diff --git a/CHANGES b/CHANGES index f4d232e5..ba97f0a6 100644 --- a/CHANGES +++ b/CHANGES @@ -1,3 +1,124 @@ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-5.0-beta, and +the previous version, bash-5.0-alpha. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. Fixed a bug that allowed subshells to "inherit" enclosing loops -- this + is where POSIX says the subshell is not "enclosed" by the loop. + +b. Added more UTF-8-specific versions of multibyte functions, and optimized + existing functions if the current locale uses UTF-8 encoding. + +c. In POSIX mode, assignments preceding regular builtins should not persist + when the builtin completes. + +d. Added additional checks to special array assignment (e.g., BASH_ALIASES) + so it can't be used to bypass validity checks performed in other places. + +e. The `!!' history expansion now refers to the previous history entry as + expected, even if used on the second or subsequent line of a multi-line + history entry. + +f. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to dereference a NULL pointer if + the environment (`environ') is set to NULL. + +g. Bash uses slightly better integer overflow handling for brace sequence + expansion on systems where ints are 32 bits and intmax_t is 64 bits. + +h. Fixed a bug setting attributes for a variable named as an argument to + `declare' that also appears as a nameref in the temporary environment. + +i. Fixed several bugs that could cause assignments to namerefs to create + variables with invalid names. + +j. Fixed a bug that could result in the SIGINT handler being set incorrectly + in asynchronous subshells. + +k. Fixed a bug that could cause `bash -t' to not execute the specified command. + +l. Fixed several bugs that caused the shell to operate on the wrong variable + when using namerefs with the same name as a global variable in shell + functions. + +m. Internal changes to how the shell handles variables with invalid names in + the initial environment and to prevent variables with invalid names from + being added to the environment instead of passing them on to children. + +n. Changes to make sure that an expansion that results in a quoted null string + is reflected in the expansion, even if the word expands to nothing. + +o. Changes to make sure that $* and ${array[*]} (and $@/${array[@]}) expand + the same way after the recent changes for POSIX interpretation 888. + +p. Saving and restoring the positional parameters at function entry and exit + is considerably more efficient; noticeably so when there are large numbers + of positional parameters. + +q. Fixed a bug that caused `lastpipe' and `pipefail' to return an incorrect + status for the pipeline if there was more than one external command in a + loop body appearing in the last pipeline element. + +r. Fixed a bug that caused value conversion errors with the printf builtin's + %u and %f conversion specifications and invalid constants. + +2. Changes to Readline + +a. Added more UTF-8-specific versions of multibyte functions, and optimized + existing functions if the current locale uses UTF-8 encoding. + +b. Fixed a problem with bracketed-paste inserting more than one character and + interacting with other readline functions. + +c. Fixed a bug that caused the history library to attempt to append a history + line to a non-existent history entry. + +d. If using bracketed paste mode, output a newline after the \r that is the + last character of the mode disable string to avoid overwriting output. + +e. Fixes to the vi-mode `b', `B', `w', `W', `e', and `E' commands to better + handle multibyte characters. + +f. Fixed a redisplay problem that caused an extra newline to be generated on + accept-line when the line is exactly the screenwidth. + +3. New Features in Bash + +a. Bash no longer allows variable assignments preceding a special builtin that + changes variable attributes to propagate back to the calling environment + unless the compatibility level is 44 or lower. + +b. You can set the default value for $HISTSIZE at build time in config-top.h. + +c. The `complete' builtin now accepts a -I option that applies the completion + to the initial word on the line. + +d. The internal bash malloc now uses mmap (if available) to satisfy requests + greater than 128K bytes, so free can use mfree to return the pages to the + kernel. + +e. The shell doesn't automatically set BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV at startup + unless it's in debugging mode, as the documentation has always said, but + will dynamically create them if a script references them at the top level + without having enabled debugging mode. + +f. The localvar_inherit option will not attempt to inherit a value from a + variable of an incompatible type (indexed vs. associative arrays, for + example). + +g. The `globasciiranges' option is now enabled by default; it can be set to + off by default at configuration time. + +4. New Features in Readline + +a. The history expansion library now understands command and process + substitution and extended globbing and allows them to appear anywhere in a + word. + +b. The history library has a new variable that allows applications to set the + initial quoting state, so quoting state can be inherited from a previous + line. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-5.0-alpha, and the previous version, bash-4.4-release. diff --git a/CHANGES-5.0 b/CHANGES-5.0 index d4e7301f..b140903e 100644 --- a/CHANGES-5.0 +++ b/CHANGES-5.0 @@ -1,3 +1,124 @@ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-5.0-beta, and +the previous version, bash-5.0-alpha. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. Fixed a bug that allowed subshells to "inherit" enclosing loops -- this + is where POSIX says the subshell is not "enclosed" by the loop. + +b. Added more UTF-8-specific versions of multibyte functions, and optimized + existing functions if the current locale uses UTF-8 encoding. + +c. In POSIX mode, assignments preceding regular builtins should not persist + when the builtin completes. + +d. Added additional checks to special array assignment (e.g., BASH_ALIASES) + so it can't be used to bypass validity checks performed in other places. + +e. The `!!' history expansion now refers to the previous history entry as + expected, even if used on the second or subsequent line of a multi-line + history entry. + +f. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to dereference a NULL pointer if + the environment (`environ') is set to NULL. + +g. Bash uses slightly better integer overflow handling for brace sequence + expansion on systems where ints are 32 bits and intmax_t is 64 bits. + +h. Fixed a bug setting attributes for a variable named as an argument to + `declare' that also appears as a nameref in the temporary environment. + +i. Fixed several bugs that could cause assignments to namerefs to create + variables with invalid names. + +j. Fixed a bug that could result in the SIGINT handler being set incorrectly + in asynchronous subshells. + +k. Fixed a bug that could cause `bash -t' to not execute the specified command. + +l. Fixed several bugs that caused the shell to operate on the wrong variable + when using namerefs with the same name as a global variable in shell + functions. + +m. Internal changes to how the shell handles variables with invalid names in + the initial environment and to prevent variables with invalid names from + being added to the environment instead of passing them on to children. + +n. Changes to make sure that an expansion that results in a quoted null string + is reflected in the expansion, even if the word expands to nothing. + +o. Changes to make sure that $* and ${array[*]} (and $@/${array[@]}) expand + the same way after the recent changes for POSIX interpretation 888. + +p. Saving and restoring the positional parameters at function entry and exit + is considerably more efficient; noticeably so when there are large numbers + of positional parameters. + +q. Fixed a bug that caused `lastpipe' and `pipefail' to return an incorrect + status for the pipeline if there was more than one external command in a + loop body appearing in the last pipeline element. + +r. Fixed a bug that caused value conversion errors with the printf builtin's + %u and %f conversion specifications and invalid constants. + +2. Changes to Readline + +a. Added more UTF-8-specific versions of multibyte functions, and optimized + existing functions if the current locale uses UTF-8 encoding. + +b. Fixed a problem with bracketed-paste inserting more than one character and + interacting with other readline functions. + +c. Fixed a bug that caused the history library to attempt to append a history + line to a non-existent history entry. + +d. If using bracketed paste mode, output a newline after the \r that is the + last character of the mode disable string to avoid overwriting output. + +e. Fixes to the vi-mode `b', `B', `w', `W', `e', and `E' commands to better + handle multibyte characters. + +f. Fixed a redisplay problem that caused an extra newline to be generated on + accept-line when the line is exactly the screenwidth. + +3. New Features in Bash + +a. Bash no longer allows variable assignments preceding a special builtin that + changes variable attributes to propagate back to the calling environment + unless the compatibility level is 44 or lower. + +b. You can set the default value for $HISTSIZE at build time in config-top.h. + +c. The `complete' builtin now accepts a -I option that applies the completion + to the initial word on the line. + +d. The internal bash malloc now uses mmap (if available) to satisfy requests + greater than 128K bytes, so free can use mfree to return the pages to the + kernel. + +e. The shell doesn't automatically set BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV at startup + unless it's in debugging mode, as the documentation has always said, but + will dynamically create them if a script references them at the top level + without having enabled debugging mode. + +f. The localvar_inherit option will not attempt to inherit a value from a + variable of an incompatible type (indexed vs. associative arrays, for + example). + +g. The `globasciiranges' option is now enabled by default; it can be set to + off by default at configuration time. + +4. New Features in Readline + +a. The history expansion library now understands command and process + substitution and extended globbing and allows them to appear anywhere in a + word. + +b. The history library has a new variable that allows applications to set the + initial quoting state, so quoting state can be inherited from a previous + line. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-5.0-alpha, and the previous version, bash-4.4-release. diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index 90501dd7..9f00b946 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -4252,3 +4252,54 @@ builtins/printf.def - getuintmax,getfloatmax: on a conversion error, return as much of the value as we were able to convert instead of 0. Fixes bug reported by Robert Elz + + 9/4 + --- +lib/readline/text.c,lib/readline/rlprivate.h + - _rl_backward_char_internal: new function, guts of rl_backward_char + and rl_backward_byte, not currently used there + +lib/readline/vi_mode.c + - _rl_vi_advance_point: new function, move point forward by one + character, handling multibyte locales and characters and the end + of line semantics + - _rl_vi_backup_point: new function, move point backward by one + character, handling multibyte locales and characters + - rl_vi_eword,rl_vi_eWord: use rl_vi_advance_point instead of a simple + increment to handle multibyte characters. Fixes bug reported by + Enrico Maria De Angelis + + 9/5 + --- +lib/readline/vi_mode.c + - rl_vi_fword,rl_vi_fWord: use rl_vi_advance_point instead of a simple + increment to handle multibyte characters + - rl_vi_bword,rl_vi_bWord: use rl_vi_backup_point instead of a simple + decrement (and _rl_vi_advance_point where necessary) to handle + multibyte characters + - rl_vi_complete,_rl_vi_change_mbchar_case,_rl_vi_domove_motion_cleanup: + use _rl_vi_advance_point instead of simple rl_point increment + - vi_delete_dispatch,vi_change_dispatch,vi_yank_dispatch: use + INCREMENT_POS instead of a simple increment to rl_mark to handle + multibyte characters + - rl_vi_column: use _rl_forward_char_internal, starting with + rl_point == 0, to handle multibyte characters (Posix says `character + position', not index) + + 9/7 + --- +configure.ac + - changed release status to `beta' + + 9/9 + --- +lib/readline/display.c + - _rl_update_final: if the bottom line has zero characters and we are + on that line at column 0, don't bother with an additional \r\n. + Fixes redisplay nit reported by Per Bothner + + +configure.ac + - openbsd needs DEV_FD_STAT_BROKEN defined + +[bash-5.0-beta frozen] diff --git a/INSTALL b/INSTALL index 9d5dee0b..91f1dd9a 100644 --- a/INSTALL +++ b/INSTALL @@ -248,8 +248,8 @@ and linked, rather than changing run-time features. '--enable-largefile' Enable support for large files - (http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html) if - the operating system requires special compiler options to build + (http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html) if the + operating system requires special compiler options to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default, if the operating system provides large file support. diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS index 66cbf97d..1ef109f3 100644 --- a/NEWS +++ b/NEWS @@ -85,6 +85,31 @@ z. The `times' builtin now honors the current locale when printing a decimal aa. There is a new (disabled by default, undocumented) shell option to enable and disable sending history to syslog at runtime. +bb. Bash no longer allows variable assignments preceding a special builtin that + changes variable attributes to propagate back to the calling environment + unless the compatibility level is 44 or lower. + +cc. You can set the default value for $HISTSIZE at build time in config-top.h. + +dd. The `complete' builtin now accepts a -I option that applies the completion + to the initial word on the line. + +ee. The internal bash malloc now uses mmap (if available) to satisfy requests + greater than 128K bytes, so free can use mfree to return the pages to the + kernel. + +ff. The shell doesn't automatically set BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV at startup + unless it's in debugging mode, as the documentation has always said, but + will dynamically create them if a script references them at the top level + without having enabled debugging mode. + +gg. The localvar_inherit option will not attempt to inherit a value from a + variable of an incompatible type (indexed vs. associative arrays, for + example). + +hh. The `globasciiranges' option is now enabled by default; it can be set to + off by default at configuration time. + 2. New Features in Readline a. Non-incremental vi-mode search (`N', `n') can search for a shell pattern, as @@ -112,6 +137,14 @@ g. There is a simple variable comparison facility available for use within an either `on' or `off'; variable names are separated from the operator by whitespace. +h. The history expansion library now understands command and process + substitution and extended globbing and allows them to appear anywhere in a + word. + +i. The history library has a new variable that allows applications to set the + initial quoting state, so quoting state can be inherited from a previous + line. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.4 since the release of bash-4.3. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is diff --git a/NEWS-5.0 b/NEWS-5.0 index e8ca40aa..84c90e16 100644 --- a/NEWS-5.0 +++ b/NEWS-5.0 @@ -85,6 +85,31 @@ z. The `times' builtin now honors the current locale when printing a decimal aa. There is a new (disabled by default, undocumented) shell option to enable and disable sending history to syslog at runtime. +bb. Bash no longer allows variable assignments preceding a special builtin that + changes variable attributes to propagate back to the calling environment + unless the compatibility level is 44 or lower. + +cc. You can set the default value for $HISTSIZE at build time in config-top.h. + +dd. The `complete' builtin now accepts a -I option that applies the completion + to the initial word on the line. + +ee. The internal bash malloc now uses mmap (if available) to satisfy requests + greater than 128K bytes, so free can use mfree to return the pages to the + kernel. + +ff. The shell doesn't automatically set BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV at startup + unless it's in debugging mode, as the documentation has always said, but + will dynamically create them if a script references them at the top level + without having enabled debugging mode. + +gg. The localvar_inherit option will not attempt to inherit a value from a + variable of an incompatible type (indexed vs. associative arrays, for + example). + +hh. The `globasciiranges' option is now enabled by default; it can be set to + off by default at configuration time. + 2. New Features in Readline a. Non-incremental vi-mode search (`N', `n') can search for a shell pattern, as @@ -111,3 +136,11 @@ g. There is a simple variable comparison facility available for use within an variables may be compared to a value; boolean variables must be compared to either `on' or `off'; variable names are separated from the operator by whitespace. + +h. The history expansion library now understands command and process + substitution and extended globbing and allows them to appear anywhere in a + word. + +i. The history library has a new variable that allows applications to set the + initial quoting state, so quoting state can be inherited from a previous + line. diff --git a/POSIX b/POSIX index 17b41c6f..67d8ddf8 100644 --- a/POSIX +++ b/POSIX @@ -11,212 +11,214 @@ files. The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: - 1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will + 1. Bash ensures that the 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' variable is set. + + 2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available with 'shopt -s checkhash'. - 2. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + 3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. - 3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + 4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, 'SIGTSTP'. - 4. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + 5. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. - 5. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are + 6. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized do not undergo alias expansion. - 6. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number + 7. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the 'promptvars' option. - 7. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the + 8. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the normal Bash files. - 8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a + 9. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. - 9. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default + 10. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default value of '$HISTFILE'). - 10. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the + 11. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. - 11. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + 12. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the redirection. - 12. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not + 13. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. - 13. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + 14. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special builtins. - 14. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during + 15. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. - 15. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash + 16. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash does not print the 'function' keyword. - 16. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of + 17. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note Tilde Expansion::. - 17. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When + 18. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the format of the timing information. - 18. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + 19. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. - 19. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the + 20. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next token begins with a '-'. - 20. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a + 21. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled. - 21. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + 22. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name, and so on. - 22. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. - 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. - 24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the + 25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable. - 25. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not + 26. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not found. - 26. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + 27. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion results in an invalid expression. - 27. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. + 28. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. - 28. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + 29. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by the 'eval' builtin. - 29. Process substitution is not available. + 30. Process substitution is not available. - 30. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + 31. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the '#' and '?' special parameters. - 31. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context + 32. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context where the expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if it were double-quoted. - 32. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + 33. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. - 33. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in + 34. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX special builtin command had been executed. - 34. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take + 35. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded by 'command'. - 35. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job + 36. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job is the current or previous job. - 36. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single + 37. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix. - 37. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' + 38. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' prefix. - 38. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output + 39. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output in the format required by POSIX. - 39. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading + 40. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading 'SIG'. - 40. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 41. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use '-' as the first argument. - 41. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory + 42. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'. - 42. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + 43. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the 'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash clears the '-e' option in such subshells. - 43. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + 44. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is supplied. - 44. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 45. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 45. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 46. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 46. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname + 47. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode. - 47. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 48. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the '-P' option. - 48. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an + 49. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - 49. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. + 50. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. - 50. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable + 51. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'. - 51. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when + 52. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and '$EDITOR'. - 52. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + 53. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is displayed, after escape characters are converted. - 53. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' + 54. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' and '-f' options. - 54. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not + 55. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 55. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 56. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status greater than 128. - 56. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 57. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default diff --git a/configure b/configure index 82e5ec36..dd4ff051 100755 --- a/configure +++ b/configure @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ #! /bin/sh -# From configure.ac for Bash 5.0, version 4.095. +# From configure.ac for Bash 5.0, version 5.002. # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. -# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for bash 5.0-alpha. +# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for bash 5.0-beta. # # Report bugs to . # @@ -581,8 +581,8 @@ MAKEFLAGS= # Identity of this package. PACKAGE_NAME='bash' PACKAGE_TARNAME='bash' -PACKAGE_VERSION='5.0-alpha' -PACKAGE_STRING='bash 5.0-alpha' +PACKAGE_VERSION='5.0-beta' +PACKAGE_STRING='bash 5.0-beta' PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='bug-bash@gnu.org' PACKAGE_URL='' @@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ if test "$ac_init_help" = "long"; then # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing. # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh. cat <<_ACEOF -\`configure' configures bash 5.0-alpha to adapt to many kinds of systems. +\`configure' configures bash 5.0-beta to adapt to many kinds of systems. Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]... @@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ fi if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then case $ac_init_help in - short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 5.0-alpha:";; + short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 5.0-beta:";; esac cat <<\_ACEOF @@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ fi test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status if $ac_init_version; then cat <<\_ACEOF -bash configure 5.0-alpha +bash configure 5.0-beta generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -2364,7 +2364,7 @@ cat >config.log <<_ACEOF This file contains any messages produced by compilers while running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake. -It was created by bash $as_me 5.0-alpha, which was +It was created by bash $as_me 5.0-beta, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69. Invocation command line was $ $0 $@ @@ -2759,7 +2759,7 @@ ac_config_headers="$ac_config_headers config.h" BASHVERS=5.0 -RELSTATUS=alpha +RELSTATUS=beta case "$RELSTATUS" in alp*|bet*|dev*|rc*|releng*|maint*) DEBUG='-DDEBUG' MALLOC_DEBUG='-DMALLOC_DEBUG' ;; @@ -16180,6 +16180,7 @@ linux*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS=-rdynamic # allow dynamic loading *) $as_echo "#define PGRP_PIPE 1" >>confdefs.h ;; esac ;; +openbsd*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-DDEV_FD_STAT_BROKEN" ;; *qnx[67]*) LOCAL_LIBS="-lncurses" ;; *qnx*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-Dqnx -F -3s" LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-3s" LOCAL_LIBS="-lunix -lncurses" ;; powerux*) LOCAL_LIBS="-lgen" ;; @@ -16820,7 +16821,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<\_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their # values after options handling. ac_log=" -This file was extended by bash $as_me 5.0-alpha, which was +This file was extended by bash $as_me 5.0-beta, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69. Invocation command line was CONFIG_FILES = $CONFIG_FILES @@ -16886,7 +16887,7 @@ _ACEOF cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 ac_cs_config="`$as_echo "$ac_configure_args" | sed 's/^ //; s/[\\""\`\$]/\\\\&/g'`" ac_cs_version="\\ -bash config.status 5.0-alpha +bash config.status 5.0-beta configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69, with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\" diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac index 678c18de..5ead2016 100644 --- a/configure.ac +++ b/configure.ac @@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . -AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.0, version 4.095])dnl +AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.0, version 5.002])dnl define(bashvers, 5.0) -define(relstatus, alpha) +define(relstatus, beta) AC_INIT([bash], bashvers-relstatus, [bug-bash@gnu.org]) @@ -1116,6 +1116,7 @@ linux*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS=-rdynamic # allow dynamic loading 1.*|2.[[0123]]*) : ;; *) AC_DEFINE(PGRP_PIPE) ;; esac ;; +openbsd*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-DDEV_FD_STAT_BROKEN" ;; *qnx[[67]]*) LOCAL_LIBS="-lncurses" ;; *qnx*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-Dqnx -F -3s" LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-3s" LOCAL_LIBS="-lunix -lncurses" ;; powerux*) LOCAL_LIBS="-lgen" ;; diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index fef9bb0c..d09b8fc0 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -1215,72 +1215,78 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS IINNPPUUTTRRCC The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the default of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). - LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + IINNSSIIDDEE__EEMMAACCSS + If this variable appears in the environment when the shell + starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of + TTEERRMM. + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. - LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - This variable determines the collation order used when sorting - the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior - of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE - This variable determines the interpretation of characters and - the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS - This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC - This variable determines the locale category used for number + This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLCC__TTIIMMEE - This variable determines the locale category used for data and + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time formatting. - LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column - length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. - MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the - MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the - arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc- + MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the + arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc- tory. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK - Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The - default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the - shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this - variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The + default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may - be specified by separating the filename from the message with a - `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- - able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by - the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. - PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of - directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD - EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory - name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or - trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT - If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the - shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if - the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set - while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the - command _s_e_t _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed. + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the + command _s_e_t _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed. When the shell enters + _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it sets this variable if it was not already set. PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt. @@ -1584,134 +1590,139 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN assignments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the expanded value. + Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions + of variable assignments (as described above under PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) when they + appear as arguments to simple commands. Bash does not do this, except + for the _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands listed above, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e. + PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn The `$$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, - or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded - may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the - variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. - When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not - escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not + escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required - when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one + The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required + when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell - parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference + parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference (AArrrraayyss). - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of indirection. BBaasshh - uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the new - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of - the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. - This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject to tilde - expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic - expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the - parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete - indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of - ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point - must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec- + uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the new + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of + the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject to tilde + expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the + parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete + indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of + ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point + must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec- tion. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. - When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented - below (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. - Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is + When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented + below (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. + Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} - UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} - AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special + _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this way. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} - DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, - the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is - not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is + not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} - UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} - SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, an indexed array subscripted by @@ or **, - or an associative array name, the results differ as described - below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the + or an associative array name, the results differ as described + below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t - and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are + and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). - If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is - used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it - is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the - expansion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. - Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by - at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expan- + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it + is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the + expansion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. + Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by + at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expan- sion. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one - greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of - -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expan- + greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of + -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expan- sion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the - result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with - ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to - one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It - is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than + result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to + one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It + is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. - Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. - Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- - ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by - default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by + default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} - NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the - IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears - within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} - LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to - the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is - not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. - When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value - substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- - _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- - tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that - number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- - mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the - end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value + substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- + tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that + number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- + mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the + end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- ment. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} @@ -1719,15 +1730,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of - the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern - (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``####'' - case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal - operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and - the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array - variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation - is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expan- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern + (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``####'' + case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal + operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and + the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array + variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation + is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expan- sion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} @@ -1735,87 +1746,87 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion - of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the - expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest matching pat- - tern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the - pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion + of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the + expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest matching pat- + tern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the + pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern just as in pathname expansion, _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and - the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with - _s_t_r_i_n_g. The match is performed using the rules described under - PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches - of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first - match is replaced. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at - the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + tern just as in pathname expansion, _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and + the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. The match is performed using the rules described under + PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches + of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first + match is replaced. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at + the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted - and the // following _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard - to the case of alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted + and the // following _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh + shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard + to the case of alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each positional parame- ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitu- - tion operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, + tion operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} - CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- - betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. Each character in - the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, - if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern - should not attempt to match more than one character. The ^^ - operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to upper- + the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, + if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern + should not attempt to match more than one character. The ^^ + operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to upper- case; the ,, operator converts matching uppercase letters to low- ercase. The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character - in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert - only the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is - omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is - applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion - is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- + in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert + only the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is + omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is + applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion + is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- scripted with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied - to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the + to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r} PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn. The expansion is either a transforma- - tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a + tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a single letter: - QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r quoted in a format that can be reused as input. - EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the + EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the $$''......'' quoting mechanism. PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). - AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment - statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will + AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will recreate _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value. - aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- + aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. - The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname expansion as described below. CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn @@ -1829,120 +1840,120 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ- ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are - not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- - mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but + not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- + mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). - When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash - retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash + retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub- - stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. - If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the results. AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn - Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression - and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- + Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression + and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- sion is: $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a - double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a + double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the - arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be + mand substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the + arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. - The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn - _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred - to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The - process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred + to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The + process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com- - mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, - writing to the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form - is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the + mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, + writing to the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form + is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t. Process substitution is supported on systems that sup- port named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. - When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with - parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg - The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. - The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the - results of the other expansions into words using these characters as - field terminators. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly - <><><>, the default, then sequences of <>, <>, - and <> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous - expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the - beginning or end serves to delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other - than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee, - ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as - long as the whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS white- - space character). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + results of the other expansions into words using these characters as + field terminators. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly + <><><>, the default, then sequences of <>, <>, + and <> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous + expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the + beginning or end serves to delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other + than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee, + ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as + long as the whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS white- + space character). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A - sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. + sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. - Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parame- - ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument - results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. - When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion - is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word -d'' + ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument + results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. + When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion + is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word -d'' becomes -d after word splitting and null argument removal. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn - After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans - each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters - appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an - alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below). If no matching filenames are found, and the - shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If - the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no matches are found, the word is - removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell option is set, and no matches are + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an + alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see PPaatt-- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below). If no matching filenames are found, and the + shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If + the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no matches are found, the word is + removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not executed. If - the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without - regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used - for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the start of a name or - immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the - shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' must - always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. In other cases, - the ````..'''' character is not treated specially. When matching a path- - name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash - in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can be matched by a - special pattern character as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. - See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a - description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell + the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without + regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used + for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the start of a name or + immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the + shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' must + always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. In other cases, + the ````..'''' character is not treated specially. When matching a path- + name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash + in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can be matched by a + special pattern character as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. + See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a + description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. - The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file - names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file - name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed - from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- - ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- + ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to case. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGG-- - NNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null + NNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other - filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior - of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the + filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior + of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. @@ -1950,57 +1961,57 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern - characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not - occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the - escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: - ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the - gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a - pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a - single pattern will match all files and zero or more - directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two - adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the + gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a + pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a + single pattern will match all files and zero or more + directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two + adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- ries. ?? Matches any single character. - [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of - characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- - _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- - ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating - sequence and character set, is matched. If the first + [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of + characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- + _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- + ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating + sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any charac- - ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char- - acters in range expressions is determined by the current - locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell + ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char- + acters in range expressions is determined by the current + locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. To obtain the traditional interpreta- - tion of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to - [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or - enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be + tion of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to + [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or + enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. - Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. - Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified + Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with - the same collation weight (as defined by the current + the same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat- ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several - extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following + extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol- lowing sub-patterns: @@ -2016,71 +2027,71 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN !!((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) Matches anything except one of the given patterns - Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, - especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings con- + Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, + especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings con- tain multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, - or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be + or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- - ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d - using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows - commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows + commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and - writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the - current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- + writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the + current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may fol- - low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, + low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. - Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a - file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. - If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines - the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- - ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- + file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. + If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines + the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- + ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- grammer to manage the file descriptor himself. - In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- - ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- - direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the - first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- + direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- - tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word + The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. - Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 - directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, while the command ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist - directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard - error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; - otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described + otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described below. //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d - If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- + If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- cated. //ddeevv//ssttddiinn File descriptor 0 is duplicated. @@ -2090,22 +2101,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding TCP socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding UDP socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. - Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with - care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the + sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: @@ -2113,27 +2124,27 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the + Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file - does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero + does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d - If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose - name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name - results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file - descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not + Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name + results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file + descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. The general format for appending output is: @@ -2141,11 +2152,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. - There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error: &&>>_w_o_r_d @@ -2157,13 +2168,13 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 - When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If - it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee + When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If + it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons. AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. The format for appending standard output and standard error is: @@ -2177,10 +2188,10 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below). HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss - This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing - blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used - as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a + blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used + as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a command. The format of here-documents is: @@ -2189,18 +2200,18 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r - No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of - _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, - and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is - unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter - expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the charac- - ter sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of + _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, + and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is + unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter + expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the charac- + ter sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the characters \\, $$, and ``. If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are - stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This - allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural + stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This + allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. HHeerree SSttrriinnggss @@ -2208,9 +2219,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d - The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, - command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- - name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is + The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- + name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified). @@ -2220,22 +2231,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of - that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file - descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- - ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the + more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of + that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file + descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- + ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. The operator [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the - digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- - direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is - closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand - to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the + digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- + direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss @@ -2243,7 +2254,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -2251,7 +2262,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2259,145 +2270,145 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d - causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for - both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as - the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of - aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin - commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each - simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If - so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, - $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as + the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of + aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin + commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each + simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If + so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, + $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may - contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The - first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word - that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second - time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and - bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the - last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command + contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The + first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word + that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second + time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and + bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the + last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If - arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input - before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are - expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, - an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does - not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input + before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are + expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, + an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does + not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new - alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. - Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the - function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- - mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail- - able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put - alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound + alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. + Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the + function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- + mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail- + able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put + alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands. For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a - shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed - in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to - interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to + interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The - first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- tion while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical - between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical + between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the - function and its caller. If a variable is declared llooccaall, the vari- - able's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children + function and its caller. If a variable is declared llooccaall, the vari- + able's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions it calls). Local variables "shadow" variables - with the same name declared at previous scopes. For instance, a local - variable declared in a function hides a global variable of the same - name: references and assignments refer to the local variable, leaving - the global variable unmodified. When the function returns, the global + with the same name declared at previous scopes. For instance, a local + variable declared in a function hides a global variable of the same + name: references and assignments refer to the local variable, leaving + the global variable unmodified. When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. - The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility - within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their - values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- - cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a - function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether - that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is - also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the + The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility + within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their + values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- + cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a + function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether + that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is + also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function returns. - For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, - and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from + For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, + and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from within _f_u_n_c_2 will resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadow- ing any global variable named _v_a_r. The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable is local to the current scope, uunnsseett will unset it; otherwise the unset - will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described - above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will - remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the function - returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a + will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described + above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will + remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the function + returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on a variable at - a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name that had + a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible. - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, - defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, + defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- - tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the - positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the + positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. - Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the + Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- - sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file - and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions - may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with - the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be + sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file + and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions + may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with + the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- - tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- pound command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed- - width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is - trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, - associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- - lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence + width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is + trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, + associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- + lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- @@ -2425,49 +2436,49 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter - expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading - 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form - [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 - representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If - _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits - greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase + 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form + [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 + representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If + _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits + greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, - lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre- + lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre- sent numbers between 10 and 35. - Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in - parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following - unary or binary primaries. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially - when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which - bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; oth- - erwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e - argument to one of the primaries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file - descriptor _n is checked. If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries - is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following + unary or binary primaries. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially + when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which + bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; oth- + erwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e + argument to one of the primaries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file + descriptor _n is checked. If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries + is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The tteesstt command sorts using ASCII ordering. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2506,30 +2517,30 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last read. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a value). --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -2539,8 +2550,8 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- mmaannddss). @@ -2554,109 +2565,109 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive - or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and - _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and + _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following + When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- - ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- - ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a - readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- + shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- + ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- + ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a + readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not - affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not + affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- - taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to - remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is - performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to + remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is + performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked - in a separate execution environment with the original command and the - original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit - status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is + in a separate execution environment with the original command and the + original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit + status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit sta- tus of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a - file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. - This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new - shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that - the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. + This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new + shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that + the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin - +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation - +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent +o current traps set by ttrraapp @@ -2664,251 +2675,251 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett +o options enabled by sshhoopptt +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass - +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command +o the current working directory +o the file creation mode mask - +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate - of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are + of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi- ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of - the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh + the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such subshells. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the - default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. - Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the + default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. + Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- - cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and - ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- + cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and + ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi- - ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, - replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command - consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- - fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus + ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, + replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command + consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- + fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands. - The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented - temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described + The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented + temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi- ronment seen by that command. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ- ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero - exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal + has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero + exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it - returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it + returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins - return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing arguments. - BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, - unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, + unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS - When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and SSIIGGIINNTT - is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In - all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh + is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In + all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. Non-builtin commands run by bbaasshh have signal handlers set to the values - inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in - effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to - these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- + inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in + effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to + these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTT-- TTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. - The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, - an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent SSIIGGCCOONNTT to ensure that they receive the - SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular - job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin - (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP + SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular + job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP using ddiissoowwnn --hh. - If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. - If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- - mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via - the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been + mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via + the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the wwaaiitt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta- tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL - _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the + _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the execution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later - point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive - interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive + interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and bbaasshh. - The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of - currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. - When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. + When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of - the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. - To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Members of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard- - generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in - the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID + generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in + the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, - if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. - Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty - tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal - by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the + if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. + Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty + tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal + by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. - If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to - be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d - character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped - when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be - returned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, - using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command + be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d + character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped + when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be + returned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, + using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it. A ^^ZZ takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac- - ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be + ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command - line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped ccee job. If a prefix - matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the - other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command - line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an - error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_- - _r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground + line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped ccee job. If a prefix + matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the + other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command + line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an + error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_- + _r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer - to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the + to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with a ++, and the pre- - vious job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specifica- + vious job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specifica- tion) also refers to the current job. - Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is - a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the - foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the + foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to ````bbgg %%11''''. - The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes - in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb + in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes - immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that + immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that exits. - If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the - cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option - is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may - then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is - made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is + made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. - When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, - and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes - state. The --ff option will force wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, + and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes + state. The --ff option will force wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process terminates before returning. PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when - it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it - needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it - reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as - described above before tracing each command when the --xx option is - enabled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by insert- - ing a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it + reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as + described above before tracing each command when the --xx option is + enabled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by insert- + ing a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) - \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} - the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is - inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results + the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is + inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) @@ -2918,7 +2929,7 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name \\nn newline \\rr carriage return - \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash) \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format @@ -2927,8 +2938,8 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\uu the username of the current user \\vv the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00) \\VV the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) - \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated - with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari- + \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated + with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari- able) \\WW the basename of the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde @@ -2937,66 +2948,66 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\$$ if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$ \\_n_n_n the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n \\\\ a backslash - \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt \\]] end a sequence of non-printing characters - The command number and the history number are usually different: the - history number of a command is its position in the history list, which - may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY - below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of - commands executed during the current shell session. After the string - is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of - the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY + below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of + commands executed during the current shell session. After the string + is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of + the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RREEAADDLLIINNEE - This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be - enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing - after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the + enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing + after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the sseett builtin. RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. - Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- - larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- - boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key + Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- + larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- + boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x - means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key + means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the _x key.) Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as - a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument - that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that - acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to - act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to + act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. - When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn - Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file - (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of - the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is - _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, + Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of + the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are - set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline - initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a - ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- + set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline + initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a + ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- structs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. - The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other + The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing @@ -3004,18 +3015,18 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE M-Control-u: universal-argument or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. - The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, + The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss - The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. - All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. @@ -3027,15 +3038,15 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" - In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, - _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to - run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ``> output'' into the line). - In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs - from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may - be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU - Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names are not recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument @@ -3043,7 +3054,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. - _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is @@ -3054,7 +3065,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\"" literal " \\'' literal ' - In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -3064,20 +3075,20 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- - tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above - are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above + are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- - fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched - during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- + BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- + fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched + during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess @@ -3087,77 +3098,77 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e - Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff - (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. - When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) - Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal + Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to - vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If + vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- line equivalents. bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the + If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ- - ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of + ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- - ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- - tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) - The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi command mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) - The number of screen columns used to display possible matches - when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less - than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 - will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline - treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- - sible completions that is displayed without modification. When - set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than - this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- ble completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is - asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are + asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and - prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the - _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters. ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion - characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) @@ -3165,208 +3176,208 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a - key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes - and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 - escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, - which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes + and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 + escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, + which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, readline will configure the terminal in a way + When set to OOnn, readline will configure the terminal in a way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating each char- - acter as if it had been read from the keyboard. This can pre- - vent pasted characters from being interpreted as editing com- + acter as if it had been read from the keyboard. This can pre- + vent pasted characters from being interpreted as editing com- mands. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- - pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the + pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier - key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline + If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline attempts word completion. hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history - list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, - the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the - number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the + number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE + shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, + When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it - becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a + becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it - will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), + If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it + will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name - mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, - but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit + mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, + but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit characters. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) - The string of characters that should terminate an incremental - search without subsequently executing the character as a com- - mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) - Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names - is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is - equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) - Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when - reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete + Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional - input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is - received within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but - complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, - so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for - additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than - or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait - until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to + input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is + received within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but + complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, + so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for + additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than + or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait + until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- + If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- played with a preceding asterisk (**). mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- - tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of + tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess). mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) - This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files - whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing - filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be + This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files + whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing + filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the + If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit characters. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches - sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- - tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion - cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words - which have more than one possible completion without any possi- - ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a - common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- - cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. + If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- + cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_o_d_e_-_s_t_r_i_n_g). sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when - inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when - performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, - readline does not insert characters from the completion that - match characters after point in the word being completed, so + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + readline does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd)))) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is - displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt - when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value - is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- - printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- - trol sequence into the mode string. - vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt - when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value + when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- trol sequence into the mode string. + vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt + when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value + is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + trol sequence into the mode string. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by - _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- pletions. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss - Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional - compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings - and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. - $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- - ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, - extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no + extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. - mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test - whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be - used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for - instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and - _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for + instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in emacs mode. - tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter- - minal and the portion of the terminal name before the - first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, for instance. vveerrssiioonn - The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons - against specific readline versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands - to the current readline version. The set of comparison - operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. - The version number supplied on the right side of the - operator consists of a major version number, an optional + The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons + against specific readline versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands + to the current readline version. The set of comparison + operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. + The version number supplied on the right side of the + operator consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 77..11). - If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 00. + If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 00. The operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and from the version number argument by whitespace. aapppplliiccaattiioonn The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- specific settings. Each program using the readline - library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bbaasshh: $$iiff Bash @@ -3376,12 +3387,12 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e The _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e construct provides simple equality tests for - readline variables and values. The permitted comparison - operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be + readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the - operator may be separated from the value on the right - hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari- - ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested + operator may be separated from the value on the right + hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari- + ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against the values _o_n and _o_f_f. $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff @@ -3391,51 +3402,51 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE test fails. $$iinncclluuddee - This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads - commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c SSeeaarrcchhiinngg - Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. - Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the - search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed - so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as - needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in - the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in + the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the - Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. - Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original - line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the + Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. + Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original + line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. - To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or - Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the - history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. - Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the - search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- + To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or + Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the + history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. + Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the + search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- - Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search + Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used. - Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting - to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess - The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- - tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to - a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the + tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to + a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg @@ -3451,29 +3462,29 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the - previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired - effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than - one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than + one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. nneexxtt--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect - if the current Readline line does not take up more than one - physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is + if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) - Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the - screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without + Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the + screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -3481,70 +3492,70 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line - is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state - of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) - Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) - Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) - Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) - Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line - using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) - Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the current cursor + between the start of the current line and the current cursor position (the _p_o_i_n_t). The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters + Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search - string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non- + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non- incremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) - Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, - insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the - previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once - the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the + the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the "!