This file is declare.def, from which is created declare.c.
It implements the builtins "declare" and "local" in Bash.

Copyright (C) 1987-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.

Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.

Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

$PRODUCES declare.c

$BUILTIN declare
$FUNCTION declare_builtin
$SHORT_DOC declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [name[=value] ...] or declare -p [-aAfFilnrtux] [name ...]
Set variable values and attributes.

Declare variables and give them attributes.  If no NAMEs are given,
display the attributes and values of all variables.

Options:
  -f	restrict action or display to function names and definitions
  -F	restrict display to function names only (plus line number and
		source file when debugging)
  -g	create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise
		ignored
  -I	if creating a local variable, inherit the attributes and value
		of a variable with the same name at a previous scope
  -p	display the attributes and value of each NAME

Options which set attributes:
#ifdef ARRAY_VARS
  -a	to make NAMEs indexed arrays (if supported)
  -A	to make NAMEs associative arrays (if supported)
#endif
  -i	to make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute
#ifdef CASEMOD_ATTRS
  -l	to convert the value of each NAME to lower case on assignment
#endif
  -n	make NAME a reference to the variable named by its value
  -r	to make NAMEs readonly
  -t	to make NAMEs have the `trace' attribute
#ifdef CASEMOD_ATTRS
  -u	to convert the value of each NAME to upper case on assignment
#endif
  -x	to make NAMEs export

Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute, except for a,
A, and r.

Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see
the `let' command) performed when the variable is assigned a value.

When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the `local'
command.  The `-g' option suppresses this behavior.

Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or a variable
assignment error occurs.
$END

$BUILTIN typeset
$FUNCTION declare_builtin
$SHORT_DOC typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] name[=value] ... or typeset -p [-aAfFilnrtux] [name ...]
Set variable values and attributes.

A synonym for `declare'.  See `help declare'.
$END

#include <config.h>

#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
#  ifdef _MINIX
#    include <sys/types.h>
#  endif
#  include <unistd.h>
#endif

#include <stdio.h>

#include "../bashansi.h"
#include "../bashintl.h"

#include "../shell.h"
#include "../flags.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "builtext.h"
#include "bashgetopt.h"

static SHELL_VAR *declare_find_variable (const char *, int, int);
static char *declare_build_newname (char *, char *, int, char *, int);
static char *declare_transform_name (char *, int, int);

static int declare_internal (register WORD_LIST *, int);

/* Declare or change variable attributes. */
int
declare_builtin (WORD_LIST *list)
{
  return (declare_internal (list, 0));
}

$BUILTIN local
$FUNCTION local_builtin
$SHORT_DOC local [option] name[=value] ...
Define local variables.

Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE.  OPTION can
be any option accepted by `declare'.

If any NAME is "-", local saves the set of shell options and restores
them when the function returns.

Local variables can only be used within a function; they are visible
only to the function where they are defined and its children.

Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied, a variable
assignment error occurs, or the shell is not executing a function.
$END
int
local_builtin (WORD_LIST *list)
{
  /* Catch a straight `local --help' before checking function context */
  if (list && list->word && STREQ (list->word->word, "--help"))
    {
      builtin_help ();
      return (EX_USAGE);
    }

  if (variable_context)
    return (declare_internal (list, 1));
  else
    {
      builtin_error (_("can only be used in a function"));
      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
    }
}

#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
#  define DECLARE_OPTS	"+acfgilnprtuxAFGI"
#else
#  define DECLARE_OPTS	"+cfgilnprtuxFGI"
#endif

static SHELL_VAR *
declare_find_variable (const char *name, int mkglobal, int chklocal)
{
  SHELL_VAR *var;

  if (mkglobal == 0)
    return (find_variable (name));
  else if (chklocal)
    /* Changed to find variables at previous local scopes 6/12/2024 */
    return (find_variable (name));
  else
    return (find_global_variable (name));
}

/* Build a new string
	NAME[SUBSCRIPT][[+]=VALUE]
   from expanding a nameref into NAME */
static char *
declare_build_newname (char *name, char *subscript_start, int offset, char *value, int aflags)
{
  size_t namelen, savelen;
  char *ret;

  savelen = namelen = strlen (name);
  if (subscript_start)
    {
      *subscript_start = '[';		/* ] */
      namelen += strlen (subscript_start);
    }
  ret = xmalloc (namelen + 2 + strlen (value) + 1);
  strcpy (ret, name);
  if (subscript_start)
    strcpy (ret + savelen, subscript_start);
  if (offset)
    {
      if (aflags & ASS_APPEND)
	ret[namelen++] = '+';
      ret[namelen++] = '=';
      if (value && *value)
	strcpy (ret + namelen, value);
      else
	ret[namelen] = '\0';
    }

