceans through sedimentary brines \citep{muramatsu_recycling_2001, muramatsu_studies_2004} around techtonically active subduction zones \citep{carrano_influence_2020} through diagenesis processes involving thermal decompostion or microbiological reduction of buried organic matter \citep{kendrick_halogen_2024, muramatsu_recycling_2001}. Consequently, iodine concentrations in the oceans are approximately \qtyrange{45}{60}{\micro\gram\per\liter} \citep{whitehead_distribution_1984}, mostly in the form of \gls{IO3-f}, the thermodynamically most stable state of iodine in aqueous solution \citep{fuge_iodine_2015}. However, \gls{IO3-f} exhibits a nutrient-like profile \citep{carrano_influence_2020} being depleted at the surface, whereas \gls{I-f} is enriched in the surface \citep{elderfield_biophilic_1980}. Similarly, organic matter is enriched in the surface, so that the existence of some iodinated organics may be presumed \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}. Within the oceans, iodine is incorporated preferrentially in organic matter \citep{kendrick_halogen_2024} by micro- and macroalgae, and aerobic bacteria \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015}: through faciliated diffusion (see detailed descriptions in \citet{kupper_iodide_2008, winter_exploring_2009, amachi_microbial_2008}), cells store iodine as \ce{\glssymbol{I-f}(aq)} or associated to organic molecules \citep{kupper_iodide_2008, amachi_microbial_2008}. - \Gls{I-f} within the cell interior may act as an antioxidant \citep{kupper_iodide_2008}: upon oxidative stress, the \gls{I-f} reservoir is mobilised and cells emit \ce{\glssymbol{I-f}(aq)} and a range of \glspl{VOICa} \citep{kupper_iodide_2008, carpenter_biogeochemical_2015} that may volatilise to the atmosphere. Analogously, when oxidative stress occurs during air exposure at low tide, the hetergeneous surface reaction of \gls{I-f} and \gls{O3f} at the sea-water interface produces \gls{HOIf}, \gls{I2f} and \glspl{IO.f} directly emitted to the atmosphere \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015, palmer_iodine_2005, liu_kinetics_2001, sakamoto_direct_2009, hayase_heterogeneous_2010, he_role_2021}. It is currently thought that the biggest source of inorganic iodine to the atmosphere is \gls{HOIf} produced via the same pathway, exceeding the emissions of \gls{I2f} by one order of magnitude \citep{carpenter_atmospheric_2013}. - Nevertheless, the atmospheric iodine budget is currently not well-constrained \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}. \glspl{VOICa} (notably \ce{\glssymbol{CH3If}}) and inorganic iodine species (\ce{\glssymbol{HOIf}}, \ce{\glssymbol{I2f}}, \ce{\glssymbol{IO.f}}) emitted from the oceans constitute the biggest source of iodine to the atmosphere \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015, carpenter_atmospheric_2013}, with estimated input $\approx\qty{550}{\giga\gram\per\year}$ \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}. Most \glspl{VOICa} are photolabile with lifetimes on the order of minutes to days \citep{bloss_kinetics_2001}. Other natural sources of iodine to the amtosphere include soils and plants \citep{whitehead_distribution_1984, carpenter_biogeochemical_2015, fuge_iodine_2015}, terrestrial water systems \citep{whitehead_distribution_1984}, and volcanoes or salt lakes \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015}. The additional input from terrestrial sources into the atmosphere is $\approx\qtyrange{80}{110}{\giga\gram\per\year}$ \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}. Anthropogenic sources include direct emissions from fossil fuel burning \citep{fuge_iodine_2015} and pesticide use \citep{zheng_accelerated_2003, whitehead_distribution_1984}. There are indirect anthropogenic effects as well: ice core data indicates that the sea-air flux of iodine has tripled between 1950 and 2010 as a consequence of increased anthropogenic ozone pollution of the troposphere \citep{cuevas_rapid_2018}. Sinks of atmospheric iodine include wet- and dry deposition \citep{fuge_iodine_2015}, and direct uptake through plants \citep{fuge_iodine_2015}. Overall, this leads to boundary layer mixing ratios of $\chi_{\ce{\glssymbol{I2f}(g)}}\leq\qty{93}{\pptv}$ \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015}, $\chi_{\ce{\glssymbol{IO.f}(g)}}\leq\qtyrange{3}{20}{\pptv}$ \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015}, $\chi_{\ce{\glssymbol{HOIf}(g)}}\leq\qty{1}{\pptv}$ \citep{he_role_2021} and $\chi_{\ce{\glssymbol{I.f}(g)}}\leq\qtyrange{0.1}{22}{\pptv}$ \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015, he_role_2021}. - - \section{Iodine Chemistry in the Atmosphere} - - The importance of the marine iodine source is likely also reflected in aerosol composition: above marine areas, aerosol is enriched in iodine relative to seawater content by a factor of \qtyrange{100}{1000}{} \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015}. Iodine may be transported into the aerosol phase through bubble-bursting of iodine-rich surface ocean waters \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}, or through the formation of aerosol via \glspl{IOPa} \citep{odowd_marine_2002}. Likely, low-volatility iodinated organics may also condense into the aerosol phase. Overall, various iodinated species may be present in aerosol including \gls{I-f}, \gls{IO3-f}, \gls{HOIf} and \gls{SOIa} \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}. \Citet{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012, gilfedder_iodine_2008} report that \gls{SOIa} is very frequent in aerosol and may constitute the largest reservoir of iodine in aerosol. There appear to be two principal pathways of \gls{SOIa} accomodation: direct accumulation from sea spray enriched in iodinated organics, and the reaction of \gls{HOIf} with aerosol organics. \Gls{HOIf} may also be highly reactive towards other species, likely due to its affinity for nucelophilic attacks on susceptible species. In general however, \gls{HOIf} or other likewise reduced iodine species such as \gls{I-f} should be oxidised to \gls{IO3-f} \citep{gilfedder_iodine_2008}, the thermodynamically most stable form of iodine in aqueous solution. Consequently, the accumulated form of iodine in condensed aerosol phases is often thought to be \gls{IO3-f} \citep{gilfedder_iodine_2008, saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}. However, observations in the troposphere indicate higher aerosol contents of \gls{I-f} than \gls{IO3-f} \citep{gilfedder_iodine_2008}, or high variability in the \gls{I-f}/\gls{IO3-f} ratio \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}. This indicates the presence of a mechanism reducing \gls{IO3-f} in the troposphere. - - Hetergeneous aerosol chemistry of iodine is closely linked to homogeneous chemistry of iodine through many iodine species. Generally, atmospheric iodine chemistry is initiated mostly through \gls{RISa} such as \glspl{I.f} or \glspl{IO.f}. Briefly, homogeneous iodine chemistry involves catalytic destruction of troposheric ozone via various pathways involving \glspl{HOxf} and \glspl{NOxf} as well as other halogen atoms in the atmosphere \citep{saiz-lopez_reactive_2012}. This process is photochemically driven and initiated with \glssymbol{IO.f} and \glssymbol{I.f}. \citet{saiz-lopez_reactive_2012} have outlined the mechanism: the intial step is the production of \glspl{I.f} from \glspl{RInf} or \gls{I2f}. The \glspl{I.f} react with \gls{O3f} to produce \glspl{IO.f} that in turn recombine to again produce \glspl{I.f}: - - \begin{reactions} - \RI{}(g) + ${h\nu}$ &-> R^{\bullet}(g) + \glssymbol{I.f}(g)\\ - \glssymbol{I2f}(g) + ${h\nu}$ &-> 2 \glssymbol{I.f}(g)\\ - \glssymbol{I.f}(g) + \glssymbol{O3f}(g) &-> \glssymbol{IO.f}(g) + \glssymbol{O2f}(g) \label{reac: intro: iodine radical ozone loss}\\ - 2\glssymbol{IO.f} &-> 2\glssymbol{I.f}(g) + \glssymbol{O2f}(g)\label{reac: intro: 2IO to 2I and O2} - \end{reactions} - The net outcome is ozone destruction with \ce{2\glssymbol{O3f}(g) -> 3\glssymbol{O2f}(g)}, although reaction \ref{reac: intro: 2IO to 2I and O2} has other channels that may involve \glssymbol{HOxf} and \glssymbol{NOxf} cycles. Importantly, the \gls{IO.f} has a lifetime against photolysis in the boundary layer on the order of seconds \citep{bloss_kinetics_2001}. Likewise, the effective lifetime of \gls{Ix.f} against uptake in aerosol is on the order of hours \citep{dix_detection_2013}: sustained presence of \glspl{IO.f} in the atmosphere therefore requires an effective recycling mechanism for \ce{\glssymbol{IO.f}}. - - Additionally, iodine may be involved in the oxidation of atmospheric organic molecules or mercury, allowing the latter to enter the food chain as highly poisonous methylmercury \citep{steffen_synthesis_2008, saiz-lopez_reactive_2012, saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}, and likely leading to enhanced condensation of organics into the aerosol phase through the former. Further, through formation of \glspl{IOPa}, iodine oxides may lead to the production of \glspl{UFAPa} \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015}. Volatile species may condense on \glspl{UFAPa} that can grow up to the point of becoming \glspl{CCNa} \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}. Recent evidence shows that nucleation via iodine oxoacids to produce \glspl{IOPa} is highly efficient and sometimes competitive with sulfuric acid-ammonium driven nucleation \citep{he_role_2021}. Moreover, heterogeneous iodine chemistry on pre-existing frozen or liquid salt particles may lead to sudden increases in gas phase iodine species \citep{saiz-lopez_reactive_2012}. Importantly, the reaction of \gls{Br-f} with \gls{O3f} on frozen salt solutions occurs in the brine pertaining to the bulk ice phase, rather than \emph{within} the bulk ice phase \citep{oldridge_formation_2011}: such brines are formed when freezing solutions exclude solutes --- the heterogeneous reaction of \gls{O3f} with \gls{I-f} on frozen aerosol is here assumed to behave similarly. In other words, the heterogeneous reaction of \gls{O3f} with aerosol surfaces is assumed to be similar for frozen and liquid aerosol particles. - - Other heterogeneous effects may lead to substantial iodine emissions through the reaction of ozone with dissolved \gls{I-f} in ocean and aerosols \citep{palmer_iodine_2005, liu_kinetics_2001, sakamoto_direct_2009, hayase_heterogeneous_2010}. In the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, heterogeneous recycling of iodine species is highly important: Model calculations by \citet{saiz-lopez_injection_2015} show that from the lower troposphere, convection may transport inorganic- and organic iodine species to the lower stratosphere, causing a \gls{Iyf} injection of \qtyrange{0.25}{0.7}{\pptv} \citep{saiz-lopez_injection_2015}. Measurements by \citet{koenig_quantitative_2020} are in agreement with this, indicating an injection of \qty{0.77\pm0.10}{\pptv} of \glssymbol{Iyf} into the lower stratosphere. Associated therewith is a mixing ratio of $\chi_{\ce{\glssymbol{IO.f}(g)}}=\qty{0.06\pm0.03}{\pptv}$ even for aged stratospheric air. \Citet{koenig_quantitative_2020} also observed that increases in altitude across the troposphere are associated with (1) an increase in particulate iodine and a decrease in gas phase iodine; and (2) a shift of \gls{I-f}-\gls{IO3-f} speciation in the condensed phase towards \gls{IO3-f}. Simulations could reproduce observed $\chi_{\ce{\glssymbol{IO.f}(g)}}$ only when a recycling scheme for iodine on ice particles was applied, and when the proper partioning between condensed- and gas phase was applied. This indicates that, as for the troposphere, a recycling mechanism producing gas phase \glspl{IO.f} must exist. There is also evidence that \gls{IO3-f} should be reduced to \gls{I-f}: \citet{pillar-little_conversion_2013} have established a pathway through which \gls{I-f} and \gls{O3f} cause volatilization of \ce{\glssymbol{I2f}(g)} and \ce{\glssymbol{HOIf}(g)} from watery microdroplets. However, it is still unclear \emph{how} the necessary \gls{I-f} is formed, given that most iodine should be present as \gls{IO3-f}. Consequently, an important question to answer is: how is \glssymbol{IO3-f} reduced to species --- most likely \glssymbol{I-f} --- that may, directly of after reacting, volatilise to the gas phase? - - \section{Reduction of Iodate} - - \Citet{saunders_insights_2012} have shown that \gls{IO3-f} may be reduced when solutions of \gls{IO3-f} and \gls{HAa} are irradiated with \gls{UV-Aa} and \gls{VISa} light between $\gls{LAMBDAs}\geq\qty{310}{\nano\meter}$ and $\gls{LAMBDAs}\approx\qty{780}{\nano\meter}$. The light source was filtered to exclude \gls{IRa} light and lamp output below $\gls{LAMBDAs}=\qty{310}{\nano\meter}$ to simulate the \gls{UV-Aa}-\gls{VISa} solar spectrum in the lower troposphere. They found that the major product of this photochemically induced process was \gls{SOIa} and that the proportion of \gls{I-f} in the reactant solution remained constant at approximately \qty{20}{\percent}. Since \gls{HAa} is a \gls{CHROMOPHOREg}, the suggested mechanism involves photogeneration of solvated electrons \ce{e-(aq)} that, in dependence of \gls{pHs}, yield \gls{HOIf}: \ce{\glssymbol{IO3-f}(aq) + 4e-(aq) + 5\glssymbol{H+f}(aq) ->\glssymbol{HOIf}(aq) + 2\glssymbol{H2Of}(aq)}. From there, \gls{SOIa} may be created through the nucleophilic attack of \gls{HOIf} on diphenolic functional groups \citep{saunders_insights_2012}. Alternatively, \gls{I2f} may be produced through reaction \ref{reac: intro: HOI to I2}, as described by \citet{pillar-little_conversion_2013}: - - \begin{reaction} - \glssymbol{HOIf}(aq) + \glssymbol{I-f} + \glssymbol{H+f}(aq) -> \glssymbol{I2f}(aq) + \glssymbol{H2Of}(l) \label{reac: intro: HOI to I2} - \end{reaction} - Since \gls{I2f} is insoluble \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}, there will be volatilisation of \gls{I2f} to the gas phase. Overall, the mechanism suggested by \citet{saunders_insights_2012} produces primarily \gls{HOIf} \gls{I2f} --- the production pathway of \gls{I-f} has not been elucidated. The presence of \gls{I-f}, however, appears necessary for the production of \ce{\glssymbol{I2f}(g)}. It is hypothetised that \gls{I-f} may be regenerated from \gls{SOIa} \citep{saunders_insights_2012, baker_marine_2005}. Finally, \citet{saunders_insights_2012} have reported oscillations in the release of \ce{\glssymbol{I2f}(g)}. This is likely associated with formation of \gls{H2O2f} as a byproduct of \gls{HAa} photolysis \citep{saunders_insights_2012}. Indeed, \citet{cooper_photochemical_1988} have shown that \gls{H2O2f} is a common product when irradiating aqueous solutions of \glspl{CHROMOPHOREg}. Given \gls{H2O2f}, oscillations in \ce{\glssymbol{I2f}}-\ce{\glssymbol{IO3-f}} are known as the \gls{BRAY-LIEBHAFSKY-MECHANISMa}, first described by \citet{bray_periodic_1921, bray_reactions_1931}: \gls{H2O2f} interacts with \gls{I2f} and \gls{IO3-f} via - - \begin{reactions} - &2\glssymbol{IO3-f}(aq) + 2\glssymbol{H+f}(aq) + 5\glssymbol{H2O2f}(aq) <=> \glssymbol{I2f}(aq) + 5\glssymbol{O2f}(g) + 6\glssymbol{H2Of}(l) \label{reac: oxidation of iodine through hydrogen peroxide}\\ - &\glssymbol{I2f}(aq) + 5\glssymbol{H2O2f}(aq) <=> 2\glssymbol{IO3-f}(aq) + 2\glssymbol{H+f}(aq) + 4\glssymbol{H2Of}(l) \label{reac: reduction of iodate through hydrogen peroxide} - \end{reactions} - to yield a net catalytic decomposition of \gls{H2O2f} via - - \begin{reaction} - 2\glssymbol{H2O2f}(aq) -> 2\glssymbol{H2Of}(l) + \glssymbol{O2f}(g) \label{reac: net catalytic destruction of hydrogen peroxide through iodine-iodate system} - \end{reaction} - The oscillation reaction has a \emph{stable} regime --- here, all species reach steady state except \glssymbol{H2O2f}: likely, \glssymbol{O2f}\ce{(g)} volatilises and \gls{LE-CHATELIER-PRINCIPLEa} dictates that \gls{H2O2f} consequently depletes. The \emph{unstable} regime where either reaction \ref{reac: oxidation of iodine through hydrogen peroxide} or \ref{reac: reduction of iodate through hydrogen peroxide} occur preferrentially, leads to oscillations in \gls{I2f} and \gls{IO3-f}. These oscillations are modulated by initial \gls{pHs} \citep{bray_periodic_1921} and temperature. Including an organic reducing agent and a metal-ion catalyst results in the \gls{BRIGGS-RAUSCHER-MECHANISMa} after \citet{briggs_oscillating_1973}, elucidated by \citet{schmitz_kinetics_2012}: Briefly, in addition to reaction \ref{reac: reduction of iodate through hydrogen peroxide}, the presence of some organic species \ce{R-H2} will induce the following reactions: - - \begin{reactions} - \glssymbol{H+f}(aq) + \glssymbol{IO3-f}(aq) + 2\glssymbol{I2f}(aq) + 5 R-H2(aq) &-> 5 R-HI + 3\glssymbol{H2Of}\\ - \glssymbol{H+f}(aq) + \glssymbol{IO3-f}(aq) + 2\glssymbol{I2f}(aq) + 5 R-HI(aq) &-> 5 R-I2 + 3\glssymbol{H2Of}\\ - R-I2 + R-H2 &<=> 2 R-HI - \end{reactions} - The backward reaction likely proceeds via the metal ion catalyst, although \citet{schmitz_kinetics_2012} reported the possibility of non-catalysed pathways. - - A lot has been learned so far: organic substances may lead to the reduction of \gls{IO3-f}, via \gls{CHROMOPHOREg} activity. Furthermore, observed oscillations in gas phase \ce{\glssymbol{I2f}} may be explained through \gls{BRAY-LIEBHAFSKY-MECHANISMa}-\gls{BRIGGS-RAUSCHER-MECHANISMa} mechanisms. However, the suitability of \glspl{HAa} to represent organic aerosol has been questioned: \citet{graber_atmospheric_2006} suggested that humic-like substances found in aerosol particles may differ substantially from humic substances found in soil. More specifically, \citet{graber_atmospheric_2006} argue that terrestrial sources --- from which the \gls{HAa} used by \citet{saunders_insights_2012} likely originate --- may not be the origin of the majority of humic-like substances in aerosol. Differences may be found in terms of molecular weight, aromatic moiety content, surface properties and other properties \citep{graber_atmospheric_2006}. Although \glspl{HAa} as organics have profen useful to elucidate the mechanisms of \glssymbol{I2f} recycling, quantitatively constraining this recycling better requires more realistic organics. Another important question to answer, therefore, is: are there proxies that represent organics in aerosol more accurately, and to which the same \gls{CHROMOPHOREg}-dependent pathway of iodine recycling applies? - - \section{Reduction of Iodate: Proxies for Secondary Organic Aerosol} - - \Citet{guenther_global_1995} modelled global natural \gls{VOCa} emissions in 1990. They found a total flux of $\qty{1150}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year}$, of which \qty{44}{\percent} (\qty{503}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year}) was \gls{ISOPRENEf} and \qty{11}{\percent} (\qty{127}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year}) were