_n" history expansion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) - Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave - exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg - move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or - the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or + the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive - calls determines the direction to move through the history. A - negative argument switches the direction through the history + calls determines the direction to move through the history. A + negative argument switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. @@ -3553,80 +3564,80 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) - Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY + Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee - Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee - Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above + Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above for a description of alias expansion. hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) - Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. A - numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. A + numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line. eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xx CC--ee)) - Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the - result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, $$EEDDIITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt _e_n_d_-_o_f_-_f_i_l_e ((uussuuaallllyy CC--dd)) - The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by - ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- - ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- + ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EEOOFF. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the same character as the tty EEOOFF character, as CC--dd commonly is, see above for the effects. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) - Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric + Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr - Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- sor is deleted. qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) - Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) Insert a tab character. sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......)) Insert the character typed. ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) - Drag the character before point forward over the character at - point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of - the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) - Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) - Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) - Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) - Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee - Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects - only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call + only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- - ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than - pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- - wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a + ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than + pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- + wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg @@ -3635,31 +3646,31 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) Kill backward to the beginning of the line. uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) - Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee - Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the - same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. - bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as - those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. - sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) - Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt - Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash - character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. @@ -3668,65 +3679,65 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) - Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- + Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----)) - Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt - This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is - followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus - sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- - lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the - numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, - if this command is immediately followed by a character that is - neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next - command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially - one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- + lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the + numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, + if this command is immediately followed by a character that is + neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. CCoommpplleettiinngg ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) - Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text - begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname - (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and + begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname + (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) List the possible completions of the text before point. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) - Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee - Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with - a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated - execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible - completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n - moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative - argument may be used to move backward through the list. This - command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by + moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative + argument may be used to move backward through the list. This + command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd - Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list - of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a negative argument. This command is unbound by default. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt - Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning - or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command is unbound by default. ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) @@ -3735,67 +3746,67 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a - command name. Command completion attempts to match the text - against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text - against lines from the history list for possible completion + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd - Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- - pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) - Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and store the definition. ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) - Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. pprriinntt--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo (()) - Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) - Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) - Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). ddoo--lloowweerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--AA,, MM--BB,, MM--_x,, ......)) - If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that + If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The behavior is undefined if _x is already lowercase. pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) @@ -3803,196 +3814,196 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) - Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the - uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<>)) - Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) - Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is - set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is + set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of - that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- + that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- rences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) - A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- - rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- + rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- quent occurrences. sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee - Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will - have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, - instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) - Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- - mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current + Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- + mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a - toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not - match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- + toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not + match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- - ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a - newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn - causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. - If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be + ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn + causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. + If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern - is used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern + is used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, - replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) - The list of expansions that would have been generated by - gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a - numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss - Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- - put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to - the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss - Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for - which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using - the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- + When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for + which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- mable completion facilities are invoked. - First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the - empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), - any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a - compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to + First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the + empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), + any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a + compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command - word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched - for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt - is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. - If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched + for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt + is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. - Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of - matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of + matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. - First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches - which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the - --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches + which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the + --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. - Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG + Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not - match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not + match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. - Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- - ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- - cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is - then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as + Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- + ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- + cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is + then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. - After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command - specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command + specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the - first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are - being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, - and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- + If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are + being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, + and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- pleted on the current command line. No filtering of the generated com- pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. - Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use - any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described - below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions + Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use + any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described + below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable, one per array element. - Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- - ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of - completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be + Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- + ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of + completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. - After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- - fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- - tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced - with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped - with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. - Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- + fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- + tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced + with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped + with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. + Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- - ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is - enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- + ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- betic characters. Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. - If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the - --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the + --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. - If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec + If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. - By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned - to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of filename completion is disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup- - plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- + plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the --oo - ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, - readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, + ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, + readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. - When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, - the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash - to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to - the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, + the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash + to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to + the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. - There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is - most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- - fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as - completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by - returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is + most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- + fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as + completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by + returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is - being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is + being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an - attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of - completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather + attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of + completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once. - For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept - in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept + in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default completion function would load completions dynamically: _completion_loader() @@ -4003,162 +4014,162 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE HHIISSTTOORRYY - When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell + When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously - typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of + typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- - mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the - history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values + mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the + history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari- - able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value - of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the - number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- - SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value - less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history - file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- + able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value + of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the + number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- + SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value + less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history + file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the fol- lowing history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depend- - ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with - history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the - history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled - (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the - lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is + ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with + history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the + history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled + (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the + lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is overwritten. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is - unwritable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable - is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the - history comment character, so they may be preserved across shell ses- - sions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish time- + unwritable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable + is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the + history comment character, so they may be preserved across shell ses- + sions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish time- stamps from other history lines. After saving the history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTT-- - FFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric + FFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. - The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used + The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiiss-- - ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and - manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search - commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the + ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and + manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search + commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the history list. - The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The ccmmddhhiisstt shell - option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a - multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where - necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option - causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of + option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a + multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where + necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option + causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell options. HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the - history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features - are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive + The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the + history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features + are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default. History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input - stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a + stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. - History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is - read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is + read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into account. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which - line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is - to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. - The line selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of - that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- - able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words - in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- + line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is + to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. + The line selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of + that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- + able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words + in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- _t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. His- - tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan- - sion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single - quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history - expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately pre- + tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan- + sion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single + quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history + expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately pre- cedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. - Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- - lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, - tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion. - Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to - tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell + Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to + tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell option is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and - rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately - passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded + rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately + passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee - is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed - history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer - for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be - used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss + is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed + history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer + for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be + used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of - the history list without actually executing them, so that they are + the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. - The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll - VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- + VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- tory timestamps when writing the history file. EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- - tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to + An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- + tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list. - !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, - newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, + newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin). !!_n Refer to command line _n. !!--_n Refer to the current command minus _n. !!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. !!_s_t_r_i_n_g - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position - in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ - Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing - _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' + Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below). !!## The entire command line typed so far. WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: - separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be - omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words - are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being - denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- + Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: + separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be + omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words + are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being + denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- rated by single spaces. 00 ((zzeerroo)) The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. _n The _nth word. ^^ The first argument. That is, word 1. - $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will + $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. %% The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search. _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. - ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. - It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. - If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. MMooddiiffiieerrss - After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one + After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. hh Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. @@ -4167,80 +4178,80 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. - xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at + xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at bbllaannkkss and newlines. ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// - Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event - line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final - delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event - line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single - backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- - gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to - the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- + Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event + line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final + delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event + line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single + backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- + gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to + the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- tions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. && Repeat the previous substitution. gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is - used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. - If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and - the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. + If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and + the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. - GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event + GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event line. SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options - and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- - ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning - with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but - are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning - with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- + ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning + with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but + are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning + with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- tion. :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s and performing any specified redirections. The return status is zero. .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell - environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- - cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, - filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell + environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. - When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is - searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option - to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not - searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- - tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the - positional parameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is - enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any - DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to - ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If - --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the - new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes. The return status + When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is + searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option + to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not + searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- + tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the + positional parameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is + enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any + DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to + ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If + --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the + new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of - aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When - arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose - _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. - For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- - plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass - returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass + returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been defined. bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's - notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless - run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control - enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX] @@ -4249,29 +4260,29 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d - Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key - sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee - variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would - appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed - as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would + appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed + as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- - _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, - and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e - is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e + is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- _d_a_r_d. --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. - --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. - --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- read. - --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. - --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way that they can be re-read. --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e @@ -4283,179 +4294,181 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d - Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is - entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets - the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- - lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the + Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is + entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the current location of the insertion point. If the executed - command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- - LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the + command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. - --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the - associated commands in a format that can be reused as + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. - The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. bbrreeaakk [_n] - Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is - specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater - than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are - exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are + exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function - whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is - commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With- out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of - the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, - and source file corresponding to that position in the current - execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for - example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. - The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- - routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, - the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH - defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative - directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, + defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative + directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not - used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory - structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and + used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory + structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links - to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances + to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing - the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a - slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied - with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- - fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will - return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the - --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a - file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD + the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a + slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied + with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- + fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will + return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the + --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a + file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty direc- - tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, + tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of - the new working directory is written to the standard output. - The return value is true if the directory was successfully + the new working directory is written to the standard output. + The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] - Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are - executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to - find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv - option causes a single word indicating the command or filename + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a - more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, - the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] - Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee - builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches - to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the - various shell variables set by the programmable completion + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program- mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple- - tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, + tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. - ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEEII] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the - --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing - completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- - ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- - pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the - remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' - command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command - for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE - option indicates that the remaining options and actions should - apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion - attempted on a blank line. The --II option indicates that the - remaining options and actions should apply to completion on the - inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a command - delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name comple- - tion. If multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes - precedence over --EE, and both take precedence of --II. + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that other sup- + plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com- + mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for + which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE option + indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply + to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted + on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other supplied + options and actions should apply to completion on the inital + non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter + such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. If + multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes precedence + over --EE, and both take precedence over --II. If any of --DD, --EE, or + --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored; these + completions only apply to the case specified by the option. - The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. - Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The - arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the - --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n - The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- - spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. - ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess - Perform directory name completion if the comp- + Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess - Tell readline that the compspec generates file- - names, so it can perform any filename-specific - processing (like adding a slash to directory - names, quoting special characters, or suppress- - ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. - nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words - if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). - nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible + nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the - default) to words completed at the end of the + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the + default) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are - generated, directory name completion is - attempted and any matches are added to the + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is + attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n - The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. - bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy @@ -4463,7 +4476,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. - eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn @@ -4472,17 +4485,17 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee - Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. - jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. - kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. - sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin. ssiiggnnaall Signal names. ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. @@ -4491,194 +4504,194 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current - shell environment. When the function is executed, the - first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose - arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose + arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) - is the word preceding the word being completed on the - current command line. When it finishes, the possible - completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- + is the word preceding the word being completed on the + current command line. When it finishes, the possible + completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- PPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t - The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x - _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- pletion after all other options have been applied. --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t - The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS - special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word - is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain - shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. - The possible completions are the members of the resul- + shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. + The possible completions are the members of the resul- tant list which match the word being completed. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t - _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- - ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each - completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. - A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, - an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- - ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- + ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es - are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion - options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible - values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin - described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es + are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion + options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin + described above. The --DD option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that - is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion - has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the - remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; - that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II option - indicates that the remaining options should apply to completion - on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a com- - mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that other + supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II option + indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion + on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a com- + mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or - sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing - loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of - enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of + enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are - given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used - with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, - are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it - will display the attributes and values of all variables having + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, + are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it + will display the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other - options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the - attributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option - will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option - inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function - name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option - is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number + options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the + attributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option + will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option + inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function + name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option + is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option - implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or + implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a - shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The follow- + shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The follow- ing options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: - --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). - --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --ff Use function names only. --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- - tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. - --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case - characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. - --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name - reference to another variable. That other variable is - defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- - ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those - using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed - on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- + ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those + using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed + on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. - --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions - inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling - shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for + --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions + inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling + shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. - --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case - characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled. - --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the environment. - Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari- - able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used + able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a vari- - able name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable is - set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assignment - syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not + able name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable is + set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assignment + syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 - unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to - define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to - assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to - assign a value to an array variable without using the compound - assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a - valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- - only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn + unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to + define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to + assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to + assign a value to an array variable without using the compound + assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a + valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- + only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] - Without options, displays the list of currently remembered - directories. The default display is on a single line with - directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to - the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes - entries from the list. The current directory is always the + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered + directories. The default display is on a single line with + directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to + the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes + entries from the list. The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. - --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. - --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ] - Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active - jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr - option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option - is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is - marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell - receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option - means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_- - _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return + Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active + jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr + option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option + is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is + marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell + receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option + means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_- + _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] - Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. - The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option - is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped - characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- - tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are - interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used - to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these - escape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to - mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- + tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used + to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these + escape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to + mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape sequences: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -4691,190 +4704,190 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash - \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin - to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though - the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. - If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH - instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. - The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. - The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. + The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu- - ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn - is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- - plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- - tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the - output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return - value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an + ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn + is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- + plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- + tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the + output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return + value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] - The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- - mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and - its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process - is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- - ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with - an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, - unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it - returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the - file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if - eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take - effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if + eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take + effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is - given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or - if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported - variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one - of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t - from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes - them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate - the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an - index into the history list, where a negative number is used as - an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that - ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- + ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous com- mand for editing and -16 for listing. - The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The - --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option - is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- - wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing - those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT - variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. - If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. - In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as - _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', - so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. - If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an - invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history - lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an + invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second - form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- - cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in which case ffcc returns failure. ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] - Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b - is used. The return value is that of the command placed into - the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- - ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without job control. ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s] - ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- - ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- - nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is - expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it - by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not - be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss - places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is + expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it + by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not + be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to - 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an - option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into - the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- - cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to + 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an + option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into + the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- + cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame- ters is to be used. - When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a - return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of + When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a + return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?. - ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead. - ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character - of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In - normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid - options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the - variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if - not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If - ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPPTTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. - If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, - a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a - diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a - colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option character found. - ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e - is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- + is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option - causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd - option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of - each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to - which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu- - ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the - hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis- + is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option + causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd + option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of + each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to + which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu- + ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the + hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis- played in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments - are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem- - bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a + are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem- + bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied. hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] - Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching - _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like @@ -4892,53 +4905,53 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] With no options, display the command history list with line num- bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of - _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- - FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for - _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- - played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between - the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is - supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, - the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t - Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history position, so negative indices count - back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d - Delete the history entries between positions _s_t_a_r_t and - _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values for _s_t_a_r_t + Delete the history entries between positions _s_t_a_r_t and + _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values for _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above. - --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. - These are history lines entered since the beginning of + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the history file. - --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history - file into the current history list. These are lines - appended to the history file since the beginning of the + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines + appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. - --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to the current history list. --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- writing the history file's contents. - --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and - display the result on the standard output. Does not - store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. - --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. - The last command in the history list is removed before + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before the _a_r_g_s are added. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- - tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- - tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the - history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment - character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while - reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to --pp fails. @@ -4947,210 +4960,210 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. - --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. - --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. --rr Display only running jobs. --ss Display only stopped jobs. - If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about - that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] - Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes - named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive - signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or - a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not - present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the - signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, - the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to - --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit - status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is - equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was - successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is + equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was + successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- - MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ] - For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and - assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the - variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- - tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options - is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell - options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are - restored to their original values when the function returns. - With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the - standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options + is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell + options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are + restored to their original values when the function returns. + With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the + standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a - function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly + function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. - mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- - able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- - plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each - input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. - --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are copied. - --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default index is 0. --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. - --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line + --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line read. - --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- dard input. - --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. - --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. - If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that - element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. - If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it. - mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option - argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] - Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, - removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to + Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, + removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow- ing meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing - directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd - -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to last. - If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, - and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid + If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, + and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis- tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change fails. pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the - control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be - assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of - objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard - output, character escape sequences, which are converted and - copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each - of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and + copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each + of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff interprets the following extensions: %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee. - %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can be reused as shell input. %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT - causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting - from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the - number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument - values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and - -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no - argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had - been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff + number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument + values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no + argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had + been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behavior. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] - Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates - the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working - directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two - directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two + directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating - or adding directories to the stack, so that only the + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating + or adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the - new current working directory as if it had been supplied + new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument to the ccdd builtin. If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. - If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r - fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- - tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is - specified, or the directory change to the specified new current + If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r + fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- + tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is + specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. ppwwdd [--LLPP] - Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command - is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may - contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error - occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] - One line is read from the standard input, or from the file - descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split - into words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split + into words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the second _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to - the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input - stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- - ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into + the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input + stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- + ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char- - acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, + acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array @@ -5158,31 +5171,31 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m - The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the - input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty - string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee - (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- - line uses the current (or default, if line editing was - not previously active) editing settings, but uses Read- + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + not previously active) editing settings, but uses Read- line's default filename completion. --ii _t_e_x_t - If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim- - iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless - EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- - ters encountered in the input are not treated specially - and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - are read. The result is not split on the characters in - IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + are read. The result is not split on the characters in + IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see the --rr option below). --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t @@ -5190,131 +5203,131 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input (or a specified number of characters) is - not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- - mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- - mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is - reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special - file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into - the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd - returns immediately, without trying to read any data. - The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- - fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd + returns immediately, without trying to read any data. + The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- + fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- - able RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is + able RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater - than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a + than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is sup- plied as the argument to --uu. rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s - may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option - is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so - marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed - arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative - arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If - no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed + arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative + arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If + no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be - used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly - names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format - that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by - =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return - status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- - fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is - that of the last command executed in the function body. If - rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to - determine the status is the last command executed before the - trap handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the - last command used to determine the status is the last command - executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If - rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a - script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop - executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of - the last command executed within the script as the exit status - of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least - significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is - supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function - and not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any com- - mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execu- + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If + rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to + determine the status is the last command executed before the + trap handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the + last command used to determine the status is the last command + executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If + rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a + script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop + executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of + the last command executed within the script as the exit status + of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least + significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is + supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function + and not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any com- + mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execu- tion resumes after the function or script. sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] - Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are + Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can- - not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. - The output is sorted according to the current locale. When - options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any - arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- + not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. + The output is sorted according to the current locale. When + options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any + arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to - $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following + $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is - given the export attribute and marked for export to the + given the export attribute and marked for export to the environment of subsequent commands. - --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. - --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a - single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status. - The shell does not exit if the command that fails is - part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee - or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or - eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a - &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& + The shell does not exit if the command that fails is + part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee + or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or + eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a + &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the - command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a - compound command other than a subshell returns a non- - zero status because a command failed while --ee was being - ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if - set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non- + zero status because a command failed while --ee was being + ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if + set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- - ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. - If a compound command or shell function executes in a - context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands - executed within the compound command or function body - will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set - and a command returns a failure status. If a compound - command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a - context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have - any effect until the compound command or the command + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command containing the function call completes. --ff Disable pathname expansion. - --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. - --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are - placed in the environment for a command, not just those + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is - on by default for interactive shells on systems that - support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run in a separate process group. When a background job com- pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta- tus. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used - to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: @@ -5322,10 +5335,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Same as --aa. bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd Same as --BB. - eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- face. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with - the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. eerrrrttrraaccee @@ -5339,8 +5352,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- active shells. iiggnnoorreeeeooff - The effect is as if the shell command - ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll + The effect is as if the shell command + ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. @@ -5355,384 +5368,384 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS pphhyyssiiccaall Same as --PP. ppiippeeffaaiill - If set, the return value of a pipeline is the - value of the last (rightmost) command to exit - with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands - in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. - ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default - operation differs from the POSIX standard to - match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. - vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the - current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no - _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the - current option settings is displayed on the standard + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard output. - --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and - $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are - not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, - BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is - started with the effective user (group) id not equal to - the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id - is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- - plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. - Turning this option off causes the effective user and + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- - cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing - parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an - unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error - message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. - --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- - play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command and its expanded arguments or associated word list. - --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. - --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with - the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redi- rection operator >>|| instead of >>. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, - command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- - shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when - executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical - chain of directories when performing commands which + chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. - --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by - shell functions, command substitutions, and commands - executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands + executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. - ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- - ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. - -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- tional parameters remain unchanged. - The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + - rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The - options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of - the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The + options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of + the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] - The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ - Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are - unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to - $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, - it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional - parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are + unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to + $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, + it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional + parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- - ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list - of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of + of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set; if _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output - is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to - be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other + is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. - --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- - ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- - tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- wise. - --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt - shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. - Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. - The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s - are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting - options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting + options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee - If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of - associative array subscripts during arithmetic expres- - sion evaluation and while executing builtins that can + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of + associative array subscripts during arithmetic expres- + sion evaluation and while executing builtins that can perform variable assignments. - aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory - is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss - If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is - not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- - ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- - ter, and one character too many. If a correction is - found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- - mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- - ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed - command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- formed. cchheecckkjjoobbss If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running - jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a - second exit is attempted without an intervening command - (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones + second exit is attempted without an intervening command + (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external - (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. - ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- - line command in the same history entry. This allows - easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is - enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. ccoommppaatt3311 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 - with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional + with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional command's ==~~ operator and locale-specific string compar- - ison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> - operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII + ison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> + operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the cur- rent locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt3322 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 - with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a - command list. Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue - with the next command in the list after one terminates + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators + (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a + command list. Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue + with the next command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt. ccoommppaatt4400 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 - with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- - rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later - interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- - rupt; previous versions continue with the next command + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators + (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- + rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later + interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- + rupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list. ccoommppaatt4411 - If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, treats a single quote - in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special - character. The single quotes must match (an even num- - ber) and the characters between the single quotes are - considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode - through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains + If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, treats a single quote + in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special + character. The single quotes must match (an even num- + ber) and the characters between the single quotes are + considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode + through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions. ccoommppaatt4422 - If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in - the pattern substitution word expansion using quote + If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in + the pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal. ccoommppaatt4433 - If set, bbaasshh does not print a warning message if an - attempt is made to use a quoted compound array assign- - ment as an argument to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion - errors non-fatal errors that cause the current command - to fail (the default behavior is to make them fatal + If set, bbaasshh does not print a warning message if an + attempt is made to use a quoted compound array assign- + ment as an argument to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion + errors non-fatal errors that cause the current command + to fail (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit), and does not reset - the loop state when a shell function is executed (this - allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect + the loop state when a shell function is executed (this + allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). ccoommppaatt4444 - If set, bbaasshh saves the positional parameters to + If set, bbaasshh saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled. ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee - If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- - names and directory names when performing completion. + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- - lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted - in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear - in shell variable references in words to be completed. - This means that dollar signs in variable names that - expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any - dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, - either. This is active only when bash is using back- - slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is - set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that + expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. ddiirreexxppaanndd - If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results - of word expansion when performing filename completion. - This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- - fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- + fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in - the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' - and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' + and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the - debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to - the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set after invocation, behav- + If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the + debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to + the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set after invocation, behav- ior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above. - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a - description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by default. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave - as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- parisons. That is, the current locale's collating - sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- - late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case + sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- + late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named - by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt - If set, command substitution inherits the value of the - eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word - and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored - in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous - scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref + scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref attribute is not inherited. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, the - message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- played. nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- - tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. nnuullllgglloobb - If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see - PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. pprrooggccoommpp If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- @@ -5740,50 +5753,50 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled by default. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote - removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote + removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an + find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta- - tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- + tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- plied, or if job control is not enabled. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and op- - erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of - the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. - tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation - depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- + depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- dence is used when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -5800,120 +5813,120 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval- - uated according to precedence using the rules listed + uated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. - When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- + When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- graphically using ASCII ordering. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] - The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell - receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a - single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its - original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the - shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each - _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap - commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no - arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the - list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option - causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- - responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name - defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a + single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its + original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the + shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. + If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap + commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no + arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the + list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option + causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- + responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name + defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit - from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- - cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, - _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the - first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- ishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to - the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command - following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the - last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using - !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) option. - Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or - reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or + reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when - one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is + one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] - With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if + With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a - string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or - _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, - builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, - then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is - returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the + string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or + _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, + builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, + then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is + returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci- fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not - return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, + return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessar- - ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is - used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable + ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is + used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is - not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell + not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSSaabbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] - Provides control over the resources available to the shell and - to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set - for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a - non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up - to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a + non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the - current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, - respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the - soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is + current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, + respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the + soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter- preted as follows: @@ -5922,12 +5935,12 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --cc The maximum size of core files created --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") - --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children --ii The maximum number of pending signals --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory - --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set) @@ -5936,53 +5949,53 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority --ss The maximum stack size --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds - --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single user - --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its children --xx The maximum number of file locks --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals --TT The maximum number of threads - If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the - new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, - then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except - for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte - blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values; + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the + new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, + then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except + for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte + blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in 512-byte incre- ments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu- ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with - a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is - interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by - _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is - printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- - bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode - was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and false otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is - supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] - For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, - and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be - unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- - tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option - is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, - _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn - has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are - supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- - able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each - unset variable or function is removed from the environment - passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- + and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option + is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, + _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn + has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are + supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- + able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each + unset variable or function is removed from the environment + passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub- sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- @@ -5990,23 +6003,23 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [_i_d _._._.] Wait for each specified child process and return its termination - status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if - a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if + a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If _i_d is not given, all currently active child pro- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the --nn - option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and - returns its exit status. If the --ff option is supplied, and job + option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and + returns its exit status. If the --ff option is supplied, and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt forces _i_d to terminate before returning - its status, instead of returning when it changes status. If _i_d - specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is - 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the + its status, instead of returning when it changes status. If _i_d + specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is + 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at - invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used - to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It - behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +o changing directories with ccdd @@ -6015,16 +6028,16 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o specifying command names containing // - +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. + +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. builtin command - +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command - +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup - +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at startup +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- @@ -6033,10 +6046,10 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another command - +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options to the eennaabbllee builtin command - +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command @@ -6046,14 +6059,14 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell + MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. SSEEEE AALLSSOO _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey - _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- + _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- _t_i_e_s, IEEE -- http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode @@ -6071,7 +6084,7 @@ FFIILLEESS _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c The individual per-interactive-shell startup file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t - The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file @@ -6085,14 +6098,14 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should - make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest - version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/. - Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g - command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged - to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may - be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may + be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. ALL bug reports should include: @@ -6103,7 +6116,7 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS A description of the bug behaviour A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug - _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed @@ -6120,10 +6133,10 @@ BBUUGGSS Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not - handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a - process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in - the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between - parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a + handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between + parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit. Array variables may not (yet) be exported. @@ -6132,4 +6145,4 @@ BBUUGGSS -GNU Bash 5.0 2018 June 8 BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.0 2018 August 7 BASH(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index 51410c32..08e1b4a4 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2018 June 8BASH(1) +BASH(1)2018 August 7BASH(1)

Index @@ -2896,6 +2896,12 @@ startup file, overriding the default of below). +
INSIDE_EMACS + +
+If this variable appears in the environment when the shell starts, +bash assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell buffer +and may disable line editing, depending on the value of TERM.