  return (ret);
}

static char *
declare_transform_name (char *name, int flags_on, int flags_off)
{
  SHELL_VAR *var, *v;
  char *newname;

  var = find_variable (name);
  if (var == 0)
    newname = nameref_transform_name (name, ASS_MKLOCAL);
  else if ((flags_on & att_nameref) == 0 && (flags_off & att_nameref) == 0)
    {
      /* Ok, we're following namerefs here, so let's make sure that if
	 we followed one, it was at the same context (see below for
	 more details). */
      v = find_variable_last_nameref (name, 1);
      newname = (v && v->context != variable_context) ? name : name_cell (var);
    }
  else
    newname = name;	/* dealing with nameref attribute */

  return (newname);
}

/* Some option combinations that don't make any sense */
static int
declare_invalid_opts (int flags_on, int flags_off)
{
  if ((flags_on & att_function) && (flags_on & (att_array|att_assoc|att_integer|att_nameref)))
    {
      char *optchar;

      if (flags_on & att_nameref)
	optchar = "-n";
      else if (flags_on & att_integer)
	optchar = "-i";
      else if (flags_on & att_assoc)
	optchar = "-A";
      else if (flags_on & att_array)
	optchar = "-a";

      sh_invalidopt (optchar);
      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
    }
  else if ((flags_on & att_assoc) && (flags_off & att_assoc))
    {
      sh_invalidopt ("-A");
      return (EX_BADUSAGE);
    }
  else if ((flags_on & att_array) && (flags_off & att_array))
    {
      sh_invalidopt ("-a");
      return (EX_BADUSAGE);
    }
  else if ((flags_on & att_assoc) && (flags_on & att_array))
    {
      sh_invalidopt ("-a");
      return (EX_BADUSAGE);
    }
  /* Ineffective, since you can't have namerefs referencing positional parameters */
  else if ((flags_on & att_nameref) && (flags_on & att_integer))
    {
      builtin_error (_("cannot use -n with -i"));
      return (EX_BADUSAGE);
    }

  return 0;
}

/* The workhorse function. */
static int
declare_internal (WORD_LIST *list, int local_var)
{
  int flags_on, flags_off, *flags;
  int any_failed, assign_error, pflag, nodefs, opt, onref, offref;
  int mkglobal, chklocal, inherit_flag;
  char *t, *subscript_start;
  SHELL_VAR *var, *refvar, *v;
  FUNCTION_DEF *shell_fn;

  flags_on = flags_off = any_failed = assign_error = pflag = nodefs = 0;
  mkglobal = chklocal = inherit_flag = 0;
  refvar = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL;
  reset_internal_getopt ();
  while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, DECLARE_OPTS)) != -1)
    {
      flags = list_opttype == '+' ? &flags_off : &flags_on;

      /* If you add options here, see whether or not they need to be added to
	 the loop in subst.c:shell_expand_word_list() */
      switch (opt)
	{
	case 'a':
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
	  *flags |= att_array;
#if 0
	  if (flags == &flags_on)
	    *flags &= ~att_assoc;	/* last one wins */
#endif
	  break;
#else
	  builtin_usage ();
	  return (EX_USAGE);
#endif
	case 'A':
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
	  *flags |= att_assoc;
#if 0
	  if (flags == &flags_on)
	    *flags &= ~att_array;	/* last one wins */
#endif
	  break;
#else
	  builtin_usage ();
	  return (EX_USAGE);
#endif
	case 'p':
	  pflag++;
	  break;
	case 'F':
	  nodefs++;
	  *flags |= att_function;
	  break;
	case 'f':
	  *flags |= att_function;
	  break;
	case 'G':			/* undocumented, used internally */
	  if (flags == &flags_on)
	    chklocal = 1;
	  /*FALLTHROUGH*/
	case 'g':
	  if (flags == &flags_on)
	    mkglobal = 1;
	  break;
	case 'i':
	  *flags |= att_integer;
	  break;
	case 'n':
	  *flags |= att_nameref;
	  break;
	case 'r':
	  *flags |= att_readonly;
	  break;
	case 't':
	  *flags |= att_trace;
	  break;
	case 'x':
	  *flags |= att_exported;
	  array_needs_making = 1;
	  break;
#if defined (CASEMOD_ATTRS)
#  if defined (CASEMOD_CAPCASE)
	 case 'c':
	  *flags |= att_capcase;
	  if (flags == &flags_on)
	    flags_off |= att_uppercase|att_lowercase;
	  break;
#  endif
	case 'l':
	  *flags |= att_lowercase;
	  if (flags == &flags_on)
	    flags_off |= att_capcase|att_uppercase;
	  break;
	case 'u':
	  *flags |= att_uppercase;
	  if (flags == &flags_on)
	    flags_off |= att_capcase|att_lowercase;
	  break;
#endif /* CASEMOD_ATTRS */
	case 'I':
	  inherit_flag = MKLOC_INHERIT;
	  break;
	CASE_HELPOPT;
	default:
	  builtin_usage ();
	  return (EX_USAGE);
	}
    }

  list = loptend;

