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the `history' builtin prints error messages for certain read and write errors; implementation of new form of nofork command substitution that does not remove trailing newlines

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Chet Ramey
2026-01-18 17:48:33 -05:00
parent a6421d8419
commit 8ea1a222df
25 changed files with 2841 additions and 2399 deletions
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doc/bashref.info
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@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.2 from
bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
Bash shell (version 5.3, 26 December 2025).
Bash shell (version 5.3, 14 January 2026).
This is Edition 5.3, last updated 26 December 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
This is Edition 5.3, last updated 14 January 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Copyright © 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright © 1988-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ Bash Features
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
Bash shell (version 5.3, 26 December 2025). The Bash home page is
Bash shell (version 5.3, 14 January 2026). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
This is Edition 5.3, last updated 26 December 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
This is Edition 5.3, last updated 14 January 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
@@ -787,8 +787,8 @@ executing the command in the “background”, and these are referred to as
“asynchronous” commands. The shell does not wait for the command to
finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job control is not
active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for asynchronous
commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is redirected
from ‘/dev/null’.
commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections involving the
standard input, is redirected from ‘/dev/null’.
Commands separated or terminated by ‘;’ (or equivalent ‘newline’) are
executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in
@@ -2387,7 +2387,7 @@ which executes COMMAND in the current execution environment and captures
its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
The character C following the open brace must be a space, tab,
newline, or ‘|’, and the close brace must be in a position where a
newline, ‘|’, or ‘;’; and the close brace must be in a position where a
reserved word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as
semicolon). Bash allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining
characters in the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter
@@ -2403,6 +2403,12 @@ function is executing, and the ‘return’ builtin forces COMMAND to
complete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the
positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
If the first character following the open brace is a ‘;’, the
construct behaves like the form above but preserves any trailing
newlines in the output of COMMAND instead of removing them. This form
is useful when the trailing newlines are significant and should not be
stripped from the command's output.
If the first character following the open brace is a ‘|’, the
construct expands to the value of the ‘REPLY’ shell variable after
COMMAND executes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the
@@ -3164,9 +3170,10 @@ subshells See the description of the ‘inherit_errexit’ shell option
POSIX mode.
If a command is followed by a ‘&’ and job control is not active, the
default standard input for the command is the empty file ‘/dev/null’.
Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
calling shell as modified by redirections.
default standard input for the command is the empty file ‘/dev/null’,
unless the command has an explicit redirection involving the standard
input. Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of
the calling shell as modified by redirections.

File: bashref.info, Node: Environment, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Command Execution Environment, Up: Executing Commands
@@ -7714,10 +7721,10 @@ there are areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the
specification. The Bash “posix mode” changes the Bash behavior in these
areas so that it conforms more strictly to the standard.
Starting Bash with the ‘--posix’ command-line option or executing
‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
closely to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that
specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs.
Starting Bash with the ‘--posix’ or ‘-o posix’ command-line option or
executing ‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to
conform more closely to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to
match that specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs.
When invoked as ‘sh’, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the
startup files.
@@ -7807,65 +7814,73 @@ startup files.
the command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch)
result from a ‘$PATH’ search.
22. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a
job exits with a non-zero status is "Done(status)".
22. Normally, when job control is not enabled, the shell implicitly
redirects the standard input of asynchronous commands from
‘/dev/null’. A redirection to the standard input in this command
inhibits this implicit redirection. In POSIX mode, a redirection
that redirects file descriptor 0 to itself (e.g., ‘<&0’) does not
count as a redirection that overrides the implicit redirection from
‘/dev/null’.
23. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a
job exits with a non-zero status is "Done(status)".
24. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a
job is stopped is "Stopped(SIGNAME)", where SIGNAME is, for
example, ‘SIGTSTP’.
24. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job
25. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job
notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’
or newline. Non-interactive shells print status messages after a
foreground job in a list completes.
25. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt
26. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt
before printing the status of a background job that changes status
or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal.
Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
completes.
26. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying
27. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying
the user of their termination via the ‘wait’ or ‘jobs’ builtins.
It removes the job from the jobs list after notifying the user of
its termination, but the status is still available via ‘wait’, as
long as ‘wait’ is supplied a PID argument.
27. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when
28. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when
the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and
‘$EDITOR’.
28. Prompt expansion enables the POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of
29. Prompt expansion enables the POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of
‘!’ to the history number and ‘!!’ to ‘!’, and Bash performs
parameter expansion on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of
the setting of the ‘promptvars’ option.
29. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default
30. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default
value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’).
30. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a
31. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a
double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled.
31. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
32. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
does not print the ‘function’ reserved word unless necessary.
32. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
33. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
expansion results in an invalid expression.
33. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
34. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
34. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
35. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
35. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
36. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
36. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
37. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
special builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any
other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command,
@@ -7873,160 +7888,160 @@ startup files.
perform any further processing of the command in which the error
occurred").
37. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
38. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
iteration variable in a ‘for’ statement or the selection variable
in a ‘select’ statement is a readonly variable or has an invalid
name.
38. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not
39. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not
found.
39. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
40. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
read with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins, or in a string processed by
the ‘eval’ builtin.
40. Non-interactive shells exit if the ‘export’, ‘readonly’ or ‘unset’
41. Non-interactive shells exit if the ‘export’, ‘readonly’ or ‘unset’
builtin commands get an argument that is not a valid identifier,
and they are not operating on shell functions. These errors force
an exit because these are special builtins.
41. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
42. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
the shell environment after the builtin completes.
42. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take
43. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take
assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, declaration commands
lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
by ‘command’.
43. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
‘inherit_errexit’ option, so subshells spawned to execute command
substitutions inherit the value of the ‘-e’ option from the parent
shell. When the ‘inherit_errexit’ option is not enabled, Bash
clears the ‘-e’ option in such subshells.
44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’
45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’
option, so numeric arguments to ‘shift’ that exceed the number of
positional parameters will result in an error message.
45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
46. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
‘interactive_comments’ option (*note Comments::).
46. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory
47. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory
for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’.
47. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
48. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
display them with a leading ‘alias ’ unless the ‘-p’ option is
supplied.
48. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job
49. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job
placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
whether the job is the current or previous job.
49. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
50. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name supplied as an
argument does not refer to an existing directory, ‘cd’ will fail
instead of falling back to physical mode.
50. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length
51. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length
of the pathname constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name
supplied as an argument exceeds ‘PATH_MAX’ when canonicalized, ‘cd’
will attempt to use the supplied directory name.
51. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
52. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options. ‘echo’ displays each
argument after converting escape sequences.
52. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output
53. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output
in the format required by POSIX.
53. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an
54. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an
indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
54. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’.
55. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’.
55. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them.
56. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them.
56. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints
57. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints
an error message and returns failure.
57. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single
58. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single
line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix.
58. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
59. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
prefix.
59. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or
60. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or
job arguments are invalid or if sending the specified signal to any
of them fails. In default mode, ‘kill’ returns success if the
signal was successfully sent to any of the specified processes.
60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
61. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length
modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available.
61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
62. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
system with the ‘-P’ option.
62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
63. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status
greater than 128.
63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
display shell function names and definitions.
64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
65. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
66. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators.
66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
67. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain
cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards
compatibility.
67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
68. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
‘SIG’.
68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
69. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the
handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
use ‘-’ as the first argument.
69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
70. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell
started, not just trapped signals.
70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
71. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’.
71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
72. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
and ‘-f’ options.
72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
73. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’
variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
74. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to
unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope
as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is
further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the
utility shall persist" behavior.
74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
75. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
76. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it.
There is additional POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by
@@ -10255,12 +10270,27 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up:
is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname expansion.
‘shell-expand-line (M-C-e)’
Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This performs
alias and history expansion, $'STRING' and $"STRING" quoting, tilde
expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command and process substitution, word splitting, and quote
removal. An explicit argument suppresses command and process
substitution.
Expand the line by performing shell word expansions, treating the
line as a single shell word. This performs alias and history
expansion, $'STRING' and $"STRING" quoting, tilde expansion,
parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command and
process substitution, word splitting, and quote removal. An
explicit argument suppresses command and process substitution and
treats the line as if it were quoted as part of a here-document.
‘shell-expand-and-requote-line ()’
Expand the line by performing shell word expansions, splitting the
line into shell words in the same way as for programmable
completion. This performs alias and history expansion, $'STRING'
and $"STRING" quoting, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
expansion, arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution,
word splitting, and quote removal on each word, then quotes the
resulting words if necessary to prevent further expansion. An
explicit argument suppresses command and process substitution and
quotes each resultant word. As usual, double-quoting a word will
suppress word splitting. This can be useful when combined with
suppressing command substitution, for instance, so the words in the
command substitution aren't quoted individually.
‘history-expand-line (M-^)’
Perform history expansion on the current line.
@@ -13322,7 +13352,7 @@ D.4 Function Index
* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History.
(line 6)
* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 134)
(line 149)
* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 18)
* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing.
@@ -13371,7 +13401,7 @@ D.4 Function Index
(line 50)
* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6)
* display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 148)
(line 163)
* do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 14)
* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 69)
@@ -13384,7 +13414,7 @@ D.4 Function Index
* dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
(line 115)
* edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 143)
(line 158)
* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
@@ -13410,9 +13440,9 @@ D.4 Function Index
* glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 114)
* history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 137)
(line 152)
* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 127)
(line 142)
* history-search-backward (): Commands For History.