LANG
@@ -3052,6 +3058,8 @@ running, bash enables posix mode, as if the command set -o posix had been executed. +When the shell enters posix mode, it sets this variable if it was +not already set.
PROMPT_COMMAND
@@ -3707,6 +3715,16 @@ and and the shell assigns the expanded value. +

+ +Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of +variable assignments (as described above under +PARAMETERS) + + +when they appear as arguments to simple commands. +Bash does not do this, except for the declaration commands listed +above, when in posix mode.  

Parameter Expansion

@@ -9768,18 +9786,21 @@ them to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all completion specifications. -The -D option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +The -D option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. -The -E option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +The -E option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. -The -I option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +The -I option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ; or |, which is usually command name completion. If multiple options are supplied, the -D option takes precedence -over -E, and both take precedence of -I. +over -E, and both take precedence over -I. +If any of -D, -E, or -I are supplied, any other +name arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case +specified by the option.

The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion is attempted is described above under Programmable Completion. @@ -10018,13 +10039,13 @@ If no options are given, display the completion options for each name or the current completion. The possible values of option are those valid for the complete builtin described above. -The -D option indicates that the remaining options should +The -D option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. -The -E option indicates that the remaining options should +The -E option indicates that other supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. -The -I option indicates that the remaining options should +The -I option indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ; or |, which is usually command name completion. @@ -13871,7 +13892,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.

-
GNU Bash 5.02018 June 8BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.02018 August 7BASH(1)
@@ -13977,6 +13998,6 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.
-Time: 16 July 2018 10:36:49 EDT +Time: 07 September 2018 16:15:28 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index d4fed90c..171e1a7f 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.0, 8 June 2018). +Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 August 2018). - This is Edition 5.0, last updated 8 June 2018, of 'The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 August 2018, of 'The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0. Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.0, 8 June 2018). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 August 2018). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.0, last updated 8 June 2018, of 'The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 August 2018, of 'The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -1645,6 +1645,11 @@ assigns the expanded value. '~-N' The string that would be displayed by 'dirs -N' + Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions +of variable assignments (*note Shell Parameters::) when they appear as +arguments to simple commands. Bash does not do this, except for the +DECLARATION commands listed above, when in POSIX mode. +  File: bash.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions @@ -5255,6 +5260,12 @@ Variables::). The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default of '~/.inputrc'. +'INSIDE_EMACS' + If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing depending on the value of + 'TERM'. + 'LANG' Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with 'LC_'. @@ -5335,7 +5346,8 @@ Variables::). supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables POSIX mode, as if the command set -o posix - had been executed. + had been executed. When the shell enters POSIX mode, it sets this + variable if it was not already set. 'PPID' The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is @@ -6533,212 +6545,214 @@ startup files. The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: - 1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will + 1. Bash ensures that the 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' variable is set. + + 2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available with 'shopt -s checkhash'. - 2. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + 3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. - 3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + 4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, 'SIGTSTP'. - 4. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + 5. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. - 5. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are + 6. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized do not undergo alias expansion. - 6. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number + 7. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the 'promptvars' option. - 7. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the + 8. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the normal Bash files. - 8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a + 9. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. - 9. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default + 10. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default value of '$HISTFILE'). - 10. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the + 11. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. - 11. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + 12. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the redirection. - 12. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not + 13. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. - 13. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + 14. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special builtins. - 14. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during + 15. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. - 15. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash + 16. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash does not print the 'function' keyword. - 16. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of + 17. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note Tilde Expansion::. - 17. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When + 18. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the format of the timing information. - 18. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + 19. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. - 19. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the + 20. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next token begins with a '-'. - 20. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a + 21. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled. - 21. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + 22. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name, and so on. - 22. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. - 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. - 24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the + 25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable. - 25. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not + 26. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not found. - 26. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + 27. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion results in an invalid expression. - 27. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. + 28. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. - 28. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + 29. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by the 'eval' builtin. - 29. Process substitution is not available. + 30. Process substitution is not available. - 30. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + 31. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the '#' and '?' special parameters. - 31. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context + 32. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context where the expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if it were double-quoted. - 32. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + 33. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. - 33. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in + 34. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX special builtin command had been executed. - 34. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take + 35. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded by 'command'. - 35. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job + 36. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job is the current or previous job. - 36. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single + 37. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix. - 37. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' + 38. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' prefix. - 38. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output + 39. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output in the format required by POSIX. - 39. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading + 40. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading 'SIG'. - 40. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 41. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use '-' as the first argument. - 41. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory + 42. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'. - 42. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + 43. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the 'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash clears the '-e' option in such subshells. - 43. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + 44. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is supplied. - 44. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 45. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 45. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 46. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 46. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname + 47. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode. - 47. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 48. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the '-P' option. - 48. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an + 49. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - 49. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. + 50. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. - 50. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable + 51. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'. - 51. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when + 52. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and '$EDITOR'. - 52. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + 53. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is displayed, after escape characters are converted. - 53. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' + 54. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' and '-f' options. - 54. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not + 55. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 55. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 56. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status greater than 128. - 56. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 57. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default @@ -8769,18 +8783,20 @@ happening. completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The '-r' option removes a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all - completion specifications. The '-D' option indicates that the - remaining options and actions should apply to the "default" command + completion specifications. The '-D' option indicates that other + supplied options and actions should apply to the "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. The '-E' option indicates - that the remaining options and actions should apply to "empty" + that other supplied options and actions should apply to "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The '-I' option indicates that the remaining options and actions + The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is usually command name completion. If multiple options are supplied, the '-D' option takes precedence over '-E', and both take - precedence over '-I'. + precedence over '-I'. If any of '-D', '-E', or '-I' are supplied, + any other NAME arguments are ignored; these completions only apply + to the case specified by the option. The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable @@ -8970,12 +8986,12 @@ happening. If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are those valid for the 'complete' builtin described above. The '-D' - option indicates that the remaining options should apply to the + option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. The - '-E' option indicates that the remaining options should apply to + '-E' option indicates that other supplied options should apply to "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a - blank line. The '-I' option indicates that the remaining options + blank line. The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is usually command name completion. @@ -10924,7 +10940,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * complete: Programmable Completion Builtins. (line 30) * compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins. - (line 235) + (line 237) * continue: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 85) * declare: Bash Builtins. (line 148) @@ -11178,27 +11194,28 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 187) * INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 459) +* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 463) * isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 195) * keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 202) -* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 463) -* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 467) -* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 471) -* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 478) +* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 469) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 473) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 477) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 484) * LC_MESSAGES: Locale Translation. (line 11) -* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 483) -* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 487) -* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 491) -* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 495) -* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 499) -* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 505) +* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 489) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 493) +* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 497) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 501) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 505) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 511) * MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 22) -* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 509) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 515) * MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 27) -* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 517) +* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 523) * mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 232) * mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -11209,42 +11226,42 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 249) * meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 187) -* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 521) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 527) * OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 34) -* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 524) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 530) * OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 38) -* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 528) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 534) * output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 254) * page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 260) * PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 42) -* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 531) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 536) -* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 545) -* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 549) -* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 553) -* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 559) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 537) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 542) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 552) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 556) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 560) +* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 566) * PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 48) * PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 53) -* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 564) -* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 569) -* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 577) -* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 580) -* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 585) -* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 589) -* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 593) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 571) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 576) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 584) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 587) +* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 592) +* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 596) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 600) * revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 270) -* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 596) -* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 602) -* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 607) -* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 616) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 603) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 609) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 614) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 623) * show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 276) * show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -11255,10 +11272,10 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 297) * TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11) * TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11) -* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 621) -* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 659) -* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 671) -* UID: Bash Variables. (line 675) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 628) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 666) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 678) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 682) * vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 310) * vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -11627,134 +11644,134 @@ D.5 Concept Index  Tag Table: -Node: Top887 -Node: Introduction2797 -Node: What is Bash?3013 -Node: What is a shell?4127 -Node: Definitions6665 -Node: Basic Shell Features9616 -Node: Shell Syntax10835 -Node: Shell Operation11861 -Node: Quoting13154 -Node: Escape Character14454 -Node: Single Quotes14939 -Node: Double Quotes15287 -Node: ANSI-C Quoting16565 -Node: Locale Translation17824 -Node: Comments18720 -Node: Shell Commands19338 -Node: Simple Commands20210 -Node: Pipelines20841 -Node: Lists23773 -Node: Compound Commands25512 -Node: Looping Constructs26524 -Node: Conditional Constructs29019 -Node: Command Grouping40102 -Node: Coprocesses41581 -Node: GNU Parallel43484 -Node: Shell Functions47542 -Node: Shell Parameters54625 -Node: Positional Parameters59038 -Node: Special Parameters59938 -Node: Shell Expansions63652 -Node: Brace Expansion65775 -Node: Tilde Expansion68499 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion70847 -Node: Command Substitution85303 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion86658 -Node: Process Substitution87590 -Node: Word Splitting88710 -Node: Filename Expansion90654 -Node: Pattern Matching93184 -Node: Quote Removal97170 -Node: Redirections97465 -Node: Executing Commands107023 -Node: Simple Command Expansion107693 -Node: Command Search and Execution109623 -Node: Command Execution Environment111999 -Node: Environment114983 -Node: Exit Status116642 -Node: Signals118312 -Node: Shell Scripts120279 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands122794 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins124832 -Node: Bash Builtins145490 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior174398 -Node: The Set Builtin174743 -Node: The Shopt Builtin185156 -Node: Special Builtins202026 -Node: Shell Variables203005 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables203442 -Node: Bash Variables205546 -Node: Bash Features235686 -Node: Invoking Bash236585 -Node: Bash Startup Files242598 -Node: Interactive Shells247701 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?248111 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?248760 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior249575 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions253062 -Node: Shell Arithmetic257428 -Node: Aliases260245 -Node: Arrays262793 -Node: The Directory Stack268159 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins268943 -Node: Controlling the Prompt271911 -Node: The Restricted Shell274677 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode276502 -Node: Job Control286853 -Node: Job Control Basics287313 -Node: Job Control Builtins292281 -Node: Job Control Variables297008 -Node: Command Line Editing298164 -Node: Introduction and Notation299835 -Node: Readline Interaction301458 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials302649 -Node: Readline Movement Commands304432 -Node: Readline Killing Commands305392 -Node: Readline Arguments307310 -Node: Searching308354 -Node: Readline Init File310540 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax311687 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs332087 -Node: Sample Init File336283 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands339400 -Node: Commands For Moving340604 -Node: Commands For History342453 -Node: Commands For Text346748 -Node: Commands For Killing350136 -Node: Numeric Arguments352617 -Node: Commands For Completion353756 -Node: Keyboard Macros357947 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands358634 -Node: Readline vi Mode364587 -Node: Programmable Completion365494 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins373088 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example383616 -Node: Using History Interactively388856 -Node: Bash History Facilities389540 -Node: Bash History Builtins392545 -Node: History Interaction397076 -Node: Event Designators400696 -Node: Word Designators401915 -Node: Modifiers403552 -Node: Installing Bash404954 -Node: Basic Installation406091 -Node: Compilers and Options409349 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures410090 -Node: Installation Names411783 -Node: Specifying the System Type412601 -Node: Sharing Defaults413317 -Node: Operation Controls413990 -Node: Optional Features414948 -Node: Reporting Bugs425466 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell426660 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License443512 -Node: Indexes468689 -Node: Builtin Index469143 -Node: Reserved Word Index475970 -Node: Variable Index478418 -Node: Function Index494096 -Node: Concept Index507399 +Node: Top891 +Node: Introduction2805 +Node: What is Bash?3021 +Node: What is a shell?4135 +Node: Definitions6673 +Node: Basic Shell Features9624 +Node: Shell Syntax10843 +Node: Shell Operation11869 +Node: Quoting13162 +Node: Escape Character14462 +Node: Single Quotes14947 +Node: Double Quotes15295 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16573 +Node: Locale Translation17832 +Node: Comments18728 +Node: Shell Commands19346 +Node: Simple Commands20218 +Node: Pipelines20849 +Node: Lists23781 +Node: Compound Commands25520 +Node: Looping Constructs26532 +Node: Conditional Constructs29027 +Node: Command Grouping40110 +Node: Coprocesses41589 +Node: GNU Parallel43492 +Node: Shell Functions47550 +Node: Shell Parameters54633 +Node: Positional Parameters59046 +Node: Special Parameters59946 +Node: Shell Expansions63660 +Node: Brace Expansion65783 +Node: Tilde Expansion68507 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion71124 +Node: Command Substitution85580 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion86935 +Node: Process Substitution87867 +Node: Word Splitting88987 +Node: Filename Expansion90931 +Node: Pattern Matching93461 +Node: Quote Removal97447 +Node: Redirections97742 +Node: Executing Commands107300 +Node: Simple Command Expansion107970 +Node: Command Search and Execution109900 +Node: Command Execution Environment112276 +Node: Environment115260 +Node: Exit Status116919 +Node: Signals118589 +Node: Shell Scripts120556 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands123071 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins125109 +Node: Bash Builtins145767 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior174675 +Node: The Set Builtin175020 +Node: The Shopt Builtin185433 +Node: Special Builtins202303 +Node: Shell Variables203282 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables203719 +Node: Bash Variables205823 +Node: Bash Features236283 +Node: Invoking Bash237182 +Node: Bash Startup Files243195 +Node: Interactive Shells248298 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?248708 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?249357 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior250172 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions253659 +Node: Shell Arithmetic258025 +Node: Aliases260842 +Node: Arrays263390 +Node: The Directory Stack268756 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins269540 +Node: Controlling the Prompt272508 +Node: The Restricted Shell275274 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode277099 +Node: Job Control287514 +Node: Job Control Basics287974 +Node: Job Control Builtins292942 +Node: Job Control Variables297669 +Node: Command Line Editing298825 +Node: Introduction and Notation300496 +Node: Readline Interaction302119 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials303310 +Node: Readline Movement Commands305093 +Node: Readline Killing Commands306053 +Node: Readline Arguments307971 +Node: Searching309015 +Node: Readline Init File311201 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax312348 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs332748 +Node: Sample Init File336944 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands340061 +Node: Commands For Moving341265 +Node: Commands For History343114 +Node: Commands For Text347409 +Node: Commands For Killing350797 +Node: Numeric Arguments353278 +Node: Commands For Completion354417 +Node: Keyboard Macros358608 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands359295 +Node: Readline vi Mode365248 +Node: Programmable Completion366155 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins373749 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example384442 +Node: Using History Interactively389682 +Node: Bash History Facilities390366 +Node: Bash History Builtins393371 +Node: History Interaction397902 +Node: Event Designators401522 +Node: Word Designators402741 +Node: Modifiers404378 +Node: Installing Bash405780 +Node: Basic Installation406917 +Node: Compilers and Options410175 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures410916 +Node: Installation Names412609 +Node: Specifying the System Type413427 +Node: Sharing Defaults414143 +Node: Operation Controls414816 +Node: Optional Features415774 +Node: Reporting Bugs426292 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell427486 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License444338 +Node: Indexes469515 +Node: Builtin Index469969 +Node: Reserved Word Index476796 +Node: Variable Index479244 +Node: Function Index494995 +Node: Concept Index508298  End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf index a908e4cf..b38b46d1 100644 Binary files a/doc/bash.pdf and b/doc/bash.pdf differ diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps index 9e2accf6..5a7dc2d8 100644 --- a/doc/bash.ps +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.3 -%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 16 10:36:39 2018 +%%CreationDate: Fri Sep 7 15:34:15 2018 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic @@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ F .475(xtended deb)-.15 F(ug-)-.2 E (~/.bashr)3.598 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.598(if the)4.408 F(shell is interacti) 144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve \()-.25 H(see).15 E F4(INV)2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E (TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 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EXECUTION) -2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 -(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 540 S -.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 -(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 -(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 552 R .868 -(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) --.1 F(administrator who installs)144 564 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C +5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 552 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) +2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 564 S +.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 +(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 +(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) +-3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 576 R .868 +(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) +-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 588 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C (common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 576 Q -F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 588 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 600 R -.472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971 -E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .471 -(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011 -(the startup \214les, as if the)144 612 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 +(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 600 Q +F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 612 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 624 R +.471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971 +E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472 +(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011 +(the startup \214les, as if the)144 636 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 (in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 -(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 624 Q F1(bash)2.5 -E F0(enables)2.5 E F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) --2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F4(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 636 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 -(If set, the v)144 648 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 648 Q F1(bash) +4.497 E F0(enables)4.497 E F5 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C +4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F F4 1.997 +(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.998(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) +.15 E(When the shell enters)144 660 Q F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C +2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E(ariable if it w)-.25 E +(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 672 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 +(If set, the v)144 684 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR) -108 660 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 -(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 672 R .676 +108 696 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 708 R .676 (alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 -(nents to retain when e)144 684 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 +(nents to retain when e)144 720 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) 3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E -(Characters remo)144 696 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 708 Q F0 1.174(The v) -144 708 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) --.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 -(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 720 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E -(17)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(17)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(PS1)108 84 Q F0 .064(The v)144 84 R .065(alue of this parameter is e) --.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.565 E -(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065(w\) and used as the primary prompt) --.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 96 R(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E -(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 108 Q -F0 .118(The v)144 108 R .118(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118 -(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.617 E F0 .117 -(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The)5.117 E(def)144 -120 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS3) -108 132 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 132 R 1.115 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Characters remo) +144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 +E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS0)108 96 Q F0 1.174(The v)144 96 R 1.174 +(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see)-.15 F/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 +(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 108 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 120 Q F0 .064(The v)144 120 R +.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR) +2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 +(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 132 R +(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 144 Q F0 .118(The v)144 144 R .118 +(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) +2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The) +5.117 E(def)144 156 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G +(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 168 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 168 R 1.115 (alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) 3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR) -144 144 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 156 Q F0 -.101(The v)144 156 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101 +144 180 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 192 Q F0 +.101(The v)144 192 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101 (xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 168 Q F0 .334 +(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 204 Q F0 .334 (displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F .335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335 (alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.835 E F0 .335(is repli-)2.585 F -(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 180 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 +(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 216 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E (The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1 -(SHELL)108 192 Q F0 .664(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 204 R +(SHELL)108 228 Q F0 .664(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 240 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F .664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 -F .663(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 216 Q F1(bash) +F .663(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 252 Q F1(bash) 2.5 E F0(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5 -(sl)-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 228 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826 -(The v)144 240 R .826 +(sl)-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 264 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826 +(The v)144 276 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F 3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 252 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 288 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0 (reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F (The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 -(an escape sequence that is e)144 264 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +(an escape sequence that is e)144 300 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F .712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F -(and their meanings are as follo)144 276 Q -(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 294 Q F0 2.5 -(Al)194 294 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 306 Q/F3 10 +(and their meanings are as follo)144 312 Q +(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 330 Q F0 2.5 +(Al)194 330 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 342 Q/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 -306 Q F1(%[)144 318 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0 -(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 318 Q F1(%[)144 330 Q +342 Q F1(%[)144 354 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0 +(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 354 Q F1(%[)144 366 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 -330 Q F1(%P)144 342 Q F0 -(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 342 Q .87 -(The optional)144 358.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) +366 Q F1(%P)144 378 Q F0 +(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 378 Q .87 +(The optional)144 394.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) 3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 (he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A) -144 370.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025 +144 406.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025 (lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026 (At most three places after the)5.025 F .538 -(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 382.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F3 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 418.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F3 (p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E -F3(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 394.8 Q -(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 411.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0 +F3(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 430.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 447.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 423.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 +3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 459.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 (determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.365 -(If this v)144 440.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 +(If this v)144 476.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 E F0 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) -144 452.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 +144 488.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 (.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 (alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 -464.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E +500.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E (wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108 -476.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 488.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) +512.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 524.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) -.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941 (ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 -G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 500.4 Q F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31 +G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 536.4 Q F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31 (command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F .611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H (fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F -.886(ing from a terminal.)144 512.4 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 +.886(ing from a terminal.)144 548.4 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .885 -(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 524.4 +(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 560.4 S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1 (Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 -F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 536.4 -Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 548.4 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 560.4 +F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 572.4 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 584.4 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 596.4 R F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391 (alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39 -(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 572.4 Q 2.5(su)-.55 -G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 584.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 596.4 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 608.4 Q 2.5(su)-.55 +G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 620.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 632.4 R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 (he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 -(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 608.4 R +(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 644.4 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ - for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 620.4 S .366(isting stopped job) + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 656.4 S .366(isting stopped job) .15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366 (wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F 1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 -632.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this) -3.805 F(conte)144 644.4 Q 1.132 +668.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this) +3.805 F(conte)144 680.4 Q 1.132 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) 6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 (he string supplied must)-3.633 F .625 -(match the name of a stopped job e)144 656.4 R .624(xactly; if set to) +(match the name of a stopped job e)144 692.4 R .624(xactly; if set to) -.15 F F3(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624 (he string supplied needs to match a)-3.124 F .884 -(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 668.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) +(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 704.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) -5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 -(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 680.4 Q F1(%?)3.334 E +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 716.4 Q F1(%?)3.334 E F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) -.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315 -(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 692.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 +(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 728.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 (ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F -F1(%)2.816 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 704.4 Q(.)-.55 -E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(18)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +F1(%)2.816 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 August 7)145.395 E(18)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(histchars)108 84 Q F0 2.07(The tw)144 96 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt) --4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07 -(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HIST)4.569 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 108 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo) -3.465 E 3.715(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F/F3 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.216(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 -(character)3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G 1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798 -(signals the start of a history e)144 120 R .798(xpansion, normally `) +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(identi\214er)144 +84 Q(.)-.55 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histchars)108 96 Q F0 2.07(The tw) +144 108 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07 +(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07(xpansion and tok) +-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)4.569 E(OR) +-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 120 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.216(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character) +3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G 1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798 +(signals the start of a history e)144 132 R .798(xpansion, normally `) -.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798(second character is the)3.298 F F3 -(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 132 Q F0 +(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 144 Q F0 (character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G .239 (hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.739 F .24 (vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .576 -(ing one string for another in the command.)144 144 R .575(The def)5.575 +(ing one string for another in the command.)144 156 R .575(The def)5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .575 (optional third character is the)3.075 F .223(character which indicates\ that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \ -char)144 156 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 168 R 1.294 +char)144 168 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 180 R 1.294 (ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293 (history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F -.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 180 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F +.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 192 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F .38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F -(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 192 Q F1(Arrays)87 208.8 Q(Bash) -108 220.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15 +(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 204 Q F1(Arrays)87 220.8 Q(Bash) +108 232.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a) -.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89 -(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 232.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 244.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F -.329(an array)108 244.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) +.329(an array)108 256.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) -.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F 5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328 -(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 256.8 R +(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 268.8 R 1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 (xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 -268.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +280.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G (rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 -(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 285.6 R -.15(xe) +(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 297.6 R -.15(xe) -.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F 4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F -F3(name)4.962 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 297.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A +F3(name)4.962 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 309.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 6.548(.T)C(he)-6.548 E F3(subscript)4.388 E F0 1.549 (is treated as an arithmetic e)4.728 F 1.549(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.549(luate to a number).25 F 6.549(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.349 -E -.15(ex)108 309.6 S 1.98(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +E -.15(ex)108 321.6 S 1.98(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.48(da).15 G(rray)-4.48 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1(declar)4.48 E 4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F3(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E F2 1.979 (SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E -(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 321.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 +(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 333.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3 -(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 338.4 Q .3 -.15 +(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 350.4 Q .3 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 -G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 355.2 Q .94 +G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 367.2 Q .94 (utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941(ariable using the) -.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 -.18(re)3.441 G (adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)3.441 E -(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 367.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.647 -(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 384 R +(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 379.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.647 +(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 396 R F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647 (... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each) --4.147 F F3(value)108 396 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.332 F F3 +-4.147 F F3(value)108 408 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.332 F F3 (subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.833 (ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)4.333 E F0(.)A .164 -(When assigning to inde)108 408 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 +(When assigning to inde)108 420 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 (rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163 (ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.663(xi)-.15 G 2.663 -(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 420 R 3.91 +(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 432 R 3.91 (xo)-.15 G 3.91(ft)-3.91 G 1.41(he element assigned is the last inde) -3.91 F 3.911(xa)-.15 G 1.411(ssigned to by the statement plus one.) --3.911 F(Inde)108 432 Q(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E -(When assigning to an associati)108 448.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 +-3.911 F(Inde)108 444 Q(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E +(When assigning to an associati)108 460.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.)-2.5 E .24 -(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 465.6 R F1(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 +(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 477.6 R F1(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 (vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F3(name)108 -477.6 Q F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 1.917 +489.6 Q F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 1.917 (syntax introduced abo)4.416 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 (hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) -4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F3(name)4.777 E F0 1.917(is sub-) -4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 489.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416 +4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 501.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.616(,t)-.4 G .115 (hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.616 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.615(oo).15 G .115(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E -(of)108 501.6 Q F3(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 +(of)108 513.6 Q F3(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.338 H(ti).15 E 1.138 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .838 (ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 3.338(,a)-.65 G .838 (nd an inde)-3.338 F 3.338(xo)-.15 G 3.338<66ad>-3.338 G 3.338(1r)-3.338 -G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 513.6 Q(An)108 530.4 Q +G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 525.6 Q(An)108 542.4 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076(lement of an array may be referenced using ${) -3.576 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075 (braces are required to a)3.575 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541 -(con\215icts with pathname e)108 542.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F3 +(con\215icts with pathname e)108 554.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F3 (subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541 (xpands to all members of)-.15 F F3(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057 -(These subscripts dif)108 554.4 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 +(These subscripts dif)108 566.4 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 (ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056 -(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 566.4 Q F3(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B +(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 578.4 Q F3(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B .52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521 (alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F -1.375(of the)108 578.4 R F2(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375 +1.375(of the)108 590.4 R F2(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375 (ariable, and ${)-.25 F F3(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 (xpands each element of)-.15 F F3(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w) 3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108 -590.4 R F3(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F +602.4 R F3(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759 -(within a w)108 602.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 +(within a w)108 614.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 (ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108 -614.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ +626.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016 -F .228(to the e)108 626.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +F .228(to the e)108 638.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 (Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727 -(\). ${#).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 638.4 +(\). ${#).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 650.4 S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F3(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or) 3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 -(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .295(ments in the array)108 650.4 +(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .295(ments in the array)108 662.4 R 5.295(.I)-.65 G 2.795(ft)-5.295 G(he)-2.795 E F3(subscript)3.135 E F0 .295(used to reference an element of an inde)3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.794(da).15 G .294(rray e)-2.794 F -.25(va)-.25 G .294 (luates to a number).25 F .628 -(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 662.4 R .928 -.15(ve t) +(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 674.4 R .928 -.15(ve t) -.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .629(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F 3.129(xo)-.15 G 3.129(ft)-3.129 G .629(he array)-3.129 F 3.129(,s)-.65 G 3.129(on)-3.129 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.129 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(indices count back from the end of the array)108 674.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G +(indices count back from the end of the array)108 686.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G (nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 -691.2 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +703.2 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An) -108 703.2 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 +108 715.2 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 720 Q -(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E -2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(19)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 +Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(19)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .417 -(It is possible to obtain the k)108 84 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\().15 G -.418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.918(alues. ${) --.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)A F0([)A -F2(@)A F0 .418(]} and ${)B F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0(]})A -.15 -(ex)108 96 S .75(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable) --.25 E F2(name)3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .749 -(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 108 -Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 -(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 124.8 Q F1(unset)2.766 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G -(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(An array v)108 84 +Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E +2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E +.417(It is possible to obtain the k)108 100.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() +.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.918 +(alues. ${)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .418(]} and ${)B F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A +F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 112.8 S .75(pand to the indices assigned in array v) +.15 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .749 +(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 +124.8 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F2(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 141.6 Q F1(unset) +2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 +G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) --.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 136.8 Q F0 3.975(,f)C 1.475 +-.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 153.6 Q F0 3.975(,f)C 1.475 (or both inde)-3.975 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.975(da).15 G 1.474(nd associati) -3.975 F 1.774 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.974(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) .05 E 1.774 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.474(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.974(da).15 G 1.474(rrays are interpreted as)-3.974 F .614 -(described abo)108 148.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.614(.U).15 G .614 +(described abo)108 165.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.614(.U).15 G .614 (nsetting the last element of an array v)-5.614 F .615 (ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F1(unset)5.615 E F2 -(name)3.115 E F0(,)A(where)108 160.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an array)2.5 +(name)3.115 E F0(,)A(where)108 177.