  /* If there are no more arguments left, then we just want to show
     some variables. */
  if (list == 0)	/* declare -[aAfFilnrtux] */
    {
      /* Show local variables defined at this context level if this is
	 the `local' builtin. */
      if (local_var)
	show_local_var_attributes (0, nodefs);	/* XXX - fix up args later */
      else if (pflag && (flags_on == 0 || flags_on == att_function))
	show_all_var_attributes (flags_on == 0, nodefs);
      else if (flags_on == 0)
	return (set_builtin ((WORD_LIST *)NULL));
      else
	set_or_show_attributes ((WORD_LIST *)NULL, flags_on, nodefs);

      return (sh_chkwrite (EXECUTION_SUCCESS));
    }

  if (pflag)	/* declare -p [-aAfFilnrtux] [name ...] */
    {
      for (any_failed = 0; list; list = list->next)
	{
	  if (flags_on & att_function)
	    pflag = show_func_attributes (list->word->word, nodefs);
	  else if (local_var)
	    pflag = show_localname_attributes (list->word->word, nodefs);
	  else
	    pflag = show_name_attributes (list->word->word, nodefs);
	  if (pflag)
	    {
	      sh_notfound (list->word->word);
	      any_failed++;
	    }
	}
      return (sh_chkwrite (any_failed ? EXECUTION_FAILURE : EXECUTION_SUCCESS));
    }

  /* check for some invalid option combinations that are usage errors */
  opt = declare_invalid_opts (flags_on, flags_off);
  if (opt != 0)
    return (opt);

#define NEXT_VARIABLE() free (name); list = list->next; continue

  /* There are arguments left, so we are making variables. */
  while (list)		/* declare [-aAfFilnrtux] name[=value] [name[=value] ...] */
    {
      char *value, *name, *newname;
      int offset, aflags, wflags, created_var;
      int assoc_noexpand;
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
      int making_array_special, compound_array_assign, simple_array_assign;
      int var_exists, array_exists, creating_array, array_subscript_assignment;
#endif

      name = savestring (list->word->word);
      wflags = list->word->flags;
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
      assoc_noexpand = array_expand_once && (wflags & W_ASSIGNMENT);
#else
      assoc_noexpand = 0;
#endif
      /* XXX - we allow unbalanced brackets if assoc_noexpand is set, we count
	 brackets and make sure they match if assoc_noexpand is not set. So we
	 need to make sure we're checking assoc_noexpand and expand_once_flag
	 for backwards compatibility. We also use assoc_noexpand below when
	 we call assign_array_element, so we need to make sure they're
	 consistent in how they count brackets. */
      offset = assignment (name, assoc_noexpand ? 2 : 0);
      aflags = 0;
      created_var = 0;

      if (local_var && variable_context && STREQ (name, "-"))
	{
	  int o;

	  o = localvar_inherit;
	  localvar_inherit = 0;
	  var = make_local_variable ("-", 0);
	  localvar_inherit = o;

	  if (value_cell (var) == NULL)		/* no duplicate instances */
	    {
	      value = get_current_options ();
	      var_setvalue (var, value);
	      VSETATTR (var, att_invisible);
	    }
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}

      /* If we are declaring a function, then complain about it in some way.
	 We don't let people make functions by saying `typeset -f foo=bar'. */

      /* Can't define functions using assignment statements */
      if (offset && (flags_on & att_function))	/* declare -f [-rix] foo=bar */
	{
	  if (var = find_function (name))
	    offset = 0;
	  else
	    {
	      builtin_error (_("cannot use `-f' to make functions"));
	      free (name);
	      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
	    }
	}

