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Chet Ramey
2011-12-12 22:09:11 -05:00
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@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from
/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
the Bash shell (version 4.2, 21 July 2010).
the Bash shell (version 4.2, 20 October 2010).
This is Edition 4.2, last updated 21 July 2010, of `The GNU Bash
This is Edition 4.2, last updated 20 October 2010, of `The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.2.
Copyright (C) 1988-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ Bash Features
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
the Bash shell (version 4.2, 21 July 2010).
the Bash shell (version 4.2, 20 October 2010).
This is Edition 4.2, last updated 21 July 2010, of `The GNU Bash
This is Edition 4.2, last updated 20 October 2010, of `The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.2.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors can be
utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard
word expansions.
The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
available as the value of the variable NAME_PID. The `wait' builtin
command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ and `local' builtin commands.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the `+=' operator can
be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. When
`+=' is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been
`+=' is applied to a variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been
set, VALUE is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
variable's current value, which is also evaluated. When `+=' is
applied to an array variable using compound assignment (*note
@@ -1496,9 +1496,9 @@ the variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the
variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the
rest of the substitution, rather than the value of PARAMETER itself.
This is known as `indirect expansion'. The exceptions to this are the
expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The
exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
introduce indirection.
expansions of ${!PREFIX
} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must
immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion,
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
@@ -2637,7 +2637,7 @@ standard.
When the end of options is encountered, `getopts' exits with a
return value greater than zero. `OPTIND' is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and `name' is set to `?'.
the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to `?'.
`getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in ARGS, `getopts' parses those instead.
@@ -3568,8 +3568,8 @@ allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
`set'
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
If no options or arguments are supplied, `set' displays the names
and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according
@@ -3911,18 +3911,18 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
`compat31'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with
respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's =~
respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's `=~'
operator.
`compat32'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with
respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
conditional command's < and > operators.
conditional command's `<' and `>' operators.
`compat40'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with
respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
conditional command's < and > operators and the effect of
conditional command's `<' and `>' operators and the effect of
interrupting a command list.
`compat41'
@@ -4183,9 +4183,9 @@ In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
splits words as part of expansion.
`MAIL'
If this parameter is set to a filename and the `MAILPATH' variable
is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in the
specified file.
If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the
`MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the
arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
`MAILPATH'
A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically
@@ -4243,13 +4243,13 @@ Variables::).
startup files. This variable is readonly.
`BASHPID'
Expands to the process id of the current Bash process. This
Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This
differs from `$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
`BASH_ALIASES'
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
internal list of aliases as maintained by the `alias' builtin
internal list of aliases as maintained by the `alias' builtin.
(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array
appear in the alias list; unsetting array elements cause aliases
to be removed from the alias list.
@@ -4434,7 +4434,7 @@ Variables::).
`EMACS'
If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
starts with value `t', it assumes that the shell is running in an
emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
`ENV'
Similar to `BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX
@@ -5064,14 +5064,14 @@ Invoked by remote shell daemon
..............................
Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell daemon,
usually `rshd', or the secure shell daemon `sshd'. If Bash determines
it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from
`~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this
if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used to inhibit this
behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to force another file
to be read, but `rshd' does not generally invoke the shell with those
options or allow them to be specified.
connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
daemon, usually `rshd', or the secure shell daemon `sshd'. If Bash
determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It
will not do this if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used
to inhibit this behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to
force another file to be read, but `rshd' does not generally invoke the
shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs
................................................
@@ -5436,7 +5436,7 @@ expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an
arithmetic expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which
has been given the INTEGER attribute using `declare -i' is assigned a
value. A null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have
its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
its INTEGER attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A
leading `0x' or `0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the
@@ -5954,17 +5954,15 @@ startup files.
options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
23. If `CDPATH' is set, the `cd' builtin will not implicitly append
the current directory to it. This means that `cd' will fail if no
valid directory name can be constructed from any of the entries in
`$CDPATH', even if the a directory with the same name as the name
given as an argument to `cd' exists in the current directory.
24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
24. A non-interactive shell exists with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
special builtin, but not with any other simple command.
25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
variable in a `for' statement or the selection variable in a
`select' statement is a readonly variable.
@@ -6015,35 +6013,32 @@ startup files.
argument does not refer to an existing directory, `cd' will fail
instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode.
39. When the `pwd' builtin is supplied the `-P' option, it resets
`$PWD' to a pathname containing no symlinks.
40. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
39. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
system with the `-P' option.
41. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an
40. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an
indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
42. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'.
41. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'.
43. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable
42. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable
file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to
execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in
`$PATH'.
44. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when
43. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when
the `v' command is run, instead of checking `$VISUAL' and
`$EDITOR'.
45. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
44. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
interpret any arguments to `echo' as options. Each argument is
displayed, after escape characters are converted.
46. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c'
45. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c'
and `-f' options.
47. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not
46. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not
interrupt the `wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
@@ -6308,7 +6303,7 @@ Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
shell, unless the `--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation.