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an array)2.5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E F1(unset)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0([)A F2 (subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 (or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G -(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E .848(When using a v)108 177.6 R .848 +(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E .848(When using a v)108 194.4 R .848 (ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .848 (gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F1(unset)3.347 E F0 3.347(,w)C -(ithout)-3.347 E .344(using the w)108 189.6 R .344(ord e)-.1 F .344 +(ithout)-3.347 E .344(using the w)108 206.4 R .344(ord e)-.1 F .344 (xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.845(,t).15 G .345 (he ar)-2.845 F .345(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 2.845 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)2.845 E(name e)108 201.6 Q +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)2.845 E(name e)108 218.4 Q (xpansion is not desired, the ar)-.15 E(gument should be quoted.)-.18 E -(The)108 218.4 Q F1(declar)3.574 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.574 E F0 +(The)108 235.2 Q F1(declar)3.574 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.574 E F0 3.574(,a)C(nd)-3.574 E F1 -.18(re)3.574 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.574 G 1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F F13.573 E F0 1.073 (option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.573(da).15 G 1.073 (rray and a)-3.573 F F13.573 E F0 .338 -(option to specify an associati)108 230.4 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) +(option to specify an associati)108 247.2 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) .15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) -2.838 F F12.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) 5.338 E F1 -.18(re)2.839 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.839 G(iltin).2 E .441 -(accepts a)108 242.4 R F12.941 E F0 .441 +(accepts a)108 259.2 R F12.941 E F0 .441 (option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441 (ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he) -5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.94 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)108 254.4 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E +(bu)108 271.2 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E (ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 271.2 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ -rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 283.2 R 3.26 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 288 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perform\ +ed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 300 R 3.26 (ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 -(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 295.2 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F2(br) +(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 312 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F2(br) 2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e) 2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(par)2.869 E .369 (ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369 -(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 307.2 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e) -2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 -E .418(The order of e)108 324 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 +(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 324 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e)2.5 +E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E +F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 E +.418(The order of e)108 340.8 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 (xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .419 -(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 336 S +(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 352.8 S .196(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F .195(ashion\); w)-.1 F .195(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) --.15 E(sion.)108 348 Q .257 -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 364.8 R +-.15 E(sion.)108 364.8 Q .257 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 381.6 R .257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.757 E .257 (ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .257(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 -E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 376.8 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G +E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 393.6 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G (ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) --.15 E .003(After these e)108 393.6 R .003 +-.15 E .003(After these e)108 410.4 R .003 (xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w) -.15 F .002(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.502(du).15 G .002 -(nless the)-2.502 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 405.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(nless the)-2.502 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 422.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H (een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F2(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 -E F0(\).)A 1.19(Only brace e)108 422.4 R 1.19(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.19 +E F0(\).)A 1.19(Only brace e)108 439.2 R 1.19(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.19 (ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.191 (xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F 1.191(ords of the)-.1 F --.15(ex)108 434.4 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 +-.15(ex)108 451.2 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F 1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 (ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the) --.15 F -.15(ex)108 446.4 S 1.244(pansions of ").15 F F1($@)A F0 3.744 +-.15 F -.15(ex)108 463.2 S 1.244(pansions of ").15 F F1($@)A F0 3.744 ("a)C 1.244(nd ")-3.744 F F1(${)A F2(name)A F1([@]})A F0 1.245 (", and, in most cases,)B F1($*)3.745 E F0(and)3.745 E F1(${)3.745 E F2 (name)A F1([*]})A F0 1.245(as e)3.745 F 1.245(xplained abo)-.15 F 1.545 --.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)108 458.4 S -(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 475.2 -Q F2(Br)108.58 487.2 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)108 475.2 S +(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 492 Q +F2(Br)108.58 504 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F -.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 499.2 Q F2 .415 -(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 516 Q F2 .415(pathname e) +2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 511.2 R F2(pr)2.652 E(eamble) +(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 528 R F2(pr)2.652 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 523.2 R -.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G -.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 -(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ -ch resulting string, e)108 535.2 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) -108 547.2 Q .718(Brace e)108 564 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F -.719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 +F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 540 R .563 +(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563 +(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(co\ +ntained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each \ +resulting string, e)108 552 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108 +564 Q .718(Brace e)108 580.8 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719 +(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 (xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) -108 576 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0(d,c,b) -A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As)108 -592.8 S .743(equence e)-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743 +108 592.8 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0 +(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As) +108 609.6 S .743(equence e)-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743 (es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.243 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A F1(]})A F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F2(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F2(y) 3.242 E F0 .742(are either inte)3.242 F .742(gers or single characters,) --.15 F(and)108 604.8 Q F2(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G +-.15 F(and)108 621.6 Q F2(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G .532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G .532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 (xpression e)-.15 F .532(xpands to each)-.15 F .078(number between)108 -616.8 R F2(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F2(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi) +633.6 R F2(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F2(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi) -2.578 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.078(.S).15 G .078(upplied inte)-5.078 F .077 (gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F2(0)2.577 E F0 .077 (to force each term to ha)2.577 F .377 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014 -(same width.)108 628.8 R .014(When either)5.014 F F2(x)2.514 E F0(or) +(same width.)108 645.6 R .014(When either)5.014 F F2(x)2.514 E F0(or) 2.514 E F2(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell att\ empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143 -(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 640.8 R +(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 657.6 R 6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F -(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 652.8 S 1.064(pands to each character le) +(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 669.6 S 1.064(pands to each character le) .15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E F2(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G 1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .984 -(that both)108 664.8 R F2(x)3.484 E F0(and)3.484 E F2(y)3.484 E F0 .983 +(that both)108 681.6 R F2(x)3.484 E F0(and)3.484 E F2(y)3.484 E F0 .983 (must be of the same type.)3.484 F .983 (When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.983 F(ference) --.25 E(between each term.)108 676.8 Q(The def)5 E +-.25 E(between each term.)108 693.6 Q(The def)5 E (ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 -693.6 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 +710.4 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 (ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582 -(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016 -(are preserv)108 705.6 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 -(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015 -(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 717.6 Q -(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(20)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E 1.209 +(are preserv)108 722.4 R 1.209(ed in the result.)-.15 F 1.209 +(It is strictly te)6.209 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)6.209 E F0 1.209 +(does not apply an)3.709 F 3.709(ys)-.15 G 1.208 +(yntactic interpretation to the)-3.709 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 August 7)145.395 E(20)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 3.632(Ac)108 84 S -1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132(xpansion must contain unqu\ -oted opening and closing braces, and at least one)-.15 F 3.441 -(unquoted comma or a v)108 96 R 3.441(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941 -(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441(ncorrectly formed brace e) --5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755(unchanged. A)108 108 R/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255 -(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 -(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911 -(sion. T)108 120 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(conte)108 84 Q +(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) +-.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 100.8 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132 +(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\ +t one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 112.8 R 3.441 +(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 +(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 +(unchanged. A)108 124.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E +F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .255(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-) +-.15 E 2.911(sion. T)108 136.8 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411 (id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F F1(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion, and inhibits brace e)108 132 Q +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion, and inhibits brace e)108 148.8 Q (xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F1(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\ ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\ -gs to be generated is)108 148.8 R(longer than in the abo)108 160.8 Q .3 +gs to be generated is)108 165.6 R(longer than in the abo)108 177.6 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 -177.6 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 189.6 Q(cho)144 -201.6 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 -E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 218.4 R .618 +194.4 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 206.4 Q(cho)144 +218.4 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 +E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 235.2 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F .618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 (does not treat open-)3.118 F .247 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 230.4 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 247.2 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G .247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 242.4 Q -.15 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 259.2 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 (or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh) -3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 254.4 Q F0 +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 271.2 Q F0 .514(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515 (after e)3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437 -(If strict compatibility with)108 266.4 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 +(If strict compatibility with)108 283.2 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 (is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1 (+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436 -(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 278.4 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1 +(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 295.2 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1 (set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti) -87 295.2 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 307.2 R 1.086(ord be) --.1 F 1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 -1.087('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\ -slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\ -ed a)108 319.2 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685 -(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\ -\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 331.2 R -.726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 343.2 Q -.523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 +87 312 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 324 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 +F 1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.087 +('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ + \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) +108 336 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) +-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\ + are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 348 R .726 +(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 360 Q .523 +(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 (his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 355.2 Q/F4 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287 +-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 372 Q/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287 (is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287 (cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\ ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ -with the speci\214ed login name.)108 367.2 Q .093 -(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 384 R .092 +with the speci\214ed login name.)108 384 Q .093 +(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 400.8 R .092 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 (replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is) -5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 396 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 +5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 412.8 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 .904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo) 5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642 -(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 408 R F2(N)4.142 E -F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 424.8 R F2(N)4.142 +E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641 (ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\ -ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 420 -R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu)108 432 -S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G .455 -(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F .454 -(the characters follo)2.954 F .454(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x) --.25 F +ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 +436.8 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 448.8 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G +.455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F +.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454 +(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F (consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.) -108 444 Q(If the login name is in)108 460.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +108 460.8 Q(If the login name is in)108 477.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E -(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 477.6 R .167 +(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 494.4 R .167 (ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) -.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E -.468(these cases, tilde e)108 489.6 R .468(xpansion is also performed.) +.468(these cases, tilde e)108 506.4 R .468(xpansion is also performed.) -.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .467 (ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 -501.6 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) +518.4 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E -(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 518.4 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605 -(The `)108 530.4 R F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605 +(alue.)-.25 E .023(Bash also performs tilde e)108 535.2 R .023 +(xpansion on w)-.15 F .024(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F +.024(ariable assignments \(as described)-.25 F(abo)108 547.2 Q .77 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.97 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A F0 +.47(when the)2.72 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(ppear as ar)-2.969 F .469 +(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F .469(Bash does not do this,)5.469 F +-.15(ex)108 559.2 S(cept for the).15 E F2(declar)2.5 E(ation)-.15 E F0 +(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen in)-2.5 E F2 +(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(Pa)87 576 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 +1.605(The `)108 588 R F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605 (haracter introduces parameter e)-4.105 F 1.606 (xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.106 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 542.4 R +(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 600 R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .406 (ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032 -(tect the v)108 554.4 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032 +(tect the v)108 612 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032 (xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033 -(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 -566.4 Q 1.19 -(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 -583.2 R F1(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 +(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 624 +Q 1.19(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `) +108 640.8 R F1(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 (ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F 2.15 -(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 595.2 R 2.15 -(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 607.2 S -(pansion.).15 E(${)108 624 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.205(The v) -144 636 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204 -(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when)6.204 F F2 -(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264 -(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 648 R F2(par)4.014 E +(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 652.8 R 2.15 +(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 664.8 S +(pansion.).15 E(${)108 681.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.205 +(The v)144 693.6 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when)6.204 F +F2(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264 +(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 705.6 R F2(par)4.014 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 (wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.677 -(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 660 R(The)7.677 E F2(par)5.177 -E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.676(is a shell parameter as described abo)5.177 F --.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 672 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(ra) --2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A F0(\).)A .346 -(If the \214rst character of)108 688.8 R F2(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F F1(!)A F0 .346 -(\), and)B F2(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a)2.846 F F2 -(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G(ntroduces) --2.847 E 2.907(al)108 700.8 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.907 H 2.907(lo).25 G -2.906(fi)-2.907 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F1(Bash)5.406 E F0 .406 -(uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406 -(xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F2(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .406 -(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F2(par)2.906 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 712.8 Q -F0 2.578(;t)C .078(his is then e)-2.578 F .078(xpanded and that v)-.15 F -.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .079 -(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .079(xpansion of the)-.15 F -(original)108 724.8 Q F2(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043 -(his is kno)-5.043 F .043(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37 -F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .042 -(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .042(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(21)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 717.6 R(The)7.677 E F2(par) +5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.676(is a shell parameter as described abo) +5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 729.6 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o) +C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A F0 +(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(21)194.555 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S -.248(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 F 2.748 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 .249(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .249(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51 -(name of the parameter referenced by)108 96 R F1(par)4.01 E(ameter)-.15 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .346 +(If the \214rst character of)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)2.846 +E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F1(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 +E F0 .346(is not a)2.846 F F1(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C +2.847(ti)-2.847 G(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.907(al)108 96 S -2.15 -.25(ev e) +-2.907 H 2.907(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.907 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F2(Bash) +5.406 E F0 .406(uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406 +(xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F1(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .406 +(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F1(par)2.906 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 108 Q F0 +2.578(;t)C .078(his is then e)-2.578 F .078(xpanded and that v)-.15 F +.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .079 +(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .079(xpansion of the)-.15 F +(original)108 120 Q F1(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043 +(his is kno)-5.043 F .043(wn as)-.25 F F1(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37 +F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .042 +(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .042(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15 +(ex)108 132 S .248(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 F +2.748(xpansion. If)-.15 F F1(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .249 +(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .249(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51 +(name of the parameter referenced by)108 144 R F1(par)4.01 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.51(instead of performing the complete indirect e)4.01 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E .387(The e)108 108 R .387(xceptions to this are the e) --.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A F1(pr)A -(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F2(!)A F1(name)A -F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .387(]} described belo)B 4.188 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .388 -(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 E(tion point must immediately follo)108 120 Q -2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)-2.5 E -.334(In each of the cases belo)108 136.8 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor)3.484 E -(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 -(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 -F(and arithmetic e)108 148.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.089 -(When not performing substring e)108 165.6 R 1.089 -(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25 G -(e.g.,)-3.589 E F2(:-)3.59 E F0(\),)A F2(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09 -(tests for a)3.59 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 177.6 Q(Omitti\ +(xpansion.)-.15 E .387(The e)108 156 R .387(xceptions to this are the e) +-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A +F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .387 +(]} described belo)B 4.188 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .388(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 +E(tion point must immediately follo)108 168 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G +(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)-2.5 E .334 +(In each of the cases belo)108 184.8 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor)3.484 E(d) +-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334(xpansion, parameter e) +-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F(and arithmetic e)108 +196.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.089(When not performing substring e)108 213.6 +R 1.089(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25 +G(e.g.,)-3.589 E F2(:-)3.59 E F0(\),)A F2(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09 +(tests for a)3.59 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 225.6 Q(Omitti\ ng the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E -(${)108 194.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<3aad>A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) -A F2 .723(Use Default V)144 206.4 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 +(${)108 242.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<3aad>A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) +A F2 .723(Use Default V)144 254.4 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F1(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.) -3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 218.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1 -(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 230.4 Q F1 +3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 266.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1 +(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 278.4 Q F1 (par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 2.004 -(Assign Default V)144 242.4 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F1 +(Assign Default V)144 290.4 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F1 (par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.234 F 2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.845 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.005 -(is assigned to)5.275 F F1(par)144 254.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.279(.T).73 +(is assigned to)5.275 F F1(par)144 302.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.279(.T).73 G .279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.029 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278 (Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F -(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 266.4 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E -(${)108 278.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A -F2 .535(Display Err)144 290.4 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 +(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 314.4 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E +(${)108 326.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A +F2 .535(Display Err)144 338.4 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 (.I)C(f)-5.535 E F1(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 (is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E -(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 302.4 R +(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 350.4 R .662(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 E F0 .661(is not present\) is\ written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.932 F -(interacti)144 314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) +(interacti)144 362.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) -2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 326.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F1 -(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 338.4 R .745(nate V)-.15 F +(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 374.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F1 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 386.4 R .745(nate V)-.15 F (alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 350.4 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 362.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 374.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 398.4 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 410.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 422.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion) -144 386.4 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 +144 434.4 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.081 -(character speci\214ed by)144 398.4 R F1(of)3.581 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.081 +(character speci\214ed by)144 446.4 R F1(of)3.581 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.081 (.I)C(f)-6.081 E F1(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F2(@)3.582 E F0 3.582(,a)C 3.582(ni)-3.582 G(nde)-3.582 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.582(da).15 G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F2(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.582 E F2(*) -3.582 E F0 3.582(,o)C 3.582(ra)-3.582 G(n)-3.582 E(associati)144 410.4 Q +3.582 E F0 3.582(,o)C 3.582(ra)-3.582 G(n)-3.582 E(associati)144 458.4 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722 (fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(length) 3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042 -(substring of the v)144 422.4 R .042(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.542 E +(substring of the v)144 470.4 R .042(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.542 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .043(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.542 F F1(of)2.543 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .043(and e)2.543 F .043(xtending to the) --.15 F .847(end of the v)144 434.4 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0 +-.15 F .847(end of the v)144 482.4 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0 (and)3.346 E F1(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .846(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .846(ARITHMETIC EV) -3.346 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 446.4 Q -(w\).)-.25 E(If)144 470.4 Q F1(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 +3.346 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 494.4 Q +(w\).)-.25 E(If)144 518.4 Q F1(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 (alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F -.046(end of the v)144 482.4 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) +.046(end of the v)144 530.4 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F1(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G .046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F -(of)144 494.4 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F +(of)144 542.4 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .203 -(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 506.4 R +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 554.4 R .558(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.058 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .558(and that result.)3.058 F .557(Note that a ne)5.557 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .857 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .557(set must be).25 -F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 518.4 Q -.2 +F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 566.4 Q -.2 (vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansion.).15 E(If)144 542.4 Q F1(par)2.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.958 +(pansion.).15 E(If)144 590.4 Q F1(par)2.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.958 E F2(@)2.958 E F0 2.958(,t)C .458(he result is)-2.958 F F1(length)2.959 E F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .459(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of) 2.959 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.459(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.109 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .6(is tak)144 554.4 R .6 +(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.109 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .6(is tak)144 602.4 R .6 (en relati)-.1 F .9 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.1(oo).15 G .6 (ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-3.1 F 3.1(,s)-.4 G 3.1(oa)-3.1 G 3.1(no)-3.1 G -.25(ff)-3.1 G .6(set of \2551 e).25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G(luates).25 E .639(to the last positional parameter)144 566.4 +(va)-.25 G(luates).25 E .639(to the last positional parameter)144 614.4 R 5.639(.I)-.55 G 3.139(ti)-5.639 G 3.139(sa)-3.139 G 3.139(ne)-3.139 G .639(xpansion error if)-3.289 F F1(length)3.14 E F0 -.25(eva)3.14 G .64 -(luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 578.4 Q(If)144 602.4 Q F1 +(luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 626.4 Q(If)144 650.4 Q F1 (par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.014 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014(da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the) -3.014 F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081 -(the array be)144 614.4 R 1.081(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter) +(the array be)144 662.4 R 1.081(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 3.581(]}. A)B(ne)3.581 E -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.082 (is tak)3.582 F 1.082(en relati)-.1 F 1.382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.582(oo) -.15 G 1.082(ne greater)-3.582 F 1.08(than the maximum inde)144 626.4 R +.15 G 1.082(ne greater)-3.582 F 1.08(than the maximum inde)144 674.4 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft)-3.58 G 1.08(he speci\214ed array)-3.58 F 6.079 (.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.579(ne)-3.579 G 1.079 (xpansion error if)-3.729 F F1(length)3.579 E F0 -.25(eva)3.579 G 1.079 -(luates to a).25 F(number less than zero.)144 638.4 Q(Substring e)144 -662.4 Q(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E 1.93(Substring inde)144 686.4 -R 1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, i\ -n which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 698.4 Q .307(xing starts at 1 by def) --.15 F 2.807(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307 -(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F F2($0)2.806 E F0 -.306(is pre\214x)2.806 F(ed)-.15 E(to the list.)144 710.4 Q -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(22)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(luates to a).25 F(number less than zero.)144 686.4 Q(Substring e)144 +710.4 Q(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 August 7)145.395 E(22)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A -F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(!)A F2(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(@)A F0(})A F1 .084 -(Names matching pr)144 108 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.084(.E)C .084 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.93 +(Substring inde)144 84 R 1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positional\ + parameters are used, in which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 96 Q .307 +(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.807(ault. If)-.1 F/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307 +(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.806 E F0 .306(is pre\214x)2.806 F(ed)-.15 E +(to the list.)144 108 Q(${)108 124.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2 +(*)A F0(})A(${)108 136.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 +.084(Names matching pr)144 148.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.084(.E)C .084 (xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F -.085(gin with)-.15 F F2(pr)2.585 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-) --2.585 E .258(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 120 R/F3 9 +.085(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.585 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-) +-2.585 E .258(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 160.8 R/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.758 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757 -(ariable. When)-.25 F F2(@)2.757 E F0 .257(is used and the e)2.757 F -.257(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 132 Q +(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.757 E F0 .257(is used and the e)2.757 F +.257(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 172.8 Q (ariable name e)-.25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 -148.8 Q F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 160.8 Q F1(!)A F2 -(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0(]})A F1 2.035(List of array k)144 172.8 R(eys) --.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f)-7.036 E F2(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v) +189.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 201.6 Q F2(!)A F1 +(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 2.035(List of array k)144 213.6 R(eys) +-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f)-7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v) 4.536 F 2.036(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036 (xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E -.596(assigned in)144 184.8 R F2(name)3.096 E F0 5.596(.I)C(f)-5.596 E F2 +.596(assigned in)144 225.6 R F1(name)3.096 E F0 5.596(.I)C(f)-5.596 E F1 (name)3.096 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.096 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595 -(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F2(name)3.095 E F0 .595 -(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.595 E F2(@)144 196.8 Q F0 +(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .595 +(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.595 E F1(@)144 237.6 Q F0 (is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k) -.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 -213.6 Q F1(#)A F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 225.6 S .47 +254.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 266.4 S .47 (rameter length).1 F F0 5.47(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v) --5.47 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471 -(is substituted.)2.971 F(If)5.471 E F2(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 -237.6 Q F0(is)4.439 E F1(*)3.709 E F0(or)3.709 E F1(@)3.709 E F0 3.708 +-5.47 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471 +(is substituted.)2.971 F(If)5.471 E F1(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 +278.4 Q F0(is)4.439 E F2(*)3.709 E F0(or)3.709 E F2(@)3.709 E F0 3.708 (,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 (alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) -6.208 E F2(par)4.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.208(is an)4.438 F .348 -(array name subscripted by)144 249.6 R F1(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F1(@) +6.208 E F1(par)4.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.208(is an)4.438 F .348 +(array name subscripted by)144 290.4 R F2(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F2(@) 2.849 E F0 2.849(,t)C .349(he v)-2.849 F .349 (alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.349 -(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.349 E F2(par)145.25 261.6 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .456 +(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.349 E F1(par)145.25 302.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .456 (is an inde)3.686 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.956(da).15 G .456 (rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.956 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.955(,t)-.4 G .455 -(hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 273.6 R 1.272 +(hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 314.4 R 1.272 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.472(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) --3.472 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F2(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +-3.472 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.473(,s)C 3.473(on)-3.473 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.473 H(ti).15 E 1.273 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .973(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) -144 285.6 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 -G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 302.4 Q F2 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(#)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 314.4 Q F2 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(##)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo)144 326.4 +144 326.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 +G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 343.2 Q F1 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 355.2 Q F1 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 367.2 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F -(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F2(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 +(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 (is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F -.543(name e)144 338.4 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544 -(ainst the e)-.05 F .544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +.543(name e)144 379.2 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544 +(ainst the e)-.05 F .544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) 4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .544(using the rules described)3.774 F(under) -144 350.4 Q F1 -.1(Pa)3.222 G(tter).1 E 3.222(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.222 E +144 391.2 Q F2 -.1(Pa)3.222 G(tter).1 E 3.222(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.222 E F0(belo)3.222 E 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.222(ft).65 G .721 (he pattern matches the be)-3.222 F .721(ginning of the v)-.15 F .721 -(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.221 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.151 -(then the result of the e)144 362.4 R 1.151(xpansion is the e)-.15 F -1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.902 E(ameter)-.15 E +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.221 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.151 +(then the result of the e)144 403.2 R 1.151(xpansion is the e)-.15 F +1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.902 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.152(with the shortest matching)4.382 F .184(pattern \(the `)144 -374.4 R(`)-.74 E F1(#)A F0 1.664 -.74('' c)D .184 -(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F1(##)A F0 -1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.183 E F2(par)3.933 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.413 E F1(@)2.683 E F0(or)144 386.4 Q F1(*)3.018 E +415.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 1.664 -.74('' c)D .184 +(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 +1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.183 E F1(par)3.933 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.413 E F2(@)2.683 E F0(or)144 427.2 Q F2(*)3.018 E F0 3.018(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.018 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 G .518 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E 1.122(sion is the resultant list.)144 398.4 R(If) -6.121 E F2(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.121(is an array v)4.351 F -1.121(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F1(*) -3.621 E F0 3.621(,t)C 1.121(he pattern)-3.621 F(remo)144 410.4 Q -.25 +-3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E 1.122(sion is the resultant list.)144 439.2 R(If) +6.121 E F1(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.121(is an array v)4.351 F +1.121(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F2(*) +3.621 E F0 3.621(,t)C 1.121(he pattern)-3.621 F(remo)144 451.2 Q -.25 (va)-.15 G 2.53(lo).25 G .03 (peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.53 F .03(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 422.4 Q(${)108 -439.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 -451.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(%%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo) -144 463.2 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 -E F0 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F2(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F -.146(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 -475.2 S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.209 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F1 -.1(Pa)144 487.2 S(tter) -.1 E 4.593(nM)-.15 G(atching)-4.593 E F0(belo)4.593 E 5.892 -.65(w. I) --.25 H 4.592(ft).65 G 2.092 -(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)-4.592 F 2.092 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 2.092(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)144 499.2 Q(ameter)-.15 E -F0 3.15(,t).73 G .65(hen the result of the e)-3.15 F .65 -(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .65(xpanded v)-.15 F .65(alue of)-.25 F F2 +-2.53 F .03(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 463.2 Q(${)108 +480 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 492 +Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 +504 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 +5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F1(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .146 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 516 +S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.209 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 528 S(tter).1 +E 4.593(nM)-.15 G(atching)-4.593 E F0(belo)4.593 E 5.892 -.65(w. I)-.25 +H 4.592(ft).65 G 2.092(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e) +-4.592 F 2.092(xpanded v)-.15 F 2.092(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 540 Q +(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.15(,t).73 G .65(hen the result of the e)-3.15 F .65 +(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .65(xpanded v)-.15 F .65(alue of)-.25 F F1 (par)4.4 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .65(with the shortest)3.88 F 1.085 -(matching pattern \(the `)144 511.2 R(`)-.74 E F1(%)A F0 2.565 -.74 -('' c)D 1.084(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 -E F1(%%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.084 E F2 -(par)145.25 523.2 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.389 E F1(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 -E F1(*)2.659 E F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he pattern remo)-2.659 F -.25(va)-.15 -G 2.659(lo).25 G .16 +(matching pattern \(the `)144 552 R(`)-.74 E F2(%)A F0 2.565 -.74('' c)D +1.084(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2 +(%%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.084 E F1(par) +145.25 564 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.389 E F2(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 E F2 +(*)2.659 E F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he pattern remo)-2.659 F -.25(va)-.15 G +2.659(lo).25 G .16 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)-2.659 F .51 -(and the e)144 535.2 R .51(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) -5.51 E F2(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .509(is an array v)3.739 F .509 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)3.009 E F0(or)3.009 E F1(*)3.009 E -F0(,)A .422(the pattern remo)144 547.2 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922(lo).25 G +(and the e)144 576 R .51(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.51 +E F1(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .509(is an array v)3.739 F .509 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.009 E F0(or)3.009 E F2(*)3.009 E +F0(,)A .422(the pattern remo)144 588 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922(lo).25 G .422(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.922 F .423(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 559.2 Q(${)108 -576 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0 -(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 588 S(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 E -F0 6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 E F2(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion,)144 600 Q F2 -.8(Pa)3.7 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.2(is e) -3.7 F 1.2(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F2(pattern)3.7 E F0 -(ag)3.7 E 1.2(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.2(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F2 -(string)144 612 Q F0 5.397(.T)C .397 -(he match is performed using the rules described under)-5.397 F F1 -.1 +-2.922 F .423(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 600 Q(${)108 +616.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0 +(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 628.8 S(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 +E F0 6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 E F1(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F +1.106(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-) +-.15 E(sion,)144 640.8 Q F1 -.8(Pa)3.7 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.2 +(is e)3.7 F 1.2(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern)3.7 E +F0(ag)3.7 E 1.2(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.2(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1 +(string)144 652.8 Q F0 5.397(.T)C .397 +(he match is performed using the rules described under)-5.397 F F2 -.1 (Pa)2.896 G(tter).1 E 2.896(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.896 E F0(belo)2.896 E -4.196 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F2(pat-)2.896 E(tern)144 624 Q F0(be) -2.569 E .069(gins with)-.15 F F1(/)2.569 E F0 2.569(,a)C .069 -(ll matches of)-2.569 F F2(pattern)2.569 E F0 .069(are replaced with) -2.569 F F2(string)2.57 E F0 5.07(.N)C .07 -(ormally only the \214rst match is)-5.07 F 2.58(replaced. If)144 636 R -F2(pattern)2.58 E F0(be)2.58 E .08(gins with)-.15 F F1(#)2.58 E F0 2.58 +4.196 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(pat-)2.896 E(tern)144 664.8 Q F0(be) +2.569 E .069(gins with)-.15 F F2(/)2.569 E F0 2.569(,a)C .069 +(ll matches of)-2.569 F F1(pattern)2.569 E F0 .069(are replaced with) +2.569 F F1(string)2.57 E F0 5.07(.N)C .07 +(ormally only the \214rst match is)-5.07 F 2.58(replaced. If)144 676.8 R +F1(pattern)2.58 E F0(be)2.58 E .08(gins with)-.15 F F2(#)2.58 E F0 2.58 (,i)C 2.58(tm)-2.58 G .079(ust match at the be)-2.58 F .079 -(ginning of the e)-.15 F .079(xpanded v)-.15 F .079(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(par)2.579 E(am-)-.15 E(eter)144 648 Q F0 5.761(.I)C(f)-5.761 E F2 -(pattern)3.261 E F0(be)3.261 E .761(gins with)-.15 F F1(%)3.261 E F0 +(ginning of the e)-.15 F .079(xpanded v)-.15 F .079(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(par)2.579 E(am-)-.15 E(eter)144 688.8 Q F0 5.761(.I)C(f)-5.761 E F1 +(pattern)3.261 E F0(be)3.261 E .761(gins with)-.15 F F2(%)3.261 E F0 3.261(,i)C 3.261(tm)-3.261 G .761(ust match at the end of the e)-3.261 F -.761(xpanded v)-.15 F .761(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.262 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 5.762(.I)C(f)-5.762 E F2(string)144 660 Q F0 .958 -(is null, matches of)3.458 F F2(pattern)3.458 E F0 .958 -(are deleted and the)3.458 F F1(/)3.458 E F0(follo)3.458 E(wing)-.25 E -F2(pattern)3.457 E F0 .957(may be omitted.)3.457 F .957(If the)5.957 F -F1(nocasematch)144 672 Q F0 .492 +.761(xpanded v)-.15 F .761(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.262 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 5.762(.I)C(f)-5.762 E F1(string)144 700.8 Q F0 .958 +(is null, matches of)3.458 F F1(pattern)3.458 E F0 .958 +(are deleted and the)3.458 F F2(/)3.458 E F0(follo)3.458 E(wing)-.25 E +F1(pattern)3.457 E F0 .957(may be omitted.)3.457 F .957(If the)5.957 F +F2(nocasematch)144 712.8 Q F0 .492 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.992 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G .492(rd to the case of alpha-).05 F .884(betic characters.) -144 684 R(If)5.884 E F2(par)4.634 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.114 E F1(@) -3.384 E F0(or)3.383 E F1(*)3.383 E F0 3.383(,t)C .883 -(he substitution operation is applied to each positional)-3.383 F 1.002 -(parameter in turn, and the e)144 696 R 1.002 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)6.002 E F2(par)4.752 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.002(is an array v)4.232 F 1.002(ariable sub-)-.25 F -.159(scripted with)144 708 R F1(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 E F1(*)2.659 E F0 -2.659(,t)C .159(he substitution operation is applied to each member of \ -the array in turn, and)-2.659 F(the e)144 720 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(23)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +144 724.8 R(If)5.884 E F1(par)4.634 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.114 E F2(@) +3.384 E F0(or)3.383 E F2(*)3.383 E F0 3.383(,t)C .883 +(he substitution operation is applied to each positional)-3.383 F +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(23)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)A F1 -(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^^)A F1(pattern) -A F0(})A(${)108 108 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A -(${)108 120 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .437 -(Case modi\214cation)144 132 R F0 5.437(.T)C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.002 +(parameter in turn, and the e)144 84 R 1.002 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)6.002 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(par)4.752 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.002(is an array v)4.232 F 1.002 +(ariable sub-)-.25 F .159(scripted with)144 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 E F2(*)2.659 E F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he substitutio\ +n operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and)-2.659 F +(the e)144 108 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 124.8 Q +F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 136.8 Q F1(par) +A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 148.8 Q F1(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 160.8 Q F1(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .437(Case modi\214cation) +144 172.8 R F0 5.437(.T)C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 (xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par) -2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F1(pattern)144 144 Q F0 -1.407(is e)3.907 F 1.407 +2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F1(pattern)144 184.8 Q +F0 1.407(is e)3.907 F 1.407 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.906 -(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.406(character in the)3.906 F -.15(ex)144 156 S -1.231(panded v).15 F 1.231(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E +(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.406(character in the)3.906 F -.15(ex)144 196.8 +S 1.231(panded v).15 F 1.231(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732 (,a)C 1.232(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is)-3.732 F(con)144 -168 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 +208.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 (pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.924 F 5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F2(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F --.15(ve)144 180 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F +-.15(ve)144 220.8 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F2(,)3.11 E F0 .61 (operator con)3.11 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .61(rts matching uppercase).15 F -1.548(letters to lo)144 192 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E F0 -(and)4.047 E F2(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F +1.548(letters to lo)144 232.8 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E +F0(and)4.047 E F2(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.547(rt each matched character in the e).15 F(xpanded) --.15 E -.25(va)144 204 S .633(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.133 E F0(and)3.133 E -F2(,)3.133 E F0 -.15(ex)3.133 G .633(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 +-.15 E -.25(va)144 244.8 S .633(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.133 E F0(and)3.133 +E F2(,)3.133 E F0 -.15(ex)3.133 G .633(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 (ve)-.4 G .634(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .634 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.134(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 216 Q F0 .78 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.134(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 256.8 Q F0 .78 (is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C .78(hich matches e)-3.28 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .78(ry character).15 F 5.78 (.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F2(@)3.28 E F0(or)3.28 E F2(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\ -n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 228 R -(xpansion)-.15 E .469(is the resultant list.)144 240 R(If)5.469 E F1 +n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 268.8 R +(xpansion)-.15 E .469(is the resultant list.)144 280.8 R(If)5.469 E F1 (par)4.218 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .468(is an array v)3.698 F .468 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F2(*)2.968 E F0 2.968(,t)C .468(he case modi\214ca-)-2.968 F(tion operation is appli\ -ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 252 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 268.