      /* There should be a way, however, to let people look at a particular
	 function definition by saying `typeset -f foo'.  This is the only
	 place in this builtin where we deal with functions. */

      if (flags_on & att_function)
	{
	  /* Should we restrict this when the shell is in posix mode even if
	     the function was created before the shell entered posix mode?
	     Previous versions of the shell enforced the restriction. */
	  if (posixly_correct && valid_identifier (name) == 0)
	    {
	      sh_invalidid (name);
	      assign_error++;
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }

	  var = find_function (name);

	  if (var)
	    {
	      if (readonly_p (var) && (flags_off & att_readonly))
		{
		  builtin_error (_("%s: readonly function"), name);
		  any_failed++;
		  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
		}
	      /* declare -[Ff] name [name...] */
	      if (flags_on == att_function && flags_off == 0)
		{
#if defined (DEBUGGER)
		  if (nodefs && debugging_mode)
		    {
		      shell_fn = find_function_def (name_cell (var));
		      if (shell_fn)
			printf ("%s %d %s\n", name_cell (var), shell_fn->line, shell_fn->source_file);
		      else
			printf ("%s\n", name_cell (var));
		    }
		  else
#endif /* DEBUGGER */
		    {
		      t = nodefs ? name_cell (var) : named_function_string (name, function_cell (var), FUNC_MULTILINE|FUNC_EXTERNAL);
		      printf ("%s\n", t);
		      any_failed = sh_chkwrite (any_failed);
		    }
		}
	      else		/* declare -[fF] -[rx] name [name...] */
		{
		  VSETATTR (var, flags_on);
		  flags_off &= ~att_function;	/* makes no sense */
		  VUNSETATTR (var, flags_off);
		}
	    }
	  else
	    any_failed++;

	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}

      if (offset)	/* declare [-aAfFirx] name=value */
	{
	  name[offset] = '\0';
	  value = name + offset + 1;
	  if (name[offset - 1] == '+')
	    {
	      aflags |= ASS_APPEND;
	      name[offset - 1] = '\0';
	    }
	}
      else
	value = "";

      /* Do some lexical error checking on the LHS and RHS of the assignment
	 that is specific to nameref variables. */
      if (flags_on & att_nameref)
	{
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
	  if (valid_array_reference (name, 0))
	    {
	      builtin_error (_("%s: reference variable cannot be an array"), name);
	      any_failed++;
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }
	  else
#endif
	  /* disallow self references at global scope, warn at function scope */
	  if (check_selfref (name, value, 0))
	    {
	      if (variable_context == 0)
		{
		  builtin_error (_("%s: nameref variable self references not allowed"), name);
		  assign_error++;	/* XXX any_failed++ instead? */
		  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
		}
	      else
		builtin_warning (_("%s: circular name reference"), name);
	    }
	  if (value && *value && (aflags & ASS_APPEND) == 0 && valid_nameref_value (value, 1) == 0)
	    {
	      builtin_error (_("`%s': invalid variable name for name reference"), value);
	      assign_error++;
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }
	}

restart_new_var_name:

      /* The rest of the loop body deals with declare -[aAlinrtux] name [name...]
	 where each NAME can be an assignment statement. */

      subscript_start = (char *)NULL;	/* used below */
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
      /* Determine whether we are creating or assigning an array variable */
      var_exists = array_exists = creating_array = 0;
      compound_array_assign = simple_array_assign = 0;
      array_subscript_assignment = 0;
      if (t = strchr (name, '['))	/* ] */
	{
	  /* If offset != 0 we have already validated any array reference
	     because assignment() calls skipsubscript() */
	  if (offset == 0 && valid_array_reference (name, 0) == 0)
	    {
	      sh_invalidid (name);
	      assign_error++;
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }
	  subscript_start = t;
	  *t = '\0';
	  making_array_special = 1;	/* XXX - should this check offset? */
	  array_subscript_assignment = offset != 0;
	}
      else
	making_array_special = 0;
#endif

      /* Ensure the argument is a valid, well-formed shell identifier. */
      if (valid_identifier (name) == 0)
	{
	  sh_invalidid (name);
	  assign_error++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}

      /* If VARIABLE_CONTEXT has a non-zero value, then we are executing
	 inside of a function.  This means we should make local variables,
	 not global ones. */

      /* XXX - this has consequences when we're making a local copy of a
	       variable that was in the temporary environment.  Watch out
	       for this. */
      refvar = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL;
      if (variable_context && mkglobal == 0)
	{
	  /* We don't check newname for validity here. We should not have an
	     invalid name assigned as the value of a nameref, but this could
	     cause problems. */
	  newname = declare_transform_name (name, flags_on, flags_off);

#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
	  /* Pass 1 as second argument to make_local_{assoc,array}_variable
	     return an existing {array,assoc} variable to be flagged as an
	     error below. */
	  if (flags_on & att_assoc)
	    var = make_local_assoc_variable (newname, MKLOC_ARRAYOK|inherit_flag);
	  else if ((flags_on & att_array) || making_array_special)
	    var = make_local_array_variable (newname, MKLOC_ASSOCOK|inherit_flag);
	  else
#endif
	  if (offset == 0 && (flags_on & att_nameref))
	    {
	      /* First look for refvar at current scope. Since we're turning
		 on the nameref flag, it doesn't matter whether it's already
		 a nameref. */
	      refvar = find_variable_last_nameref (name, 1);