monoterpenes such as \gls{A-PINENEf}. Thereof, approximately \qty{75}{\percent} orginated from forests. In 2006, The annual atmospheric \gls{VOCa} injection was further specified in 2012 when \citet{guenther_model_2012} reported the following emissions of \glspl{VOCa} for the year 2000: total emissions were \qty{1089}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year}, of which \gls{ISOPRENEf} emissions were \qty{49.1}{\percent} (\qty{535}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year}) and the monoterpenes \gls{A-PINENEf}, \gls{B-PINENEf} and \gls{LIMONENEf} contributed \qty{6.7}{\percent} (\qty{66.1}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year}), \qty{1.7}{\percent} (\qty{18.9}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year}) and \qty{1.0}{\percent} (\qty{11.4}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year}), respectively. \gls{ISOPRENEf} and monoterpene emissions are biogenic and mostly linked to vegetation --- overall they contributed approximately \qty{65}{\percent} to global \gls{VOCa} emissions in 2000 \citep{guenther_model_2012}, rendering them a major source of atmospheric \glspl{VOCa}. - - Organic matter in aerosol is present either as \gls{POAa} or \gls{SOAa}. \gls{POAa} and \gls{SOAa} comprise the largest share of \emph{fine} particles with diameters $d\leq\qty{2.5}{\micro\meter}$. On the other hand, large particles with diameters $d>\qty{2.5}{\micro\meter}$ are mostly comprised of particles formed mechanically, including soil and mineral dust, sea salt particles and plant particles \citep{jziemann_kinetics_2012}. \gls{POAa} requires no chemical reactions to condense to the aerosol phase. Conversely, \gls{SOAa} is created when volatile precursor species are chemically altered to lower volatilities, and consequently condense to the aerosol phase. Likely, \gls{SOAa} constitues a large fraction of organic aerosol \cite{bianchi_highly_2019, hallquist_formation_2009}. As a general rule of thumb, higher oxygen content of a molecule indicates \emph{lower} volatility. Therefore, oxidation reactions are highly important in \gls{SOAa} formation because oxidation effectively \emph{decreases} volatility. Recent work summarised by \citet{bianchi_highly_2019} suggests that there exists class of of low-volatile species referred to as \glspl{HOMa} with low volatility. Such \glspl{HOMa} are formed through \emph{autooxidation} reactions involving peroxy radicals: this process is detailed by \citet{bianchi_highly_2019}, and the subtle but important difference between \glspl{HOMa} and molecules with high oxygen content is laid out. Briefly, \glspl{HOMa} are species of very low vapour pressure so that condensation onto existing particles is very probable and almost irreversible \citep{bianchi_highly_2019}. High yields of \glspl{HOMa} have been observed for \gls{ISOPRENEf} and the monoterpenes \gls{A-PINENEf} and especially \gls{LIMONENEf} \citep{bianchi_highly_2019}, with total yields of \qty{4}{\percent} (\gls{ISOPRENEf}), \qtyrange{7.0\pm3.5}{3.4\pm1.0}{\percent} (\gls{A-PINENEf}) and \qty{17.0\pm8.5}{\percent} (\gls{LIMONENEf}), respectively \citep{bianchi_highly_2019, jokinen_production_2015, ng_secondary_2008, ehn_large_2014, kirkby_ion-induced_2016}. It may therefore be assumed that derivatives --- or more precisely oxidation products --- of monoterpenes or \gls{ISOPRENEf} are common in \gls{SOAa}. Building on the work of \citet{saunders_insights_2012}, chosing an oxidation product of \gls{ISOPRENEf} or monoterpenes as the investigated organics may constitute a more realistc proxy for aerosol organics. - - Recently, \citet{reza_iodine_2024} have performed similar experiments as \citet{saunders_insights_2012}, but using organic species better representing \gls{VOCa} oxidation. Recent observations have shown elevated concentrations of \ce{\glssymbol{IO.f}(g)} in dust layers above the Atacama and Sechura deserts: \citet{koenig_ozone_2021} measured a ten-fold enhancement of \gls{IO.f} concentrations compared to the regional background signal of \qtyrange{0.10}{0.25}{\pptv}. Because iron is hypothetised to catalyse photochemistry in dust particles, and since it is the most abundant transition metal in dust minerals \citep{aal-abadleh_perspective_2023}, iron may serve as a proxy for dust when investigating the reduction of \gls{IO3-f}. In a series of \gls{CWFTRa} experiments, \citet{reza_iodine_2024} used a \gls{CE-DOASa} to detect \glssymbol{I2f}\ce{(g)} and a \gls{ToF I-CIMSa} to detect \glspl{OVOCa} associated with \gls{IO3-f} reduction in thin aqueous films. The films were inserted into the \gls{CWFTRa} and consisted of an organic or inorganic matrix and \gls{IO3-f}. - The organic matrices included \gls{IRON-3-CITRATEa}, \gls{CAa} and \gls{BTCAa}. \gls{CAa} was found in aerosol \citep{lienhard_measurements_2012} and is a proxy for oxygenated organic species. \gls{IRON-3-CITRATEa}, as a known photoactive compound, is considered a suitable proxy for \ce{Fe}(\toRoman{3}) carboxylate complexes found in the atmosphere \citep{reza_iodine_2024}. Importantly, \gls{CAa} has well-characterised hygroscopic properties \citep{reza_iodine_2024} so that this matrix can be used to control against \glspl{MATRIX-EFFECT-(CHEM)g} of organics that are due to iron when using \gls{IRON-3-CITRATEa}. These matrices were mixed with a solution of \gls{NaIO3f} to introduce \gls{IO3-f} at a concentration of $\approx\qty{30}{\milli\Molar}$. The results show that irradiation with \gls{VISa} for films containing \gls{IRON-3-CITRATEa} led to the reduction of $\approx\qty{40}{\percent}$ of the initially present \gls{IO3-f}. Likely, \gls{IRON-3-CITRATEa} undergoes a \gls{LMCTa} induced through irradiance with a photon at $\lambda<\qty{500}{\nano\meter}$ to yield \gls{CITRATEa} radicals and solvated electrons \ce{e-(aq)}, as described by \citet{saunders_insights_2012}. Likely, reduction of \gls{IO3-f} is driven through these solvated electrons. Furthermore, \citet{reza_iodine_2024} report that the speciation of the \glspl{CHROMOPHOREg} may include iodine-containing compounds. \end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chapters/02_methods.ist b/chapters/02_methods.ist index 81fc3c8..de8466c 100644 --- a/chapters/02_methods.ist +++ b/chapters/02_methods.ist @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ % makeindex style file created by the glossaries package -% for document '02_methods' on 2026-9-20 +% for document '02_methods' on 2026-9-29 actual '?' encap '|' level '!' diff --git a/chapters/02_methods.pdf b/chapters/02_methods.pdf index 3245ad7..efe87f8 100644 Binary files a/chapters/02_methods.pdf and b/chapters/02_methods.pdf differ diff --git a/chapters/02_methods.tex b/chapters/02_methods.tex index ef622c9..6051bfa 100644 --- a/chapters/02_methods.tex +++ b/chapters/02_methods.tex @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ \textbf{Data Analysis}. In this step, the data from the \gls{BTOF-CIMSa} are analysed using \emph{IGOR Pro} and \emph{Python}. Details are available in section \ref{methods: section: data analysis}.} \end{enumerate} - \section{\glsname{SOAa} filter production in \gls{OFRa}}\label{methods: section: SOA filter production in OFR} + \section{SOA filter production in OFR}\label{methods: section: SOA filter production in OFR} An overview over the setup for filter production is displayed in figure \ref{methods: fig: overview over OFR setup}. \Gls{O2f} and \gls{N2f} from the in-house gas connection at \gls{PSIa} are first mixed at controlled ratios and guided inton the flow tube of the \gls{OFRa}. Usually, $\gls{VFLOWs}_{\ce{N2}}=\qty{3.95}{\liter\per\minute}$ and $\gls{VFLOWs}_{\ce{O2}}^{(3)}=\qty{1.05}{\liter\per\minute}$ was set, giving a relative fraction of $\glssymbol{N2f}:\glssymbol{O2f}\approx0.79:0.21$, which is close to atmospheric comoposition. This was achieved through the \glspl{MFCa} 2 (for \gls{N2f}) and 3 (for \gls{O2f}), respectively (see also figure \ref{methods: fig: overview over OFR setup}). \Gls{MFCa} 1 was used to control the flow of \gls{N2f} through a glass bottle containing \gls{VOCa}, with a value set at $\gls{VFLOWs}_{\textnormal{VOC}}=\qty{0.04}{\liter\per\minute}$. In order to inhibit diffusion of \gls{VOCa} into the \gls{OFRa}, a plug valve (PV1) was installed on the \gls{VOCa} input line just before the \gls{OFRa}. Finally, \gls{MFCa} 4 was used to control the flow of \gls{O2f} into the \glstext{O3f} generator, where \glstext{O2f} reacted with \gls{UVa} light to produce \glstext{O3f}, as in reaction below: @@ -131,20 +131,35 @@ \bottomrule \end{longtblr} - \section{Filter extraction and \gls{TOCa}-analysis}\label{methods: section: filter extraction and TOC analysis} + \section{Filter extraction and TOC-analysis}\label{methods: section: filter extraction and TOC analysis} + + In order to quantify the exact (organic) carbon content used in \gls{CWFTRa} samples, the organic carbon content on filters needs to be known. While an estimate is provided via the \gls{SMPSa} measurements, the exact quantity of organic carbon on the filters is determined using \gls{TOCa} analysis. For this, \gls{NPOCa} and \gls{TOCa} of filter samples are measured. While the pertaining instrument, Shimazdu TOC Analyser 200, directly provides measurements of \gls{NPOCa}, the value of \gls{TOCa} has to be computed via measurements of \gls{TCa} and \gls{ICa}, respectively: + + \begin{equation} + \gls{TOCs}\coloneqq\gls{TCs}-\gls{ICs} + \end{equation} + + The values of \gls{TOCa} and \gls{NPOCa} are measured in \unit{\milli\gramCarbon\per\liter}. \subsection{Preparation} Preparation for \gls{TOCa} measurements essentially consists in cleaning glassware required for analysis and extraction. This is rather not straightforward, and two procedures need to be distinguished: a special procedure before the campaign to obtain a standard of cleanliness, and a procedure during the campaign to retain the obtained standard. - \subsubsection{Intial Cleaning} + \subsubsection{Intial Glassware Cleaning} During initial cleaning, \gls{NPOCa} of glassware is tested. Glassware is considered clean if $\gls{NPOCs}<\qty{0.1}{\milli\gram\per\liter}$. - \subsubsection{Subsequent cleaning steps} + \subsubsection{Subsequent Glassware cleaning} \subsection{Extraction} + \subsection{Calibration} + + Calibration for \gls{TOCa} and \gls{NPOCa} measurements require that the instrument be calibrated prior to measurements. For this, stock solutions of known quantites are related to the instrument response, i.e. area under the voltage curve. For \gls{TOCa} measurements, two stock solutions are required, one containing a known quantity of \gls{TCa}, and one where the exact amount of \gls{ICa} is known. In practice, \gls{TCa} calibration can be performed using a \gls{TOCa} stock solution. This is possible because the used standard of \gls{TOCa} is practically free of any \gls{ICa} --- for the used \gls{TOCa} standard, it therefore holds that $\gls{TCs}\approx\gls{TOCs}$. + + A \gls{TOCa} solution of \qty{1000}{\milli\gramCarbon\per\liter} is used to create a \gls{TOCa} calibrant stock solution of \qty{4}{\milli\gramCarbon\per\liter}. For this, exactly \qty{1}{\milli\liter} of \qty{1000}{\milli\gramCarbon\per\liter} solution is mixed with \qty{244}{\milli\liter} MQ. Similarly, an \gls{ICa} stock solution of \qty{1000}{\milli\gram\per\liter} is used to mix an \gls{ICa} calibrant stock of \qty{4}{\milli\gramCarbon\per\liter} by mixing \qty{1}{\milli\liter} of stock solution with \qty{244}{\milli\liter} MQ. + + \subsection{Measurements} \begin{figure} diff --git a/config/glossary.tex b/config/glossary.tex index 0b2ea35..67a67ce 100644 --- a/config/glossary.tex +++ b/config/glossary.tex @@ -193,6 +193,14 @@ description={oxygenated volatile organic compound} } +\newglossaryentry{BVOCa}{ + type=\acronymtype, + first={biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC)}, + firstplural={biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs)}, + name={BVOC}, + description={biogenic volatile organic compound} +} + \newglossaryentry{LVOCa}{ type=\acronymtype, first={low-volatity organic compound (LVOC)}, @@ -333,7 +341,7 @@ \newglossaryentry{TOCa}{ type=\acronymtype, - first={total organic carbon (TOC)}, + first={total organic carbon (TOC)\glsadd{TOCs}}, name={TOC}, description={Total organic carbon} } @@ -347,14 +355,14 @@ \newglossaryentry{ICa}{ type=\acronymtype, - first={inorganic carbon (IC)}, + first={inorganic carbon (IC)\glsadd{ICs}}, name={IC}, description={inorganic carbon} } \newglossaryentry{TCa}{ type=\acronymtype, - first={total carbon (TC)}, + first={total carbon (TC)\glsadd{TCs}}, name={TC}, description={Total carbon} } diff --git a/config/literature.bib b/config/literature.bib index f002d94..1367628 100644 --- a/config/literature.bib +++ b/config/literature.bib @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ rights = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, isbn = {978-0-12-382225-3}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123822253004850}, + doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-382225-3.00485-0}, pages = {205--219}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences}, publisher = {Elsevier}, @@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ urldate = {2025-01-24}, date = {2015}, langid = {english}, - doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-382225-3.00485-0}, keywords = {Review, Unread}, file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/IJU3SUSM/Carpenter - 2015 - BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Iodine.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -150,10 +150,10 @@ pages = {6954--6958}, number = {19}, journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Küpper, Frithjof C. and Carpenter, Lucy J. and {McFiggans}, Gordon B. and Palmer, Carl J. and Waite, Tim J. and Boneberg, Eva-Maria and Woitsch, Sonja and Weiller, Markus and Abela, Rafael and Grolimund, Daniel and Potin, Philippe and Butler, Alison and Luther, George W. and Kroneck, Peter M. H. and Meyer-Klaucke, Wolfram and Feiters, Martin C.}, urldate = {2025-04-17}, date = {2008-05-13}, - note = {Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, file = {0709959105si:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/PRNZ53MF/0709959105si.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/HVTNZN6G/Küpper et al. - 2008 - Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -167,10 +167,10 @@ number = {2}, journaltitle = {Algae}, shortjournal = {Algae}, + publisher = {The Korean Society of Phycology}, author = {Carrano, Mary W. and Yarimizu, Kyoko and Gonzales, Jennifer L. and Cruz-López, Ricardo and Edwards, Matthew S. and Tymon, Teresa M. and Küpper, Frithjof C. and Carrano, Carl J. and Carrano, Mary W. and Yarimizu, Kyoko and Gonzales, Jennifer L. and Cruz-López, Ricardo and Edwards, Matthew S. and Tymon, Teresa M. and Küpper, Frithjof C. and Carrano, Carl J.}, urldate = {2025-04-17}, date = {2020-06-15}, - note = {Publisher: The Korean Society of Phycology}, file = {algae-2020-35-5-25:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/5KYYM7VC/algae-2020-35-5-25.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/JQKXH2PC/Carrano et al. - 2020 - The influence of marine algae on iodine speciation in the coastal ocean.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -185,11 +185,11 @@ number = {4}, journaltitle = {Environmental Chemistry}, shortjournal = {Environ. Chem.}, + publisher = {{CSIRO} {PUBLISHING}}, author = {Palmer, Carl J. and Anders, Thorsten L. and Carpenter, Lucy J. and Küpper, Frithjof C. and {McFiggans}, Gordon B.}, urldate = {2025-04-17}, date = {2005-12-08}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: {CSIRO} {PUBLISHING}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/EX548532/Palmer et al. - 2005 - Iodine and Halocarbon Response of Laminaria digitata to Oxidative Stress and Links to Atmospheric Ne.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -204,10 +204,10 @@ number = {17}, journaltitle = {Inorganic Chemistry}, shortjournal = {Inorg. Chem.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Liu, Qian and Schurter, Lynn M. and Muller, Charles E. and Aloisio, Simone and Francisco, Joseph S. and Margerum, Dale W.}, urldate = {2025-04-18}, date = {2001-08-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/NMYRCWB8/Liu et al. - 2001 - Kinetics and Mechanisms of Aqueous Ozone Reactions with Bromide, Sulfite, Hydrogen Sulfite, Iodide,.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -239,9 +239,9 @@ number = {11}, journaltitle = {Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry}, shortjournal = {J. Anal. At. Spectrom.}, + publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {Moreda-Piñeiro, Antonio and Romarís-Hortas, Vanessa and Bermejo-Barrera, Pilar}, date = {2011}, - note = {Publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry}, file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/YI8HD6RY/Moreda-Piñeiro et al. - 2011 - A review on iodine speciation for environmental, biological and nutrition fields.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -255,11 +255,11 @@ pages = {195--220}, issue = {Volume 52, 2024}, journaltitle = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences}, + publisher = {Annual Reviews}, author = {Kendrick, Mark A.}, urldate = {2025-04-24}, date = {2024-07-23}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Annual Reviews}, keywords = {iodine cycle, Reading}, file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/TQDQG2NU/Kendrick - 2024 - Halogen Cycling in the Solid Earth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/W7UXH9FN/annurev-earth-031621-111700.html:text/html}, } @@ -275,10 +275,10 @@ number = {36}, journaltitle = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry A}, shortjournal = {J. Phys. Chem. A}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Enami, S. and Vecitis, C. D. and Cheng, J. and Hoffmann, M. R. and Colussi, A. J.}, urldate = {2025-04-29}, date = {2007-09-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/6GSEGUQJ/Enami et al. - 2007 - Global Inorganic Source of Atmospheric Bromine.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -293,10 +293,10 @@ number = {27}, journaltitle = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry A}, shortjournal = {J. Phys. Chem. A}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Sakamoto, Yosuke and Yabushita, Akihiro and Kawasaki, Masahiro and Enami, Shinichi}, urldate = {2025-04-29}, date = {2009-07-09}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/PGFDCQYJ/Sakamoto et al. - 2009 - Direct Emission of I2 Molecule and IO Radical from the Heterogeneous Reactions of Gaseous Ozone with.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -456,6 +456,7 @@ where diffusion is slow within particles.