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 280.8 S .86 +ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 292.8 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 309.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 321.6 S .86 (rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86 (xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F -F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 292.8 R F1 +F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 333.6 R F1 (par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F .153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153 E F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144 -304.8 Q F2(Q)144 328.8 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 328.8 R 1.064 +345.6 Q F2(Q)144 369.6 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 369.6 R 1.064 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) 3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.065(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F -(reused as input.)180 340.8 Q F2(E)144 352.8 Q F0 .441(The e)180 352.8 R +(reused as input.)180 381.6 Q F2(E)144 393.6 Q F0 .441(The e)180 393.6 R .441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F1 (par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .44(with backslash escape sequences)2.94 F --.15(ex)180 364.8 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0 -(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 376.8 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 376.8 R +-.15(ex)180 405.6 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0 +(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 417.6 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 417.6 R 1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 (xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 388.8 Q F2(PR) -2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 400.8 Q F0 1.138 -(The e)180 400.8 R 1.138 +F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 429.6 Q F2(PR) +2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 441.6 Q F0 1.138 +(The e)180 441.6 R 1.138 (xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F -F2(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 412.8 Q +F2(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 453.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(a)144 424.8 Q F0 -(The e)180 424.8 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E +(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(a)144 465.6 Q F0 +(The e)180 465.6 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E (alues representing)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D -(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 441.6 Q F1(par)5.33 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 482.4 Q F1(par)5.33 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 (is)4.81 E F2(@)4.08 E F0(or)4.08 E F2(*)4.08 E F0 4.08(,t)C 1.581 (he operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the) --4.08 F -.15(ex)144 453.6 S .13(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F(If) +-4.08 F -.15(ex)144 494.4 S .13(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F(If) 5.13 E F1(par)3.88 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .129(is an array v)3.36 F .129 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.629 E F0(or)2.629 E F2(*)2.629 E F0 2.629(,t)C .129(he oper)-2.629 F(-)-.2 E (ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -465.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E 1.849 -(The result of the e)144 489.6 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F +506.4 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E 1.849 +(The result of the e)144 530.4 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F 1.849(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 1.85(xpansion as described)-.15 -F(belo)144 501.6 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 518.4 Q F1 -1.698(Command substitution)108 530.4 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697 +F(belo)144 542.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 559.2 Q F1 +1.698(Command substitution)108 571.2 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697 (ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.697 -(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 542.4 Q F2($\()144 559.2 Q F1 -(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 571.2 Q F2<92>144 583.2 Q F1(command) -A F2<92>A(Bash)108 600 Q F0 .088(performs the e)2.588 F .088 +(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 583.2 Q F2($\()144 600 Q F1 +(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 612 Q F2<92>144 624 Q F1(command)A F2 +<92>A(Bash)108 640.8 Q F0 .088(performs the e)2.588 F .088 (xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.588 E F0 .089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089(vironment and replacing the command) -.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an) -108 612 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)-.25 -F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b)108 624 -R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.)-.1 F -.192(The command substitution)5.192 F F2($\(cat)2.692 E F1(\214le)2.692 -E F2(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 636 Q -.25(va)-.25 G -(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F2 +108 652.8 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.) +-.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b) +108 664.8 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.) +-.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F2($\(cat)2.692 E F1(\214le) +2.692 E F2(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 676.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 +G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F2 (\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\ - used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 652.8 R(xcept)-.15 E -.314(when follo)108 664.8 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.814 E F0(,)A F2 + used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 693.6 R(xcept)-.15 E +.314(when follo)108 705.6 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.814 E F0(,)A F2 <92>2.814 E F0 2.814(,o)C(r)-2.814 E F2(\\)2.814 E F0 5.314(.T)C .315(h\ e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \ -sub-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 676.8 R 1.387(using the $\() +sub-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 717.6 R 1.387(using the $\() 3.887 F F1(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386 (orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.887 F 3.886(eu)-.1 G 3.886(pt)-3.886 G 1.386(he com-)-3.886 F -(mand; none are treated specially)108 688.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894 -(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 705.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H -.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8) -150.675 E(24)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(mand; none are treated specially)108 729.6 Q(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 +768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(24)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .422 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 84 R .422 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .894 +(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 84 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H +.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F +(quotes with backslashes.)108 96 Q .422 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 112.8 R .422 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .422(xpansion are not performed)-.15 -F(on the results.)108 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Arithmetic Expansion)87 -112.8 Q F0 1.034(Arithmetic e)108 124.8 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F -1.034(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e) -.25 F 1.035(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F -(The format for arithmetic e)108 136.8 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() -144 153.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 -(\)\))A F0(The)108 170.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 +F(on the results.)108 124.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(Arithmetic Expansion)87 141.6 Q F0 1.034(Arithmetic e)108 153.6 R 1.034 +(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034 +(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.035 +(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F +(The format for arithmetic e)108 165.6 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() +144 182.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 +(\)\))A F0(The)108 199.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.906 F .165 (ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .23 -(treated specially)108 182.4 R 5.23(.A)-.65 G .23(ll tok)-5.23 F .231 +(treated specially)108 211.2 R 5.23(.A)-.65 G .23(ll tok)-5.23 F .231 (ens in the e)-.1 F .231(xpression under)-.15 F .231(go parameter and v) -.18 F .231(ariable e)-.25 F .231(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.06 -(tution, and quote remo)108 194.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.56(l. 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G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) -5.682 F 2.282 -.8(To g)5.682 H .682(et the old).8 F(beha)108 220.8 Q +5.682 F 2.282 -.8(To g)5.682 H .682(et the old).8 F(beha)108 244.8 Q 1.184(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.184(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) -.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.185 (one of the patterns in)6.185 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.685 E F3(.)A F0(The)108 -232.8 Q F1(dotglob)3.132 E F0 .632(option is disabled when)3.132 F F2 +256.8 Q F1(dotglob)3.132 E F0 .632(option is disabled when)3.132 F F2 (GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .631 -(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 244.8 Q F1 -(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 261.6 S(tter).1 E -2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 278.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(har\ +(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 268.8 Q F1 +(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 285.6 S(tter).1 E +2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 302.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(har\ acter that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern charact\ ers described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62 -(itself. The)108 290.4 R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.) +(itself. The)108 314.4 R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.) 3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12 (wing character; the)-.25 F .576 -(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 302.4 R .576 +(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 326.4 R .576 (The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) --.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 314.4 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 348 Q F0 .377(Matches an) -180 348 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 +-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 338.4 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 355.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 372 Q F0 .377(Matches an) +180 372 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376 -(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 360 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775 +(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 384 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775 (is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw) -.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775 (sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\ - or more directories and subdirectories.)180 372 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 -F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 384 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G + or more directories and subdirectories.)180 396 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 +F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 408 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G (djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C -(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 396 Q F0 -(Matches an)180 396 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 -([...])144 408 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 408 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 +(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 420 Q F0 +(Matches an)180 420 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +([...])144 432 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 432 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 (ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579 (air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .685 -(denotes a)180 420 R F4 -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr) +(denotes a)180 444 R F4 -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr) -3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)-3.184 H .684 (haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F 3.184(oc)-.1 G -.684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 432 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,u).15 +.684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 456 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,u).15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212 (ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.213(If the) -6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 444 R 1.124(wing the)-.25 F F1 +6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 468 R 1.124(wing the)-.25 F F1 ([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F1(!)3.624 E F0 1.124(or a)6.124 F F1 (^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G 1.123 (haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 456 R .895 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 480 R .895 (xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .376(and the v) -180 468 R .376(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or) +180 492 R .376(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or) 2.625 E F2(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375 (ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.975 -.8(To o)5.375 H .375(btain the tra-).8 -F .067(ditional interpretation of range e)180 480 R .067 +F .067(ditional interpretation of range e)180 504 R .067 (xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.567 E F0 .068(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.568 E F0 2.568(,s)C .068 -(et v)-2.568 F(alue)-.25 E .157(of the)180 492 R F1(LC_ALL)2.657 E F0 +(et v)-2.568 F(alue)-.25 E .157(of the)180 516 R F1(LC_ALL)2.657 E F0 .157(shell v)2.657 F .157(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C 2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0 .156(shell option.)2.656 F(A)5.156 E F12.656 E F0(may)2.656 E .193(\ be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.) -180 504 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .194(may be matched by)2.693 F -(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 516 Q -.4(Wi)180 -534 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F4 -.15 +180 528 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .194(may be matched by)2.693 F +(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 540 Q -.4(Wi)180 +558 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F4 -.15 (ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 (can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.07 E F4(class)A F1 (:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F4(class)3.07 E F0(is one of the follo) -180 546 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173 -(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 558 R 8.173 -(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 570 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 -4.29(Ac)180 582 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc)-.15 +180 570 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173 +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 582 R 8.173 +(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 594 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 +4.29(Ac)180 606 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc)-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 -.1 (wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 594 Q -.4(Wi) -180 612 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 618 Q -.4(Wi) +180 636 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 (,a)C(n)-4.536 E F4 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037 (can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F4(c)A F1(=]) A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ - collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 624 R -(the character)180 636 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 654 S(thin).4 E F1 + collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 648 R +(the character)180 660 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 678 S(thin).4 E F1 ([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 E F4(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F4(symbol) -2.5 E F0(.)A .704(If the)108 670.8 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705 +2.5 E F0(.)A .704(If the)108 694.8 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705 (shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705 (xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108 -682.8 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F4 +706.8 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F4 (pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 (is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.755 E F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo) -108 694.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8) -150.675 E(26)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +108 718.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 August 7)145.395 E(26)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -3604,8 +3622,8 @@ F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) (vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 686.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A F0(If)180 698.4 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E (ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(is duplicated.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(27) -199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(is duplicated.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(27) +194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -3695,7 +3713,7 @@ E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 710.4 R F2(wor) .114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 722.4 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E (w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(28)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(2018 August 7)145.395 E(28)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -3787,7 +3805,7 @@ F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F2(n)3.114 E F0 .254 3.466 E F0 3.466(,t)C .965 (he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) -3.466 F(pre)108 691.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(29)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(2018 August 7)145.395 E(29)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 30 30 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -3911,8 +3929,8 @@ F1(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532 .532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 720 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME) -.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E -(30)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 +E(30)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 31 31 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -4052,7 +4070,7 @@ E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 -.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le) 5.44 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F (of decreasing precedence.)108 691.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(31)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(2018 August 7)145.395 E(31)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -4152,7 +4170,7 @@ R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.) F2(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) 3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 E F2(test)3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 -714 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(32)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +714 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(32)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 33 33 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -4242,7 +4260,7 @@ F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 679.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 (Tr)144 691.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 (string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0) -72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(33)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(33)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 34 34 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -4368,8 +4386,8 @@ ful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e) (subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 722.4 R .329 (fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.83(ws)-.25 G .33(hell had been in)-2.83 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.83(dt).1 G 2.83(oh)-2.83 G .33 -(andle the script, with)-2.83 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8) -150.675 E(34)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(andle the script, with)-2.83 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7) +145.395 E(34)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 35 35 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -4467,7 +4485,7 @@ F13.876 E F0 1.376(option from the parent)3.876 F 2.5(shell. 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F)108 676.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni) 144 700.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E (Meta-Rubout: backw)144 712.8 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E -(Control-o: "> output")144 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8) -150.675 E(39)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(Control-o: "> output")144 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7) +145.395 E(39)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 40 40 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -5068,7 +5088,8 @@ E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) -.2 G 3.44(ilable. 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May) +348 Q F0(Alias names.)224 348 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 360 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 372 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 384 Q(Readline)224 384 Q F0 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 396 S(iltin) +.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 396 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 408 +Q F0(Command names.)224 420 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 432 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 444 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 456 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 468 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +480 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 480 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +492 Q F0(Names of e)224 492 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) -.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 -468 Q F0(File names.)224 468 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 480 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 492 -Q F1(gr)184 504 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 504 Q +504 Q F0(File names.)224 504 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 516 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 528 +Q F1(gr)184 540 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 540 Q (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 -516 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 528 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 540 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 552 +552 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 564 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 576 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 588 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 564 Q F0 -(Job names, if job control is acti)224 564 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 576 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 588 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 600 Q F0 +(Job names, if job control is acti)224 600 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 612 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 624 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) -.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 -600 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 600 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 612 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 612 -Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 624 -Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 624 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 +636 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 636 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 648 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 648 +Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 660 +Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 660 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 -(shopt)184 636 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 636 Q F1 -(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 648 Q F0 -(Signal names.)224 648 Q F1(stopped)184 660 Q F0 -(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 660 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(.).15 E F1(user)184 672 Q F0(User names.)224 672 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 684 S -(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 684 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 696 Q F2 -(command)2.5 E(command)184 708 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 -(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) -184 720 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(59)199.835 E 0 Cg -EP +(shopt)184 672 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 672 Q F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 684 Q F0 +(Signal names.)224 684 Q F1(stopped)184 696 Q F0 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 696 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(.).15 E F1(user)184 708 Q F0(User names.)224 708 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 +Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(59)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 60 60 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(function)2.5 E F0 .114 -(The shell function)184 96 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F +SF -.1(va)184 84 S(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 84 Q 2.5 +(ariables. May)-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A +F1144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 108 Q +F0 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F +1.056(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F +(completions.)184 120 Q F1144 132 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .114 +(The shell function)184 144 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 108 R +(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817 (he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 -(are being completed, the second ar)184 120 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 168 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 132 R .103 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 180 R .103 (gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w) -2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 144 R +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 192 R .102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the) --.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 156 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 -E(ariable.)-.25 E F1144 168 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007 -(The pathname e)184 180 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 +-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 204 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 +E(ariable.)-.25 E F1144 216 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007 +(The pathname e)184 228 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-) --.15 F(tions.)184 192 Q F1144 204 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) -184 216 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 +-.15 F(tions.)184 240 Q F1144 252 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) +184 264 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 228 Q F1144 240 Q F2(suf)2.5 E -<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 240 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 276 Q F1144 288 Q F2(suf)2.5 E +<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 288 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 252 Q F2(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 264 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 300 Q F2(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 312 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 (is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 (special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .981 -(each resultant w)184 276 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell) +(each resultant w)184 324 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell) -.15 F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F2(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 -E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F(pro)184 288 Q .765 +E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F(pro)184 336 Q .765 (vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .766 (ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 -(va)184 300 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F3(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +(va)184 348 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F3(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 1.964 (The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) -6.465 F(match the w)184 312 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1144 324 -Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 336 Q F0 .455 +6.465 F(match the w)184 360 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1144 372 +Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 384 Q F0 .455 (is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F .456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 348 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 360 Q F2(\214lterpat) +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 396 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 408 Q F2(\214lterpat) 3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 (rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 (in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 372 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 420 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 388.8 R .467 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 436.8 R .467 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 (lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.966 E F0 (or)2.966 E F12.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361 -(plied without a)144 400.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361 +(plied without a)144 448.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361 (gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H -1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 412.8 Q F0 +1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 460.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E -F1(compopt)108 429.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(compopt)108 477.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 441.6 +F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 489.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 .447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 -(completion if no)144 453.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 +(completion if no)144 501.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 (re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 465.6 Q F2(name) +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 513.6 Q F2(name) 3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 477.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) -2.797 G .297(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) --5.297 E F12.797 E F0 .297 -(option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F -1.228(the `)144 489.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 525.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.677 G .177(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he) +-5.178 E F12.678 E F0 .178 +(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F +1.228(the `)144 537.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.728 F 2.177(completion has pre)144 501.6 R 2.177 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.177 E F14.677 E F0 2.178 -(option indicates that the remaining options)4.678 F 1.539 -(should apply to `)144 513.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.039('c)-.74 G 1.538 +no)-3.728 F 2.038(completion has pre)144 549.6 R 2.038 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F14.538 E F0 2.039 +(option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.539 +(should apply to `)144 561.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.039('c)-.74 G 1.538 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.) --4.039 F(The)144 525.6 Q F13.316 E F0 .817(option indicates that \ -the remaining options should apply to completion on the inital non-) -3.316 F .868(assignment w)144 537.6 R .868 +-4.039 F(The)144 573.6 Q F13.205 E F0 .705(option indicates that \ +other supplied options should apply to completion on the inital non-) +3.205 F .868(assignment w)144 585.6 R .868 (ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F1(;)3.368 E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.367(,w)C .867(hich is usually com-) --3.367 F(mand name completion.)144 549.6 Q 1.387(The return v)144 573.6 +-3.367 F(mand name completion.)144 597.6 Q 1.387(The return v)144 621.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.388 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F -(options for a)144 585.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(options for a)144 633.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 602.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 614.4 R 1.754 +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 650.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 662.4 R 1.754 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 (select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753 -(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 626.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 +(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 674.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F5 10 /Symbol SF3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 (is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 -(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 638.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 686.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 (The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) -3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 650.4 Q F1(declar)108 667.2 -Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 -(typeset)108 679.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 691.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F -1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) -3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F --.25(va)144 703.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F13.483 E F0 .983 -(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 -(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 -3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 715.2 Q F2(name)2.774 E -F0(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 -2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275 -(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F12.775 E F0 .275(is supplied) -2.775 F(without)144 727.2 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314 -(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313 -(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(60)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 698.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 +Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(60)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 61 61 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(attrib)144 84 Q -1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F 1.182 -(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -3.682 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62 -(will display the attrib)144 96 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62 -(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.12 E F0 -.62(option will restrict the display)3.12 F 1.29(to shell functions.)144 -108 R(The)6.29 E F13.79 E F0 1.291(option inhibits the display of\ - function de\214nitions; only the function)3.791 F .948(name and attrib) -144 120 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the)5.948 F F1(extdeb) -3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt) -3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C .948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69 -(\214le name and line number where each)144 132 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 F(The) -6.69 E F14.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 144 Q F13.892 E -F0 6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F13.892 E F0 1.391(option forces v)3.892 -F 1.391(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 156 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 -1.882(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(declar)108 84 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C +F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A +F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 96 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 +E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 108 R +1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib) +.15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C +1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265 +(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 120 S +3.483(riables. The).25 F F13.483 E F0 .983 +(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 +(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 +3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 132 Q F2(name)2.774 E F0 +(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 +2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275(re ignored.) +-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F12.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)2.775 F +(without)144 144 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314 +(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313 +(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F +(attrib)144 156 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 +F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F13.682 E F0 +(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 168 R +.62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12(ariables. The) +-.25 F F13.12 E F0 .62(option will restrict the display)3.12 F +1.29(to shell functions.)144 180 R(The)6.29 E F13.79 E F0 1.291(o\ +ption inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; only the function) +3.791 F .948(name and attrib)144 192 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948 +(If the)5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 +(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C +.948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69(\214le name and line number where each)144 +204 R F2(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 F +(The)6.69 E F14.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 216 Q F1 +3.892 E F0 6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F13.892 E F0 1.391 +(option forces v)3.892 F 1.391 +(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 228 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.882 +(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F 1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F -(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 168 R +(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 240 R .794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F -1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 180 Q(utes:)-.2 E F1 -144 192 Q F0(Each)180 192 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 +1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 252 Q(utes:)-.2 E F1 +144 264 Q F0(Each)180 264 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 -E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 204 Q F0(Each)180 -204 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v) +E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 276 Q F0(Each)180 +276 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v) .15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(\).).15 E F1144 216 Q F0(Use function names only)180 216 Q(.)-.65 -E F1144 228 Q F0 .557(The v)180 228 R .558 +(\).).15 E F1144 288 Q F0(Use function names only)180 288 Q(.)-.65 +E F1144 300 Q F0 .557(The v)180 300 R .558 (ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 240 Q F0(abo)2.25 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 312 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 252 Q F0 .91 -(When the v)180 252 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 324 Q F0 .91 +(When the v)180 324 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 264 R -(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 276 Q -F0(Gi)180 276 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the) +G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 336 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 348 Q +F0(Gi)180 348 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the) 3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 (ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E -1.519(That other v)180 288 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F +1.519(That other v)180 360 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F 1.518(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.018 E F0 6.518(.A)C 1.518 -(ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)180 300 Q .226 +(ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)180 372 Q .226 (ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.726 E F0 2.726(,e)C .226 (xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F F12.726 E F0(attrib) -2.726 E .227(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 312 R +2.726 E .227(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 384 R .809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D 3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808(ute cannot be)-.2 -F(applied to array v)180 324 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 336 Q F0 -(Mak)180 336 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E +F(applied to array v)180 396 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 408 Q F0 +(Mak)180 408 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F -2.547(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 348 -Q F1144 360 Q F0(Gi)180 360 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 +2.547(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 420 +Q F1144 432 Q F0(Gi)180 432 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 (name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0 -(traps from the calling shell.)180 372 Q(The trace attrib)5 E -(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 384 -Q F0 .909(When the v)180 384 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 444 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 456 +Q F0 .909(When the v)180 456 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 396 R(lo)2.5 -E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 408 Q -F0(Mark)180 408 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 468 R(lo)2.5 +E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 480 Q +F0(Mark)180 480 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E (xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .121 -(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 424.8 R 2.621(ft)-.25 G .121 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 496.8 R 2.621(ft)-.25 G .121 (he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .12 (xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F .644 -(to destro)144 436.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) +(to destro)144 508.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) -3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) 3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145 -(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 448.8 Q F1 +(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 520.8 Q F1 (declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335 (local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335 (command, unless the)2.835 F F12.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.282 -(is supplied.)144 460.8 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283 +(is supplied.)144 532.8 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283 (ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783 (,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.283 (ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.783 E F0(.)A .927(When using)144 -472.8 R F13.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F13.427 E F0 .926 +544.8 R F13.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F13.427 E F0 .926 (and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.427 F .926 -(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 484.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 +(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 556.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592 (ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429 (option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using) -144 496.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .428(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.928(,a)C +144 568.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .428(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.928(,a)C 2.928(na)-2.928 G .428(ttempt is)-2.928 F .062(made to assign a v)144 -508.8 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063 +580.8 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063 (ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .063 (alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102 -(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 520.8 R F1 +(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 592.8 R F1 (Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F -F2(names)2.602 E F0 .101(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 532.8 S .171 +F2(names)2.602 E F0 .101(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 604.8 S .171 (lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172 -(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 544.8 R 3.46(fa) +(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 616.8 R 3.46(fa) -.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 -(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 556.8 Q +(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 628.8 Q (xistent function with)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 573.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 -(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 585.6 S .328 +(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 645.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 +(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 657.6 S .328 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) .4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 597.6 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 609.6 Q +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 669.6 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 681.6 Q F0 2.003(command; the)4.503 F F1(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo) 4.503 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.503(se).15 G 2.003(ntries from the list.)-4.503 -F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 621.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G -(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1144 633.6 Q F0 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 633.6 Q -F1144 645.6 Q F0 .882 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 645.6 R .881 +F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 693.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1144 705.6 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 705.6 Q +F1144 717.6 Q F0 .882 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 717.6 R .881 (ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -657.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 669.6 Q F0 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 669.6 Q F1 -144 681.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ -pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 681.6 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 -(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 693.6 Q F1(+)144 705.6 Q F2(n)A F0 -1.565(Displays the)180 705.6 R F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1 -(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(61)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +729.6 Q(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(61) +194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 62 62 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 84 -R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +SF144 84 Q F0(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.) +180 84 Q F1144 96 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one en\ +try per line, pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 96 R 2.773(xi) +-.15 G 2.773(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 108 Q F1(+)144 120 Q/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 1.565(Displays the)180 120 R F2(n)4.065 E F0 +1.565(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 +E(without options, starting with zero.)180 132 Q F1144 144 Q F2(n)A +F0 1.194(Displays the)180 144 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 96 Q .258(The return v)144 -112.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(without options, starting with zero.)180 156 Q .258(The return v)144 +172.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 (lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 124.8 Q F1(diso)108 141.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +.15 F(tory stack.)144 184.8 Q F1(diso)108 201.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 (\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 -(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 153.6 S .121 +(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 213.6 S .121 (thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) 4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 -F .096(neither the)144 165.6 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F +F .096(neither the)144 225.6 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F12.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) -.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 177.6 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 +.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 237.6 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.085(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F .585(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586 -(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 189.6 R -.15 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 249.6 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 (If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 201.6 R F1 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 261.6 R F1 3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0 (ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 213.6 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 +1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 273.6 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 (jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E -F1(echo)108 230.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 242.4 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E +F1(echo)108 290.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 302.4 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 (wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 -(error occurs.)144 254.4 R(If)5.307 E F12.807 E F0 .307 +(error occurs.)144 314.4 R(If)5.307 E F12.807 E F0 .307 (is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 F .308(If the)5.308 F F12.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144 -266.4 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +326.4 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) 6.348 E F13.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054 -(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 278.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 338.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555 (ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 -290.4 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 +350.4 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 (shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459 F F1(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715 -(these escape characters by def)144 302.4 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E +(these escape characters by def)144 362.4 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E F0 .716(does not interpret)3.215 F F13.216 E F0 .716 (to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.716 E F0 -(interprets the follo)144 314.4 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a) -144 326.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 326.4 Q F1(\\b)144 338.4 Q F0 -(backspace)180 338.4 Q F1(\\c)144 350.4 Q F0(suppress further output)180 -350.4 Q F1(\\e)144 362.4 Q(\\E)144 374.4 Q F0(an escape character)180 -374.4 Q F1(\\f)144 386.4 Q F0(form feed)180 386.4 Q F1(\\n)144 398.4 Q -F0(ne)180 398.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 410.4 Q F0 -(carriage return)180 410.4 Q F1(\\t)144 422.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 -422.4 Q F1(\\v)144 434.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 434.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F1 -(\\\\)144 446.4 Q F0(backslash)180 446.4 Q F1(\\0)144 458.4 Q F2(nnn)A -F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 458.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 +(interprets the follo)144 374.4 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a) +144 386.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 386.4 Q F1(\\b)144 398.4 Q F0 +(backspace)180 398.4 Q F1(\\c)144 410.4 Q F0(suppress further output)180 +410.4 Q F1(\\e)144 422.4 Q(\\E)144 434.4 Q F0(an escape character)180 +434.4 Q F1(\\f)144 446.4 Q F0(form feed)180 446.4 Q F1(\\n)144 458.4 Q +F0(ne)180 458.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 470.4 Q F0 +(carriage return)180 470.4 Q F1(\\t)144 482.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 +482.4 Q F1(\\v)144 494.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 494.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F1 +(\\\\)144 506.4 Q F0(backslash)180 506.4 Q F1(\\0)144 518.4 Q F2(nnn)A +F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 518.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1 -(\\x)144 470.4 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 470.4 Q +(\\x)144 530.4 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 530.4 Q (alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 (\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 -(\\u)144 482.4 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.507 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 494.4 R 1.506 +(\\u)144 542.4 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.507 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 554.4 R 1.506 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 506.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 518.4 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 530.4 R .547 +4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 566.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 578.4 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 590.4 R .547 (alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 542.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G -(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 559.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C +3.048 E(HHH)180 602.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 619.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 571.2 R +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 631.2 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 (uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 -(the same name as a shell b)144 583.2 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(the same name as a shell b)144 643.2 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 -(the shell normally searches for b)144 595.2 R .989 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 655.2 R .989 (uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .989 (is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 -(abled; otherwise,)144 607.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) +(abled; otherwise,)144 667.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) 4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.082 -G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 619.2 R .081(uiltin v) +G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 679.2 R .081(uiltin v) -.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test) 2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F12.58 E F0 .08 -(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 631.2 S 1.524 +(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 691.2 S 1.524 (iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 643.2 Q F1 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 703.2 Q F1 2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F .367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F12.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) -5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 655.2 R F1 +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 715.2 R F1 2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 (uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 -667.2 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F12.598 E F0 .098 +727.2 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F12.598 E F0 .098 (is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)5.098 E F12.598 E F0 1.916 -(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 679.2 R 1.916 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 -(enabled. If)144 691.2 R F12.879 E F0 .379 -(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) -2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F -(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 703.2 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 -(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) --.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 -715.