	      /* VARIABLE_CONTEXT != 0, so we are attempting to create or modify
		 the attributes for a local variable at the same scope.  If we've
		 used a reference from a previous context to resolve VAR, we
		 want to throw REFVAR and VAR away and create a new local var.
		 If we use REFVAR at the same context, make sure the att_local
		 attribute is set. By the time we exit this clause, VAR points
		 to a local variable at the current context. */
	      if (refvar && refvar->context != variable_context)
		{
		  refvar = 0;
		  var = make_local_variable (name, inherit_flag);
		}
	      else if (refvar && refvar->context == variable_context)
		{
		  SHELL_VAR *tv;

		  /* We handle the difference between a variable found in
		     the function's temporary environment and the temporary
		     environment passed to declare/local. */
		  /* handle case of something like `x=value local -n x' -- we
		     want to make sure we create a local variable */
		  tv = find_tempenv_variable (name);
		  if (tv && tv == refvar)
		    {
		      refvar = 0;
		      var = make_local_variable (name, inherit_flag);
		    }
		  else
		    {
		      /* Make sure we modify a variable in a function temporary
			 environment to have the local attribute so it shows
			 up as a local variable. */
		      if (tempvar_p (refvar) && variable_context)
			VSETATTR (refvar, att_local);
		      var = refvar;
		    }
		}
	      /* Maybe we just want to create a new local variable */
	      else if ((var = find_variable (name)) == 0 || var->context != variable_context)
		var = make_local_variable (name, inherit_flag);
	      /* otherwise we have a var at the right context */
	    }
	  else
	    /* XXX - check name for validity here with valid_nameref_value? */
	    var = make_local_variable ((flags_on & att_nameref) ? name : newname, inherit_flag);	/* sets att_invisible for new vars */

	  if (var == 0)
	    {
	      any_failed++;
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }
	  /* See below; ksh93 doesn't allow the nameref attribute to be removed
	     from a readonly nameref that has a value, even if it doesn't
	     reference an existing variable, so we don't allow it for
	     compatibility. */
	  if (var && nameref_p (var) && readonly_p (var) && nameref_cell (var) && (flags_off & att_nameref))
	    {
	      sh_readonly (name);
	      any_failed++;
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }
	}
      else
	var = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL;

      /* VAR is non-null if we just created or fetched a local variable. */

      /* Here's what ksh93 seems to do as of the 2012 version: if we are
	 using declare -n to modify the value of an existing nameref
	 variable, don't follow the nameref chain at all and just search
	 for a nameref at the current context.  If we have a nameref,
	 modify its value (changing which variable it references). */
      if (var == 0 && (flags_on & att_nameref))
	{
	  /* See if we are trying to modify an existing nameref variable,
	     but don't follow the nameref chain. */
	  var = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_noref (name) : find_variable_noref (name);
	  if (var && nameref_p (var) == 0)
	    var = 0;
	}

      /* However, if we're turning off the nameref attribute on an existing
	 nameref variable, we first follow the nameref chain to the end,
	 modify the value of the variable this nameref variable references
	 if there is an assignment statement argument,
	 *CHANGING ITS VALUE AS A SIDE EFFECT*, then turn off the nameref
	 flag *LEAVING THE NAMEREF VARIABLE'S VALUE UNCHANGED* */
      else if (var == 0 && (flags_off & att_nameref))
	{
	  /* See if we are trying to modify an existing nameref variable */
	     refvar = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_last_nameref (name, 0) : find_variable_last_nameref (name, 0);
	  if (refvar && nameref_p (refvar) == 0)
	    refvar = 0;
	  /* If the nameref is readonly but doesn't have a value, ksh93
	     allows the nameref attribute to be removed. If it's readonly
	     and has a value, even if the value doesn't reference an
	     existing variable, we disallow the modification */
	  if (refvar && nameref_cell (refvar) && readonly_p (refvar))
	    {
	      sh_readonly (name);
	      any_failed++;
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }

	  /* If all we're doing is turning off the nameref attribute, don't
	     bother with VAR at all, whether it exists or not. Just turn it
	     off and go on. */
	  if (refvar && flags_on == 0 && offset == 0 && flags_off == att_nameref)
	    {
	      VUNSETATTR (refvar, att_nameref);
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }

	  if (refvar)
	    var = declare_find_variable (nameref_cell (refvar), mkglobal, 0);
	}
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
      /* If we have an array assignment to a nameref, remove the nameref
	 attribute and go on.  This handles
	 declare -n xref[=value]; declare [-a] xref[1]=one */
      else if (var == 0 && offset && array_subscript_assignment)
	{
	  var = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_noref (name) : find_variable_noref (name);
	  if (var && nameref_p (var))
	    {
	      internal_warning (_("%s: removing nameref attribute"), name);
	      FREE (value_cell (var));		/* XXX - bash-4.3 compat */
	      var_setvalue (var, (char *)NULL);
	      VUNSETATTR (var, att_nameref);
	    }
	}
#endif