Line editing is also used when using the `-e' option to the `read'
builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing
commands are similar to those of emacs. A vi-style line editing
commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing
interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time
using the `-o emacs' or `-o vi' options to the `set' builtin command
(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the `+o emacs' or `+o vi'
@@ -6802,6 +6797,11 @@ Variable Settings
`.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
completed. This variable is `on' by default.
`menu-complete-display-prefix'
If set to `on', menu completion displays the common prefix of
the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before
cycling through the list. The default is `off'.
`output-meta'
If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
@@ -8341,7 +8341,8 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: Hist
-----------------------
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list.
history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
the current position in the history list.
`!'
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
@@ -8358,12 +8359,13 @@ history list.
Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.
`!STRING'
Refer to the most recent command starting with STRING.
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
the history list starting with STRING.
`!?STRING[?]'
Refer to the most recent command containing STRING. The trailing
`?' may be omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a
newline.
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
the history list containing STRING. The trailing `?' may be
omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline.
`^STRING1^STRING2^'
Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
@@ -10137,6 +10139,8 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
(line 177)
* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 182)
* menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 189)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 145)
* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 436)
@@ -10147,9 +10151,9 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
(line 38)
* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 443)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 189)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 194)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 199)
* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 42)
* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 446)
@@ -10169,17 +10173,17 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 497)
* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 501)
* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 204)
(line 209)
* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 504)
* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 510)
* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 515)
* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 524)
* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 210)
(line 215)
* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 216)
(line 221)
* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 225)
(line 230)
* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11)
* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11)
* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 529)
@@ -10187,7 +10191,7 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 579)
* UID: Bash Variables. (line 583)
* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 238)
(line 243)

File: bashref.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes
@@ -10374,7 +10378,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index
* functions, shell: Shell Functions. (line 6)
* history builtins: Bash History Builtins.
(line 6)
* history events: Event Designators. (line 7)
* history events: Event Designators. (line 8)
* history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6)
* history list: Bash History Facilities.
(line 6)
@@ -10456,133 +10460,133 @@ D.5 Concept Index

Tag Table:
Node: Top1338
Node: Introduction3169
Node: What is Bash?3397
Node: What is a shell?4510
Node: Definitions7050
Node: Basic Shell Features9968
Node: Shell Syntax11187
Node: Shell Operation12217
Node: Quoting13511
Node: Escape Character14814
Node: Single Quotes15299
Node: Double Quotes15647
Node: ANSI-C Quoting16772
Node: Locale Translation18016
Node: Comments18912
Node: Shell Commands19530
Node: Simple Commands20402
Node: Pipelines21033
Node: Lists23727
Node: Compound Commands25456
Node: Looping Constructs26260
Node: Conditional Constructs28719
Node: Command Grouping36832
Node: Coprocesses38311
Node: GNU Parallel39976
Node: Shell Functions42444
Node: Shell Parameters47388
Node: Positional Parameters49804
Node: Special Parameters50704
Node: Shell Expansions53668
Node: Brace Expansion55593
Node: Tilde Expansion58348
Node: Shell Parameter Expansion60699
Node: Command Substitution69834
Node: Arithmetic Expansion71167
Node: Process Substitution72017
Node: Word Splitting73067
Node: Filename Expansion74690
Node: Pattern Matching76829
Node: Quote Removal80468
Node: Redirections80763
Node: Executing Commands89288
Node: Simple Command Expansion89958
Node: Command Search and Execution91888
Node: Command Execution Environment94225
Node: Environment97211
Node: Exit Status98871
Node: Signals100492
Node: Shell Scripts102460
Node: Shell Builtin Commands104978
Node: Bourne Shell Builtins107006
Node: Bash Builtins124684
Node: Modifying Shell Behavior150898
Node: The Set Builtin151243
Node: The Shopt Builtin160767
Node: Special Builtins172722
Node: Shell Variables173701
Node: Bourne Shell Variables174141
Node: Bash Variables176122
Node: Bash Features201046
Node: Invoking Bash201929
Node: Bash Startup Files207693
Node: Interactive Shells212705
Node: What is an Interactive Shell?213115
Node: Is this Shell Interactive?213764