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(62)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(If)5.098 E F12.598 E F0(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7) +145.395 E(62)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 63 63 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 84 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 96 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 -3.171(sa)C .671 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.916 +(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 84 R 1.916 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 +(enabled. If)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.879 E F0 .379 +(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(special)2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The) +.2 F .378(return v)2.878 F(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 108 R F2 +(name)3.854 E F0 .994(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994 +(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995 +(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 120 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 +136.8 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 148.8 +Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 (re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 -(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 (xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 (ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) --2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 120 Q +-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 172.8 Q (guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 -(exec)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(exec)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 148.8 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 201.6 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 (is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 (wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 160.8 R .176 +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 213.6 R .176 (guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G (he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 (option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 -(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 172.8 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 +(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 225.6 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F12.999 E F0 -.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 184.8 Q F0 .638 +.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 237.6 Q F0 .638 (to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 (vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 (is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) -3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 196.8 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 249.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 208.8 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F +.15 F(non-interacti)144 261.6 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F .576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 (shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 -F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 220.8 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) +F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 273.6 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) -.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 -(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 232.8 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0 +(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 285.6 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0 -.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287 (is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak) -2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,) -.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 244.8 Q +.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 297.6 Q (If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 261.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 261.6 R .096(xit with a status of) +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 314.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 314.4 R .096(xit with a status of) -.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 (is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 273.6 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 326.4 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 290.4 Q F0([)2.5 +(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 343.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E -F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 302.4 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 314.4 R +F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 355.2 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 367.2 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 326.4 R(the)2.627 E F1 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 379.2 R(the)2.627 E F1 2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the) .15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no) 5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126 -(n, or if the).15 F F1144 338.4 Q F0 .048 +(n, or if the).15 F F1144 391.2 Q F0 .048 (option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v) -.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F12.548 E F0 -.048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 350.4 S 1.447 +.048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 403.2 S 1.447 (port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 (rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G 1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 362.4 S .741(lue of the v) +-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 415.2 S .741(lue of the v) .25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 (export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 (xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) -.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 374.4 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 +.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 427.2 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 (is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 -(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 386.4 Q F1(fc)108 403.2 Q F0([)2.5 -E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 439.2 Q F1(fc)108 456 Q F0([)2.5 E +F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 -415.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +468 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 (cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 -(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 427.2 R F2<8c72> +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 480 R F2<8c72> 4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 (from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 -439.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +492 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 451.2 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 -F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .19 -(is used as an of)144 463.2 R .19 -(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.19 E F2(last)2.779 -E F0 .189(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the cur)3.369 F(-)-.2 E .948 -(rent command for listing \(so that)144 475.2 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .948 -(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) -3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If) -144 487.2 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0 -(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the pre)3.18 E -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 511.2 -Q F12.522 E F0 .022 +144 504 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F +2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .19(is used as an of) +144 516 R .19(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.19 E +F2(last)2.779 E F0 .189(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the cur)3.369 F +(-)-.2 E .948(rent command for listing \(so that)144 528 R/F4 10 +/Courier@0 SF .948(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948 +(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E +F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If)144 540 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E +F0(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the pre)3.18 E +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 564 Q +F12.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E F12.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 523.2 R .438(If the) -5.438 F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 576 R .438(If the)5.438 +F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.335(the editor gi)144 535.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E -F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 -(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 -F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 547.2 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E -F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 -F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 -(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 559.2 R .951 +.335(the editor gi)144 588 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2 +(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do) +.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F +(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 600 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 +-.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F +F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 +(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 612 R .951 (ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95 (When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F --.15(exe)144 571.2 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 595.2 R -F2(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +-.15(exe)144 624 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 648 R F2 +(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 (cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 (is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789 -E(mand)144 607.2 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72> +E(mand)144 660 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72> 2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171 (useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0 -2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 619.2 Q F4 7.165 -(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 +2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 672 Q F4 7.165(rc) +3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 (ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r) 3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F -(mand.)144 631.2 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 -655.2 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(mand.)144 684 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 708 +R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 (lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 667.2 -R .454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 720 R +.454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 (option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 -(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 679.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted or f).15 F .787 -(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 -(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -691.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 -(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 703.2 Q -(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(63)199.835 E -0 Cg EP +(alue of the)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(63) +194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 64 64 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(fg)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(])A -(Resume)144 96 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 -(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 -(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 -1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 108 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G .616 -(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 -(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 120 Q .363 -(ground, or f)-.15 F .363(ailure if run when job control is disabled or) --.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F -F2(jobspec)145.74 132 Q F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E -(as started without job control.)-.1 E F1(getopts)108 148.8 Q F2 -(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 -160.8 Q F0 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .788 +(last command e)144 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788(cuted or f).15 F .787 +(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F +.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 +(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 +96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 108 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc)2.5 E +F0(returns f)2.5 E(ailure.)-.1 E F2(fg)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 136.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413 +(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913 +(tt)-3.913 G 1.413(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1 +(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 148.8 Q +3.116(sn)-.55 G .616(otion of the)-3.116 F F1(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job) +-.37 F F0 .617(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 160.8 Q +.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 +(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 172.8 Q +F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0 +(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E +F2(getopts)108 189.6 Q F1(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs) +-.37 E F0(])A F2(getopts)144 201.6 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F1 (optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 172.8 R .149 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 213.6 R .149 (wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 184.8 Q .578 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 225.6 Q .578 (gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 196.8 R 1.665 -(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 237.6 R 1.665 +(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts) 4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796 -(option in the shell v)144 208.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.296 E F0 -3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797 +(option in the shell v)144 249.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.296 E F0 +3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F1(name)3.657 E F0 .797 (if it does not e)3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G -3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 220.8 Q .085 +3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 261.6 Q .085 (gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND) 4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 -(or a shell script is in)144 232.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 -(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 +(or a shell script is in)144 273.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 +(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F2 (getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804 -(into the v)144 244.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A +(into the v)144 285.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803 (automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 -(reset between multiple calls to)144 256.8 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 +(reset between multiple calls to)144 297.6 R F2(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 (within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F -2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 268.8 -Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 292.8 R F1(getopts) +2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 309.6 +Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 333.6 R F2(getopts) 4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 304.8 Q F0 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 345.6 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G -(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 328.8 Q F0 2.392 +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 369.6 Q F0 2.392 (normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392 (ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893 -(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F2(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144 -340.8 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 364.8 Q F0 1.166 +(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F1(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F2(getopts)144 +381.6 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 405.6 Q F0 1.166 (can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F -1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 -(is a colon,)3.885 F F2(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.07 -(reporting is used.)144 376.8 R 1.071 +1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F1(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 +(is a colon,)3.885 F F1(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.07 +(reporting is used.)144 417.6 R 1.071 (In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.07 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.071(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 -388.8 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F +429.6 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F (ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 -(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 400.8 Q +(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 441.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E -F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 424.8 R --.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667 -(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .667 +F1(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 465.6 R +-.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F2(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667 +(places ? into)3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .667 (and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4(and unsets)144 -436.8 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899 E +477.6 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F2(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3 (OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F -(diagnostic message is printed.)144 448.8 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 -472.8 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 -1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742 -(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F F2(name)144 484.8 +(diagnostic message is printed.)144 489.6 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 +513.6 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F2(getopts)3.741 E F0 +1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F2(?).833 E F0 3.742 +(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F F1(name)144 525.6 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 -(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)5.234 E F1 -(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1(:).833 E -F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 496.8 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3 -(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F1 -(getopts)144 520.8 Q F0 .902 +(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)5.234 E F2 +(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F2(:).833 E +F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 537.6 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3 +(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F2 +(getopts)144 561.6 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) 3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 532.8 Q F1(hash)108 -549.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename) -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A -.858(Each time)144 561.6 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 573.6 Q F2(hash)108 +590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(\214lename) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(])A +.858(Each time)144 602.4 R F2(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F1(name) 3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 573.6 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +(the directories in)144 614.4 R F2($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 585.6 -R F12.743 E F0 .243 -(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F2 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 626.4 +R F22.743 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F1 (\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.711 -(of the command.)144 597.6 R(The)6.711 E F14.211 E F0 1.711 +(of the command.)144 638.4 R(The)6.711 E F24.211 E F0 1.711 (option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712 -(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F14.212 E F0 -.833(option causes the shell to for)144 609.6 R .833 -(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) -C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F13.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) -3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 621.6 R F2(name) +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F24.212 E F0 +.833(option causes the shell to for)144 650.4 R .833 +(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F1(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) +C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F23.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) +3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 662.4 R F1(name) 3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F -F2(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 -633.6 R F13.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 -.795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 +F1(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 +674.4 R F23.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F1(name)3.295 E F0 +.795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F2 3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934 (output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 -645.6 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 657.6 Q F12.822 E F0 .322 +686.4 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 698.4 Q F22.822 E F0 .322 (is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F -.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 669.6 Q F2(name)2.86 +.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 710.4 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) -.25 E F1(help)108 686.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 -698.4 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 -.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144 -710.4 R F2(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 -(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 722.4 Q -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(64)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(64)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 65 65 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 84 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)2.5 E F1144 96 Q F0 -(Display the description of each)180 96 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0 -(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)-2.5 E F1144 108 Q F0 -(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 108 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E -F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 124.8 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 141.6 Q F2(n)A F1(])A -(history \255c)108 153.6 Q(history \255d)108 165.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F1(history \255d)108 177.6 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F1 -(history \255anrw)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 -(history \255p)108 201.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 -(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 213.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) +SF(help)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866 +(Display helpful information about b)144 96 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 +F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help) +3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E +.307(help on all commands matching)144 108 R F2(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807 +(;o).24 G .307(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 120 Q F1 +144 132 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 132 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1144 144 Q F0(Display the description of each)180 +144 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)-2.5 +E F1144 156 Q F0(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 +156 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0 +(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 172.8 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 189.6 Q F2(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 201.6 Q(history \255d)108 213.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255d)108 225.6 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F1 +(history \255anrw)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 +(history \255p)108 249.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 261.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) -.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 -225.6 S .752 +273.6 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F .752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 237.6 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 +G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 285.6 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 (lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 249.6 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 297.6 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 (is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2 (strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02 -(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 261.6 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 309.6 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 273.6 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +(time stamp and the history line.)144 321.6 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -(not, the v)144 285.6 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) +(not, the v)144 333.6 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) 2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 297.6 Q F0 -(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 297.6 Q F1 -144 309.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39 -(Delete the history entry at position)180 321.6 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset) +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 345.6 Q F0 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 345.6 Q F1 +144 357.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39 +(Delete the history entry at position)180 369.6 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset) -.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne) 2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti) -2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve) -.25 G .598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 -333.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 -(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 345.6 Q 2.5(,a) +381.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 393.6 Q 2.5(,a) -.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -144 357.6 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F0 .758 -(Delete the history entries between positions)180 369.6 R F2(start)3.258 +144 405.6 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F0 .758 +(Delete the history entries between positions)180 417.6 R F2(start)3.258 E F0(and)3.257 E F2(end)3.257 E F0 3.257(,i)C(nclusi)-3.257 E -.15(ve) -.25 G 5.757(.P).15 G(ositi)-5.757 E 1.057 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .757(nd ne) -.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)180 381.6 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H +.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)180 429.6 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H (alues for)-.1 E F2(start)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0 (are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 -144 393.6 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 393.6 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064 +144 441.6 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 441.6 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064 ('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 -(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 405.6 Q +(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 453.6 Q (ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E -(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 417.6 +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 465.6 Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\ -le into the current history list.)180 417.6 R .772 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 429.6 R +le into the current history list.)180 465.6 R .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 477.6 R .773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E -(sion.)180 441.6 Q F1144 453.6 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ -ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 453.6 Q F1 -144 465.6 Q F0 -(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 465.6 Q +(sion.)180 489.6 Q F1144 501.6 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ +ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 501.6 Q F1 +144 513.6 Q F0 +(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 513.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G -(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 477.6 Q F0 .626 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 477.6 R(wing)-.25 E F2 +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 525.6 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 525.6 R(wing)-.25 E F2 (ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard) -3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 489.6 R .475 +3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 537.6 R .475 (not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) 2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 501.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 513.6 Q F0 -.363(Store the)180 513.6 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(normal history e)180 549.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 561.6 Q F0 +.363(Store the)180 561.6 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 (in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 525.6 Q -.15 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 573.6 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 542.4 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 590.4 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) -.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 554.4 R .669 +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 602.4 R .669 (ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 -(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 566.4 R .956 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 614.4 R .956 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 (wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.796 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 578.4 R 1.795 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 626.4 R 1.795 (wing history entry)-.25 F 6.795(.T)-.65 G 1.795(he return v)-6.795 F -1.795(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 590.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \ +1.795(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 638.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \ option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the his\ -tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 602.4 Q(fset) +tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 650.4 Q(fset) -.18 E F0 1.032(is supplied as an ar)3.532 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 3.531 E F0 3.531(,o)C 3.531(rt)-3.531 G 1.031(he history e)-3.531 F 1.031(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 -3.531 E F0 -.1(fa)144 614.4 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 631.2 Q F0([) +3.531 E F0 -.1(fa)144 662.4 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 679.2 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1 -(jobs \255x)108 643.2 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 -E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 655.2 Q .3 -.15 +(jobs \255x)108 691.2 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 +E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 703.2 Q .3 -.15 (ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 667.2 Q F0 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 667.2 Q F1 -144 679.2 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 679.2 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 691.2 Q F1 -144 703.2 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 703.2 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 715.2 Q F0 -(Display only running jobs.)180 715.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(65)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 715.2 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 715.2 Q +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(65)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 66 66 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0(Display only stopped jobs.)180 84 Q(If)144 100.8 Q -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve) --.25 G .314(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F -5.313(.T)-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 -112.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va) --.4 G(lid).25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 -129.6 R F12.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs) +SF144 84 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha)180 +84 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F .194 +(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 96 Q F1144 108 Q +F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 108 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 120 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)180 120 Q F1144 132 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 132 Q(If)144 148.8 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.314(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313 +(.T)-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 160.8 Q +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid).25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 +177.6 R F12.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs) 2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394 (found in)3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 -141.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E +189.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.) --.15 E F1(kill)108 158.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|) +-.15 E F1(kill)108 206.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|) 2.5 E F12.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F12.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..) --2.5 E F1(kill \255l)108 170.4 Q F0(|)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec) +-2.5 E F1(kill \255l)108 218.4 Q F0(|)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec) A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12 -(Send the signal named by)144 182.4 R F2(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2 +(Send the signal named by)144 230.4 R F2(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2 (signum)2.96 E F0 .119(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F2(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is) -2.929 E .318(either a case-insensiti)144 194.4 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +2.929 E .318(either a case-insensiti)144 242.4 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 206.4 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 254.4 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0 1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) 4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 -1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 218.4 Q .522(gument of)-.18 +1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 266.4 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F F13.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an) 5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when) .18 F F13.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523 -(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 230.4 +(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 278.4 R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E -F2 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 242.4 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F +F2 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 290.4 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F F12.877 E F0 .378 (is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 254.4 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 302.4 R(The)5.962 E F13.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va) -.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F13.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 (returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E -(successfully sent, or f)144 266.4 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in) --.1 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 283.2 Q +(successfully sent, or f)144 314.4 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in) +-.1 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 331.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 -295.2 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197 +343.2 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197 (xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197 (ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) -2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 307.2 Q F2(ar) +2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 355.2 Q F2(ar) 2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 -(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 324 Q F0([)2.5 E +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 372 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 336 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F +(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 384 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) --5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 348 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 +-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 396 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -360 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .422 +408 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .422 (isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F(If) 5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F 1.461 -(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 372 R F1 +(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 420 R F1 (local)3.961 E F0 1.462(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.462 -(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.563(using the)144 384 R F1(set)4.063 E +(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.563(using the)144 432 R F1(set)4.063 E F0 -.2(bu)4.063 G 1.563 (iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.562 -(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.743(returns. W)144 396 R 1.243 +(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.743(returns. W)144 444 R 1.243 (ith no operands,)-.4 F F1(local)3.743 E F0 1.243 (writes a list of local v)3.743 F 1.244 (ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.244(It is an)6.244 F .42 -(error to use)144 408 R F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42 +(error to use)144 456 R F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42 (when not within a function.)2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless) 5.42 F F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in) -144 420 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)2.68 +144 468 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)2.68 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108 -436.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 436.8 Q F1(map\214le)108 453.6 Q F0 +484.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 484.8 Q F1(map\214le)108 501.6 Q F0 ([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count) 2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E -(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 465.6 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 513.6 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 (][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][) C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(])A .179(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 477.6 R +(])A .179(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 525.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.679(da).15 G .179(rray v)-2.679 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 (arr)2.68 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.68(,o).32 G 2.68(rf)-2.68 G .18 -(rom \214le descriptor)-2.68 F F2(fd)4.65 E F0 1.249(if the)144 489.6 R +(rom \214le descriptor)-2.68 F F2(fd)4.65 E F0 1.249(if the)144 537.6 R F13.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F (ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,) --6.248 F(ha)144 501.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 513.6 Q F0 .91 -(The \214rst character of)180 513.6 R F2(delim)3.41 E F0 .911 +-6.248 F(ha)144 549.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 561.6 Q F0 .91 +(The \214rst character of)180 561.6 R F2(delim)3.41 E F0 .911 (is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411 -(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 525.6 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 573.6 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) -2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 537.6 Q F0(Cop)180 537.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 585.6 Q F0(Cop)180 585.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 (tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count) -2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 549.6 Q F0(Be)180 -549.6 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 +2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 597.6 Q F0(Be)180 +597.6 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5 -(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 561.6 Q F0 -(Discard the \214rst)180 561.6 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 -144 573.6 Q F0(Remo)180 573.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 +(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 609.6 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)180 609.6 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 +144 621.6 Q F0(Remo)180 621.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E -(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 585.6 Q F0 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 585.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 597.6 Q F0(Ev)180 -597.6 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 +(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 633.6 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 633.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 645.6 Q F0(Ev)180 +645.6 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 (quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1144 609.6 -Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 609.6 Q -F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 626.4 Q F12.968 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1144 657.6 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 657.6 Q +F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 674.4 Q F12.968 E F0 .467(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 (he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 638.4 R 2.761(xo)-.15 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 686.4 R 2.761(xo)-.15 G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 -(as additional ar)144 650.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E +(as additional ar)144 698.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 (luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 662.4 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 679.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 710.4 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 727.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 696 Q F0 1.905 -(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 -(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) -4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 708 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(66)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7) +145.395 E(66)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 67 67 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(popd)108 84 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 96 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se).15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F --.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G 2.799(st).15 G .299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478 -(stack, and performs a)144 108 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 -F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg) --6.479 G 1.479(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479 -(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 120 Q F1144 132 Q F0 -.551(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 132 R .551 -(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 144 Q F1(+)144 156 Q F2(n)A F0 -(Remo)180 156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 -.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F -F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 -168 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 +SF(map\214le)144 84 Q F0 1.905(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.905(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906 +(gument is supplied,)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(arr)4.406 E(ay)-.15 +E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 96 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid or unassignable, or if).25 +E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da) +.15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E F1(popd)108 112.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 +124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se).15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.) +-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478 +(stack, and performs a)144 136.8 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne) +3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18 +(rg)-6.479 G 1.479(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +1.479(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 148.8 Q F1144 160.8 +Q F0 .551(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 160.8 +R .551(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 172.8 Q F1(+)144 184.8 Q F2(n)A +F0(Remo)180 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E +F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 +196.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 (remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) --.65 E F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1144 180 Q F2(n)A F0 -(Remo)180 180 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 +-.65 E F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1144 208.8 Q F2(n)A F0 +(Remo)180 208.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by) -.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5 -(zero. F)180 192 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F3 -(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 208.8 -R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1(dirs)3.143 -E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F1 -(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 220.8 R .416(alse if an in)-.1 F --.25(va)-.4 G .415 +(zero. F)180 220.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0 +(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 +E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 +237.6 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1 +(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.) +3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 249.6 R .416 +(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415 (lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915 (,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F -(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 232.8 Q -(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0 +(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 261.6 Q +(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0 (])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436 -(Write the formatted)144 261.6 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 +(Write the formatted)144 290.4 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 (to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937 E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F13.937 E F0 .126 -(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 273.6 R(ariable) +(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 302.4 R(ariable) -.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard) -2.626 F(output.)144 285.6 Q(The)144 309.6 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ +2.626 F(output.)144 314.4 Q(The)144 338.4 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\ cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ -er escape sequences, which are con)144 321.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 +er escape sequences, which are con)144 350.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 (rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ -\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 333.6 R .037 -(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 345.6 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 362.4 R .037 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 374.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 (printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 -E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 357.6 Q -(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 369.6 Q F0(causes)180 369.6 Q F1(printf) +E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 386.4 Q +(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 398.4 Q F0(causes)180 398.4 Q F1(printf) 2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096 (xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) -2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 381.6 Q(ay as) --.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 393.6 Q F0(causes)180 393.6 Q +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 410.4 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 422.4 Q F0(causes)180 422.4 Q F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E (gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F -(input.)180 405.6 Q F1(%\()144 417.6 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes) -180 429.6 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 +(input.)180 434.4 Q F1(%\()144 446.4 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes) +180 458.4 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 (to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt) -4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 441.6 R F2 +4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 470.4 R F2 (strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) 2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 (ger representing the number)-.15 F .292(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -453.6 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F +482.4 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F .293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .694 -(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 465.6 R +(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 494.4 R .693(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar) -3.193 F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 477.6 R -.15 +3.193 F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 506.4 R -.15 (ve)-.4 G .21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 G 2.71<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.71(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F -F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 489.6 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 506.4 Q +F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 518.4 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 535.2 Q .464(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constan\ ts, e)-.18 F .463(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258 -(minus sign is allo)144 518.4 R 1.259 +(minus sign is allo)144 547.2 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 530.4 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 547.2 Q F2(format)3.424 E -F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423 -E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) -3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 559.2 Q(guments)-.37 E -F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033 +-.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 559.2 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 576 Q F2(format)3.424 E F0 +.923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) +3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 588 Q(guments)-.37 E F0 +.033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) .15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,) --.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 571.2 Q(The return v)5 E +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 600 Q(The return v)5 E (alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) -108 588 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C --2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 600 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the direc\ -tory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 612 R 3.139(wt)-.25 -G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .416(stack the current w)144 624 R .416 +108 616.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 628.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 +2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\ +rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 640.8 R 3.139(wt) +-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .416(stack the current w)144 652.8 R .416 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.416(.W)-.65 G .416(ith no ar)-5.816 F (guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.916 E F0 -.15(ex)2.916 G .416 (changes the top tw).15 F 2.917(od)-.1 G(irectories)-2.917 E 1.625 -(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 636 R 6.625(.A) --.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 -.15 -(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 648 Q F1 -144 660 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when\ - rotating or adding directories to the)180 660 R -(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 672 Q F1(+)144 684 Q -F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 684 R F2(n)3.768 E F0 -1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267 -(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 696 Q F0 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 708 Q F2(n)A F0 .92 -(Rotates the stack so that the)180 708 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 -(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)180 720 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 -E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(67)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 664.8 R 6.625 +(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 676.8 Q +F1144 688.8 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory \ +when rotating or adding directories to the)180 688.8 R +(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 700.8 Q F1(+)144 +712.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 712.8 R F2(n) +3.768 E F0 1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B +1.267(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 724.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 August 7)145.395 E(67)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 68 68 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(dir)144.35 84 Q F0(Adds)180 84 Q F1(dir)3.138 E F0 -.288(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.518 F 2.787 -(wc)-.25 G .287(urrent w)-2.787 F .287(orking directory as)-.1 F -(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 96 Q(gument to the)-.18 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 -112.8 R F2(pushd)2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F2 -(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489 -(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F2(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04 -(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 124.8 R F1(dir)3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G -3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F2(pushd)3.539 E F0 -1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846(stack is empty)144 -136.8 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent directory stack ele\ -ment is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F -(speci\214ed ne)144 148.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E -(ails.)-.1 E F2(pwd)108 165.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 177.6 R .845 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 .92 +(Rotates the stack so that the)180 84 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)180 96 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E +F2(dir)144.35 108 Q F0(Adds)180 108 Q F2(dir)3.138 E F0 .288 +(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.518 F 2.787(wc) +-.25 G .287(urrent w)-2.787 F .287(orking directory as)-.1 F +(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 120 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1(cd) +2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 136.8 R F1(pushd)2.988 +E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 +(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F +F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 148.8 R F2(dir) +3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 +F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846 +(stack is empty)144 160.8 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent\ + directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the) +-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 172.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 +E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 201.6 R .845 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 (he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 -189.6 R F22.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 -.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2 +213.6 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 +.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 (set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 -(enabled. If)144 201.6 R(the)3.264 E F23.264 E F0 .763 +(enabled. If)144 225.6 R(the)3.264 E F13.264 E F0 .763 (option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 213.6 R -.25(va) --.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 225.6 Q F2 -.18(re)108 242.4 S -(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F2(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F2-3.817 E F1 -(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F2-3.817 E F1(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817 -(][)C F2-3.817 E F1(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F2 --3.817 E F1(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2-3.816 E -F1(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2-3.816 E F1(pr) -3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F2-3.816 E F1(timeout)3.816 E F0 -3.816(][)C F2-3.816 E F1(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 254.4 Q F1(name)A + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 237.6 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 249.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 266.4 S +(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2 +(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817 +(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 +-3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E +F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(pr) +3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(timeout)3.816 E F0 +3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 278.4 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\ -e \214le descriptor)144 266.4 R F1(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) -3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 278.4 Q F23.848 E F0 1.348 +e \214le descriptor)144 290.4 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) +3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 302.4 Q F13.848 E F0 1.348 (option, split into w)3.848 F 1.348(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.647 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)3.847 G 1.347(rd Splitting).75 F +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)3.847 G 1.347(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.847(,a)C 1.347(nd the \214rst w)-3.847 F 1.347(ord is)-.1 F 1.465 -(assigned to the \214rst)144 290.4 R F1(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G -1.465(he second w)-3.965 F 1.465(ord to the second)-.1 F F1(name)3.965 E +(assigned to the \214rst)144 314.4 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G +1.465(he second w)-3.965 F 1.465(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,a).18 G 1.465(nd so on.)