}, @thesis{iezzi_interplay_2024, title = {Interplay between Reactive Oxygen Species, Transition Metals, Nitrogen Oxides and Iodine Species, and its Impact on Multiphase Atmospheric Chemistry}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/718065}, + doi = {10.3929/ETHZ-B-000718065}, institution = {{ETH} Zurich}, type = {phdthesis}, author = {Iezzi, Lucia}, @@ -464,7 +465,6 @@ where diffusion is slow within particles.}, urldate = {2025-09-10}, date = {2024}, langid = {english}, - doi = {10.3929/ETHZ-B-000718065}, note = {Artwork Size: 240 p. Medium: application/pdf Pages: 240 p.}, @@ -483,11 +483,11 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, number = {16}, journaltitle = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics}, shortjournal = {Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.}, + publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {Schmitz, Guy and Furrow, Stanley}, urldate = {2025-10-09}, date = {2012-03-28}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry}, keywords = {Reading}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/IJF5TZ3F/Schmitz and Furrow - 2012 - Kinetics of the iodate reduction by hydrogen peroxide and relation with the Briggs–Rauscher and Bray.pdf:application/pdf;Supplementary Information PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/LA2SI8NQ/Schmitz and Furrow - 2012 - Kinetics of the iodate reduction by hydrogen peroxide and relation with the Briggs–Rauscher and Bray.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -502,10 +502,10 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, number = {6}, journaltitle = {Journal of the American Chemical Society}, shortjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Bray, William C.}, urldate = {2025-10-10}, date = {1921-06-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, keywords = {Reading}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/BAC92EQH/Bray - 1921 - A PERIODIC REACTION IN HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION AND ITS RELATION TO CATALYSIS..pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -520,10 +520,10 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, number = {1}, journaltitle = {Journal of the American Chemical Society}, shortjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Bray, William C. and Liebhafsky, Herman A.}, urldate = {2025-10-10}, date = {1931-01-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, keywords = {Read}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/X3U4NDQN/Bray and Liebhafsky - 1931 - REACTIONS INVOLVING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, IODINE AND IODATE ION. I. INTRODUCTION.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -539,10 +539,10 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, number = {7}, journaltitle = {Journal of Chemical Education}, shortjournal = {J. Chem. Educ.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Briggs, Thomas S. and Rauscher, Warren C.}, urldate = {2025-10-10}, date = {1973-07-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, keywords = {Unread}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/4TRJQPRT/Briggs and Rauscher - 1973 - An oscillating iodine clock.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -577,11 +577,11 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, pages = {208--216}, number = {1}, journaltitle = {Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie}, + publisher = {De Gruyter (O)}, author = {Brode, Johannes}, urldate = {2025-10-10}, date = {1904-07-01}, langid = {german}, - note = {Publisher: De Gruyter (O)}, keywords = {Unread}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/V4PGTWEX/Brode - 1904 - Die Oxydation des Jodions zu Hypojodit als Zwischenstufe einiger Reaktionen.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -596,10 +596,10 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, number = {9}, journaltitle = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry}, shortjournal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Rice, F. O. and Reiff, O. M.}, urldate = {2025-10-10}, date = {1927-09-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, keywords = {Unread}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/6ZH7XEHY/Rice and Reiff - 1927 - The Thermal Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -620,6 +620,7 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, title = {Physical Properties of Iodine}, isbn = {978-1-118-90991-1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118909911.ch2}, + doi = {10.1002/9781118909911.ch2}, abstract = {Summary Iodine has a moderate vapor pressure at room temperature and in an open vessel slowly sublimes to a deep violet vapor that is irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. This chapter tabulates the physical properties of iodine in solid, liquid and gas phases. Iodine dissolves easily in most organic solvents such as hexane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform owing to its lack of polarity, but it is only slightly soluble in water. However, the solubility of elemental iodine in water can be increased by the addition of sodium or potassium iodide. Iodine accepts electrons from the solvent molecule into its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital ({LUMO}). This lowers the energy of the transition from the highest occupied molecular orbital ({HOMO}) of the iodine atom to its {LUMO}, thereby changing the color from the characteristic violet to brown and other colors. The physical properties of the first four halogens are summarized.}, pages = {7--14}, booktitle = {Iodine Chemistry and Applications}, @@ -627,7 +628,6 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, author = {Kaiho, Tatsuo}, urldate = {2025-11-25}, date = {2015}, - doi = {10.1002/9781118909911.ch2}, keywords = {Reading, highest occupied molecular orbital ({HOMO}), iodine atom, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital ({LUMO}), organic solvents, solubility}, file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/SYU6XVKN/Kaiho - 2015 - Physical Properties of Iodine.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -643,11 +643,11 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, pages = {2167--2219}, number = {11}, journaltitle = {Pure and Applied Chemistry}, + publisher = {De Gruyter}, author = {Calvert, J. G.}, urldate = {2025-11-25}, date = {1990-01-01}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: De Gruyter}, keywords = {Reading}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/37CSARY3/Calvert - 1990 - Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990).pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -676,11 +676,11 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, doi = {10.1039/D5EA00101C}, shorttitle = {Role of atomic chlorine in atmospheric volatile organic compound oxidation and secondary organic aerosol formation}, journaltitle = {Environmental Science: Atmospheres}, + publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {Sun, Yinghong and Xu, Li and Li, Jianlong and Li, Kun and Tchinda, Narcisse Tsona and Du, Lin}, urldate = {2025-11-26}, date = {2025}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry}, keywords = {Unread}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/UK37VYGZ/Sun et al. - 2025 - Role of atomic chlorine in atmospheric volatile organic compound oxidation and secondary organic aer.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -696,10 +696,10 @@ Pages: 240 p.}, pages = {981--1191}, number = {4}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Atkinson, R. and Baulch, D. L. and Cox, R. A. and Crowley, J. N. and Hampson, R. F. and Hynes, R. G. and Jenkin, M. E. and Rossi, M. J. and Troe, J.}, urldate = {2025-11-26}, date = {2007-02-22}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, keywords = {Unread, Reference Book}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/DGXBRRTR/Atkinson et al. - 2007 - Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry Volume III &ndash\; gas phase rea.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -714,14 +714,14 @@ new particles in the troposphere. However, the impact of iodine ...}, pages = {1860--1866}, number = {4}, journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Koenig, Theodore K. and Baidar, Sunil and Campuzano-Jost, Pedro and Cuevas, Carlos A. and Dix, Barbara and Fernandez, Rafael P. and Guo, Hongyu and Hall, Samuel R. and Kinnison, Douglas and Nault, Benjamin A. and Ullmann, Kirk and Jimenez, Jose L. and Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso and Volkamer, Rainer}, urldate = {2025-11-26}, date = {2020-01-28}, note = {Company: National Academy of Sciences Distributor: National Academy of Sciences Institution: National Academy of Sciences -Label: National Academy of Sciences -Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, +Label: National Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {Unread}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/77HYFX4N/Koenig et al. - 2020 - Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere.pdf:application/pdf;pnas.1916828117.sapp:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/JJMNBXMH/pnas.1916828117.sapp.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -737,14 +737,14 @@ emissions of chlorine and bromine. Despite its larger ozone-dep...}, pages = {e2110864119}, number = {7}, journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Cuevas, Carlos A. and Fernandez, Rafael P. and Kinnison, Douglas E. and Li, Qinyi and Lamarque, Jean-François and Trabelsi, Tarek and Francisco, Joseph S. and Solomon, Susan and Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso}, urldate = {2025-11-26}, date = {2022-02-15}, note = {Company: National Academy of Sciences Distributor: National Academy of Sciences Institution: National Academy of Sciences -Label: National Academy of Sciences -Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, +Label: National Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {Unread}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/FNSTJEEU/Cuevas et al. - 2022 - The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -757,11 +757,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {6582--6605}, number = {19}, journaltitle = {Chemical Society Reviews}, + publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {J. Ziemann, Paul and Atkinson, Roger}, urldate = {2025-11-26}, date = {2012}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry}, keywords = {Unread}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/QGSP7HFB/J. Ziemann and Atkinson - 2012 - Kinetics, products, and mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol formation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -792,11 +792,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {83--117}, number = {1}, journaltitle = {Chemical Society Reviews}, + publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {L. Gemoets, Hannes P. and Su, Yuanhai and Shang, Minjing and Hessel, Volker and Luque, Rafael and Noël, Timothy}, urldate = {2025-11-26}, date = {2016}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/EAILQYXQ/L. Gemoets et al. - 2016 - Liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -808,16 +808,16 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {2570--2616}, number = {9}, journaltitle = {Chemical Society Reviews}, + publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {Peng, Zhe and L. Jimenez, Jose}, urldate = {2025-11-26}, date = {2020}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/22C46EHB/Peng and L. Jimenez - 2020 - Radical chemistry in oxidation flow reactors for atmospheric chemistry research.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{li_secondary_2019, - title = {Secondary organic aerosol formation from \ensuremath{\alpha}-pinene, alkanes, and oil-sands-related precursors in a new oxidation flow reactor}, + title = {Secondary organic aerosol formation from α-pinene, alkanes, and oil-sands-related precursors in a new oxidation flow reactor}, volume = {19}, issn = {1680-7316}, url = {https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/19/9715/2019/}, @@ -826,11 +826,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {9715--9731}, number = {15}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Li, Kun and Liggio, John and Lee, Patrick and Han, Chong and Liu, Qifan and Li, Shao-Meng}, urldate = {2025-12-01}, date = {2019-08-01}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, - keywords = {{ECCC}-{OCR}, Reading}, + keywords = {Reading, {ECCC}-{OCR}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/P5M3SGM7/Li et al. - 2019 - Secondary organic aerosol formation from α-pinene, alkanes, and oil-sands-related precursors.pdf:application/pdf;PDF (Supplement):/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/LCW7QREC/Li et al. - 2019 - Secondary organic aerosol formation from α-pinene, alkanes, and oil-sands-related precursors.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -844,10 +844,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {8}, journaltitle = {{ACS} {ES}\&T Air}, shortjournal = {{ACS} {EST} Air}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Ma, Xueqi and Li, Kun and Zhang, Shan and Yang, Zhaomin and Xu, Li and Tsona Tchinda, Narcisse and Du, Lin}, urldate = {2025-12-02}, date = {2025-08-08}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/PGBVLL6G/Ma et al. - 2025 - Oxidation Flow Reactor and Its Application in Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in Laboratory Stud.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -865,10 +865,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {2315--2332}, number = {6}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Bruns, E. A. and El Haddad, I. and Keller, A. and Klein, F. and Kumar, N. K. and Pieber, S. M. and Corbin, J. C. and Slowik, J. G. and Brune, W. H. and Baltensperger, U. and Prévôt, A. S. H.}, urldate = {2025-12-02}, date = {2015-06-04}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/SUN4W4LB/Bruns et al. - 2015 - Inter-comparison of laboratory smog chamber and flow reactor systems on organic aerosol yield and co.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -882,10 +882,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {10827--10839}, number = {16}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Han, Chong and Yang, Hongxing and Li, Kun and Lee, Patrick and Liggio, John and Leithead, Amy and Li, Shao-Meng}, urldate = {2025-12-02}, date = {2022-08-26}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, keywords = {Unread, {ECCC}-{OCR}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/F4XWYJ22/Han et al. - 2022 - Secondary organic aerosols from OH oxidation of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes as an important Si.pdf:application/pdf;PDF (Supplement):/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/L357Q9GA/Han et al. - 2022 - Secondary organic aerosols from OH oxidation of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes as an important Si.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -902,10 +902,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {6}, journaltitle = {Chemical Reviews}, shortjournal = {Chem. Rev.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Bianchi, Federico and Kurtén, Theo and Riva, Matthieu and Mohr, Claudia and Rissanen, Matti P. and Roldin, Pontus and Berndt, Torsten and Crounse, John D. and Wennberg, Paul O. and Mentel, Thomas F. and Wildt, Jürgen and Junninen, Heikki and Jokinen, Tuija and Kulmala, Markku and Worsnop, Douglas R. and Thornton, Joel A. and Donahue, Neil and Kjaergaard, Henrik G. and Ehn, Mikael}, urldate = {2025-12-10}, date = {2019-03-27}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, keywords = {Unread}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/ZSJ4IPIB/Bianchi et al. - 2019 - Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules (HOM) from Gas-Phase Autoxidation Involving Peroxy Radicals A K.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -937,11 +937,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {890--921}, number = {4}, journaltitle = {Natural Product Reports}, + publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {Alice Upshur, Mary and Gray Bé, Ariana and Luo, Jingyi and G. Varelas, Jonathan and M. Geiger, Franz and J. Thomson, Regan}, urldate = {2025-12-10}, date = {2023}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry}, keywords = {Unread}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/FUND34XE/Alice Upshur et al. - 2023 - Organic synthesis in the study of terpene-derived oxidation products in the atmosphere.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -958,11 +958,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {728}, number = {6}, journaltitle = {Atmosphere}, + publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, author = {Claeys, Magda and Maenhaut, Willy}, urldate = {2025-12-10}, date = {2021-06}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {Unread, 2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methyltetrols, C$_{\textrm{5}}$-alkene triols, {IEPOX}, isoprene, organosulfates, particulate matter, secondary organic aerosol, source apportionment}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/VWYVM9QS/Claeys and Maenhaut - 2021 - Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Isoprene Selected Research, Historic Account and State of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -979,11 +979,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {1}, journaltitle = {npj Climate and Atmospheric Science}, shortjournal = {npj Clim Atmos Sci}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {Srivastava, Deepchandra and Vu, Tuan V. and Tong, Shengrui and Shi, Zongbo and Harrison, Roy M.}, urldate = {2025-12-10}, date = {2022-03-24}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Atmospheric chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/ZM28CZFW/Srivastava et al. - 2022 - Formation of secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic precursors in laboratory studies.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1031,11 +1031,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {1841--1859}, number = {8}, journaltitle = {Environmental Science: Processes \& Impacts}, + publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {Chance, Rosie and R. Baker, Alex and Carpenter, Lucy and D. Jickells, Tim}, urldate = {2025-12-12}, date = {2014}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/3NZ9CIM4/Chance et al. - 2014 - The distribution of iodide at the sea surface.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1049,9 +1049,9 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {4}, journaltitle = {Geophysical Research Letters}, shortjournal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, author = {Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso and Plane, John M.C.