@numchapentry{Introduction}{1}{Introduction}{1} @numsecentry{What is Bash?}{1.1}{What is Bash?}{1} @numsecentry{What is a shell?}{1.2}{What is a shell?}{1} @numchapentry{Definitions}{2}{Definitions}{3} @numchapentry{Basic Shell Features}{3}{Basic Shell Features}{5} @numsecentry{Shell Syntax}{3.1}{Shell Syntax}{5} @numsubsecentry{Shell Operation}{3.1.1}{Shell Operation}{5} @numsubsecentry{Quoting}{3.1.2}{Quoting}{6} @numsubsubsecentry{Escape Character}{3.1.2.1}{Escape Character}{6} @numsubsubsecentry{Single Quotes}{3.1.2.2}{Single Quotes}{6} @numsubsubsecentry{Double Quotes}{3.1.2.3}{Double Quotes}{6} @numsubsubsecentry{ANSI-C Quoting}{3.1.2.4}{ANSI-C Quoting}{6} @numsubsubsecentry{Locale-Specific Translation}{3.1.2.5}{Locale Translation}{7} @numsubsecentry{Comments}{3.1.3}{Comments}{7} @numsecentry{Shell Commands}{3.2}{Shell Commands}{8} @numsubsecentry{Simple Commands}{3.2.1}{Simple Commands}{8} @numsubsecentry{Pipelines}{3.2.2}{Pipelines}{8} @numsubsecentry{Lists of Commands}{3.2.3}{Lists}{9} @numsubsecentry{Compound Commands}{3.2.4}{Compound Commands}{9} @numsubsubsecentry{Looping Constructs}{3.2.4.1}{Looping Constructs}{10} @numsubsubsecentry{Conditional Constructs}{3.2.4.2}{Conditional Constructs}{10} @numsubsubsecentry{Grouping Commands}{3.2.4.3}{Command Grouping}{14} @numsubsecentry{Coprocesses}{3.2.5}{Coprocesses}{15} @numsubsecentry{GNU Parallel}{3.2.6}{GNU Parallel}{15} @numsecentry{Shell Functions}{3.3}{Shell Functions}{17} @numsecentry{Shell Parameters}{3.4}{Shell Parameters}{18} @numsubsecentry{Positional Parameters}{3.4.1}{Positional Parameters}{20} @numsubsecentry{Special Parameters}{3.4.2}{Special Parameters}{20} @numsecentry{Shell Expansions}{3.5}{Shell Expansions}{21} @numsubsecentry{Brace Expansion}{3.5.1}{Brace Expansion}{21} @numsubsecentry{Tilde Expansion}{3.5.2}{Tilde Expansion}{22} @numsubsecentry{Shell Parameter Expansion}{3.5.3}{Shell Parameter Expansion}{23} @numsubsecentry{Command Substitution}{3.5.4}{Command Substitution}{29} @numsubsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3.5.5}{Arithmetic Expansion}{29} @numsubsecentry{Process Substitution}{3.5.6}{Process Substitution}{30} @numsubsecentry{Word Splitting}{3.5.7}{Word Splitting}{30} @numsubsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3.5.8}{Filename Expansion}{30} @numsubsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3.5.8.1}{Pattern Matching}{31} @numsubsecentry{Quote Removal}{3.5.9}{Quote Removal}{32} @numsecentry{Redirections}{3.6}{Redirections}{32} @numsubsecentry{Redirecting Input}{3.6.1}{}{33} @numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{34} @numsubsecentry{Appending Redirected Output}{3.6.3}{}{34} @numsubsecentry{Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.4}{}{34} @numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{34} @numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{35} @numsubsecentry{Here Strings}{3.6.7}{}{35} @numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{35} @numsubsecentry{Moving File Descriptors}{3.6.9}{}{36} @numsubsecentry{Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing}{3.6.10}{}{36} @numsecentry{Executing Commands}{3.7}{Executing Commands}{36} @numsubsecentry{Simple Command Expansion}{3.7.1}{Simple Command Expansion}{36} @numsubsecentry{Command Search and Execution}{3.7.2}{Command Search and Execution}{37} @numsubsecentry{Command Execution Environment}{3.7.3}{Command Execution Environment}{37} @numsubsecentry{Environment}{3.7.4}{Environment}{38} @numsubsecentry{Exit Status}{3.7.5}{Exit Status}{39} @numsubsecentry{Signals}{3.7.6}{Signals}{39} @numsecentry{Shell Scripts}{3.8}{Shell Scripts}{40} @numchapentry{Shell Builtin Commands}{4}{Shell Builtin Commands}{41} @numsecentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4.1}{Bourne Shell Builtins}{41} @numsecentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4.2}{Bash Builtins}{48} @numsecentry{Modifying Shell Behavior}{4.3}{Modifying Shell Behavior}{59} @numsubsecentry{The Set Builtin}{4.3.1}{The Set Builtin}{59} @numsubsecentry{The Shopt Builtin}{4.3.2}{The Shopt Builtin}{63} @numsecentry{Special Builtins}{4.4}{Special Builtins}{69} @numchapentry{Shell Variables}{5}{Shell Variables}{70} @numsecentry{Bourne Shell Variables}{5.1}{Bourne Shell Variables}{70} @numsecentry{Bash Variables}{5.2}{Bash Variables}{70} @numchapentry{Bash Features}{6}{Bash Features}{81} @numsecentry{Invoking Bash}{6.1}{Invoking Bash}{81} @numsecentry{Bash Startup Files}{6.2}{Bash Startup Files}{83} @numsecentry{Interactive Shells}{6.3}{Interactive Shells}{84} @numsubsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6.3.1}{What is an Interactive Shell?