-3.965 F 1.465(If there are more)6.465 -F -.1(wo)144 302.4 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 +F -.1(wo)144 326.4 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 (ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112 -(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F1(name)144 314.4 Q F0 +(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 338.4 Q F0 5.722(.I).18 G 3.222(ft)-5.722 G .722(here are fe)-3.222 F .722(wer w) -.25 F .723 (ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1 -F .532(assigned empty v)144 326.4 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532 +F .532(assigned empty v)144 350.4 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532 (characters in)3.032 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.032 E F0 .531 (are used to split the line into w)2.782 F .531(ords using the same)-.1 -F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 338.4 R .197 -(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .497 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 362.4 R .197 +(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .497 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.697 G .197(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.697(\). The)B .197 -(backslash charac-)2.697 F .157(ter \()144 350.4 R F2(\\)A F0 2.657(\)m) +(backslash charac-)2.697 F .157(ter \()144 374.4 R F1(\\)A F0 2.657(\)m) C .157(ay be used to remo)-2.657 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .457 -.15(ny s) .15 H .157(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .156 (xt character read and for line continu-)-.15 F 2.5(ation. Options,)144 -362.4 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 374.4 Q F1(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049 -(The w)180 386.4 R 1.049 +386.4 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 398.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049 +(The w)180 410.4 R 1.049 (ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) --.25 E F1(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F1 -(aname)180.33 398.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25 -(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 -E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2144 410.4 Q F1(delim)2.5 E F0 -1.318(The \214rst character of)180 422.4 R F1(delim)3.818 E F0 1.317 +-.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2 +(aname)180.33 422.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25 +(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 +E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1144 434.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 +1.318(The \214rst character of)180 446.4 R F2(delim)3.818 E F0 1.317 (is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)3.818 F 3.817 -(wline. If)-.25 F F1(delim)180 434.4 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F2 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 458.4 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2 -144 446.4 Q F0 .372 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 446.4 R F2 -.18 +(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +144 470.4 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 470.4 R F1 -.18 (re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo) 2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E -.218(to obtain the line.)180 458.4 R .218 +.218(to obtain the line.)180 482.4 R .218 (Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 (ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E -(acti)180 470.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)-2.5 E +(acti)180 494.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)-2.5 E (ut uses Readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E -(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F2144 482.4 Q F1(te)2.5 E(xt) --.2 E F0(If)180 482.4 Q F2 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 -(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F1(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1144 506.4 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt) +-.2 E F0(If)180 506.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 (is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) --.25 F(ing be)180 494.4 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2144 506.4 Q F1(nc)2.5 E -(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 518.4 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395 -(returns after reading)3.895 F F1(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395 +-.25 F(ing be)180 518.4 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1144 530.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 542.4 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395 +(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395 (characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of) --.1 F(input, b)180 530.4 Q(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than) --.25 E F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 -(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 -542.4 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 554.4 S(ad).18 E -F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(nc)3.769 E +-.1 F(input, b)180 554.4 Q(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than) +-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 +(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 +566.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 578.4 S(ad).18 E +F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E (har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 (aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 566.4 R F2 -.18(re) +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 590.4 R F1 -.18(re) 2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274 (Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 578.4 -R F2 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F1(nc) -3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 590.4 R .608 -(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F2(IFS)3.108 E F0 -3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 602.4 S .669 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 602.4 +R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc) +3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 614.4 R .608 +(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 +3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 626.4 S .669 (riable is assigned e).25 F .669 (xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67 -(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F2180 614.4 Q F0 -(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2144 626.4 Q F1(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 -E F0(Display)180 638.4 Q F1(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 +(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1180 638.4 Q F0 +(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 650.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 +E F0(Display)180 662.4 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 (on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) --3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 650.4 Q +-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 674.4 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F -(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F2 -144 662.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -180 662.4 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544 -(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F(the line.)180 674.4 Q +(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 +144 686.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 686.4 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544 +(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F(the line.)180 698.4 Q (In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E -(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)-.25 E F2144 -686.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 686.4 Q -(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F2 -144 698.4 Q F1(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 710.4 Q F2 -.18(re)2.929 -G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 -(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 -(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 722.4 R F1(timeout)3.061 E -F0(seconds.)3.061 E F1(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) -3.061 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(68)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)-.25 E F1144 +710.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 710.4 Q +(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(68)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 69 69 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(with a fractional portion follo)180 84 Q(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E -(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E/F1 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is reading input from\ - a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 96 R .506 -(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 108 R .59(gular \214les.)-.15 -F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18 -(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 --.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F --.25(va)180 120 S(riable).25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.77 E F0 -5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re) -2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27 -(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12 -(The e)180 132 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G -1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G -1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 144 R -.15(ex)2.5 G -(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e).15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E -F1144 156 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 -156 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .476(If no)144 172.8 R F2(names)3.336 E F0 .476 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 96 Q +F1 -.18(re)2.929 G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F +.428(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F +.56(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 108 R F2(timeout)3.061 E +F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 120 Q +(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E +.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ +g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 +132 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 144 R .59 +(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 +(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 156 S(riable) +.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 +(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 +F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G +(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 168 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) +.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 +180 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e) +.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1144 192 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 192 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .476 +(If no)144 208.8 R F2(names)3.336 E F0 .476 (are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.246 F(ariable)-.25 E /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.977 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .477(The e)4.977 F .477(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .773 -(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 184.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.273 G(ad) +(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 220.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.273 G(ad) .18 E F0 .772 (times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.273 F --.25(va)144 196.8 S 2.004 +-.25(va)144 232.8 S 2.004 (riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.005 (ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.005(lid \214le).25 F -(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 208.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 225.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A +(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 244.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 261.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A -(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 273.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G (n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v) -.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77 -(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 249.6 R +(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 285.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F13.596 E F0 1.097 (option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2 -(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 261.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 297.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) -.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 (ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) -3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 273.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 +-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 309.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 (rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F13.277 E F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name) -3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 285.6 R -.15(ve) +3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 321.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 (option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F .521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 297.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 333.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 (causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 309.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -321.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +144 345.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +357.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) -3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) 3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) -5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) -144 333.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) +144 369.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) -.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 -(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 345.6 Q F0 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 362.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 374.4 R +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 381.6 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 398.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 (alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F 5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597 -(the return status is that of the last command e)144 386.4 R -.15(xe) +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 422.4 R -.15(xe) -.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 398.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 +G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 434.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 (he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) -3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.033(before the trap handler)144 -410.4 R 6.033(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.033 E F1 -.18(re)3.533 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E +446.4 R 6.033(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.033 E F1 -.18(re)3.533 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 1.033(is e)3.533 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.033(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB) 3.532 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.032(trap, the last command used to)3.532 F .389 -(determine the status is the last command e)144 422.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +(determine the status is the last command e)144 458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.89 G(tur).18 E (n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.89 G 2.89(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.89 H -.1(ke).4 -G(d.).1 E(If)144 434.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.584 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .084 +G(d.).1 E(If)144 470.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.584 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .084 (is used outside a function, b)2.584 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.583(\)c)C .083(ommand, it)-2.583 F .588 -(causes the shell to stop e)144 446.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 +(causes the shell to stop e)144 482.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 (cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589 (or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e) -144 458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +144 494.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325 (is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444 -(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 470.4 R .444 +(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 506.4 R .444 (The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E (n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 -(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 482.4 R -.15 +(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 518.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E -.749(mand associated with the)144 494.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +.749(mand associated with the)144 530.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 (trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 506.4 Q F1 -(set)108 523.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C +G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 542.4 Q F1 +(set)108 559.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E -F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 535.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 +F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 571.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E -(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 547.2 S .836 +(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 583.2 S .836 (thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 -(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 559.2 +(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 595.2 R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784 -(riables cannot be).25 F 2.947(reset. In)144 571.2 R F2 .447(posix mode) +(riables cannot be).25 F 2.947(reset. In)144 607.2 R F2 .447(posix mode) 2.947 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447 (ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447 (The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.53 -(locale. When)144 583.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F +(locale. When)144 619.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F 3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An) -.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F -1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 595.2 R 1.623 +1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 631.2 R 1.623 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) -144 607.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A +144 643.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 619.2 Q -F0 1.377(Each v)184 619.2 R 1.377 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 655.2 Q +F0 1.377(Each v)184 655.2 R 1.377 (ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F -1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 631.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 -E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 643.2 Q F0 .132 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 643.2 R +1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 667.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 +E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 679.2 Q F0 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 679.2 R 2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 655.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) --.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 667.2 Q F0 -.087(Exit immediately if a)184 667.2 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 +(primary prompt.)184 691.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 703.2 Q F0 +.087(Exit immediately if a)184 703.2 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 (\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F -F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 679.2 Q +F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 715.2 Q F2 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F0(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521 (SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079(The shell does not e)184 -691.2 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .08 -(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 703.2 Q -1.655(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0 --.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654 -(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv) -4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 715.2 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) --.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 -(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 727.2 R -F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c) --3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917 -(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(69)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +727.2 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .08 +(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 +Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(69)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 70 70 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)184 84 S -.66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66(rted with).15 F/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(follo)184 84 Q +1.655(wing a)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1 +(until)4.155 E F0 -.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655 +(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E +F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv)4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 96 +S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 +E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E +.918(the \214nal)184 108 R F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 +3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c)-3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F +.917(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 +E -.25(va)184 120 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66 +(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661 (ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113 -(non-zero status because a command f)184 96 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F F1 -3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112 -(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 108 R 2.677 +(non-zero status because a command f)184 132 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F +F13.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 144 R 2.677 (xit. 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This)-.15 F .178 -(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 120 R .617 +(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 156 R .617 (vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) -.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR) -184 132 R(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 +184 168 R(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 (\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 144 Q -2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 162 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 180 Q +2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 198 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F F14.542 E F0 -2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435(ignored, none of the commands e)184 174 R +2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435(ignored, none of the commands e)184 210 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.436(cuted within the compound command or function).15 F -.194(body will be af)184 186 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F12.694 E +.194(body will be af)184 222 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F12.694 E F0 .193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F1 2.693 E F0 .193(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure) --.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 198 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 +-.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 234 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 (ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F13.39 E F0 .89 (while e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .89(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)-.15 E -(where)184 210 Q F13.154 E F0 .654 +(where)184 246 Q F13.154 E F0 .654 (is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 -.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F -(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 222 Q F1 -144 234 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 234 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -144 246 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)184 -246 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 258 Q F1 +144 270 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 270 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +144 282 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)184 +282 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 -258 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1144 270 Q F0 .514(All ar)184 270 R .514 +294 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1144 306 Q F0 .514(All ar)184 306 R .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 282 Q F1 -144 294 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 294 R .148 +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 318 Q F1 +144 330 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 330 R .148 (Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F .149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 306 R F2 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F +(on systems that support it \(see)184 342 R F2 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F (OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .65 -(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 318 R .679 +(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 354 R .679 (When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing it\ -s)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 330 S(it status.).15 E F1144 342 Q F0 .653 -(Read commands b)184 342 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653 +s)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 366 S(it status.).15 E F1144 378 Q F0 .653 +(Read commands b)184 378 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653 (cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for) -5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 354 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 --.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1144 366 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 378 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0 -(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 390 Q F0 -(Same as)224 402 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 414 Q F0 -(Same as)224 426 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 438 Q F0 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 438 R 2.589 +5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 390 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1144 402 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 414 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0 +(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 426 Q F0 +(Same as)224 438 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 450 Q F0 +(Same as)224 462 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 474 Q F0 .089 +(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 474 R 2.589 (ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 450 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 +(when the shell is interacti)224 486 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 (nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E -F0 2.5(option. This)224 462 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) +F0 2.5(option. This)224 498 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) -.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err) -184 474 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 474 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(errtrace)184 486 Q F0(Same as)224 486 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(functrace)184 498 Q F0(Same as)224 510 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(hashall)184 522 Q F0(Same as)224 522 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(histexpand)184 534 Q F0(Same as)224 546 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(history)184 558 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)224 558 R 3.087(,a) +184 510 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 510 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(errtrace)184 522 Q F0(Same as)224 522 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(functrace)184 534 Q F0(Same as)224 546 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(hashall)184 558 Q F0(Same as)224 558 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(histexpand)184 570 Q F0(Same as)224 582 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(history)184 594 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)224 594 R 3.087(,a) -.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 570 Q +(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 606 Q (ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 -582 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 594 R 1.657 +618 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 630 R 1.657 (fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) 4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 -606 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) -.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 618 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 630 Q F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 642 Q F0(Same as)224 642 Q F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 654 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 666 Q F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 678 Q F0(Same as)224 678 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A -F1(noglob)184 690 Q F0(Same as)224 690 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog) -184 702 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 702 Q F1(notify)184 714 Q F0 -(Same as)224 714 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(70)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +642 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 654 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 666 Q F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 678 Q F0(Same as)224 678 Q F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 690 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 702 Q F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 714 Q F0(Same as)224 714 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(70)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 71 71 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(nounset)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 84 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd) -184 96 Q F0(Same as)224 96 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 108 Q -(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 108 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 -120 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)224 120 R 1.029 -(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 -(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 132 R +SF(noglob)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 84 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)184 +96 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 96 Q F1(notify)184 108 Q F0(Same as)224 +108 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 120 Q F0(Same as)224 120 Q F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 132 Q F0(Same as)224 132 Q F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 144 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 144 Q F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 156 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)224 156 R +1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 168 R 1.136 (xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F -.15(ex)224 144 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 156 Q F0 -2.09(Change the beha)224 156 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 180 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 192 Q F0 +2.09(Change the beha)224 192 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 (fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 -168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9 +204 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E 2.306 -(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 180 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G +(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 216 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G 2.307(osix mode af)-4.807 F 2.307(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(beha)224 -192 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 204 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 -216 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 228 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224 -228 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 240 Q F0 1.466 -(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 240 R 3.965(ace. This) +228 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 240 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 +252 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 264 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224 +264 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 276 Q F0 1.466 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 276 R 3.965(ace. This) -.1 F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 -252 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 -(xtrace)184 264 Q F0(Same as)224 264 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 282 Q +288 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 +(xtrace)184 300 Q F0(Same as)224 300 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 318 Q F13.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2(option\255name) 3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 (alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 -294 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 +330 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 (commands to recreate the current)3.571 F -(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 306 Q F1 -144 318 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 318 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 342 Q F1 +144 354 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 354 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 (ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 (\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 -(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 330 R 1.5 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 366 R 1.5 (vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 --.27(BA)184 342 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +-.27(BA)184 378 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G .524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 354 R .38 +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 390 R .38 (If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) -.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 -(user \(group\) id, and the)184 366 R F12.961 E F0 .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 402 R F12.961 E F0 .461 (option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 378 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 414 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1 2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 390 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 426 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G .386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F -(set to the real user and group ids.)184 402 Q F1144 414 Q F0 -(Exit after reading and e)184 414 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.) -.15 E F1144 426 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 426 S .044(eat unset v).35 F .044 +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 438 Q F1144 450 Q F0 +(Exit after reading and e)184 450 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.) +.15 E F1144 462 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 462 S .044(eat unset v).35 F .044 (ariables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" \ -as an)-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 438 R 2.682 +as an)-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 474 R 2.682 (xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183 (pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 -(able or parameter)184 450 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 +(able or parameter)184 486 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 (he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 -462 Q F1144 474 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 474 Q 2.5 -(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1144 486 Q F0 .315(After e)184 486 R +498 Q F1144 510 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 510 Q 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1144 522 Q F0 .315(After e)184 522 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25 (fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,) 2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 -498 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F +534 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0 -(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 510 Q +(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 546 Q (xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 -144 522 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 522 R 2.578 +144 558 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 558 R 2.578 (xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 534 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1144 546 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 546 R F1(bash)2.714 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 570 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1144 582 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 582 R F1(bash)2.714 E F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F -3.053(tors. This)184 558 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +3.053(tors. This)184 594 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 570 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -144 582 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 582 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +.15 F(tor)184 606 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 618 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 618 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 (rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 (is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 -F .838(mands e)184 594 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F .838(mands e)184 630 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 606 Q F1 -144 618 Q F0(Enable)184 618 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 642 Q F1 +144 654 Q F0(Enable)184 654 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 (style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 -F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 630 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 642 Q F0 .959 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 642 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 666 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 678 Q F0 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 678 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 (ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 (cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822 -(that change the current w)184 654 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 +(that change the current w)184 690 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 (.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821 -(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 666 R(def)2.685 +(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 702 R(def)2.685 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 678 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 -690 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 690 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 -(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 -(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 702 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 -(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 714 Q F0 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 -768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(71)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(mands which change the current directory)184 714 Q(.)-.65 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(71)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 72 72 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0 .401(If no ar)184 84 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F -2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 -(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 96 Q/F2 +SF144 84 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 84 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on) +-3.39 F F1(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 +(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 108 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 120 Q +F0 .401(If no ar)184 120 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G +.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 132 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni) .15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F12.5 E -F0(.)A F1144 108 Q F0 1.944 -(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 108 R F2(ar)4.444 E +F0(.)A F1144 144 Q F0 1.944 +(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 144 R F2(ar)4.444 E (g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G 1.945 -(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 120 R F1 +(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 156 R F1 3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F13.446 E F0 .945 (options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no) 3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B -(parameters remain unchanged.)184 132 Q .425(The options are of)144 -148.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(parameters remain unchanged.)184 168 Q .425(The options are of)144 +184.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 (ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 (Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 -(to be turned of)144 160.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 196.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) -.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 172.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +(current set of options may be found in)144 208.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 (ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 184.8 Q F1(shift)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 213.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 +(is encountered.)144 220.8 Q F1(shift)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 249.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G -.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 225.6 Q F1($#)2.582 +.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 261.6 Q F1($#)2.582 E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .082 (+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) .15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 -(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 237.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 273.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F (If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 -(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 249.6 R +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 285.6 R .144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 .144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 261.6 Q F1(shopt)108 278.4 Q F0([) +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 297.6 Q F1(shopt)108 314.4 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) --2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 290.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 326.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 (alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E 5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 -(listed belo)144 302.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +(listed belo)144 338.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H 2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F12.874 E F0 .375 (option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 F F12.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 314.4 R .826 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 350.4 R .826 (ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F13.326 E F0 .825 (option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.326 F -.551(indication of whether or not each is set; if)144 326.4 R F2 +.551(indication of whether or not each is set; if)144 362.4 R F2 (optnames)3.052 E F0 .552 (are supplied, the output is restricted to those)3.052 F 2.55 -(options. The)144 338.4 R F12.55 E F0 .049(option causes output t\ +(options. The)144 374.4 R F12.55 E F0 .049(option causes output t\ o be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)2.55 F(Other)5.049 -E(options ha)144 350.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 362.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 -362.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 374.4 Q F0 -(Disable \(unset\) each)180 374.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -386.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ -tus indicates whether the)180 386.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E -.256(set or unset.)180 398.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 +E(options ha)144 386.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 398.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 +398.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 410.4 Q F0 +(Disable \(unset\) each)180 410.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 +422.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)180 422.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E +.256(set or unset.)180 434.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G (ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255 -(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 410.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E -F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 422.4 Q F0 -(Restricts the v)180 422.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 446.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 458.4 Q F0 +(Restricts the v)180 458.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 (to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 -E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 439.2 R F1 +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 475.2 R F1 3.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) 3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.234 -(set or unset, respecti)144 451.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U) +(set or unset, respecti)144 487.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U) -.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 -2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 463.2 Q(ault.) +2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 499.2 Q(ault.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 -480 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) +516 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) 4.045 F .696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 492 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell) --.25 F(option.)144 504 Q(The list of)144 520.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 538.8 Q F0 1.944 -(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 550.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G +144 528 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell) +-.25 F(option.)144 540 Q(The list of)144 556.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 574.8 Q F0 1.944 +(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 586.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.945(luation of associati).25 F 2.245 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.945 -(rray subscripts during).15 F .857(arithmetic e)184 562.8 R .857 +(rray subscripts during).15 F .857(arithmetic e)184 598.8 R .857 (xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .857(luation and while e).25 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .857(cuting b).15 F .857(uiltins that can perform v)-.2 F -(ariable)-.25 E(assignments.)184 574.8 Q F1(autocd)144 586.8 Q F0 .199 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 586.8 R +(ariable)-.25 E(assignments.)184 610.8 Q F1(autocd)144 622.8 Q F0 .199 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 622.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 598.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(ment to the)184 634.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1(cdable_v)144 610.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 622.8 R .156 +F1(cdable_v)144 646.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 658.8 R .156 (gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 634.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 646.8 Q F0 +(name of a v)184 670.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 682.8 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 -646.8 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 -(corrected. The)184 658.8 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 +682.8 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 +(corrected. The)184 694.8 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 (ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 670.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 706.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 (orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F -(the command proceeds.)184 682.8 Q +(the command proceeds.)184 718.8 Q (This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(checkhash)144 694.8 Q F0 .737(If set,)184 706.8 R F1(bash)3.237 -E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 -(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 -718.8 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(72)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(72)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 73 73 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(checkjobs)144 84 Q F0 .448(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 +SF(checkhash)144 84 Q F0 .737(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)3.237 E F0 .736 +(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 +(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 108 +Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 120 Q +F0 .448(If set,)184 132 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 (lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 (topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 108 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 144 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938 (xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 -(attempted without an interv)184 120 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F +(attempted without an interv)184 156 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F /F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 132 Q -.1(wa)-.1 +-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 168 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 144 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 -156 R F1(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09 +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 180 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 +192 R F1(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09 (ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 -(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 168 Q 2.5(,u)-.65 G +(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 204 Q 2.5(,u)-.65 G (pdates the v)-2.5 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F2 -(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 180 Q F0 1.202 -(If set,)184 180 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 +(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 216 Q F0 1.202 +(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 -192 Q 6.133(.T)-.65 G 1.133(his allo)-6.133 F 1.133 +228 Q 6.133(.T)-.65 G 1.133(his allo)-6.133 F 1.133 (ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F 1.132 -(This option is enabled by)6.132 F(def)184 204 Q .613(ault, b)-.1 F .613 +(This option is enabled by)6.132 F(def)184 240 Q .613(ault, b)-.1 F .613 (ut only has an ef)-.2 F .614 (fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F .914 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)184 216 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F3(.)A F1 -(compat31)144 228 Q F0 .42(If set,)184 240 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)184 252 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F3(.)A F1 +(compat31)144 264 Q F0 .42(If set,)184 276 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42 (changes its beha)2.92 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419 (ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .461(to the) -184 252 R F1([[)2.961 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E F1 +184 288 R F1([[)2.961 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E F1 (=~)2.962 E F0 .462 (operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71 -(using the)184 264 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s) +(using the)184 300 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s) -.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) 3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .82 -(use ASCII collation and)184 276 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E +(use ASCII collation and)184 312 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E (cmp)-.37 E F0 .821(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale') -.19 F 3.321(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.321 E(sequence and)184 288 Q F4(str) -2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 300 Q F0 1.41(If set,) -184 312 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409 +.19 F 3.321(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.321 E(sequence and)184 324 Q F4(str) +2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 336 Q F0 1.41(If set,) +184 348 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409 (vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 (ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .422 -(string comparison when using the)184 324 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 +(string comparison when using the)184 360 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 (conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) 2.923 E F0 .423(operators \(see pre-)2.923 F .481 -(vious item\) and the ef)184 336 R .481 +(vious item\) and the ef)184 372 R .481 (fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .48(Bash v)5.481 F .48 -(ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 348 Q +(ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 384 Q (xt command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt.)-.15 E -F1(compat40)144 360 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 372 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 +F1(compat40)144 396 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 408 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 (ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008 -(string comparison when using the)184 384 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 +(string comparison when using the)184 420 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 (conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>) -4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 396 R +4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 432 R F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 (fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions) -.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 -408 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086 -(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 420 Q -(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 432 Q F0 1.523(If set,) -184 444 R F1(bash)4.023 E F0 4.023(,w)C 1.523(hen in)-4.023 F F4 1.523 +444 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086 +(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 456 Q +(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 468 Q F0 1.523(If set,) +184 480 R F1(bash)4.023 E F0 4.023(,w)C 1.523(hen in)-4.023 F F4 1.523 (posix mode)4.023 F F0 4.024(,t)C 1.524 (reats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)-4.024 F -.15(ex)184 -456 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G .958 +492 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G .958 (he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 -(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 468 +(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 504 R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59 -(posix mode through v)184 480 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) +(posix mode through v)184 516 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) 5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589 -(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 492 Q F1(compat42)144 504 Q -F0 1.796(If set,)184 516 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 +(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 528 Q F1(compat42)144 540 Q +F0 1.796(If set,)184 552 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 (does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w) -4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 528 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 -(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 540 Q F0 .141(If set,)184 552 R F1 +4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 564 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 +(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 576 Q F0 .141(If set,)184 588 R F1 (bash)2.641 E F0 .141(does not print a w)2.641 F .14 (arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .912 -(pound array assignment as an ar)184 564 R .912(gument to)-.18 F F1 +(pound array assignment as an ar)184 600 R .912(gument to)-.18 F F1 (declar)3.413 E(e)-.18 E F0 3.413(,m)C(ak)-3.413 E .913(es w)-.1 F .913 -(ord e)-.1 F .913(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 576 S .353 +(ord e)-.1 F .913(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 612 S .353 (tal errors that cause the current command to f).1 F .353(ail \(the def) -.1 F .352(ault beha)-.1 F .352(vior is to mak)-.2 F 2.852(et)-.1 G(hem) --2.852 E -.1(fa)184 588 S 1.057(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 +-2.852 E -.1(fa)184 624 S 1.057(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 F 1.058(xit\), and does not reset the loop state when a shell)-.15 F -.375(function is e)184 600 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .375(cuted \(this allo).15 F +.375(function is e)184 636 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .375(cuted \(this allo).15 F (ws)-.25 E F1(br)2.875 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.875 E F1(continue)2.875 E F0 .374(in a shell function to af)2.875 F .374(fect loops in)-.25 F -(the caller')184 612 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F1 -(compat44)144 624 Q F0 .441(If set,)184 636 R F1(bash)2.941 E F0(sa) +(the caller')184 648 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F1 +(compat44)144 660 Q F0 .441(If set,)184 672 R F1(bash)2.941 E F0(sa) 2.942 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(st).15 G .442(he positional parameters to B) -2.942 F .442(ASH_ARGV and B)-.35 F .442(ASH_ARGC before)-.35 F(the)184 -648 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re used, re)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G +684 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re used, re)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G (rdless of whether or not e).05 E(xtended deb)-.15 E -(ugging mode is enabled.)