}, date = {2004}, - note = {Publisher: American Geophysical Union}, file = {Full Text:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/I4VMEQPY/Saiz-Lopez and Plane - 2004 - Novel iodine chemistry in the marine boundary layer.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/JALK7J3C/2542457420.html:text/html}, } @@ -1065,10 +1065,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {701--713}, number = {3}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {{McFiggans}, G. and Coe, H. and Burgess, R. and Allan, J. and Cubison, M. and Alfarra, M. R. and Saunders, R. and Saiz-Lopez, A. and Plane, J. M. C. and Wevill, D. and Carpenter, L. and Rickard, A. R. and Monks, P. S.}, urldate = {2025-12-12}, date = {2004-05-07}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/ABXFEDJF/McFiggans et al. - 2004 - Direct evidence for coastal iodine particles from Laminaria macroalgae – linkage to emissions of mol.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1082,10 +1082,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {13119--13143}, number = {23}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Saiz-Lopez, A. and Fernandez, R. P. and Ordóñez, C. and Kinnison, D. E. and Gómez Martín, J. C. and Lamarque, J.-F. and Tilmes, S.}, urldate = {2025-12-12}, date = {2014-12-10}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/PGBFX2Z3/Saiz-Lopez et al. - 2014 - Iodine chemistry in the troposphere and its effect on ozone.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1116,11 +1116,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {301--333}, number = {3}, journaltitle = {International Reviews in Physical Chemistry}, + publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Phillips, Leon F.}, urldate = {2025-12-16}, date = {2011-07-01}, - note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis -\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144235X.2011.611635}, + note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144235X.2011.611635}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/QIN6QSDK/Phillips - 2011 - Processes at the gas–liquid interface.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1152,10 +1152,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {3}, journaltitle = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry}, shortjournal = {J. Agric. Food Chem.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Zheng, Wei and Papiernik, Sharon K. and Guo, Mingxin and Yates, Scott R.}, urldate = {2025-12-16}, date = {2003-01-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/NS7UZQE2/Zheng et al. - 2003 - Accelerated Degradation of Methyl Iodide by Agrochemicals.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1291,8 +1291,6 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Hong, Young-Seoub and Kim, Yu-Mi and Lee, Kyung-Eun}, urldate = {2025-12-17}, date = {2012-11}, - pmid = {23230465}, - pmcid = {PMC3514465}, file = {Full Text:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/3GIXJWGS/Hong et al. - 2012 - Methylmercury Exposure and Health Effects.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1307,10 +1305,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {1}, journaltitle = {{AMBIO}: A Journal of the Human Environment}, shortjournal = {ambi}, + publisher = {Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}, author = {Scheuhammer, Anton M. and Meyer, Michael W. and Sandheinrich, Mark B. and Murray, Michael W.}, urldate = {2025-12-17}, date = {2007-02}, - note = {Publisher: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/SV3547VS/Scheuhammer et al. - 2007 - Effects of Environmental Methylmercury on the Health of Wild Birds, Mammals, and Fish.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1324,10 +1322,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {1445--1482}, number = {6}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Steffen, A. and Douglas, T. and Amyot, M. and Ariya, P. and Aspmo, K. and Berg, T. and Bottenheim, J. and Brooks, S. and Cobbett, F. and Dastoor, A. and Dommergue, A. and Ebinghaus, R. and Ferrari, C. and Gardfeldt, K. and Goodsite, M. E. and Lean, D. and Poulain, A. J. and Scherz, C. and Skov, H. and Sommar, J. and Temme, C.}, urldate = {2025-12-17}, date = {2008-03-12}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/56Z7Y4IA/Steffen et al. - 2008 - A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1341,10 +1339,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {4375--4418}, number = {16}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Simpson, W. R. and von Glasow, R. and Riedel, K. and Anderson, P. and Ariya, P. and Bottenheim, J. and Burrows, J. and Carpenter, L. J. and Frieß, U. and Goodsite, M. E. and Heard, D. and Hutterli, M. and Jacobi, H.-W. and Kaleschke, L. and Neff, B. and Plane, J. and Platt, U. and Richter, A. and Roscoe, H. and Sander, R. and Shepson, P. and Sodeau, J. and Steffen, A. and Wagner, T. and Wolff, E.}, urldate = {2025-12-17}, date = {2007-08-22}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/C3PNRVL5/Simpson et al. - 2007 - Halogens and their role in polar boundary-layer ozone depletion.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1378,11 +1376,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {194--196}, number = {5386}, journaltitle = {Nature}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {Lovelock, J. E. and Maggs, R. J. and Wade, R. J.}, urldate = {2025-12-18}, date = {1973-01}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary, Science}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/7I9EKGFJ/Lovelock et al. - 1973 - Halogenated Hydrocarbons in and over the Atlantic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1397,10 +1395,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {160--162}, number = {4965}, journaltitle = {Science}, + publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, author = {Wuosmaa, Anne Marie and Hager, Lowell P.}, urldate = {2025-12-18}, date = {1990-07-13}, - note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/CNH9E2I7/Wuosmaa and Hager - 1990 - Methyl Chloride Transferase a Carbocation Route for Biosynthesis of Halometabolites.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1457,11 +1455,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {5}, journaltitle = {Trends in Biochemical Sciences}, shortjournal = {Trends in Biochemical Sciences}, + publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Fontecave, Marc and Atta, Mohamed and Mulliez, Etienne}, urldate = {2025-12-18}, date = {2004-05-01}, - pmid = {15130560}, - note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/7I2EIW47/Fontecave et al. - 2004 - S-adenosylmethionine nothing goes to waste.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1477,11 +1474,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {1}, journaltitle = {Nature Communications}, shortjournal = {Nat Commun}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {Zeides, P. and Bellmann-Sickert, K. and Zhang, Ru and Seel, C. J. and Most, V. and Schoeder, C. T. and Groll, M. and Gulder, T.}, urldate = {2025-12-18}, date = {2025-02-28}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Biocatalysis, Enzyme mechanisms, Enzymes, Reaction mechanisms, X-ray crystallography}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/25LY9VR2/Zeides et al. - 2025 - Unraveling the molecular basis of substrate specificity and halogen activation in vanadium-dependent.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1497,11 +1494,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {848--854}, number = {7257}, journaltitle = {Nature}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {Butler, Alison and Sandy, Moriah}, urldate = {2025-12-18}, date = {2009-08}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary, Science}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/JFCQXFUV/Butler and Sandy - 2009 - Mechanistic considerations of halogenating enzymes.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1608,7 +1605,6 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, shortjournal = {Biol Chem}, author = {Messerschmidt, A. and Prade, L. and Wever, R.}, date = {1997}, - pmid = {9165086}, keywords = {Binding Sites, Catalysis, Chloride Peroxidase, Crystallography, X-Ray, Fourier Analysis, Hydrogen Bonding, Mitosporic Fungi, Models, Molecular, Peroxides, Protein Conformation, Vanadium Compounds}, file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/4GWB9BG7/Messerschmidt et al. - 1997 - Implications for the catalytic mechanism of the vanadium-containing enzyme chloroperoxidase from the.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1660,11 +1656,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {632--636}, number = {6889}, journaltitle = {Nature}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {O'Dowd, Colin D. and Jimenez, Jose L. and Bahreini, Roya and Flagan, Richard C. and Seinfeld, John H. and Hämeri, Kaarle and Pirjola, Liisa and Kulmala, Markku and Jennings, S. Gerard and Hoffmann, Thorsten}, urldate = {2025-12-19}, date = {2002-06}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary, Science}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/8TFSBCI4/O'Dowd et al. - 2002 - Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1679,10 +1675,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {6069--6084}, number = {20}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Gilfedder, B. S. and Lai, S. C. and Petri, M. and Biester, H. and Hoffmann, T.}, urldate = {2025-12-19}, date = {2008-10-21}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/B9WCYLXU/Gilfedder et al. - 2008 - Iodine speciation in rain, snow and aerosols.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1698,11 +1694,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {1}, journaltitle = {Nature Communications}, shortjournal = {Nat Commun}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {Cuevas, Carlos A. and Maffezzoli, Niccolò and Corella, Juan Pablo and Spolaor, Andrea and Vallelonga, Paul and Kjær, Helle A. and Simonsen, Marius and Winstrup, Mai and Vinther, Bo and Horvat, Christopher and Fernandez, Rafael P. and Kinnison, Douglas and Lamarque, Jean-François and Barbante, Carlo and Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso}, urldate = {2025-12-20}, date = {2018-04-13}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Atmospheric chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/RAYIHXSB/Cuevas et al. - 2018 - Rapid increase in atmospheric iodine levels in the North Atlantic since the mid-20th century.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1716,10 +1712,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {589--595}, number = {6529}, journaltitle = {Science}, + publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, author = {He, Xu-Cheng and Tham, Yee Jun and Dada, Lubna and Wang, Mingyi and Finkenzeller, Henning and Stolzenburg, Dominik and Iyer, Siddharth and Simon, Mario and Kürten, Andreas and Shen, Jiali and Rörup, Birte and Rissanen, Matti and Schobesberger, Siegfried and Baalbaki, Rima and Wang, Dongyu S. and Koenig, Theodore K. and Jokinen, Tuija and Sarnela, Nina and Beck, Lisa J. and Almeida, João and Amanatidis, Stavros and Amorim, António and Ataei, Farnoush and Baccarini, Andrea and Bertozzi, Barbara and Bianchi, Federico and Brilke, Sophia and Caudillo, Lucía and Chen, Dexian and Chiu, Randall and Chu, Biwu and Dias, António and Ding, Aijun and Dommen, Josef and Duplissy, Jonathan and El Haddad, Imad and Gonzalez Carracedo, Loïc and Granzin, Manuel and Hansel, Armin and Heinritzi, Martin and Hofbauer, Victoria and Junninen, Heikki and Kangasluoma, Juha and Kemppainen, Deniz and Kim, Changhyuk and Kong, Weimeng and Krechmer, Jordan E. and Kvashin, Aleksander and Laitinen, Totti and Lamkaddam, Houssni and Lee, Chuan Ping and Lehtipalo, Katrianne and Leiminger, Markus and Li, Zijun and Makhmutov, Vladimir and Manninen, Hanna E. and Marie, Guillaume and Marten, Ruby and Mathot, Serge and Mauldin, Roy L. and Mentler, Bernhard and Möhler, Ottmar and Müller, Tatjana and Nie, Wei and Onnela, Antti and Petäjä, Tuukka and Pfeifer, Joschka and Philippov, Maxim and Ranjithkumar, Ananth and Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso and Salma, Imre and Scholz, Wiebke and Schuchmann, Simone and Schulze, Benjamin and Steiner, Gerhard and Stozhkov, Yuri and Tauber, Christian and Tomé, António and Thakur, Roseline C. and Väisänen, Olli and Vazquez-Pufleau, Miguel and Wagner, Andrea C. and Wang, Yonghong and Weber, Stefan K. and Winkler, Paul M. and Wu, Yusheng and Xiao, Mao and Yan, Chao and Ye, Qing and Ylisirniö, Arttu and Zauner-Wieczorek, Marcel and Zha, Qiaozhi and Zhou, Putian and Flagan, Richard C. and Curtius, Joachim and Baltensperger, Urs and Kulmala, Markku and Kerminen, Veli-Matti and Kurtén, Theo and Donahue, Neil M. and Volkamer, Rainer and Kirkby, Jasper and Worsnop, Douglas R. and Sipilä, Mikko}, urldate = {2025-12-20}, date = {2021-02-05}, - note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/D7Z3SXVJ/He et al. - 2021 - Role of iodine oxoacids in atmospheric aerosol nucleation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1732,10 +1728,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, abstract = {The transformation between iodate ({IO}3-), the thermodynamically stable form of iodine, and iodide (I-), the kinetically stable form of iodine, has received much attention because these species are often dependent on the oxygen concentration, which ranges from saturation to non-detectable in the ocean. As suboxic conditions in the ocean’s major oxygen minimum zones indicate that {IO}3- is minimal or non-detectable, the incorporation of {IO}3- into carbonate minerals has been used as a redox proxy to determine the O2 state of the ocean. Here, I look at the one and two electron transfers between iodine species with a variety of oxidants and reductants to show thermodynamics of these transformations. The {IO}3- to {IO}2- conversion is shown to be the controlling step in the reduction reaction sequence due to thermodynamic considerations. As {IO}3- reduction to {IO}2- is more favorable than {NO}3- reduction to {NO}2- at oceanic {pH} values, there is no need for nitrate reductase for {IO}3- reduction as other reductants (e.g. Fe2+, Mn2+) and dissimilatory {IO}3– reduction by microbes during organic matter decomposition can affect the transformation. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information on the kinetics of reductants with {IO}3-; thus, the thermodynamic calculations suggest avenues for research. Conversely, there is significant information on the kinetics of I- oxidation with various oxygen species. In the environment, I- oxidation is the controlling step for oxidation. The oxidants that can lead to {IO}3- are reactive oxygen species with O3 and •{OH} being the most potent as well as sedimentary oxidized Mn, which occurs at lower {pH} than ocean waters. Recent work has shown that iodide oxidizing bacteria can also form {IO}3-. I- oxidation is more facile at the sea surface microlayer and in the atmosphere due to O3.}, journaltitle = {Frontiers in Marine Science}, shortjournal = {Front. Mar. Sci.}, + publisher = {Frontiers}, author = {Luther, George W.}, urldate = {2025-12-20}, date = {2023-02-15}, - note = {Publisher: Frontiers}, keywords = {Iodate, Iodide, iodine intermediates, Oxidation, Reduction, Thermodynamics}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/JYJTWFIM/Luther - 2023 - Review on the physical chemistry of iodine transformations in the oceans.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1786,11 +1782,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {2}, journaltitle = {Nature Geoscience}, shortjournal = {Nature Geosci}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {Carpenter, Lucy J. and {MacDonald}, Samantha M. and Shaw, Marvin D. and Kumar, Ravi and Saunders, Russell W. and Parthipan, Rajendran and Wilson, Julie and Plane, John M. C.}, urldate = {2025-12-20}, date = {2013-02}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Atmospheric chemistry, Biogeochemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/FLGJMTLQ/Carpenter et al. - 2013 - Atmospheric iodine levels influenced by sea surface emissions of inorganic iodine.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1811,7 +1807,7 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, date = {2016}, langid = {english}, note = {\_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2016GL070062}, - keywords = {aerosol, dimethyl sulfide, {DMS}, iodine, marine boundary layer, sulfate}, + keywords = {iodine, aerosol, dimethyl sulfide, {DMS}, marine boundary layer, sulfate}, file = {Full Text:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/Q3UJU7IR/Sherwen et al. - 2016 - Global modeling of tropospheric iodine aerosol.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/FVLAGP3X/2016GL070062.html:text/html}, } @@ -1844,10 +1840,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {eabj6544}, number = {52}, journaltitle = {Science Advances}, + publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, author = {Koenig, Theodore K. and Volkamer, Rainer and Apel, Eric C. and Bresch, James F. and Cuevas, Carlos A. and Dix, Barbara and Eloranta, Edwin W. and Fernandez, Rafael P. and Hall, Samuel R. and Hornbrook, Rebecca S. and Pierce, R. Bradley and Reeves, J. Michael and Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso and Ullmann, Kirk}, urldate = {2025-12-20}, date = {2021-12-22}, - note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/BL8CCXZJ/Koenig et al. - 2021 - Ozone depletion due to dust release of iodine in the free troposphere.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1861,10 +1857,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {4611--4624}, number = {10}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Mahajan, A. S. and Plane, J. M. C. and Oetjen, H. and Mendes, L. and Saunders, R. W. and Saiz-Lopez, A. and Jones, C. E. and Carpenter, L. J. and {McFiggans}, G. B.}, urldate = {2025-12-20}, date = {2010-05-19}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/WPW34K7K/Mahajan et al. - 2010 - Measurement and modelling of tropospheric reactive halogen species over the tropical Atlantic Ocean.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1879,10 +1875,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {19}, journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Pillar-Little, Elizabeth A. and Guzman, Marcelo I. and Rodriguez, Jose M.}, urldate = {2025-12-20}, date = {2013-10-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/9RVZL4ES/Pillar-Little et al. - 2013 - Conversion of Iodide to Hypoiodous Acid and Iodine in Aqueous Microdroplets Exposed to Ozone.