# test expression evaluation with unset variables set -u ( echo $(( a > 4 )) ; echo after 1 ) # error ( echo $(( a[0] > 4 )); echo after 2) # error set +u ( echo $(( a > 4 )) ; echo after 3 $? ) ( echo $(( a[0] > 4 )); echo after 4 $?) # this is a recursion stack error a=b b=a echo $(( a + 7 )) # make sure command printing works for arithmetic expansions and commands set -x var=42 echo $(( $var )) echo $? echo $(( $null )) echo $? (( $var )) echo $? (( $null )) echo $? set +x # invalid expressions in different cases x=4+ declare -i x x+=7 y=4 echo x = $x y = $y