-.2 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 660 Q F0 .654 -(If set,)184 672 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharact\ +(ugging mode is enabled.)-.2 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 696 Q F0 .654 +(If set,)184 708 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharact\ ers in \214lenames and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524 -(forming completion.)184 684 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 E +(forming completion.)184 720 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 -(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ -haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 -696 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 708 R .028 -(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 -(This means)5.029 F 2.91(that dollar signs in v)184 720 R 2.909 -(ariable names that e)-.25 F 2.909 -(xpand to directories will not be quoted;)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(73)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 August 7)145.395 E(73)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 74 74 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(ho)184 84 Q(we) --.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.702 -.4(r, a).15 H 2.202 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.902 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.667(from the se\ +t of characters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these) +184 84 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 96 R .028 +(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 +(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 108 R 1.073 +(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 +(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 +(ev e)184 120 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 (ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F -6.903(.T)-.55 G 1.903(his is)-6.903 F(acti)184 96 Q .673 -.15(ve o)-.25 -H .373 -(nly when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.).15 -F .372(This v)5.372 F(ariable)-.25 E(is set by def)184 108 Q +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 +132 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 144 Q (ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dir)144 120 Q(expand) --.18 E F0 .486(If set,)184 132 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dir)144 156 Q(expand) +-.18 E F0 .486(If set,)184 168 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 (replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F .487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 -144 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F +180 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F (uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) -184 156 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 168 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 -168 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +184 192 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 204 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 +204 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 (attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 180 Q(xist.)-.15 E -F1(dotglob)144 192 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 192 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 216 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F1(dotglob)144 228 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 228 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 (includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) -.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 204 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.').63 +(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 240 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 (must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 (,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0 -(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 216 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti) -184 216 R 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386 +(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 252 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti) +184 252 R 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386 (xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.387 -(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 228 Q(gument to the)-.18 +(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 264 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 --.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 240 Q F0 .717 -(If set, aliases are e)184 252 R 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See)184 600 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(pletions. See)184 636 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 (abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 (FIGNORE)2.948 E F3(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 F(enabled by def) -184 612 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 624 Q F0 2.519 -(If set, range e)184 636 R 2.519 +184 648 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 660 Q F0 2.519 +(If set, range e)184 672 R 2.519 (xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 (xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E -(Matching)184 648 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) +(Matching)184 684 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) -3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 (nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) --3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 660 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 +-3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 696 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 (ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 -(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 672 R F1(A) +(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 708 R F1(A) 3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 -(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 684 Q(.)-.55 E -F1(globstar)144 696 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 696 R F1(**)3.019 -E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 -(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 -(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 708 R .431 -(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 -2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -720 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(74)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 720 Q(.)-.55 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(74)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 75 75 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(gnu_errfmt)144 84 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are written in t\ -he standard GNU error message format.)184 96 Q F1(histappend)144 108 Q -F0 .676 +SF(globstar)144 84 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 84 R F1(**)3.019 E +F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 +(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 96 R .431 +(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 +2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +108 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 120 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 132 Q F1(histappend)144 +144 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -120 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 --.25(va)2.926 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 132 Q +156 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 +-.25(va)2.926 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 168 Q (xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1 -(histr)144 144 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .575(If set, and)184 156 R F1 -.18(re) +(histr)144 180 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .575(If set, and)184 192 R F1 -.18(re) 3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F -.576(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 168 Q F1(histv)144 180 Q -(erify)-.1 E F0 .403(If set, and)184 192 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 +.576(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 204 Q F1(histv)144 216 Q +(erify)-.1 E F0 .403(If set, and)184 228 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 204 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 +2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 240 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 (nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 216 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 252 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 228 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 +(hostcomplete)144 264 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 276 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181 (will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 -252 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +288 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 (is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E -F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 264 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). 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This)-.4 F (option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E -F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 336 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E -F0 .33(If set, allo)184 348 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 +F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 372 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E +F0 .33(If set, allo)184 384 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 (ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 (ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 -(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 360 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 +(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 396 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 372 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 384 Q F0 .066 -(If set, and job control is not acti)184 384 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) +G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 408 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 420 Q F0 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 420 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) .15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en) -184 396 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 408 Q F0 .655(If set, and the) -184 408 R F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654 +184 432 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 444 Q F0 .655(If set, and the) +184 444 R F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654 (option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F -(with embedded ne)184 420 Q +(with embedded ne)184 456 Q (wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 -(localv)144 432 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .421(If set, local v)184 444 R +(localv)144 468 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .421(If set, local v)184 480 R .422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 (utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 -456 S .174(ists at a pre).15 F .174(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 +492 S .174(ists at a pre).15 F .174(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 (yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .173 -(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 468 Q -F1(login_shell)144 480 Q F0 .486 +(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 504 Q +F1(login_shell)144 516 Q F0 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -492 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 504 S(lue may not be changed.).25 -E F1(mailwar)144 516 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 -528 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 +528 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 540 S(lue may not be changed.).25 +E F1(mailwar)144 552 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 +564 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 (is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F --.1(wa)184 540 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +-.1(wa)184 576 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E (`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) --.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 552 -Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 564 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324 +-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 588 +Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 600 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324 (is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 (will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 576 Q F1 -(nocaseglob)144 588 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 600 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436 +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 612 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 624 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 636 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436 (matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f)-.25 -H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 612 S +H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 648 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 624 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 -636 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 660 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 +672 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) 3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 -F .551(while e)184 648 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 +F .551(while e)184 684 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 (or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551 (conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1 -(wo)184 660 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ -le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 672 Q F1 -(nullglob)144 684 Q F0 .855(If set,)184 696 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo) -3.355 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) -3.354 G .854(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354 -(\)t).15 G(o)-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 708 S -(pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(75)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(wo)184 696 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ +le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 708 Q +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(75)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 76 76 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 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Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.08 -(primaries described abo)144 405.6 R 3.38 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +(primaries described abo)144 441.6 R 3.38 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 (CONDITION)5.58 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.079(does not accept an)5.579 F(y)-.15 E -(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 417.6 Q(gument of)-.18 +(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 453.6 Q(gument of)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .785 -(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 435.6 R .786 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 471.6 R .786 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 -(dence. The)144 447.6 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 +(dence. The)144 483.6 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 (luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F 4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 459.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 471.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -F0 -.35(Tr)180 471.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 -E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 483.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 -.26(Returns the v)180 483.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 +(used when there are \214v)144 495.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G +(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 507.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +F0 -.35(Tr)180 507.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 +E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 519.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +.26(Returns the v)180 519.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 495.6 Q F3 -.2 -(ex)144 507.6 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 519.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 -E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 531.6 S +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 531.6 Q F3 -.2 +(ex)144 543.6 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 +-.35(Tr)180 555.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 +E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 567.6 S (pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 -543.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 560.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E +579.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 +(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 596.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E (xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 578.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 590.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 602.4 S -.18 -(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 614.4 Q +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 614.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 626.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 638.4 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 650.4 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 626.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) -180 638.4 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +E 2.5(2a)144 662.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 674.4 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 650.4 R .38 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 686.4 R .38 (gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 662.4 Q .553 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 698.4 Q .553 (AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 (xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 -(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 674.4 Q +(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 710.4 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 686.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 698.4 R .236 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 -(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 710.4 R 1.155 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F -F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 722.4 R .578(xpression i\ -s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F -(guments)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(76)199.835 E -0 Cg EP +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7) +145.395 E(76)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 77 77 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.333 -(as operands.)180 84 R(The)6.333 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.833 E F0 -(and)3.833 E F13.832 E F0 1.332 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(3a)144 84 S +-.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 96 R .236 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 +(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 108 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)3.355 E .855 +(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578 +(result of the e)180 120 R .578(xpression is the result of the binary t\ +est using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E 1.333 +(as operands.)180 132 R(The)6.333 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.833 E +F0(and)3.833 E F33.832 E F0 1.332 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 96 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F -.558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 +(three ar)180 144 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F +.558(gument is)-.18 F F3(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 (alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 -E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 108 R 3.021 +E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 156 R 3.021 (guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52(gument is e)-.18 F -(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 F(ar)180 120 Q -.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 +(xactly)-.15 E F3(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 F(ar)180 168 Q +.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F3(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 (he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485(gument test of the second ar)-.18 -F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 132 Q -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 144 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 156 R .385(gument is)-.18 F F1 +F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 180 Q +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 192 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 204 R .385(gument is)-.18 F F3 (!)2.885 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .384(tion of the three-ar).05 F .384(gument e)-.18 F .384 -(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.647(posed of the remaining ar)180 168 R 4.147 +(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.647(posed of the remaining ar)180 216 R 4.147 (guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648 (xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E -(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 180 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 192 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 -E 1.635(The e)180 204 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) +(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 228 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 240 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 +E 1.635(The e)180 252 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) -.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F -(abo)180 216 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 234 Q F1(test) -2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 -E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 250.8 Q F0 +(abo)180 264 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 282 Q F3(test) +2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F3([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F3(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F3(times)108 298.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)144 250.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 -262.8 Q F1(trap)108 279.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E .703(The command)144 291.6 R F2(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703 + processes run from the shell.)144 298.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 +310.8 Q F3(trap)108 327.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E +/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...]) +2.5 E .703(The command)144 339.6 R F4(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703 (is to be read and e)3.423 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 (cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.202(ss).15 G -(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F2(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G(f)-5.702 E F2 +(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F4(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G(f)-5.702 E F4 (ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.422 E .608(absent \(and there is a single) -144 303.6 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F13.108 E +144 351.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F33.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F -.659(\(the v)144 315.6 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) --.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658 -(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec) -144.34 327.6 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) -3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E -F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F13.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215 -(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 339.6 R -F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214 -F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 351.6 R F13.36 -E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 +.659(\(the v)144 363.6 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec) +144.34 375.6 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) +3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F33.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 387.6 R +F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 399.6 R F33.36 +E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F3(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 (prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 -(signal. The)144 363.6 R F12.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +(signal. The)144 411.6 R F32.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F 4.31 -(bers. Each)144 375.6 R F2(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.62 F F2(signal.h)A F0 1.811 +(bers. Each)144 423.6 R F4(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.62 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.811 (>, or a signal number)B 6.811(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.811 E -(names are case insensiti)144 387.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.649 -(If a)144 405.6 R F2(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(EXIT)4.149 E F0 -1.649(\(0\) the command)3.899 F F2(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e) -4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.648(xit from the shell.) --.15 F 1.648(If a)6.648 F F2(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(DEB)144 -417.6 Q(UG)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.167(the command)3.417 F -F2(ar)3.997 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.167(is e)3.887 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 -(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.168(simple command) -3.667 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.668 E F0(command,)3.668 E F2(case)3.668 E F0 -(com-)3.668 E(mand,)144 429.6 Q F2(select)2.647 E F0 .147(command, e) -2.647 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .147(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)2.647 E F0 .146 +(names are case insensiti)144 435.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +F1(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.649(If a)144 453.6 R F4 +(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F1(EXIT)4.149 E F0 1.649 +(\(0\) the command)3.899 F F4(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.648(xit from the shell.)-.15 F +1.648(If a)6.648 F F4(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F1(DEB)144 465.6 Q +(UG)-.09 E F2(,)A F0 1.167(the command)3.417 F F4(ar)3.997 E(g)-.37 E F0 +1.167(is e)3.887 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ry).15 E F4 1.168(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F4(for)3.668 E F0 +(command,)3.668 E F4(case)3.668 E F0(com-)3.668 E(mand,)144 477.6 Q F4 +(select)2.647 E F0 .147(command, e)2.647 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .147 +(ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.647 E F0 .146 (command, and before the \214rst command e)2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 -(cutes in a).15 F .145(shell function \(see)144 441.6 R F3 .145 +(cutes in a).15 F .145(shell function \(see)144 489.6 R F1 .145 (SHELL GRAMMAR)2.645 F F0(abo)2.395 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 -F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.646 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.146(option to)2.646 F(the)144 453.6 Q F1(shopt)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 -G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E -(UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F2(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E -F3(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .7(the com-)2.95 F(mand)144 465.6 Q F2(ar) +F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F3(extdeb)2.646 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.146(option to)2.646 F(the)144 501.6 Q F3(shopt)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 +G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F3(DEB)3.2 E +(UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F4(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E +F1(RETURN)3.2 E F2(,)A F0 .7(the com-)2.95 F(mand)144 513.6 Q F4(ar) 3.473 E(g)-.37 E F0 .643(is e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.644(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F1(sour)3.144 E(ce) --.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.144 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 477.6 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuting.).15 E .961(If a)144 495.6 R F2(sigspec)3.801 E F0(is) -3.771 E F3(ERR)3.461 E F4(,)A F0 .961(the command)3.211 F F2(ar)3.791 E +.644(cuted with the).15 F F3(.)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F3(sour)3.144 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.144 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 525.6 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .961(If a)144 543.6 R F4(sigspec)3.801 E F0(is) +3.771 E F1(ERR)3.461 E F2(,)A F0 .961(the command)3.211 F F4(ar)3.791 E (g)-.37 E F0 .961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.461(ra).15 G .96(pipeline \(which may consist of a) -.001 F .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command ret\ -urns a non\255zero e)144 507.6 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452 -(the follo)144 519.6 R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F3(ERR) +urns a non\255zero e)144 555.6 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452 +(the follo)144 567.6 R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F1(ERR) 2.952 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 (cuted if the f).15 F .451(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .387 -(mand list immediately follo)144 531.6 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) -2.887 E F0(or)2.887 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)2.898 E F0 .388 -(statement, part)4.848 F .778(of a command e)144 543.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.778(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778 +(mand list immediately follo)144 579.6 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F3(while) +2.887 E F0(or)2.887 E F3(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F4(if)2.898 E F0 .388 +(statement, part)4.848 F .778(of a command e)144 591.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.778(cuted in a).15 F F3(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F3(||)3.278 E F0 .778 (list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.277 E F0 -3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 555.6 R +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F3(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F3(||)3.277 E F0 +3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 603.6 R 1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) -3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F -F1(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 567.6 Q -(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 +F3(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 615.6 Q +(yed by the)-.15 E F3(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F3A F0 2.5 (\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095 (Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 -585.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 -(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 597.6 R .662 +633.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 645.6 R .662 (alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .662(vironment when one is) --.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 609.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) --.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108 -626.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 638.4 S .174 -(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F2(name) +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 657.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) +-.1 E(y)-.15 E F4(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid; otherwise).25 E F3(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F3(type)108 +674.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F4(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F4 +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 686.4 S .174 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F4(name) 3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 (uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F -F1144 650.4 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F1(type)3.342 E F0 -.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E -F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0 -(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F2 -(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F2(name)144.36 662.4 Q F0 .087 +F3144 698.4 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F3(type)3.342 E F0 +.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F4(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E +F4 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F4(function)3.343 E F0 +(,).24 E F4 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F4 +(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F4(name)144.36 710.4 Q F0 .087 (is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087 (ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F2 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F4 (name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118 -(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 674.4 R .118 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 722.4 R .118 (xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F -F12.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F1(type)2.619 E F0 .855 -(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 686.4 R .855 -(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 -.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144 -698.4 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641 -(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F1 -3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F F3 -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH) --.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 710.4 R F2(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e) -C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613 -F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113 -(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F1 -2.612 E F0(and)144 722.4 Q F13.23 E F0 .73(print the hashed v)3.23 -F .731 -(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 -F F3 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .731(If the)5.231 F -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(77)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +F32.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F3(type)2.619 E F0 +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(77)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 78 78 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0 1.749(option is used,)4.249 F F1(type)4.248 E F0 -1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.748(cutable named).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)4.248 E F0 6.748 -(.T).18 G(his)-6.748 E .744 -(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 96 R F1 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 84 R .855 +(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(name)3.715 E F0 .855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64 +(mand name, or nothing if)144 96 R/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name) +3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)3.141 E F0 +5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.141 E F0 .641 +(option forces a)3.141 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .113(search for each)144 108 R F1(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e)C -.15 +(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F2 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0 +-.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I) +.18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F32.612 E +F0(and)144 120 Q F33.23 E F0 .73(print the hashed v)3.23 F .731 +(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 +F F4 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .731 +(If the)5.231 F F3144 132 Q F0 1.749(option is used,)4.249 F F3 +(type)4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F F1(name)4.248 E F0 6.748(.T) +.18 G(his)-6.748 E .744 +(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 144 R F3 3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .744 (The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) -144 108 R F13.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F13.723 E F0 +144 156 R F33.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F33.723 E F0 1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .325(with the) -144 120 R F1(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5.325 +144 168 R F3(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F3(type)5.325 E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326 (guments are found, f)-.18 F .326(alse if an)-.1 F 2.826(ya)-.15 G .326 -(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 132 Q F1(ulimit)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 -160.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244 +(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 180 Q F3(ulimit)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F3 +(\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 +208.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244 (he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.943(that allo)144 172.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F -(The)5.943 E F13.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F13.444 E F0 .944 +.943(that allo)144 220.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F +(The)5.943 E F33.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F33.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 +144 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 196.8 R .425 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F12.926 E -F0(nor)2.926 E F12.926 E F0 .426 +ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 244.8 R .425 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F32.926 E +F0(nor)2.926 E F32.926 E F0 .426 (is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -208.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +256.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.741(of the special v)144 220.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 -(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +.741(of the special v)144 268.8 R(alues)-.25 E F3(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F3 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F3(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 280.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 -F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 244.8 R F12.999 E F0 +F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 292.8 R F32.999 E F0 .499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F -(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 256.8 Q 2.5 -(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -144 268.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 268.8 Q F1 -144 280.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 280.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer size)-.25 E F1144 292.8 Q F0 -(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 292.8 Q F1144 304.8 -Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 304.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) --2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1144 316.8 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 316.8 Q F1144 -328.8 Q F0 +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 304.8 Q 2.5 +(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F3 +144 316.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 316.8 Q F3 +144 328.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 328.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size)-.25 E F3144 340.8 Q F0 +(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 340.8 Q F3144 352.8 +Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 352.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) +-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F3144 364.8 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 364.8 Q F3144 +376.8 Q F0 (The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 -328.8 Q F1144 340.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 -340.8 Q F1144 352.8 Q F0 -(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 352.8 Q F1 -144 364.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 364.8 Q -(ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 376.8 Q F0 -(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 376.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 388.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ +376.8 Q F3144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 +388.8 Q F3144 400.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 400.8 Q F3 +144 412.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 412.8 Q +(ed into memory)-.1 E F3144 424.8 Q F0 +(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 424.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F3144 436.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -180 388.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 400.8 Q F1144 412.8 Q F0 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 412.8 Q F1 -144 424.8 Q F0 -(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 424.8 Q F1 -144 436.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 436.8 -Q F1144 448.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 448.8 Q F1144 -460.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 460.8 Q F1 -144 472.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 472.8 Q -.25 -(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 484.8 Q F0 .47 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 484.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +180 436.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F +(be set\))180 448.8 Q F3144 460.8 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 460.8 Q F3 +144 472.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 472.8 Q F3 +144 484.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 484.8 +Q F3144 496.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 496.8 Q F3144 +508.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 508.8 Q F3 +144 520.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 520.8 Q -.25 +(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F3144 532.8 Q F0 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 532.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 (ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 -496.8 Q F1144 508.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 -508.8 Q F1144 520.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 -520.8 Q F1144 532.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 532.8 Q -(If)144 549.6 Q F2(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.468(n, and the).15 F F12.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 -F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +544.8 Q F3144 556.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 +556.8 Q F3144 568.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 +568.8 Q F3144 580.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 580.8 Q +(If)144 597.6 Q F1(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.468(n, and the).15 F F32.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 +F F1(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 (alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 -(no option is gi)144 561.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1 +(no option is gi)144 609.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F3 2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F3 2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F 1.589(in seconds;)144 -573.6 R F14.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 -(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F14.089 E F0(,)A F1 -4.089 E F0(,)A F14.089 E F0(,)A F14.089 E F0(,)A F1 -4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F14.089 E F0 4.088(,w)C -1.588(hich are)-4.088 F 1.476(unscaled v)144 585.6 R 1.476 -(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F13.976 E F0(and)3.976 E -F13.976 E F0 3.976(,w)C 1.476(hich are in 512-byte increments.) --3.976 F(The)6.476 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 597.6 R +621.6 R F34.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F34.089 E F0(,)A F3 +4.089 E F0(,)A F34.089 E F0(,)A F34.089 E F0(,)A F3 +4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F34.089 E F0 4.088(,w)C +1.588(hich are)-4.088 F 1.476(unscaled v)144 633.6 R 1.476 +(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F33.976 E F0(and)3.976 E +F33.976 E F0 3.976(,w)C 1.476(hich are in 512-byte increments.) +-3.976 F(The)6.476 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 645.6 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404 (gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144 -609.6 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 626.4 Q F0([)2.5 E -F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A -.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 638.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 -5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 +657.6 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F3(umask)108 674.4 Q F0([)2.5 E +F3A F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A +.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 686.4 R F1(mode)2.7 E F0 +5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F1(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 650.4 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -662.4 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 -(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 +pted by)144 698.4 R F1 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +710.4 Q F1(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F32.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 674.4 R .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 722.4 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G -(he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 -(mode)144.38 686.4 Q F0 .551 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 -F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 698.4 Q -(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E -(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E(78)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(he)-3.047 E F33.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(78)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 79 79 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(unalias)108 84 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 96 Q 1.955 -.15 -(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)4.155 E F0 1.655 -(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E F14.155 E -F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 F(remo)144 108 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E -(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 124.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 -(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 136.8 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)144.38 84 Q F0 .551 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 +F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 96 Q +(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F1(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E +(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(unalias)108 112.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 124.8 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach) +.15 E F1(name)4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 +F(If)6.655 E F24.155 E F0 1.655 +(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 F(remo)144 136.8 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F1(name)2.86 E F0 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 153.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2 +(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 165.6 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F1(name)3.827 E F0 3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327 (he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327 -(If the)6.327 F F13.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 148.8 Q F0 1.551 +(If the)6.327 F F23.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F1(name)144.36 177.6 Q F0 1.551 (refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551 (ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 160.8 R F1 -4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 +4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 189.6 R F2 +4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F1(name)5.001 E F0 2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821 -F(remo)144 172.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1 -2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037 -(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E -F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492 -(be unset rather than the v)144 184.8 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 -F F15.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1 +F(remo)144 201.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F2 +2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F1(name)2.537 E F0 .037 +(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F1(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E +F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F1(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492 +(be unset rather than the v)144 213.6 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 +F F25.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F2 2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .493(If no)5.493 F -.221(options are supplied, each)144 196.8 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221 +.221(options are supplied, each)144 225.6 R F1(name)2.721 E F0 .221 (refers to a v)2.721 F .22(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22 (ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188 -(tion with that name is unset.)144 208.8 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F +(tion with that name is unset.)144 237.6 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F 1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G 1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.206 -(passed to subsequent commands.)144 220.8 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 +(passed to subsequent commands.)144 249.6 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 (yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E -F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 232.8 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) +F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 261.6 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) 4.347 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.347 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348 F 4.598(yl)-.15 G 2.098(ose their special)-4.598 F(properties, e)144 -244.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 +273.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a) --.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 261.6 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 -273.6 S .659(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its termi\ -nation status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id)3.169 E F0 .658(may be a process) -3.928 F .008(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 285.6 +-.15 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F2(wait)108 290.4 Q +F0([)2.5 E F2(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 +302.4 S .659(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its termi\ +nation status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F1(id)3.169 E F0 .658(may be a process) +3.928 F .008(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 314.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .009(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.509(sp)-.55 G .009(ipeline are w)-2.509 F .009(aited for)-.1 F 5.009(.I)-.55 G(f) --5.009 E F2(id)144.01 297.6 Q F0 .522(is not gi)3.792 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +-5.009 E F1(id)144.01 326.4 Q F0 .522(is not gi)3.792 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .521(n, all currently acti).15 F .821 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .521 (hild processes are w).15 F .521(aited for)-.1 F 3.021(,a)-.4 G .521 -(nd the return status is zero.)-3.021 F(If)5.521 E(the)144 309.6 Q F1 -3.056 E F0 .556(option is supplied,)3.056 F F1(wait)3.057 E F0 -.1 +(nd the return status is zero.)-3.021 F(If)5.521 E(the)144 338.4 Q F2 +3.056 E F0 .556(option is supplied,)3.056 F F2(wait)3.057 E F0 -.1 (wa)3.057 G .557(its for an).1 F 3.057(yj)-.15 G .557 (ob to terminate and returns its e)-3.057 F .557(xit status.)-.15 F .557 -(If the)5.557 F F13.057 E F0 .587 -(option is supplied, and job control is enabled,)144 321.6 R F1(wait) -3.086 E F0(forces)3.086 E F2(id)3.086 E F0 .586 +(If the)5.557 F F23.057 E F0 .587 +(option is supplied, and job control is enabled,)144 350.4 R F2(wait) +3.086 E F0(forces)3.086 E F1(id)3.086 E F0 .586 (to terminate before returning its sta-)3.086 F .755 -(tus, instead of returning when it changes status.)144 333.6 R(If)5.756 -E F2(id)3.266 E F0 .756(speci\214es a non-e)4.026 F .756 -(xistent process or job, the)-.15 F .365(return status is 127.)144 345.6 +(tus, instead of returning when it changes status.)144 362.4 R(If)5.756 +E F1(id)3.266 E F0 .756(speci\214es a non-e)4.026 F .756 +(xistent process or job, the)-.15 F .365(return status is 127.)144 374.4 R .365(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.365 F .365 (xit status of the last process or job w)-.15 F(aited)-.1 E(for)144 -357.6 Q(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 374.4 Q F0 -(If)108 386.4 Q F1(bash)4.396 E F0 1.896(is started with the name)4.396 -F F1(rbash)4.397 E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F1 +386.4 Q(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 403.2 Q F0 +(If)108 415.2 Q F2(bash)4.396 E F0 1.896(is started with the name)4.396 +F F2(rbash)4.397 E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F2 4.397 E F0 1.897(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.897 -(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.446(restricted. A)108 398.4 R .945 +(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.446(restricted. 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E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) -.25 E F2 -.11(BU)72 636 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 648 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +631.2 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 +E F2 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) +.25 E F1 -.11(BU)72 648 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 660 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G (oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868 -(There are some subtle dif)108 664.8 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F3 +(There are some subtle dif)108 676.8 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F3 (bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869(ersions of)-.15 F F3(sh)4.369 E F0 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 676.8 Q F0(speci\214cation.)2.25 E -(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 693.6 Q(Shell b)108 710.4 Q +/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 688.8 Q F0(speci\214cation.)2.25 E +(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 705.6 Q(Shell b)108 722.4 Q (uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E -1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\ -re not handled gracefully when)108 727.2 R(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q -(2018 June 8)150.675 E(80)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E(80)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 81 81 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .389 -(process suspension is attempted.)108 84 R .389 -(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193(mand in the sequence.) -108 96 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to place the sequence of comm\ -ands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 F -(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 108 Q(Array v)108 124.8 Q -(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E -(There may be only one acti)108 141.6 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H -(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 June 8)150.675 E -(81)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.315(Compound co\ +mmands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not handled gr\ +acefully when)108 84 R .389(process suspension is attempted.)108 96 R +.389(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193 +(mand in the sequence.)108 108 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to pl\ +ace the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 +F(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 120 Q(Array v)108 136.8 +Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E +(There may be only one acti)108 153.6 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H +(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 August 7)145.395 E +(81)194.555 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end %%EOF diff --git a/doc/bashref.aux b/doc/bashref.aux index 0eeac4e0..ff11b781 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.aux +++ b/doc/bashref.aux @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ @xrdef{Pattern Matching-title}{Pattern Matching} @xrdef{Pattern Matching-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.8.1} @xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{32} -@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{32} +@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{33} @xrdef{Quote Removal-title}{Quote Removal} @xrdef{Quote Removal-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.9} @xrdef{Redirections-title}{Redirections} diff --git a/doc/bashref.cp b/doc/bashref.cp index 7304a206..291673ba 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.cp +++ b/doc/bashref.cp @@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ \entry{expansion, pathname}{32}{expansion, pathname} \entry{filename expansion}{32}{filename expansion} \entry{pathname expansion}{32}{pathname expansion} -\entry{pattern matching}{32}{pattern matching} -\entry{matching, pattern}{32}{matching, pattern} +\entry{pattern matching}{33}{pattern matching} +\entry{matching, pattern}{33}{matching, pattern} \entry{redirection}{34}{redirection} \entry{command expansion}{38}{command expansion} \entry{command execution}{38}{command execution} diff --git a/doc/bashref.cps b/doc/bashref.cps index f541884f..2e56bc22 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.cps +++ b/doc/bashref.cps @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ \entry {localization}{7} \entry {login shell}{86} \initial {M} -\entry {matching, pattern}{32} +\entry {matching, pattern}{33} \entry {metacharacter}{3} \initial {N} \entry {name}{3} @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ \entry {parameters, positional}{21} \entry {parameters, special}{21} \entry {pathname expansion}{32} -\entry {pattern matching}{32} +\entry {pattern matching}{33} \entry {pipeline}{8} \entry {POSIX}{3} \entry {POSIX Mode}{98} diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi index 79d8cc27..a270d082 100644 Binary files a/doc/bashref.dvi and b/doc/bashref.dvi differ diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html index ae2e869d..13d9294c 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.html +++ b/doc/bashref.html @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@