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1897,10 +1893,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {33}, journaltitle = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry A}, shortjournal = {J. Phys. Chem. A}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Bloss, William J. and Rowley, David M. and Cox, R. Anthony and Jones, Roderic L.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2001-08-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/I3QAU5ZR/Bloss et al. - 2001 - Kinetics and Products of the IO Self-Reaction.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1914,14 +1910,14 @@ ozone and reacts further to form aerosols. Here, we report ...}, pages = {2035--2040}, number = {6}, journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Dix, Barbara and Baidar, Sunil and Bresch, James F. and Hall, Samuel R. and Schmidt, K. Sebastian and Wang, Siyuan and Volkamer, Rainer}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2013-02-05}, note = {Company: National Academy of Sciences Distributor: National Academy of Sciences Institution: National Academy of Sciences -Label: National Academy of Sciences -Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, +Label: National Academy of Sciences}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/DYIJVE5I/Dix et al. - 2013 - Detection of iodine monoxide in the tropical free troposphere.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1937,11 +1933,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {1}, journaltitle = {Nature Chemistry}, shortjournal = {Nat. Chem.}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {Finkenzeller, Henning and Iyer, Siddharth and He, Xu-Cheng and Simon, Mario and Koenig, Theodore K. and Lee, Christopher F. and Valiev, Rashid and Hofbauer, Victoria and Amorim, Antonio and Baalbaki, Rima and Baccarini, Andrea and Beck, Lisa and Bell, David M. and Caudillo, Lucía and Chen, Dexian and Chiu, Randall and Chu, Biwu and Dada, Lubna and Duplissy, Jonathan and Heinritzi, Martin and Kemppainen, Deniz and Kim, Changhyuk and Krechmer, Jordan and Kürten, Andreas and Kvashnin, Alexandr and Lamkaddam, Houssni and Lee, Chuan Ping and Lehtipalo, Katrianne and Li, Zijun and Makhmutov, Vladimir and Manninen, Hanna E. and Marie, Guillaume and Marten, Ruby and Mauldin, Roy L. and Mentler, Bernhard and Müller, Tatjana and Petäjä, Tuukka and Philippov, Maxim and Ranjithkumar, Ananth and Rörup, Birte and Shen, Jiali and Stolzenburg, Dominik and Tauber, Christian and Tham, Yee Jun and Tomé, António and Vazquez-Pufleau, Miguel and Wagner, Andrea C. and Wang, Dongyu S. and Wang, Mingyi and Wang, Yonghong and Weber, Stefan K. and Nie, Wei and Wu, Yusheng and Xiao, Mao and Ye, Qing and Zauner-Wieczorek, Marcel and Hansel, Armin and Baltensperger, Urs and Brioude, Jérome and Curtius, Joachim and Donahue, Neil M. and Haddad, Imad El and Flagan, Richard C. and Kulmala, Markku and Kirkby, Jasper and Sipilä, Mikko and Worsnop, Douglas R. and Kurten, Theo and Rissanen, Matti and Volkamer, Rainer}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2023-01}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Atmospheric chemistry, Photochemistry, Physical chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/2E69UCZS/Finkenzeller et al. - 2023 - The gas-phase formation mechanism of iodic acid as an atmospheric aerosol source.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1958,10 +1954,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {12}, journaltitle = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry A}, shortjournal = {J. Phys. Chem. A}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Oldridge, N. W. and Abbatt, J. P. D.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2011-03-31}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/NIUXDZB5/Oldridge and Abbatt - 2011 - Formation of Gas-Phase Bromine from Interaction of Ozone with Frozen and Liquid NaClNaBr Solutions.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -1977,10 +1973,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {21}, journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Saunders, Russell W. and Kumar, Ravi and {MacDonald}, Samantha M. and Plane, John M. C.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2012-11-06}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/IZ68AN68/Saunders et al. - 2012 - Insights into the Photochemical Transformation of Iodine in Aqueous Systems Humic Acid Photosensiti.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2047,10 +2043,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {10}, journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Cooper, William J. and Zika, Rod G. and Petasne, Robert G. and Plane, John M. C.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {1988-10-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/8DDDFXRB/Cooper et al. - 1988 - Photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in natural waters exposed to sunlight.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2065,10 +2061,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {729--753}, number = {3}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Graber, E. R. and Rudich, Y.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2006-03-06}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/6CL4KKX7/Graber and Rudich - 2006 - Atmospheric HULIS How humic-like are they A comprehensive and critical review.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2081,11 +2077,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {151--164}, number = {2}, journaltitle = {Environmental Science: Processes \& Impacts}, + publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {A. Al-Abadleh, Hind and D. Kubicki, James and Meskhidze, Nicholas}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2023}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/Z5AWY5F9/A. Al-Abadleh et al. - 2023 - A perspective on iron (Fe) in the atmosphere air quality, climate, and the ocean.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2099,10 +2095,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {315--338}, number = {1}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Dou, Jing and Alpert, Peter A. and Corral Arroyo, Pablo and Luo, Beiping and Schneider, Frederic and Xto, Jacinta and Huthwelker, Thomas and Borca, Camelia N. and Henzler, Katja D. and Raabe, Jörg and Watts, Benjamin and Herrmann, Hartmut and Peter, Thomas and Ammann, Markus and Krieger, Ulrich K.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2021-01-13}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/B9FMPQAB/Dou et al. - 2021 - Photochemical degradation of iron(III) citratecitric acid aerosol quantified with the combination o.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2116,10 +2112,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {20}, journaltitle = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters}, shortjournal = {J. Phys. Chem. Lett.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Crounse, John D. and Nielsen, Lasse B. and Jørgensen, Solvejg and Kjaergaard, Henrik G. and Wennberg, Paul O.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2013-10-17}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/22VDR2GC/Crounse et al. - 2013 - Autoxidation of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2134,10 +2130,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {37}, journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry}, shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Bell, David M. and Zhang, Jun and Top, Jens and Bogler, Sophie and Surdu, Mihnea and Slowik, Jay G. and Prevot, Andre S. H. and El Haddad, Imad}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2023-09-19}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/PGANZJH2/Bell et al. - 2023 - Sensitivity Constraints of Extractive Electrospray for a Model System and Secondary Organic Aerosol.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2151,10 +2147,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {4987--5005}, number = {14}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Carlton, A. G. and Wiedinmyer, C. and Kroll, J. H.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2009-07-27}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/K2TYY3XI/Carlton et al. - 2009 - A review of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2168,10 +2164,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {3181--3210}, number = {11}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Guenther, A. and Karl, T. and Harley, P. and Wiedinmyer, C. and Palmer, P. I. and Geron, C.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2006-08-02}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/2ZJBQFMF/Guenther et al. - 2006 - Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aero.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2185,10 +2181,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {12}, journaltitle = {Chemical Reviews}, shortjournal = {Chem. Rev.}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Atkinson, Roger and Arey, Janet}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2003-12-01}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/4TE8ABLY/Atkinson and Arey - 2003 - Atmospheric Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2222,10 +2218,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {1471--1492}, number = {6}, journaltitle = {Geoscientific Model Development}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Guenther, A. B. and Jiang, X. and Heald, C. L. and Sakulyanontvittaya, T. and Duhl, T. and Emmons, L. K. and Wang, X.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2012-11-26}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/ACA4W5KU/Guenther et al. - 2012 - The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1) an extended and upd.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2259,10 +2255,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {5155--5236}, number = {14}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Hallquist, M. and Wenger, J. C. and Baltensperger, U. and Rudich, Y. and Simpson, D. and Claeys, M. and Dommen, J. and Donahue, N. M. and George, C. and Goldstein, A. H. and Hamilton, J. F. and Herrmann, H. and Hoffmann, T. and Iinuma, Y. and Jang, M. and Jenkin, M. E. and Jimenez, J. L. and Kiendler-Scharr, A. and Maenhaut, W. and {McFiggans}, G. and Mentel, Th F. and Monod, A. and Prévôt, A. S. H. and Seinfeld, J. H. and Surratt, J. D. and Szmigielski, R. and Wildt, J.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2009-07-29}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/D2GMK6BZ/Hallquist et al. - 2009 - The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol current and emerging issues.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2277,11 +2273,11 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {476--479}, number = {7489}, journaltitle = {Nature}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {Ehn, Mikael and Thornton, Joel A. and Kleist, Einhard and Sipilä, Mikko and Junninen, Heikki and Pullinen, Iida and Springer, Monika and Rubach, Florian and Tillmann, Ralf and Lee, Ben and Lopez-Hilfiker, Felipe and Andres, Stefanie and Acir, Ismail-Hakki and Rissanen, Matti and Jokinen, Tuija and Schobesberger, Siegfried and Kangasluoma, Juha and Kontkanen, Jenni and Nieminen, Tuomo and Kurtén, Theo and Nielsen, Lasse B. and Jørgensen, Solvejg and Kjaergaard, Henrik G. and Canagaratna, Manjula and Maso, Miikka Dal and Berndt, Torsten and Petäjä, Tuukka and Wahner, Andreas and Kerminen, Veli-Matti and Kulmala, Markku and Worsnop, Douglas R. and Wildt, Jürgen and Mentel, Thomas F.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2014-02}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Atmospheric chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/K84688XX/Ehn et al. - 2014 - A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2297,14 +2293,14 @@ secondary organic aerosol ({SOA}) burden and the production of a...}, pages = {7123--7128}, number = {23}, journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Jokinen, Tuija and Berndt, Torsten and Makkonen, Risto and Kerminen, Veli-Matti and Junninen, Heikki and Paasonen, Pauli and Stratmann, Frank and Herrmann, Hartmut and Guenther, Alex B. and Worsnop, Douglas R. and Kulmala, Markku and Ehn, Mikael and Sipilä, Mikko}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2015-06-09}, note = {Company: National Academy of Sciences Distributor: National Academy of Sciences Institution: National Academy of Sciences -Label: National Academy of Sciences -Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, +Label: National Academy of Sciences}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/E67KQE5P/Jokinen et al. - 2015 - Production of extremely low volatile organic compounds from biogenic emissions Measured yields and.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2318,10 +2314,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {4117--4140}, number = {14}, journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, author = {Ng, N. L. and Kwan, A. J. and Surratt, J. D. and Chan, A. W. H. and Chhabra, P. S. and Sorooshian, A. and Pye, H. O. T. and Crounse, J. D. and Wennberg, P. O. and Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2008-08-01}, - note = {Publisher: Copernicus {GmbH}}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/NTQC2U2Z/Ng et al. - 2008 - Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from reaction of isoprene with nitrate radicals (NO3.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2336,12 +2332,12 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, pages = {521--526}, number = {7604}, journaltitle = {Nature}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, author = {Kirkby, Jasper and Duplissy, Jonathan and Sengupta, Kamalika and Frege, Carla and Gordon, Hamish and Williamson, Christina and Heinritzi, Martin and Simon, Mario and Yan, Chao and Almeida, João and Tröstl, Jasmin and Nieminen, Tuomo and Ortega, Ismael K. and Wagner, Robert and Adamov, Alexey and Amorim, Antonio and Bernhammer, Anne-Kathrin and Bianchi, Federico and Breitenlechner, Martin and Brilke, Sophia and Chen, Xuemeng and Craven, Jill and Dias, Antonio and Ehrhart, Sebastian and Flagan, Richard C. and Franchin, Alessandro and Fuchs, Claudia and Guida, Roberto and Hakala, Jani and Hoyle, Christopher R. and Jokinen, Tuija and Junninen, Heikki and Kangasluoma, Juha and Kim, Jaeseok and Krapf, Manuel and Kürten, Andreas and Laaksonen, Ari and Lehtipalo, Katrianne and Makhmutov, Vladimir and Mathot, Serge and Molteni, Ugo and Onnela, Antti and Peräkylä, Otso and Piel, Felix and Petäjä, Tuukka and Praplan, Arnaud P. and Pringle, Kirsty and Rap, Alexandru and Richards, Nigel A. D. and Riipinen, Ilona and Rissanen, Matti P. and Rondo, Linda and Sarnela, Nina and Schobesberger, Siegfried and Scott, Catherine E. and Seinfeld, John H. and Sipilä, Mikko and Steiner, Gerhard and Stozhkov, Yuri and Stratmann, Frank and Tomé, Antonio and Virtanen, Annele and Vogel, Alexander L. and Wagner, Andrea C. and Wagner, Paul E. and Weingartner, Ernest and Wimmer, Daniela and Winkler, Paul M. and Ye, Penglin and Zhang, Xuan and Hansel, Armin and Dommen, Josef and Donahue, Neil M. and Worsnop, Douglas R. and Baltensperger, Urs and Kulmala, Markku and Carslaw, Kenneth S. and Curtius, Joachim}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2016-05}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, - keywords = {Atmospheric chemistry, Climate-change impacts}, + keywords = {Climate-change impacts, Atmospheric chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/GFJIG2J5/Kirkby et al. - 2016 - Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2356,10 +2352,10 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {40}, journaltitle = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry A}, shortjournal = {J. Phys. Chem. A}, + publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Lienhard, Daniel M. and Bones, David L. and Zuend, Andreas and Krieger, Ulrich K. and Reid, Jonathan P. and Peter, Thomas}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2012-10-11}, - note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/5Y4XH46R/Lienhard et al. - 2012 - Measurements of Thermodynamic and Optical Properties of Selected Aqueous Organic and Organic–Inorgan.pdf:application/pdf}, } @@ -2374,16 +2370,16 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {31}, journaltitle = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics}, shortjournal = {Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.}, + publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, author = {Lienhard, Daniel M. and Huisman, Andrew J. and Bones, David L. and Te, Yiea-Funk and Luo, Bei P. and Krieger, Ulrich K. and Reid, Jonathan P.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2014-07-16}, langid = {english}, - note = {Publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/QMD9UZ8D/Lienhard et al. - 2014 - Retrieving the translational diffusion coefficient of water from experiments on single levitated aer.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{e_jenkin_development_2000, - title = {Development and application of a possible mechanism for the generation of \textit{cis}-pinic acid from the ozonolysis of \ensuremath{\alpha}- and \ensuremath{\beta}-pinene}, + title = {Development and application of a possible mechanism for the generation of \textit{cis}-pinic acid from the ozonolysis of α- and β-pinene}, volume = {34}, issn = {1352-2310}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135223100000087X}, @@ -2396,7 +2392,7 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {E. Jenkin, Michael and Shallcross, Dudley E and Harvey, Jeremy N}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2000-01-01}, - keywords = {-Pinene, Acyl-oxy radicals, Carboxylic acids, Master chemical mechanism ({MCM}), Monoterpenes, Pinic acid, Secondary-organic aerosol, Tropospheric oxidation chemistry}, + keywords = {Monoterpenes, -Pinene, Acyl-oxy radicals, Carboxylic acids, Master chemical mechanism ({MCM}), Pinic acid, Secondary-organic aerosol, Tropospheric oxidation chemistry}, file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/J34RL4RT/E. Jenkin et al. - 2000 - Development and application of a possible mechanism for the generation of cis-pinic acid from.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/AP7475W9/S135223100000087X.html:text/html}, } @@ -2415,6 +2411,248 @@ Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Perri, Mark J. and Seitzinger, Sybil and Turpin, Barbara J.