(line 54)
* history-search-forward (): Commands For History.
@@ -13426,7 +13456,7 @@ D.4 Function Index
* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion.
(line 24)
* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 140)
(line 155)
* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing.
(line 6)
* kill-region (): Commands For Killing.
@@ -13436,7 +13466,7 @@ D.4 Function Index
* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing.
(line 23)
* magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 130)
(line 145)
* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion.
(line 28)
* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion.
@@ -13483,6 +13513,8 @@ D.4 Function Index
* shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing.
(line 37)
* shell-backward-word (M-C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 34)
* shell-expand-and-requote-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 128)
* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 119)
* shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 30)
@@ -13694,138 +13726,138 @@ D.5 Concept Index

Tag Table:
Node: Top904
Node: Introduction2848
Node: What is Bash?3064
Node: What is a shell?4200
Node: Definitions6813
Node: Basic Shell Features10143
Node: Shell Syntax11370
Node: Shell Operation12400
Node: Quoting13694
Node: Escape Character15035
Node: Single Quotes15573
Node: Double Quotes15925
Node: ANSI-C Quoting17273
Node: Locale Translation18670
Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts20076
Node: Comments24277
Node: Shell Commands25047
Node: Reserved Words25989
Node: Simple Commands27135
Node: Pipelines27800
Node: Lists31059
Node: Compound Commands32982
Node: Looping Constructs33994
Node: Conditional Constructs36546
Node: Command Grouping51686
Node: Coprocesses53181
Node: GNU Parallel55870
Node: Shell Functions56791
Node: Shell Parameters65242
Node: Positional Parameters70146
Node: Special Parameters71239
Node: Shell Expansions74703
Node: Brace Expansion76895
Node: Tilde Expansion80234
Node: Shell Parameter Expansion83192
Node: Command Substitution103842
Node: Arithmetic Expansion107374
Node: Process Substitution108553
Node: Word Splitting109664
Node: Filename Expansion112111
Node: Pattern Matching115338
Node: Quote Removal121107
Node: Redirections121414
Node: Executing Commands131673
Node: Simple Command Expansion132343
Node: Command Search and Execution134454
Node: Command Execution Environment136901
Node: Environment140352
Node: Exit Status142258
Node: Signals144320
Node: Shell Scripts149271
Node: Shell Builtin Commands152572
Node: Bourne Shell Builtins154916
Node: Bash Builtins181638
Node: Modifying Shell Behavior219377
Node: The Set Builtin219722
Node: The Shopt Builtin231719
Node: Special Builtins248775
Node: Shell Variables249767
Node: Bourne Shell Variables250204
Node: Bash Variables252715
Node: Bash Features292002
Node: Invoking Bash293019
Node: Bash Startup Files299606
Node: Interactive Shells304851
Node: What is an Interactive Shell?305262
Node: Is this Shell Interactive?305927
Node: Interactive Shell Behavior306754
Node: Bash Conditional Expressions310518
Node: Shell Arithmetic315938
Node: Aliases319268
Node: Arrays322405
Node: The Directory Stack330111
Node: Directory Stack Builtins330911
Node: Controlling the Prompt335359
Node: The Restricted Shell338246
Node: Bash POSIX Mode341131
Node: Shell Compatibility Mode360081
Node: Job Control369091
Node: Job Control Basics369551
Node: Job Control Builtins375922
Node: Job Control Variables382713
Node: Command Line Editing383947
Node: Introduction and Notation385653
Node: Readline Interaction388008
Node: Readline Bare Essentials389199
Node: Readline Movement Commands391010
Node: Readline Killing Commands392009
Node: Readline Arguments394035
Node: Searching395128
Node: Readline Init File397374
Node: Readline Init File Syntax398680
Node: Conditional Init Constructs425634
Node: Sample Init File430022
Node: Bindable Readline Commands433145
Node: Commands For Moving434686
Node: Commands For History437153
Node: Commands For Text442547
Node: Commands For Killing446675
Node: Numeric Arguments449466
Node: Commands For Completion450621
Node: Keyboard Macros456320
Node: Miscellaneous Commands457024
Node: Readline vi Mode463594
Node: Programmable Completion464574
Node: Programmable Completion Builtins474313
Node: A Programmable Completion Example486053
Node: Using History Interactively491401
Node: Bash History Facilities492085
Node: Bash History Builtins495823
Node: History Interaction503421
Node: Event Designators508374
Node: Word Designators509955
Node: Modifiers512350
Node: Installing Bash514290
Node: Basic Installation515409