Node: Interactive Shell Behavior214579
Node: Bash Conditional Expressions217859
Node: Shell Arithmetic221607
Node: Aliases224366
Node: Arrays226938
Node: The Directory Stack231053
Node: Directory Stack Builtins231767
Node: Printing a Prompt234659
Node: The Restricted Shell237411
Node: Bash POSIX Mode239243
Node: Job Control248173
Node: Job Control Basics248633
Node: Job Control Builtins253350
Node: Job Control Variables257714
Node: Command Line Editing258872
Node: Introduction and Notation260439
Node: Readline Interaction262061
Node: Readline Bare Essentials263252
Node: Readline Movement Commands265041
Node: Readline Killing Commands266006
Node: Readline Arguments267926
Node: Searching268970
Node: Readline Init File271156
Node: Readline Init File Syntax272303
Node: Conditional Init Constructs287407
Node: Sample Init File289940
Node: Bindable Readline Commands293057
Node: Commands For Moving294264
Node: Commands For History295408
Node: Commands For Text298563
Node: Commands For Killing301236
Node: Numeric Arguments303687
Node: Commands For Completion304826
Node: Keyboard Macros309018
Node: Miscellaneous Commands309589
Node: Readline vi Mode315395
Node: Programmable Completion316302
Node: Programmable Completion Builtins323512
Node: Using History Interactively332648
Node: Bash History Facilities333332
Node: Bash History Builtins336246
Node: History Interaction340103
Node: Event Designators342808
Node: Word Designators343823
Node: Modifiers345462
Node: Installing Bash346866
Node: Basic Installation348003
Node: Compilers and Options350695
Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures351436
Node: Installation Names353100
Node: Specifying the System Type353918
Node: Sharing Defaults354634
Node: Operation Controls355307
Node: Optional Features356265
Node: Reporting Bugs365824
Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell367025
Node: GNU Free Documentation License383712
Node: Indexes408908
Node: Builtin Index409362
Node: Reserved Word Index416189
Node: Variable Index418637
Node: Function Index431591
Node: Concept Index438600
Node: Top1344
Node: Introduction3181
Node: What is Bash?3409
Node: What is a shell?4522
Node: Definitions7062
Node: Basic Shell Features9980
Node: Shell Syntax11199
Node: Shell Operation12229
Node: Quoting13523
Node: Escape Character14826
Node: Single Quotes15311
Node: Double Quotes15659
Node: ANSI-C Quoting16784
Node: Locale Translation18028
Node: Comments18924
Node: Shell Commands19542
Node: Simple Commands20414
Node: Pipelines21045
Node: Lists23739
Node: Compound Commands25468
Node: Looping Constructs26272
Node: Conditional Constructs28731
Node: Command Grouping36844
Node: Coprocesses38323
Node: GNU Parallel39988
Node: Shell Functions42456
Node: Shell Parameters47400
Node: Positional Parameters49816
Node: Special Parameters50716
Node: Shell Expansions53680
Node: Brace Expansion55605
Node: Tilde Expansion58360
Node: Shell Parameter Expansion60711
Node: Command Substitution69846
Node: Arithmetic Expansion71179
Node: Process Substitution72029
Node: Word Splitting73079
Node: Filename Expansion74702
Node: Pattern Matching76841
Node: Quote Removal80480
Node: Redirections80775
Node: Executing Commands89300
Node: Simple Command Expansion89970
Node: Command Search and Execution91900
Node: Command Execution Environment94237
Node: Environment97223
Node: Exit Status98883
Node: Signals100504
Node: Shell Scripts102472
Node: Shell Builtin Commands104990
Node: Bourne Shell Builtins107018
Node: Bash Builtins124694
Node: Modifying Shell Behavior150908
Node: The Set Builtin151253
Node: The Shopt Builtin160787
Node: Special Builtins172752
Node: Shell Variables173731
Node: Bourne Shell Variables174171
Node: Bash Variables176198
Node: Bash Features201123
Node: Invoking Bash202006
Node: Bash Startup Files207770
Node: Interactive Shells212791
Node: What is an Interactive Shell?213201
Node: Is this Shell Interactive?213850
Node: Interactive Shell Behavior214665
Node: Bash Conditional Expressions217945
Node: Shell Arithmetic221693
Node: Aliases224452
Node: Arrays227024
Node: The Directory Stack231139
Node: Directory Stack Builtins231853
Node: Printing a Prompt234745
Node: The Restricted Shell237497
Node: Bash POSIX Mode239329
Node: Job Control247990
Node: Job Control Basics248450
Node: Job Control Builtins253167
Node: Job Control Variables257531
Node: Command Line Editing258689
Node: Introduction and Notation260256
Node: Readline Interaction261878
Node: Readline Bare Essentials263069
Node: Readline Movement Commands264858
Node: Readline Killing Commands265823
Node: Readline Arguments267743
Node: Searching268787
Node: Readline Init File270973
Node: Readline Init File Syntax272120
Node: Conditional Init Constructs287462
Node: Sample Init File289995
Node: Bindable Readline Commands293112
Node: Commands For Moving294319
Node: Commands For History295463
Node: Commands For Text298618
Node: Commands For Killing301291
Node: Numeric Arguments303742
Node: Commands For Completion304881
Node: Keyboard Macros309073
Node: Miscellaneous Commands309644
Node: Readline vi Mode315450
Node: Programmable Completion316357
Node: Programmable Completion Builtins323567
Node: Using History Interactively332703
Node: Bash History Facilities333387
Node: Bash History Builtins336301
Node: History Interaction340158
Node: Event Designators342863
Node: Word Designators344085
Node: Modifiers345724
Node: Installing Bash347128
Node: Basic Installation348265
Node: Compilers and Options350957
Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures351698
Node: Installation Names353362
Node: Specifying the System Type354180
Node: Sharing Defaults354896
Node: Operation Controls355569
Node: Optional Features356527
Node: Reporting Bugs366086
Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell367287
Node: GNU Free Documentation License383974
Node: Indexes409170
Node: Builtin Index409624
Node: Reserved Word Index416451
Node: Variable Index418899
Node: Function Index431994
Node: Concept Index439003

End Tag Table