      /* See if we are trying to set flags or value (or create) for an
	 existing nameref that points to a non-existent variable: e.g.,
		declare -n foo=bar
		unset foo	# unsets bar
		declare -i foo
		foo=4+4
		declare -p foo
      */
      if (var == 0 && (mkglobal || flags_on || flags_off || offset))
	{
	  refvar = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_last_nameref (name, 1) : find_variable_last_nameref (name, 1);
	  if (refvar && nameref_p (refvar) == 0)
	    refvar = 0;
	  /* If we are trying to set attributes for an unset nameref variable,
	     we have a couple of choices: we can set the attributes on the
	     nameref itself, or we can remove the nameref attribute from the
	     variable and treat it as an unset variable with the new
	     attribute(s). The former is what bash has traditionally done; the
	     latter is what ksh93 does. */
	  if (refvar && nameref_cell (refvar) == 0)
	    {
	      var = refvar;
	      refvar = 0;
	    }
	  if (refvar && nameref_cell (refvar))
	    var = declare_find_variable (nameref_cell (refvar), mkglobal, 0);
	  if (refvar && var == 0)
	    {
	      /* I'm not sure subscript_start is ever non-null here. In any
		 event, build a new name from the nameref value, including any
		 subscript, and add the [[+]=value] if offset != 0 */
	      newname = declare_build_newname (nameref_cell (refvar), subscript_start, offset, value, aflags);
	      free (name);
	      name = newname;

	      if (offset)
		{
		  offset = assignment (name, 0);
		  /* If offset was valid previously, but substituting the
		     the nameref value results in an invalid assignment,
		     throw an invalid identifier error */
		  if (offset == 0)
		    {
		      sh_invalidid (name);
		      assign_error++;
		      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
		    }
		  name[(aflags & ASS_APPEND) ? offset - 1 : offset] = '\0';
		  value = name + offset + 1;
		}

	      /* OK, let's turn off the nameref attribute.
		 Now everything else applies to VAR. */
	      if (flags_off & att_nameref)
		VUNSETATTR (refvar, att_nameref);

	      goto restart_new_var_name;
	      /* NOTREACHED */
	    }
	}
      if (var == 0)
	var = declare_find_variable (name, mkglobal, chklocal);

      /* At this point, VAR is the variable we are dealing with; REFVAR is the
	 nameref variable we dereferenced to get VAR, if any. */
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
      var_exists = var != 0;
      array_exists = var && (array_p (var) || assoc_p (var));
      creating_array = flags_on & (att_array|att_assoc);
#endif

      /* Make a new variable if we need to. */
      if (var == 0)
	{
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
	  if (flags_on & att_assoc)
	    var = make_new_assoc_variable (name);
	  else if ((flags_on & att_array) || making_array_special)
	    var = make_new_array_variable (name);
	  else
#endif
	    var = mkglobal ? bind_global_variable (name, (char *)NULL, ASS_FORCE) : bind_variable (name, (char *)NULL, ASS_FORCE);

	  if (var == 0)
	    {
	      /* Has to appear in brackets */
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }
	  if (offset == 0)
	    VSETATTR (var, att_invisible);
	  created_var = 1;
	}

      /* Nameref variable error checking. */

      /* Can't take an existing array variable and make it a nameref */
      else if ((array_p (var) || assoc_p (var)) && (flags_on & att_nameref))
	{
	  builtin_error (_("%s: reference variable cannot be an array"), name);
	  any_failed++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}
      /* Can't have an invalid identifier as nameref value */
      else if (nameref_p (var) && (flags_on & att_nameref) == 0 && (flags_off & att_nameref) == 0 && offset && valid_nameref_value (value, 1) == 0)
	{
	  builtin_error (_("`%s': invalid variable name for name reference"), value);
	  any_failed++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}
      /* Can't make an existing variable a nameref if its current value is not
	 a valid identifier. Check of offset is to allow an assignment to a
	 nameref var as part of the declare word to override existing value. */
      else if ((flags_on & att_nameref) && nameref_p (var) == 0 && var_isset (var) && offset == 0 && valid_nameref_value (value_cell (var), 0) == 0)
	{
	  builtin_error (_("`%s': invalid variable name for name reference"), value_cell (var));
	  any_failed++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}
      /* Can't make an existing readonly variable a nameref. */
      else if ((flags_on & att_nameref) && readonly_p (var))
	{
	  sh_readonly (name);
	  any_failed++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}