}, urldate = {2025-12-21}, date = {2009-03-01}, - keywords = {Cloud processing, Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, Glycolaldehyde, Glycolic acid, Isoprene, Malonic acid, Oligomer, Oxalic acid, Particulate matter, Secondary organic aerosol, Succinic acid}, + keywords = {Particulate matter, Cloud processing, Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, Glycolaldehyde, Glycolic acid, Isoprene, Malonic acid, Oligomer, Oxalic acid, Secondary organic aerosol, Succinic acid}, file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/RNBJ9E28/Perri et al. - 2009 - Secondary organic aerosol production from aqueous photooxidation of glycolaldehyde Laboratory exper.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/GQRTXYTA/S1352231008011096.html:text/html}, } + +@article{abrahamson_photochemical_1994, + title = {Photochemical and spectroscopic studies of complexes, of iron({III}) with citric acid and other carboxylic acids}, + volume = {226}, + issn = {0020-1693}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002016939404077X}, + doi = {10.1016/0020-1693(94)04077-X}, + abstract = {The quantum yields for the photoreduction of iron({III}) carboxylate complexes vary with the nature of the carboxylate ligand and solution {pH}. With [carboxylate]=0.05 M, [Fe({III})]=0.30 {mM} and {pH}=2.9, the quantum yields are in the order oxalate (0.32){\textgreater}tartrate{\textgreater}malate{\textgreater}citrate{\textgreater}isocitrate{\textgreater}succinate{\textgreater}formate (0.12). Fe({III}) acetate shows no photoactivity. The photoreduction of Fe({III}) to Fe({II}) is accompanied by the oxidative decarboxylation of the carboxylate ligand, and can even be observed in the solid state. The efficiency of the photoreduction reaction in solution depends on two factors: the {pH} and the initial ligand-to-metal ratio. For a lower ligand:Fe({III}) ratio (=5; [carboxylate]=0.0015 M, [Fe({III})]=0.30 {mM}) the order from highest to lowest is oxalate{\textgreater}tartrate{\textgreater}citrate{\textgreater}malate{\textgreater} isocitrate when the {pH} of the reaction media is 2.7. Increasing the {pH} to 4.0 leads to 50\% increases in the quantum yields for all listed carboxylates except oxalate, which decreases by 50\%. More detailed studies of {pH} and ligand/iron ratio were done using citric and isocitric acids. The {pH} dependence is interpreted in terms of a photoactive Fe({III}) citrate dimer formed above {pH} 2 and a photo-inactive monomer present between {pH} values of 0.5 and 3.0. Magnetic susceptibility data collected as a function of solution {pH} show that the paramagnetism of the iron carboxylate solutions decreases with increasing {pH}, presumably because of increased FeFe coupling. The organic intermediate in the photochemical decomposition of Fe({III}) citrate can be monitored by {HPLC} and is shown to be acetone dicarboxylic acid ({ADA}). The ultimate decarboxylation product of Fe({III}) citrate is acetone.}, + pages = {117--127}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Inorganica Chimica Acta}, + shortjournal = {Inorganica Chimica Acta}, + author = {Abrahamson, Harmon B. and Rezvani, Ahmad B. and Brushmiller, J. George}, + urldate = {2026-06-05}, + date = {1994-11-01}, + keywords = {Photochemistry, Carboxylic acid complexes, Iron complexes, Spectroscopy}, + file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/F8XC39WB/Abrahamson et al. - 1994 - Photochemical and spectroscopic studies of complexes, of iron(III) with citric acid and other carbox.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/VQB9CU48/002016939404077X.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{sima_photochemistry_1997, + title = {Photochemistry of iron ({III}) complexes}, + volume = {160}, + issn = {0010-8545}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010854596013215}, + doi = {10.1016/S0010-8545(96)01321-5}, + abstract = {In this paper, the photochemical properties of ferric complexes are reviewed. The complexes are classified according to the bonding properties of their ligands into classes with unidentate, chelating and macrocyclic ligands. Proteins containing the central atom Fe({III}), due to their peculiar properties, are discussed in a separate section. In addition to solution photochemistry, the photoredox processes occurring in microhetcrogeneous systems, polymer matrices and solid complexes are discussed. In each type of complex the main directions for photochemical research are specified and the current knowledge is evaluated. Practical aspects of the photochemistry of ferric complexes are documented.}, + pages = {161--189}, + journaltitle = {Coordination Chemistry Reviews}, + shortjournal = {Coordination Chemistry Reviews}, + author = {Šima, Jozef and Makáňová, Juliana}, + urldate = {2026-06-05}, + date = {1997-04-01}, + keywords = {Photochemistry, [15]{pyaneN}2,13-dimethyl-3,6,9,12,18-pentaazabicyclo-1 (18), 14,16-triene, [15]{pydicneN}, 2,13-dimethyl-3,6,9,12,18-pentaaza-bicyclo[12.3.1]octadcca-1(18),2,12,14,16-pentaene, 3-Clpy, 3-chloropyridine, acacen, dianion of -ethylenebis(acetyla-cetoncimine), benacen, dianion of -ethylenebis(benzoylacetoneimine), bpy, 2,2′-bipyridine, {CFC}, chlorofluorocarbon, cyt, cytochrome, debpy, 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′bipyridine, dib, 1,4-diisocyanobenzene, {DMF}, -dimethylformamide, {DMG}, anion of dimethylglyoxirne, {DMSO}, dimethylsulphoxide, edta, tetraanion of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, {ES}, excited state, {GS}, ground state, {HAOX}, 2-hydroxyacetophenonoximate anion, {HGl}, glucose, {IL}, intraligand, {IPCT}, ion pair charge transfer, Iron ({III} ) complexes, {LMCT}, ligand-to-metal charge transfer, Mb, myoglobin, {MMCT}, metal-to-metal charge transfer, {NADH}, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, {OEP}, dianion of octaethvlporphyrin, ox, oxalate dianion, Pc, dianion of phthalocyanine, phen, 1,10-phenanthroline, {PPh}, triphenylphosphine, py, pyridine, pyz, pyrazine, {RK}, anion of kojic acid derivatives, {SDS}, sodium dodecylsulphate, {TDCPP}, meso-tetra(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)porphyrin, {TdPc}, dianion of tetrakis(dodecylsulphonamido)phthalocyanine, {TIM}, 2,3,9,10-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradcca-1,3,8,10-tetraene, {TMPyP}, hexacation of tetrakis(-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrin, {TPP}, dianion of tetraphenylporphyrin, {TPPC}, hexaanion of tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin, {TPPS}, hexaanion of tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl)porphyrin, tz, tetrazine, {UroP}, decaanion of uroporphyrin}, + file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/GURZICCH/Šima and Makáňová - 1997 - Photochemistry of iron (III) complexes.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/QJSAUZI2/S0010854596013215.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{mutzel_monoterpene_2016, + title = {Monoterpene {SOA} – Contribution of first-generation oxidation products to formation and chemical composition}, + volume = {130}, + issn = {1352-2310}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231015304969}, + doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.080}, + series = {Chemical Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol - Dedication to Professor Claeys}, + abstract = {Investigation of the consecutive reactions of first-generation terpene oxidation products provides insight into the formation of secondary organic aerosol ({SOA}). To this end, {OH} radical reactions with α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene were examined along with the {OH}-oxidation of nopinone as a β-pinene oxidation product and pinonaldehyde and myrtenal as α-pinene oxidation products. The {SOA} yield of β-pinene (0.50) was much higher than that of α-pinene (0.35) and the limonene/{OH} system (0.30). This is opposite to the ozonolysis {SOA} yields described in the literature. The growth curve of {SOA} from β-pinene shows the contribution of secondary reactions, such as further reaction of nopinone. This contribution (17\%) and the high {SOA} yield of nopinone (0.24) might lead to the high {SOA} formation potential observed for β-pinene. The majority of the C9 oxidation products observed from β-pinene can be attributed to the consecutive reaction of nopinone, whereas in the case of pinonaldehyde, only a few α-pinene oxidation products were identified. Nopinone contributes significantly to the formation of pinic acid (51\%), homoterpenylic acid (74\%), and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butane-tricarboxylic acid ({MBTCA}, 88\%) during β-pinene oxidation. The oxidation of pinonaldehyde was expected to produce important {SOA} markers, but only negligible amounts were identified. This indicates that their formation by oxidation of α-pinene must proceed via different pathways from the further oxidation of pinonaldehyde. Only pinonic acid and {MBTCA} were found in considerable amounts and were formed in α-pinene oxidation with 57\% yield, while that for the pinonaldehyde/{OH} reaction was 33\%. The lack of important {SOA} marker compounds might cause the low {SOA} yield (0.07) observed for pinonaldehyde. Based on the low {SOA} yield, pinonaldehyde contributes only 4.5\% to α-pinene {SOA}. Myrtenal was identified among the gas-phase products of α-pinene oxidation. A majority of α-pinene {SOA} marker compounds was indeed formed by myrtenal oxidation, especially terebic acid (84\%), pinic acid (76\%), and diaterpenylic acid acetate ({DTAA}; 40\%). In general, the contribution of myrtenal to α-pinene {SOA} is estimated to be as high as 23\%. Among the detected compounds, homoterpenylic acid was positively identified as a new {SOA} marker compound, which was formed from β-pinene/{OH} and nopinone/{OH} but not from α-pinene/{OH}. A new reaction pathway yielding {MBTCA} was also identified in the β-pinene/{OH} system formed by the oxidation of nopinone, while in the case of α-pinene, the oxidation of pinonaldehyde yielded {MBTCA}.}, + pages = {136--144}, + journaltitle = {Atmospheric Environment}, + shortjournal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Mutzel, Anke and Rodigast, Maria and Iinuma, Yoshiteru and Böge, Olaf and Herrmann, Hartmut}, + urldate = {2026-09-14}, + date = {2016-04-01}, + keywords = {Carbonyl compounds, Chemical characterization, Monoterpene, Secondary organic aerosol ({SOA})}, + file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/Q7HALCKI/Mutzel et al. - 2016 - Monoterpene SOA – Contribution of first-generation oxidation products to formation and chemical comp.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/7EI75Y8U/S1352231015304969.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{zhang_monoterpenes_2018, + title = {Monoterpenes are the largest source of summertime organic aerosol in the southeastern United States}, + volume = {115}, + url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1717513115}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1717513115}, + abstract = {The chemical complexity of atmospheric organic aerosol ({OA}) has caused substantial +uncertainties in understanding its origins and environmental imp...}, + pages = {2038--2043}, + number = {9}, + journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + author = {Zhang, Haofei and Yee, Lindsay D. and Lee, Ben H. and Curtis, Michael P. and Worton, David R. and Isaacman-{VanWertz}, Gabriel and Offenberg, John H. and Lewandowski, Michael and Kleindienst, Tadeusz E. and Beaver, Melinda R. and Holder, Amara L. and Lonneman, William A. and Docherty, Kenneth S. and Jaoui, Mohammed and Pye, Havala O. T. and Hu, Weiwei and Day, Douglas A. and Campuzano-Jost, Pedro and Jimenez, Jose L. and Guo, Hongyu and Weber, Rodney J. and de Gouw, Joost and Koss, Abigail R. and Edgerton, Eric S. and Brune, William and Mohr, Claudia and Lopez-Hilfiker, Felipe D. and Lutz, Anna and Kreisberg, Nathan M. and Spielman, Steve R. and Hering, Susanne V. and Wilson, Kevin R. and Thornton, Joel A. and Goldstein, Allen H.}, + urldate = {2026-09-14}, + date = {2018-02-27}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/SUFQV3EC/Zhang et al. - 2018 - Monoterpenes are the largest source of summertime organic aerosol in the southeastern United States.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{gkatzelis_gas--particle_2018, + title = {Gas-to-particle partitioning of major biogenic oxidation products: a study on freshly formed and aged biogenic {SOA}}, + volume = {18}, + issn = {1680-7316}, + url = {https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/18/12969/2018/}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-18-12969-2018}, + shorttitle = {Gas-to-particle partitioning of major biogenic oxidation products}, + abstract = {Secondary organic aerosols ({SOAs}) play a key role in climate change and air quality. Determining the fundamental parameters that distribute organic compounds between the phases is essential, as atmospheric lifetime and impacts change drastically between the gas and particle phase. In this work, gas-to-particle partitioning of major biogenic oxidation products was investigated using three different aerosol chemical characterization techniques. The aerosol collection module, the collection thermal desorption unit, and the chemical analysis of aerosols online are different aerosol sampling inlets connected to a proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer ({ACM}-{PTR}-{ToF}-{MS}, {TD}-{PTR}-{ToF}-{MS}, and {CHARON}-{PTR}-{ToF}-{MS}, respectively, referred to hereafter as {ACM}, {TD}, and {CHARON}). These techniques were deployed at the atmosphere simulation chamber {SAPHIR} to perform experiments on the {SOA} formation and aging from different monoterpenes (β-pinene, limonene) and real plant emissions (Pinus sylvestris L.). The saturation mass concentration C* and thus the volatility of the individual ions was determined based on the simultaneous measurement of their signal in the gas and particle phase. + + A method to identify and exclude ions affected by thermal dissociation during desorption and ionic dissociation in the ionization chamber of the proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer ({PTR}-{MS}) was developed and tested for each technique. Narrow volatility distributions with organic compounds in the semi-volatile ({SVOCs} – semi-volatile organic compounds) to intermediate-volatility ({IVOCs} – intermediate-volatility organic compounds) regime were found for all systems studied. Despite significant differences in the aerosol collection and desorption methods of the proton-transfer-reaction ({PTR})-based techniques, a comparison of the C* values obtained with different techniques was found to be in good agreement (within 1 order of magnitude) with deviations explained by the different operating conditions of the {PTR}-{MS}. + + The C* of the identified organic compounds were mapped onto the two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-{VBS}), and results showed a decrease in C* with increasing oxidation state. For all experiments conducted in this study, identified partitioning organic compounds accounted for 20–30\ \% of the total organic mass measured from an aerosol mass spectrometer ({AMS}). Further comparison between observations and theoretical calculations was performed for species found in our experiments that were also identified in previous publications. Theoretical calculations based on the molecular structure of the compounds showed, within the uncertainties ranges, good agreement with the experimental C* for most {SVOCs}, while {IVOCs} deviated by up to a factor of 300. These latter differences are discussed in relation to two main processes affecting these systems: (i) possible interferences by thermal and ionic fragmentation of higher molecular-weight compounds, produced by accretion and oligomerization reactions, that fragment in the m∕z range detected by the {PTR}-{MS} and (ii) kinetic influences in the distribution between the gas and particle phase with gas-phase condensation, diffusion in the particle phase, and irreversible uptake.}, + pages = {12969--12989}, + number = {17}, + journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, + author = {Gkatzelis, Georgios I. and Hohaus, Thorsten and Tillmann, Ralf and Gensch, Iulia and Müller, Markus and Eichler, Philipp and Xu, Kang-Ming and Schlag, Patrick and Schmitt, Sebastian H. and Yu, Zhujun and Wegener, Robert and Kaminski, Martin and Holzinger, Rupert and Wisthaler, Armin and Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid}, + urldate = {2026-09-14}, + date = {2018-09-10}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/CU8QCH8B/Gkatzelis et al. - 2018 - Gas-to-particle partitioning of major biogenic oxidation products a study on freshly formed and age.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{watne_ozone_2017, + title = {Ozone and {OH}-induced oxidation of monoterpenes: Changes in the thermal properties of secondary organic aerosol ({SOA})}, + volume = {114}, + issn = {0021-8502}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850216303123}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.08.011}, + shorttitle = {Ozone and {OH}-induced oxidation of monoterpenes}, + abstract = {The behaviour of secondary organic aerosols ({SOA}) in the atmosphere is highly dependent on their thermal properties. Here we investigate the volatility of {SOA} formed from α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene upon ozone- and {OH}-induced oxidation, and the effect of {OH}-induced ageing on the initially produced {SOA}. For all three terpenes, the ozone-induced {SOA} was less volatile than the {OH}-induced {SOA}. The thermal properties of the {SOA} were described using three parameters extracted from the volatility measurements: the temperature at which 50\% of the volume has evaporated ({TVFR}0.5), which is used as a general volatility indicator; a slope factor ({SVFR}), which describes the volatility distribution; and {TVFR}0.1, which measures the volatility of the least volatile particle fraction. Limonene-derived {SOA} generally had higher {TVFR}0.5 values and shallower slopes than {SOA} derived from α- and β-pinene. This was especially true for the ozone-induced {SOA}, partially because the ozonolysis of limonene has a strong tendency to cause {SOA} formation and to produce extremely low volatility {VOCs} ({ELVOCs}). Ageing by {OH} exposure did not reduce {TVFR}0.5 for any of the studied terpenes but did increase the breadth of the volatility distribution by increasing the aerosols’ heterogeneity and contents of substances with different vapour pressures, also leading to increases in {TVFR}0.1. This stands in contrast to previously reported results from smog chamber experiments, in which {TVFR}0.5 always increased with ageing. These results demonstrate that there are two opposing processes that influence the evolution of {SOAs}’ thermal properties as they age, and that results from both flow reactors and static chambers are needed to fully understand the temporal evolution of atmospheric {SOA}’ thermal properties.