}{85} @numsubsecentry{Is this Shell Interactive?}{6.3.2}{Is this Shell Interactive?}{85} @numsubsecentry{Interactive Shell Behavior}{6.3.3}{Interactive Shell Behavior}{85} @numsecentry{Bash Conditional Expressions}{6.4}{Bash Conditional Expressions}{86} @numsecentry{Shell Arithmetic}{6.5}{Shell Arithmetic}{88} @numsecentry{Aliases}{6.6}{Aliases}{89} @numsecentry{Arrays}{6.7}{Arrays}{90} @numsecentry{The Directory Stack}{6.8}{The Directory Stack}{91} @numsubsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6.8.1}{Directory Stack Builtins}{92} @numsecentry{Controlling the Prompt}{6.9}{Controlling the Prompt}{93} @numsecentry{The Restricted Shell}{6.10}{The Restricted Shell}{94} @numsecentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6.11}{Bash POSIX Mode}{95} @numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{99} @numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{99} @numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{100} @numsecentry{Job Control Variables}{7.3}{Job Control Variables}{102} @numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{Command Line Editing}{103} @numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8.1}{Introduction and Notation}{103} @numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{8.2}{Readline Interaction}{103} @numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{104} @numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{104} @numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{105} @numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{105} @numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{105} @numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{106} @numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{106} @numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{114} @numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{8.3.3}{Sample Init File}{115} @numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{118} @numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{118} @numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8.4.2}{Commands For History}{119} @numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8.4.3}{Commands For Text}{120} @numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{121} @numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{123} @numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{123} @numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{125} @numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{125} @numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{127} @numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{128} @numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{130} @numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{133} @numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{136} @numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{136} @numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{136} @numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{138} @numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{139} @numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{139} @numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{140} @numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{141} @numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{141} @numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{142} @numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{142} @numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{142} @numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{142} @numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{143} @numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{143} @numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{143} @appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{148} @appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{149} @appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{153} @appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{155} @appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{163} @appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{163} @appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{164} @appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{164} @appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{166} @appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{168}