Node: Compilers and Options519288
Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures520041
Node: Installation Names521797
Node: Specifying the System Type524034
Node: Sharing Defaults524783
Node: Operation Controls525500
Node: Optional Features526522
Node: Reporting Bugs539248
Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell540608
Node: GNU Free Documentation License562038
Node: Indexes587218
Node: Builtin Index587672
Node: Reserved Word Index594773
Node: Variable Index597221
Node: Function Index614637
Node: Concept Index628635
Node: Top902
Node: Introduction2844
Node: What is Bash?3060
Node: What is a shell?4196
Node: Definitions6809
Node: Basic Shell Features10139
Node: Shell Syntax11366
Node: Shell Operation12396
Node: Quoting13690
Node: Escape Character15031
Node: Single Quotes15569
Node: Double Quotes15921
Node: ANSI-C Quoting17269
Node: Locale Translation18666
Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts20072
Node: Comments24273
Node: Shell Commands25043
Node: Reserved Words25985
Node: Simple Commands27131
Node: Pipelines27796
Node: Lists31055
Node: Compound Commands33007
Node: Looping Constructs34019
Node: Conditional Constructs36571
Node: Command Grouping51711
Node: Coprocesses53206
Node: GNU Parallel55895
Node: Shell Functions56816
Node: Shell Parameters65267
Node: Positional Parameters70171
Node: Special Parameters71264
Node: Shell Expansions74728
Node: Brace Expansion76920
Node: Tilde Expansion80259
Node: Shell Parameter Expansion83217
Node: Command Substitution103867
Node: Arithmetic Expansion107721
Node: Process Substitution108900
Node: Word Splitting110011
Node: Filename Expansion112458
Node: Pattern Matching115685
Node: Quote Removal121454
Node: Redirections121761
Node: Executing Commands132020
Node: Simple Command Expansion132690
Node: Command Search and Execution134801
Node: Command Execution Environment137248
Node: Environment140777
Node: Exit Status142683
Node: Signals144745
Node: Shell Scripts149696
Node: Shell Builtin Commands152997
Node: Bourne Shell Builtins155341
Node: Bash Builtins182063
Node: Modifying Shell Behavior219802
Node: The Set Builtin220147
Node: The Shopt Builtin232144
Node: Special Builtins249200
Node: Shell Variables250192
Node: Bourne Shell Variables250629
Node: Bash Variables253140
Node: Bash Features292427
Node: Invoking Bash293444
Node: Bash Startup Files300031
Node: Interactive Shells305276
Node: What is an Interactive Shell?305687
Node: Is this Shell Interactive?306352
Node: Interactive Shell Behavior307179
Node: Bash Conditional Expressions310943
Node: Shell Arithmetic316363
Node: Aliases319693
Node: Arrays322830
Node: The Directory Stack330536
Node: Directory Stack Builtins331336
Node: Controlling the Prompt335784
Node: The Restricted Shell338671
Node: Bash POSIX Mode341556
Node: Shell Compatibility Mode360975
Node: Job Control369985
Node: Job Control Basics370445
Node: Job Control Builtins376816
Node: Job Control Variables383607
Node: Command Line Editing384841
Node: Introduction and Notation386547
Node: Readline Interaction388902
Node: Readline Bare Essentials390093
Node: Readline Movement Commands391904
Node: Readline Killing Commands392903
Node: Readline Arguments394929
Node: Searching396022
Node: Readline Init File398268
Node: Readline Init File Syntax399574
Node: Conditional Init Constructs426528
Node: Sample Init File430916
Node: Bindable Readline Commands434039
Node: Commands For Moving435580
Node: Commands For History438047
Node: Commands For Text443441
Node: Commands For Killing447569
Node: Numeric Arguments450360
Node: Commands For Completion451515
Node: Keyboard Macros457214
Node: Miscellaneous Commands457918
Node: Readline vi Mode465464
Node: Programmable Completion466444
Node: Programmable Completion Builtins476183
Node: A Programmable Completion Example487923
Node: Using History Interactively493271
Node: Bash History Facilities493955
Node: Bash History Builtins497693
Node: History Interaction505291
Node: Event Designators510244
Node: Word Designators511825
Node: Modifiers514220
Node: Installing Bash516160
Node: Basic Installation517279
Node: Compilers and Options521158
Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures521911
Node: Installation Names523667
Node: Specifying the System Type525904
Node: Sharing Defaults526653
Node: Operation Controls527370
Node: Optional Features528392
Node: Reporting Bugs541118
Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell542478
Node: GNU Free Documentation License563908
Node: Indexes589088
Node: Builtin Index589542
Node: Reserved Word Index596643
Node: Variable Index599091
Node: Function Index616507
Node: Concept Index630643

End Tag Table