}, + pages = {31--41}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Aerosol Science}, + shortjournal = {Journal of Aerosol Science}, + author = {Watne, Ågot K. and Westerlund, Jonathan and Hallquist, Åsa M. and Brune, William H. and Hallquist, Mattias}, + urldate = {2026-09-14}, + date = {2017-12-01}, + keywords = {{ELVOC}, Flow reactor, Oxidative ageing, {PAM}, Terpenes, Volatility}, + file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/U54TE7NG/Watne et al. - 2017 - Ozone and OH-induced oxidation of monoterpenes Changes in the thermal properties of secondary organ.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/WL44FQEY/S0021850216303123.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/MAAQK8BT/Watne et al. - 2017 - Ozone and OH-induced oxidation of monoterpenes Changes in the thermal properties of secondary organ.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{presto_secondary_2005, + title = {Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Terpene Ozonolysis. 1. Effect of {UV} Radiation}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {0013-936X}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/es050174m}, + doi = {10.1021/es050174m}, + abstract = {We report secondary organic aerosol ({SOA}) yields from +the ozonolysis of α-pinene under both dark and {UV}-illuminated +conditions. Exposure to {UV} light reduces {SOA} yield by 20−40\%, with a maximum reduction in yield coinciding with +a minimum in the amount of terpene consumed (15−30 ppb). +The data are consistent with a constant absolute reduction +in the yield of ∼0.03. Gas chromatography mass +spectrometry analysis of filter samples indicates that the +major products found in α-pinene {SOA} include organic acids +(e.g., pinic acid), keto acids (e.g., pinonic acid), and +hydroxy keto acids (e.g., 10-hydroxypinonic acid). Analysis +of filter-based results suggests that yield reduction is a +result of the formation of a more volatile product distribution +when experiments are conducted in the presence of {UV} +light. These results imply that previous “dark bag” experiments +may overestimate {SOA} generation from monoterpenes +and also that {SOA} generation in the atmosphere may depend +significantly on actinic flux.}, + pages = {7036--7045}, + number = {18}, + journaltitle = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, + shortjournal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.}, + author = {Presto, Albert A. and Huff Hartz, Kara E. and Donahue, Neil M.}, + urldate = {2026-09-15}, + date = {2005-08-16}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/UZ6ANAKX/Presto et al. - 2005 - Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Terpene Ozonolysis. 1. Effect of UV Radiation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/L7TSW537/es050174m.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{khalaj_aerosol_2025, + title = {Aerosol chemistry of oxygenated terpenes in simple and complex chemical systems}, + volume = {59}, + issn = {0278-6826}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2024.2427283}, + doi = {10.1080/02786826.2024.2427283}, + abstract = {Terrestrial vegetation emits complex mixtures of highly reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds ({BVOCs}) that contribute to secondary organic aerosol ({SOA}) formation. The aerosol chemistry of many {BVOCs} remains unexplored. Oxygenated monoterpenes are one class of {BVOCs} that comprise a large proportion of woody shrub emission profiles and can also be induced after stress exposure. In this work, {SOA} was generated from the photooxidation of oxygenated monoterpenes in an oxidation flow reactor and compared to {SOA} generated from a reference cyclic terpene—α-pinene. The oxygenated terpenes used as {SOA} precursors included camphor (C10H16O), borneol (C10H18O), 1,8-cineole (C10H18O), and bornyl acetate (C12H20O2). Results show that {SOA} mass yields from oxygenated terpenes were usually greater than or equal to α-pinene except for bornyl acetate, which had the lowest yields. {SOA} composition measured offline with liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry ({UHPLC}-{ESI}-{HRMS}) was used to compare the different {SOA} types. Additionally, the composition of {SOA} generated from emissions of two coastal sage shrubs, with emissions dominated by oxygenated terpenes, was compared with {SOA} formed from single component standards using aerosol mass spectrometry. The composition of 1,8-cineole {SOA} was most dissimilar from the other types of {SOA}. Additionally, {SOA} generated from real plant emissions of two different species was more similar in composition to one another than to the {SOA} generated from the individual components, suggesting non-linearity of the chemistry of {BVOC} mixtures. These results highlight the importance of biogenic {SOA} studies using complex mixtures that are more representative of real plant emissions.}, + pages = {470--486}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {Aerosol Science and Technology}, + publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, + author = {Khalaj, Farzaneh and Gu, Shan and Mehra, Archit and Williams, Leah R. and Krechmer, Jordan and Lambe, Andrew and Perraud, Veronique and Faiola, Celia L.}, + urldate = {2026-09-15}, + date = {2025-04-03}, + keywords = {Nicole Riemer}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/UVTCBIW9/Khalaj et al. - 2025 - Aerosol chemistry of oxygenated terpenes in simple and complex chemical systems.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{hantson_global_2017, + title = {Global isoprene and monoterpene emissions under changing climate, vegetation, {CO}2 and land use}, + volume = {155}, + issn = {1352-2310}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017300808}, + doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.02.010}, + abstract = {Plants emit large quantities of isoprene and monoterpenes, the main components of global biogenic volatile organic compound ({BVOC}) emissions. {BVOCs} have an important impact on the atmospheric composition of methane, and of short-lived radiative forcing agents (e.g. ozone, aerosols etc.). It is therefore necessary to know how isoprene and monoterpene emissions have changed over the past and how future changes in climate, land-use and other factors will impact them. Here we present emission estimates of isoprene and monoterpenes over the period 1901–2 100 based on the dynamic global vegetation model {LPJ}-{GUESS}, including the effects of all known important drivers. We find that both isoprene and monoterpene emissions at the beginning of the 20th century were higher than at present. While anthropogenic land-use change largely drives the global decreasing trend for isoprene over the 20th century, changes in natural vegetation composition caused a decreasing trend for monoterpene emissions. Future global isoprene and monoterpene emissions depend strongly on the climate and land-use scenarios considered. Over the 21st century, global isoprene emissions are simulated to either remain stable ({RCP} 4.5), or decrease further ({RCP} 8.5), with important differences depending on the underlying land-use scenario. Future monoterpene emissions are expected to continue their present decreasing trend for all scenarios, possibly stabilizing from 2050 onwards ({RCP} 4.5). These results demonstrate the importance to take both natural vegetation dynamics and anthropogenic changes in land-use into account when estimating past and future {BVOC} emissions. They also indicate that a future global increase in {BVOC} emissions is improbable.}, + pages = {35--45}, + journaltitle = {Atmospheric Environment}, + shortjournal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Hantson, Stijn and Knorr, Wolfgang and Schurgers, Guy and Pugh, Thomas A. M. and Arneth, Almut}, + urldate = {2026-09-25}, + date = {2017-04-01}, + keywords = {Monoterpenes, Isoprene, {BVOC}, Land use}, + file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/7LXS39GV/Hantson et al. - 2017 - Global isoprene and monoterpene emissions under changing climate, vegetation, CO2 and land use.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/X39I5TFS/S1352231017300808.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{malik_environmental_2023, + title = {Environmental Factors Affecting Monoterpene Emissions from Terrestrial Vegetation}, + volume = {12}, + rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, + issn = {2223-7747}, + url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/17/3146}, + doi = {10.3390/plants12173146}, + abstract = {Monoterpenes are volatile organic compounds that play important roles in atmospheric chemistry, plant physiology, communication, and defense. This review compiles the monoterpene emission flux data reported for different regions and plant species and highlights the role of abiotic environmental factors in controlling the emissions of biogenic monoterpenes and their emission fluxes for terrestrial plant species (including seasonal variations). Previous studies have demonstrated the role and importance of ambient air temperature and light in controlling monoterpene emissions, likely contributing to higher monoterpene emissions during the summer season in temperate regions. In addition to light and temperature dependence, other important environmental variables such as carbon dioxide ({CO}2), ozone (O3), soil moisture, and nutrient availability are also known to influence monoterpene emissions rates, but the information available is still limited. Throughout the paper, we identify knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for future studies.}, + number = {17}, + journaltitle = {Plants}, + publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, + author = {Malik, Tanzil Gaffar and Sahu, Lokesh Kumar and Gupta, Mansi and Mir, Bilal Ahmad and Gajbhiye, Triratnesh and Dubey, Rashmi and {McCormick}, Andrea Clavijo and Pandey, Sudhir Kumar}, + urldate = {2026-09-25}, + date = {2023-08-31}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {temperature, abiotic factors, light, monoterpenoid, pinene, season}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/8PUXAYEW/Malik et al. - 2023 - Environmental Factors Affecting Monoterpene Emissions from Terrestrial Vegetation.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{messina_global_2016, + title = {Global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the {ORCHIDEE} and {MEGAN} models and sensitivity to key parameters}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7316}, + url = {https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/16/14169/2016/}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-14169-2016}, + abstract = {A new version of the biogenic volatile organic compounds ({BVOCs}) emission scheme has been developed in the global vegetation model {ORCHIDEE} (Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic {EcosystEm}), which includes an extended list of biogenic emitted compounds, updated emission factors ({EFs}), a dependency on light for almost all compounds and a multi-layer radiation scheme. Over the 2000–2009 period, using this model, we estimate mean global emissions of 465 Tg C yr−1 for isoprene, 107.5 Tg C yr−1 for monoterpenes, 38 Tg C yr−1 for methanol, 25 Tg C yr−1 for acetone and 24 Tg C yr−1 for sesquiterpenes. The model results are compared to state-of-the-art emission budgets, showing that the {ORCHIDEE} emissions are within the range of published estimates. {ORCHIDEE} {BVOC} emissions are compared to the estimates of the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature ({MEGAN}), which is largely used throughout the biogenic emissions and atmospheric chemistry community. Our results show that global emission budgets of the two models are, in general, in good agreement. {ORCHIDEE} emissions are 8 \% higher for isoprene, 8 \% lower for methanol, 17 \% higher for acetone, 18 \% higher for monoterpenes and 39 \% higher for sesquiterpenes, compared to the {MEGAN} estimates. At the regional scale, the largest differences between {ORCHIDEE} and {MEGAN} are highlighted for isoprene in northern temperate regions, where {ORCHIDEE} emissions are higher by 21 Tg C yr−1, and for monoterpenes, where they are higher by 4.4 and 10.2 Tg C yr−1 in northern and southern tropical regions compared to {MEGAN}. The geographical differences between the two models are mainly associated with different {EF} and plant functional type ({PFT}) distributions, while differences in the seasonal cycle are mostly driven by differences in the leaf area index ({LAI}). Sensitivity tests are carried out for both models to explore the response to key variables or parameters such as {LAI} and light-dependent fraction ({LDF}). The {ORCHIDEE} and {MEGAN} emissions are differently affected by {LAI} changes, with a response highly depending on the compound considered. Scaling the {LAI} by a factor of 0.5 and 1.5 changes the isoprene global emission by −21 and +8 \% for {ORCHIDEE} and −15 and +7 \% for {MEGAN}, and affects the global emissions of monoterpenes by −43 and +40 \% for {ORCHIDEE} and −11 and +3 \% for {MEGAN}. Performing a further sensitivity test, forcing {ORCHIDEE} with the {MODIS} {LAI}, confirms the high sensitivity of the {ORCHIDEE} emission module to {LAI} variation. We find that {MEGAN} is more sensitive to variation in the {LDF} parameter than {ORCHIDEE}. Our results highlight the importance and the need to further explore the {BVOC} emission estimate variability and the potential for using models to investigate the estimated uncertainties.}, + pages = {14169--14202}, + number = {22}, + journaltitle = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}}, + author = {Messina, Palmira and Lathière, Juliette and Sindelarova, Katerina and Vuichard, Nicolas and Granier, Claire and Ghattas, Josefine and Cozic, Anne and Hauglustaine, Didier A.}, + urldate = {2026-09-25}, + date = {2016-11-16}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/WXXNIVYZ/Messina et al. - 2016 - Global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the ORCHIDEE and MEGAN models and sensitivity.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{kesselmeier_biogenic_1999, + title = {Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds ({VOC}): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology}, + volume = {33}, + issn = {1573-0662}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006127516791}, + doi = {10.1023/A:1006127516791}, + abstract = {This overview compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic emissions of some volatile organic compounds ({VOCs}), i.e., isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and acids. We discuss {VOC} biosynthesis, emission inventories, relations between emission and plant physiology as well as temperature and radiation, and ecophysiological functions. For isoprene and monoterpenes, an extended summary of standard emission factors, with data related to the plant genus and species, is included. The data compilation shows that we have quite a substantial knowledge of the emission of isoprene and monoterpenes, including emission rates, emission regulation, and biosynthesis. The situation is worse in the case of numerous other compounds (other {VOCs} or {OVOCs}) being emitted by the biosphere. This is reflected in the insufficient knowledge of emission rates and biological functions. Except for the terpenoids, only a limited number of studies of {OVOCs} are available; data are summarized for alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, acids, and esters. In addition to closing these gaps of knowledge, one of the major objectives for future {VOC} research is improving our knowledge of the fate of organic carbon in the atmosphere, ending up in oxidation products and/or as aerosol particles.}, + pages = {23--88}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry}, + shortjournal = {Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry}, + author = {Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M.