      /* Readonly variable error checking. */

      /* Cannot use declare +r to turn off readonly attribute. */
      if (readonly_p (var) && (flags_off & att_readonly))
	{
	  sh_readonly (name_cell (var));
	  any_failed++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}
      /* Cannot use declare to assign value to readonly or noassign variable. */
      else if (ASSIGN_DISALLOWED (var, 0) && offset)
	{
	  if (readonly_p (var))
	    {
	      sh_readonly (name);
	      assign_error++;
	    }
	  /* just ignore attempts to assign to noassign variables; returning
	     EXECUTION_FAILURE would cause set -e to exit the shell. */
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}
      /* Cannot set or unset invalid attributes on readonly variables */
      else if (readonly_p (var) && ((flags_on & invalid_readonly_attrs) || (flags_off & invalid_readonly_attrs)))
	{
	  /* The restrictions on namerefs and readonly variables are handled
	     above. */
	  sh_readonly (name_cell (var));
	  any_failed++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}

#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
      /* Array variable error checking. */

      /* Cannot use declare +a name or declare +A name to remove an array variable. */
      if (((flags_off & att_array) && array_p (var)) || ((flags_off & att_assoc) && assoc_p (var)))
	{
	  builtin_error (_("%s: cannot destroy array variables in this way"), name);
	  any_failed++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}
      else if ((flags_on & att_array) && assoc_p (var))
	{
	  builtin_error (_("%s: cannot convert associative to indexed array"), name);
	  any_failed++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}
      else if ((flags_on & att_assoc) && array_p (var))
	{
	  builtin_error (_("%s: cannot convert indexed to associative array"), name);
	  any_failed++;
	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	}

      /* make declare A[2]=foo as similar to A[2]=foo as possible if A is
	 already an array or assoc variable. */
      if (array_subscript_assignment && array_exists && creating_array == 0)
	simple_array_assign = 1;
      else if ((making_array_special || creating_array || array_exists) && offset)
	{
	  size_t vlen;
	  vlen = STRLEN (value);
/*itrace("declare_builtin: name = %s value = %s flags = %d", name, value, wflags);*/

	  if (shell_compatibility_level > 43 && (wflags & W_COMPASSIGN) == 0 &&
		value[0] == '(' && value[vlen-1] == ')')
	    {
	      /* I don't believe this warning is printed any more.
		 We use creating_array to allow things like
		     declare -a foo$bar='(abc)'
		 to work as they have in the past. */
	      if (array_exists == 0 && creating_array == 0)
		internal_warning (_("%s: quoted compound array assignment deprecated"), list->word->word);
	      compound_array_assign = array_exists || creating_array;
	      simple_array_assign = making_array_special;
	    }
	  else if (value[0] == '(' && value[vlen-1] == ')' && (shell_compatibility_level < 44 || (wflags & W_COMPASSIGN)))
	    compound_array_assign = 1;
	  else
	    simple_array_assign = 1;
	}

      /* declare -A name[[n]] makes name an associative array variable. */
      if (flags_on & att_assoc)
	{
	  if (assoc_p (var) == 0)
	    var = convert_var_to_assoc (var);
	}
      /* declare -a name[[n]] or declare name[n] makes NAME an indexed
	 array variable. */
      else if ((making_array_special || (flags_on & att_array)) && array_p (var) == 0 && assoc_p (var) == 0)
	var = convert_var_to_array (var);
#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */

      /* ksh93 compat: turning on nameref attribute turns off -ilu */
      if (flags_on & att_nameref)
	VUNSETATTR (var, att_integer|att_uppercase|att_lowercase|att_capcase);

      /* XXX - we note that we are turning on nameref attribute and defer
	 setting it until the assignment has been made so we don't do an
	 inadvertent nameref lookup.  Might have to do the same thing for
	 flags_off&att_nameref. */
      /* XXX - ksh93 makes it an error to set a readonly nameref variable
	 using a single typeset command. */
      onref = (flags_on & att_nameref);
      flags_on &= ~att_nameref;
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
      /* I don't believe this condition ever tests true, but array variables
	 may not be namerefs */
      if (array_p (var) || assoc_p (var) || compound_array_assign || simple_array_assign)
	onref = 0;
#endif

      /* ksh93 seems to do this */
      offref = (flags_off & att_nameref);
      flags_off &= ~att_nameref;

      VSETATTR (var, flags_on);
      VUNSETATTR (var, flags_off);