}, + date = {1999-05-01}, + file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/CL2VK95E/Kesselmeier and Staudt - 1999 - Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@misc{noauthor_din_nodate, + title = {{DIN} {EN} 1484:2019-04, Wasseranalytik - Anleitungen zur Bestimmung des gesamten organischen Kohlenstoffs ({TOC}) und des gelösten organischen Kohlenstoffs ({DOC}); Deutsche Fassung {EN} 1484:1997}, + url = {https://www.dinmedia.de/de/-/-/301999219}, + doi = {10.31030/3042067}, + shorttitle = {{DIN} {EN} 1484}, + publisher = {{DIN} Media {GmbH}}, + urldate = {2026-09-29}, + langid = {german}, + file = {PDF:/Users/davidtschan/Zotero/storage/AN9YZZ78/DIN EN 14842019-04, Wasseranalytik - Anleitungen zur Bestimmung des gesamten organischen Kohlenstof.pdf:application/pdf}, +} diff --git a/config/symbols.bib b/config/symbols.bib index c0ac1cb..4a3fbd3 100644 --- a/config/symbols.bib +++ b/config/symbols.bib @@ -67,6 +67,24 @@ description={Mass flow rate} } +@symbol{TOCs, + unit={\qty{}{\milli\gram\per\liter}}, + name={\ensuremath{\textnormal{TOC}}}, + description={Total organic carbon} +} + +@symbol{ICs, + unit={\qty{}{\milli\gram\per\liter}}, + name={\ensuremath{\textnormal{IC}}}, + description={Inorganic carbon} +} + +@symbol{TCs, + unit={\qty{}{\milli\gram\per\liter}}, + name={\ensuremath{\textnormal{TC}}}, + description={Total carbon} +} + @symbol{NPOCs, unit={\qty{}{\milli\gram\per\liter}}, name={\ensuremath{\textnormal{NPOC}}}, diff --git a/graphics/charts/01_CWFTR_Flowchart.pdf 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\inserttotalframenumber {15}} diff --git a/presentations/20260928/presentation.pdf b/presentations/20260928/presentation.pdf index 3102cbe..5d84287 100644 Binary files a/presentations/20260928/presentation.pdf and b/presentations/20260928/presentation.pdf differ diff --git a/presentations/20260928/presentation.tex b/presentations/20260928/presentation.tex index 60cc59a..d9991a8 100644 --- a/presentations/20260928/presentation.tex +++ b/presentations/20260928/presentation.tex @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ % !TeX Program = lualatex -\documentclass[aspectratio=169, compress, fleqn]{beamer} +\documentclass[aspectratio=169, compress, fleqn, 8pt, t]{beamer} \beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty \usefonttheme{professionalfonts} @@ -8,86 +8,64 @@ %\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[english]{babel} % Language -\usepackage{csquotes} % Quotation +\usepackage[german=swiss]{csquotes} % Quotation +\MakeAutoQuote{«}{»} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{fontspec} \usepackage{amsmath} %\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage[record=hybrid, acronym, symbols, automake, indexcrossrefs=true, autoseeindex=true, stylemods={longextra}]{glossaries-extra} \usepackage[colon=literal]{unicode-math} \setmainfont{STIX Two Text} \setmathfont{STIX Two Math} \usepackage[skip=0pt, indent=15pt]{parskip} -\usepackage{enumitem} +\usepackage{printlen} +%\usepackage{enumitem} +\usepackage{multicol} %\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.5pt} \setlength{\columnsep}{3em} -\setlist{leftmargin=1cm} -%\renewcommand\labelitem{--} +%\setlist{leftmargin=1cm} +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{enumerate items}[default] +\setlength\parindent{0pt} + +\usepackage[subrefformat=parens, labelformat=parens]{subcaption} +\renewcommand{\thesubfigure}{\alph{subfigure}} +\captionsetup[subfigure]{labelfont={normal, bf}} %% ------------------------------------------------------------------% %% GRAPHICS PACKAGES % graphics package and graphics paths \usepackage{graphicx} -\graphicspath{{../../graphics/}{../../config/logos/}{../../config/titlepage/}} +\graphicspath{{../../graphics/charts/}{../../config/logos/}{../../config/titlepage/}} %% ------------------------------------------------------------------% %% PACKAGES -%\usepackage{amsfonts} -%\usepackage{amsmath} -%\usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsthm} -%\usepackage{alphalph} -%\usepackage[toc,page]{appendix} -%\usepackage[affil-it]{authblk} \usepackage[backend=biber, -style=authoryear, -citestyle=authoryear, -natbib, -maxcitenames=1, -maxbibnames=99, -doi=false, -isbn=false, -url=false, -eprint=false, -giveninits=true]{biblatex} -%\usepackage{blindtext} -%\usepackage{commath} -%\usepackage{dblfnote} -%\usepackage{dirtree} -%\usepackage{dirtytalk} + style=science, + citestyle=science, + natbib, + maxcitenames=1, + maxbibnames=99, + doi=false, + isbn=false, + url=false, + eprint=false, + giveninits=true]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{../../config/literature.bib} -%\usepackage{eso-pic} -%\usepackage{epstopdf} -%\epstopdfsetup{outdir=../graphics/} - -%\usepackage{etoolbox} +\usepackage{pdfpages} \usepackage{fancyhdr} -%\usepackage{float} -%\usepackage[record=hybrid, acronym, symbols, automake, indexcrossrefs=true, autoseeindex=true, stylemods={longextra}]{glossaries-extra} \usepackage{graphbox} -%\usepackage[colorlinks=true, linktoc=true, allcolors=black]{hyperref} % allcolors=black -%\usepackage{imakeidx} -%\usepackage{kantlipsum} -%\usepackage{lastpage} -%\usepackage[switch*, modulo]{lineno} -%\usepackage{mathtools} \usepackage[arrows=pgf-filled, version=4]{mhchem} -%\usepackage{multicol} -%\usepackage{nameref} -%\usepackage{setspace} \usepackage[free-standing-units=true]{siunitx} \usepackage{subcaption} -%\usepackage{scrwfile} -%\usepackage{tabularray} -%\usepackage{tikz} -%\usepackage{tikz-3dplot} \usepackage[breakable, many]{tcolorbox} \usepackage{tikz} -%\usepackage[titles]{tocloft} -%\usepackage{verbatim} -%\usepackage{xcolor} % Chemical equations and according setup: Needs to be loaded after \usepackage{mhchem} \usepackage{chemmacros} @@ -102,18 +80,24 @@ reactions/tag-close=] %\usetheme{Darmstadt} \usecolortheme{seagull} +\setbeamersize{sidebar width left= 0pt} +\setbeamersize{text margin left = 0.3cm} +\setbeamersize{text margin right = 0.3cm} % Fonts \setbeamerfont{frametitle}{size=\large, series=\itshape\bfseries} \setbeamerfont{frametitle}{size=\large, series=\itshape\bfseries} % Logo -\addtobeamertemplate{frametitle}{}{ +\addtobeamertemplate{background}{}{ \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay] - \node[anchor=north east, yshift=2pt] at (current page.north east) {\includegraphics[height=0.4cm, align=c]{PSI_Logo.pdf}\hspace*{0.15cm} - \includegraphics[height=0.3cm, align=c]{iac_logo.pdf}\hspace*{0.15cm} - \includegraphics[height=0.4cm, align=c]{ETH_Logo.pdf}}; - \end{tikzpicture}} + \node[anchor=south east, yshift=0.85em] at (current page.south east) { + \includegraphics[height=0.3cm, align=c]{PSI_Logo.pdf}\hspace*{0.15cm} + \includegraphics[height=0.25cm, align=c]{iac_logo.pdf}\hspace*{0.15cm} + \includegraphics[height=0.3cm, align=c]{ETH_Logo.pdf} + }; + \end{tikzpicture} +} % Title Format \makeatletter @@ -125,35 +109,48 @@ reactions/tag-close=] \makeatletter \def\beamer@andinst{\\[0.25em]} \makeatother + +\makeatletter +\let\leftmarginone\beamer@leftmargin +\let\leftmargintwo\beamer@leftsidebar +\makeatother + \setbeamertemplate{title page}{ \setlength\parindent{0pt} - + + \vfill \usebeamerfont{date}\insertdate{:}\par \usebeamerfont{subtitle}\insertsubtitle\par \vspace*{0.5em} \usebeamerfont{title}\inserttitle\par \vspace*{1em} \usebeamerfont{author}\insertauthor\par - \vfill + \vspace{2em} \insertinstitute \vspace*{0.5em} } \addtobeamertemplate{title page}{ - \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay] - \node[anchor=north east, yshift=2pt] at (current page.north east){ - \includegraphics[height=0.4cm, align=c]{PSI_Logo.pdf}\hspace*{0.15cm} - \includegraphics[height=0.3cm, align=c]{iac_logo.pdf}\hspace*{0.15cm} - \includegraphics[height=0.4cm, align=c]{ETH_Logo.pdf} - }; - \end{tikzpicture} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay] - \node [anchor=center] at (current page.center){ + \node[anchor=center] at (current page.center){ \includegraphics[width=\paperwidth]{title_page.png} }; \end{tikzpicture} - \end{center}}{} -\makeatother + \end{center} + \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay] + \node[below right, yshift=-2pt, xshift=\leftmarginone - 2pt] at (current page.north west){ + \includegraphics[height=0.5cm, align=c]{PSI_Logo.pdf} + \hspace*{2em} + \includegraphics[height=0.4cm, align=c]{iac_logo.pdf} + \hspace*{2em} + \includegraphics[height=0.5cm, align=c]{ETH_Logo.pdf} + \hspace*{\fill} + }; + \end{tikzpicture} +}{} + +% Page numbers +\setbeamertemplate{page number in head/foot}[totalframenumber] % Title \author[D. Tschan]{ @@ -173,6 +170,65 @@ reactions/tag-close=] \inst{2} Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul-Scherrer Institute (PSI)} \date{28.09.2026} +% Bibliography size +\AtBeginBibliography{\footnotesize} + + +%% GLOSSARY + +% Create new glossary type +\newglossary*{species}{species} +\makeglossaries + +% Prevents character escaping +\renewcommand*{\glsxtrautoindexesc}{} + + +%% SYMBOLS +% Add glossary key 'unit' and 'formula' +\glsaddkey{unit}{}{\glsentryunit}{\Glsentryunit}{\glsunit}{\Glsunit}{\GLSunit} +\glsxtrprovidestoragekey{formula}{}{\Formula} + +\GlsXtrLoadResources[ + src={../../config/symbols}, % data in symbols.bib + sort-field={desc}, % sort by name field + sort={letter-nocase}, % case-insensitive letter sort + type=symbols, % put these terms in the symbols list + field-aliases={unit=symbol}, % convert unit key to symbol + save-locations=false % don't save location lists +] + +%% CHEMICAL SPECIES +\GlsXtrLoadResources[ + src={../../config/species}, % data in symbols.bib + sort-field={desc}, % sort by name field + sort={letter-nocase}, % case-insensitive letter sort + type=species, % put these terms in the symbols list + field-aliases={formula=symbol}, % convert unit key to symbol + save-locations=false % don't save location lists +] + +% Enable hyperlinks for glossary +\glsenablehyper +\input{../../config/glossary} + +% SISETUP +\DeclareSIUnit\amu{u} +\DeclareSIUnit\bar{bar} +\DeclareSIUnit\year{yr} +\DeclareSIUnit\month{m} +\DeclareSIUnit\week{w} +\DeclareSIUnit\day{d} +\DeclareSIUnit\ppm{ppm} +\DeclareSIUnit\ppb{ppb} +\DeclareSIUnit\ppt{ppt} +\DeclareSIUnit\pptv{pptv} +\DeclareSIUnit\atm{atm} +\DeclareSIUnit\Molar{M} +\DeclareSIUnit\gramCarbon{g\ce{C}} +\DeclareSIUnit\permille{\text{\textperthousand}} +\sisetup{separate-uncertainty, multi-part-units=single, range-units=single, range-phrase=\ensuremath{\ldots}} + \begin{document} @@ -181,21 +237,236 @@ reactions/tag-close=] \titlepage \end{frame} -\frame{ - \frametitle{some title} - \framesubtitle{something} -} +\begin{frame}[plain] + \small + Literature cited in this presentation and the information contained therein is drawn from my Master's Thesis proposal entitled «Photochemical reduction of iodate through iron-containing complexes in secondary organic aerosol from monoterpene oxidation», handed in on 21.12.2025, for the course \emph{701-1211-01 Master Seminar: Atmosphere and Climate}. This proposal is declared here to be an official reference, but it is not stated within the reference section. No information has been copied in verbatim, and all information is paraphrased if it has been used. +\end{frame} \section{Introduction} \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Hello world} - This is some text + \frametitle{Motivation} + \framesubtitle{Relevance --- why should be care about Iodine?} + + In the atmosphere, iodine is important in several ways: + + \begin{enumerate} + \item<2-> It may contibute to (stratospheric) \glssymbol{O3f} depletion \citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012, carpenter_biogeochemical_2015, saiz-lopez_reactive_2012} (planetary health); + \item<3-> It could form particles when reacting with oxygen that could grow into cloud-condensation nuclei \cite{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012} (direct- and indirect radiative forcing); + \item<4-> \ldots + \end{enumerate} + \end{frame} \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Some title} - Some words + \frametitle{Motivation} + \framesubtitle{Monoterpenes and Iodine in the Atmosphere} + + \begin{minipage}[b]{0.65\textwidth} + \centering + \only<1>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_01.pdf}}% + \only<2>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_02.pdf}}% + \only<3>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_03.pdf}}% + \only<4>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_04.pdf}}% + \only<5>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_05.pdf}}% + \only<6>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_06.pdf}}% + \only<7>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_07.pdf}}% + \only<8>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_08.pdf}}% + \only<9>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_09.pdf}}% + \only<10>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_10.pdf}}% + \only<11>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_11.pdf}}% + \only<12>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_12.pdf}}% + \only<13>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{14_Introduction_Overview_13.pdf}}% + \end{minipage}% + \hfill + \begin{minipage}[b]{0.33\textwidth} + + \small + \only<3>{Atmospheric mixing ratios:\\ + $\gls{CHIs}_{\ce{I2}}\approx\qty{93}{\pptv}$ \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015},\\ + $\gls{CHIs}_{\glssymbol{IO.f}}\approx\qtyrange{3}{20}{\pptv}$ \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015},\\ + $\gls{CHIs}_{\ce{HOI}}\approx\qty{1}{\pptv}$ \citep{he_role_2021},\\ $\gls{CHIs}_{\glssymbol{I.f}}\approx\qtyrange{0.1}{22}{\pptv}$ \citep{carpenter_biogeochemical_2015, he_role_2021}.} + + \small + \begin{itemize} + \item<4> \glsname{VOCa}: \glsdesc{VOCa}\glsadd{VOCa}. + \item<4> \glsname{LVOCa}: \glsdesc{LVOCa} + \item<5> \glsname{SOAa}: \glsdesc{SOAa} + \end{itemize} + + \hfill + + Relevant literature: + \only<1>{\citep{kendrick_halogen_2024, whitehead_distribution_1984, muramatsu_recycling_2001, muramatsu_studies_2004, carrano_influence_2020}} + \only<2>{\citep{carrano_influence_2020, elderfield_biophilic_1980, kupper_iodide_2008, amachi_microbial_2008, winter_exploring_2009, carpenter_biogeochemical_2015}} + \only<3>{\citep{kupper_iodide_2008, carpenter_biogeochemical_2015, palmer_iodine_2005, liu_kinetics_2001, sakamoto_direct_2009, hayase_heterogeneous_2010, he_role_2021, carpenter_atmospheric_2013}} + \only<4>{\citep{guenther_global_1995, guenther_model_2012, bianchi_highly_2019, hallquist_formation_2009, messina_global_2016, malik_environmental_2023}} + \only<5>{\citep{bianchi_highly_2019, jokinen_production_2015, ng_secondary_2008, ehn_large_2014, kirkby_ion-induced_2016}} + \only<6>{\citep{aal-abadleh_perspective_2023}} + \only<7>{\citep{koenig_quantitative_2020}} + \only<8>{\citep{saiz-lopez_atmospheric_2012}} + \only<9>{\citep{saiz-lopez_reactive_2012}} + \only<10>{\citep{koenig_ozone_2021}} + \only<11>{\citep{koenig_quantitative_2020}} + \only<13>{\citep{pillar-little_conversion_2013}} + + + \end{minipage} + + \hfill + + \only<4>{ + \hbox{\emph{Monoterpenes are second-most important biogenic \glsname{VOCa} source after isoprenes (\qty{107.5}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year} vs. \qty{465}{\tera\gramCarbon\per\year}) \cite{messina_global_2016, malik_environmental_2023}}} + } + \only<5>{ + \hbox{\emph{Oxidation products of monoterpenes (and isoprenes) may be common in \glsname{SOAa} as they have (very) low volatility \cite{bianchi_highly_2019}.}} + } + \only<6>{ + \hbox{\emph{Iron is most abundant transition mineral in dust. It may catalyse dust particle photochemistry \citep{aal-abadleh_perspective_2023}}} + } + \only<9>{ + \hbox{\emph{Recent tropospheric obeservations: more \gls{I-f} in aerosol than \gls{IO3-f} \citep{saiz-lopez_reactive_2012}. Thermodynamics?}}} + \only<10>{ + \hbox{\emph{Free troposphere dust layers (\qtyrange{1.5}{7}{\kilo\meter}): $10\times\glssymbol{IO.f}$ than atmospheric background \citep{koenig_ozone_2021}.}}} + \only<11>{ + \hbox{\emph{Without recycling scheme, sustained concentrations of \glssymbol{IO.f} in upper tropopshere / lower stratosphere cannot be explained \cite{koenig_quantitative_2020}.}}} + \only<13>{ + \hbox{\emph{Presence of gas-phase \gls{IO.f} requires recycling mechanism. But how\ldots? Some ideas are here \citep{pillar-little_conversion_2013}}}} + \end{frame} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Objectives} + \framesubtitle{Open Questions} + + Open \emph{scientific} questions include: + \begin{itemize} + \item<2-> By what mechanism is iodate reduced? + \item<3-> Which organics are important in (photoactive) complex formation? Or in other words: is \gls{SOAa} a good proxy? + \item<4-> Is light \emph{required}? What happens in the dark? + \end{itemize} + \vspace{\baselineskip} + + \only<5->{These questions entail some \emph{methodological} questions, in turn:} + \begin{itemize} + \item<6-> How can we represent the oxidation process of \glspl{VOCa} to \glspl{LVOCa} in the laboratory? + \item<7-> How can we represent the processes within the aerosol in the laboratory? + \end{itemize} + \vspace{\baselineskip} + + \only<8->{Asking these questions can help us making some (necessary) simplifications:} + \begin{enumerate} + \item<9-> We will use the following \gls{VOCa} to represent the organics: the monoterpenes \glstext{A-PINENEf}, \glstext{B-PINENEf} and \glstext{LIMONENEf}. + \item<10-> The oxidation process of \glstext{A-PINENEf}, \glstext{B-PINENEf} and \glstext{LIMONENEf} to create a pertaining \gls{SOAa} will be done using an \glsfirst{OFRa} (see next slides). + \item<11-> The acutual atmospheric process will be represented with a \glsfirst{CWFTRa} (see next slides). The product species will be monitored used a \gls{BTOF-CIMSa}. + \end{enumerate} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Objective} + \framesubtitle{Goals of the project} + + \begin{enumerate} + \item<1-> Produce \glsname{SOAa} in \glsname{OFRa}; + \item<2-> With the \glsname{SOAa}, perform \gls{CWFTRa} experiments; + \item<3-> Test the response of the three systems \glstext{A-PINENEf}, \glstext{B-PINENEf}, \glstext{LIMONENEf}. + \end{enumerate} + \vspace*{\baselineskip} + + \only<4->{ + \hbox{$\textnormal{System}=\ce{Fe}+\glssymbol{IO3-f}+\textnormal{\gls{SOAa}-extract}$} + } + + \vspace*{\baselineskip} + \begin{center} + \only<5->{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{05_Method_Overview.pdf}} + \end{center} +\end{frame} + +\section{Method} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Laboratory Representation} + \framesubtitle{SOA generation --- Oxidation Flow Reactor} + + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[scale=0.65]{03_OFR_Flowchart.pdf} + \end{center} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Laboratory Representation} + \framesubtitle{SOA generation --- Oxidation Flow Reactor --- Important Aspects} + + \begin{itemize}[<+->] + \item<1-> \Glsfirst{SMPSa} allows to \emph{estimate} particle density of generated SOA + \item<2-> To know it, we measure \glsfirst{TOCa} using a \gls{TOCa} analyser + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Laboratory Representation} + \framesubtitle{Fe-SOA Complex Reaction with UV --- Coated Wall Flow Tube Reactor} + + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[scale=0.65]{01_CWFTR_Flowchart.pdf} + \end{center} +\end{frame} + +\section{Results} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Amount of SOA on filter} + \framesubtitle{SMPS estimates: \only<1>{\glsname{A-PINENEf}}\only<2>{\glsname{LIMONENEf}}\only<3>{\glsname{B-PINENEf}}} + + \centering + \only<1>{\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{../../../analysis/OFR_Analysis/20260903_SET02_EXP14/figure.pdf}}% + \only<2>{\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{../../../analysis/OFR_Analysis/20260914_SET02_EXP18/figure.pdf}}% + \only<3>{\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{../../../analysis/OFR_Analysis/20260916_SET02_EXP22/figure.pdf}}% +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{First CWFTR Results} + \framesubtitle{\only<1>{Baseline}\only<2>{\ce{Fe(III)} species}\only<3>{\ce{Fe(II)} species}} + + \centering + \only<1>{\includegraphics[page=6, width=0.7\textwidth]{20260721_edited_for_Markus_on_20260811.pdf}}% + \only<2>{\includegraphics[page=8, width=0.7\textwidth]{20260721_edited_for_Markus_on_20260811.pdf}}% + \only<3>{\includegraphics[page=9, width=0.7\textwidth]{20260721_edited_for_Markus_on_20260811.pdf}}% +\end{frame} + +\section{Conclusion} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Conclusion} + \framesubtitle{Some final words on the process} + + \only<1->{\textbf{Challenges:}} + \begin{itemize} + \item<2-> There is a \emph{lot} of laboratory work\ldots Time management is \emph{hard}. + \item<3-> Many different instruments: \gls{OFRa}, \gls{SMPSa}, \gls{BTOF-CIMSa}, \gls{TOCa}, plus cleaning procedures\ldots There is a large learning overhead here. + \item<4-> Commuting... + \end{itemize} + \vspace*{\baselineskip} + + \only<5->{\textbf{What is going well:}} + \begin{itemize} + \item<6-> All protocols for all experimental steps are nearly done! + \item<7-> I have one more experimental campaign, then I am done with lab! + \item<8-> I have learned a \emph{lot} about data handling, lab work, precision,\ldots + \end{itemize} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks] + \frametitle{References} + Much of the literature listed hereafter was taken over from the Master's Thesis proposal, without double-checking it again. + \vspace{\baselineskip} + + \printbibliography +\end{frame} + + +%\uselengthunit{mm}\printlength{\textwidth} +%\uselengthunit{mm}\printlength{\textheight} \end{document} \ No newline at end of file