#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
      if (offset && compound_array_assign)
	assign_array_var_from_string (var, value, aflags|ASS_FORCE);
      else if (simple_array_assign && subscript_start)
	{
	  int local_aflags;

	  /* declare [-aA] name[N]=value */
	  *subscript_start = '[';	/* ] */
	  /* XXX - problem here with appending */
	  local_aflags = aflags&ASS_APPEND;
	  local_aflags |= assoc_noexpand ? ASS_NOEXPAND : 0;
	  local_aflags |= ASS_ALLOWALLSUB;		/* allow declare a[@]=at */
	  var = assign_array_element (name, value, local_aflags, (array_eltstate_t *)0);	/* XXX - not aflags */
	  *subscript_start = '\0';
	  if (var == 0)	/* some kind of assignment error */
	    {
	      assign_error++;
	      flags_on |= onref;
	      flags_off |= offref;
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }
	}
      else if (simple_array_assign)
	{
	  /* let bind_{array,assoc}_variable take care of this. */
	  if (assoc_p (var))
	    bind_assoc_variable (var, name, savestring ("0"), value, aflags|ASS_FORCE);
	  else
	    bind_array_variable (name, 0, value, aflags|ASS_FORCE);
	}
      else
#endif
      /* XXX - no ASS_FORCE here */
      /* bind_variable_value duplicates the essential internals of bind_variable() */
      if (offset)
	{
	  if (onref || nameref_p (var))
	    aflags |= ASS_NAMEREF;
	  v = bind_variable_value (var, value, aflags);
	  if (v == 0 && (onref || nameref_p (var)))
	    {
	      if (valid_nameref_value (value, 1) == 0)
		sh_invalidid (value);
	      /* what else can cause this to fail? */
	      else if (flags_on & att_integer)
		builtin_error (_("%s: expands to invalid variable name for name reference"), value);
	      assign_error++;
	      /* XXX - unset this variable? or leave it as normal var? */
	      if (created_var)
		delete_var (name_cell (var), mkglobal ? global_variables : shell_variables);
	      flags_on |= onref;		/* undo change from above */
	      flags_off |= offref;
	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
	    }
	}

      /* If we found this variable in the temporary environment, as with
	 `var=value declare -x var', make sure it is treated identically
	 to `var=value export var'.  Do the same for `declare -r' and
	 `readonly'.  Preserve the attributes, except for att_tempvar.
	 This doesn't happen in functions, since declare in shell functions
	 always creates local variables (that inherit their value from the
	 tempenv variable). We don't check variable_context; maybe we should. */
      /* XXX -- should this create a variable in the global scope, or
	 modify the local variable flags?  ksh93 has it modify the
	 global scope.
	 Need to handle case like in set_var_attribute where a temporary
	 variable is in the same table as the function local vars. */
      if ((flags_on & (att_exported|att_readonly)) && tempvar_p (var))
	{
	  SHELL_VAR *tv;

	  /* Temporary environment? Or in the local variable context? */
	  tv = find_tempenv_variable (name_cell (var));
	  if (tv)
	    {
	      /* We don't bother with modifying the temporary env because
		 we're already using it. */
	      tv = bind_variable (name_cell (var), value_cell (var), ASS_NOTEMPENV);

	      if (tv)
		{
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
		  /* copy array value if array variable */
		  if ((array_p (var) || assoc_p (var)))
		    arrayvar_copyval (var, tv);
#endif
		  /* then copy attributes */
		  tv->attributes |= var->attributes & ~att_tempvar;
		  if (tv->context > 0 && local_p (var) == 0)	/* just paranoia here */
		    VSETATTR (tv, att_propagate);
		}
	    }
	  /* XXX - don't propagate local variables back to a previous scope,
	     even in posix mode. */
	  if (local_p (var) == 0)
	    VSETATTR (var, att_propagate);
	}

      /* Turn on nameref attribute we deferred above. */
      VSETATTR (var, onref);
      flags_on |= onref;
      VUNSETATTR (var, offref);
      flags_off |= offref;

      /* Yuck.  ksh93 compatibility.  XXX - need to investigate more but
	 definitely happens when turning off nameref attribute on nameref
	 (see comments above).  Under no circumstances allow this to turn
	 off readonly attribute on readonly nameref variable. */
      if (refvar)
	{
	  if (flags_off & att_readonly)
	    flags_off &= ~att_readonly;
 	  VUNSETATTR (refvar, flags_off);
	}

      stupidly_hack_special_variables (name);

      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
    }

  return (assign_error ? EX_BADASSIGN
		       : ((any_failed == 0) ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS
  					    : EXECUTION_FAILURE));
}
