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bash-4.4 rc1 release

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This commit is contained in:
Chet Ramey
2016-02-23 11:23:40 -05:00
parent 54a5fbe126
commit 690150f9e5
253 changed files with 54541 additions and 51806 deletions
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doc/Makefile.in
+17 -7
View File
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# This Makefile is for the Bash/documentation directory -*- text -*-.
#
# Copyright (C) 2003-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# Copyright (C) 2003-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -154,13 +154,13 @@ BASHREF_FILES = $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(srcdir)/fdl.texi $(srcdir)/version.texi
# $(RM) $@
# -${TEXI2PDF} $<
all: ps info dvi text html
all: ps info dvi text html $(MAN2HTML)
nodvi: ps info text html
everything: all pdf
PSFILES = bash.ps bashbug.ps article.ps builtins.ps rbash.ps
DVIFILES = bashref.dvi bashref.ps
INFOFILES = bashref.info
INFOFILES = bashref.info bash.info
MAN0FILES = bash.0 bashbug.0 builtins.0 rbash.0
HTMLFILES = bashref.html bash.html
PDFFILES = bash.pdf bashref.pdf article.pdf rose94.pdf
@@ -184,16 +184,16 @@ bashref.pdf: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
# can also use:
# $(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
# $(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
$(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
$(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
bash.info: bashref.info
${SHELL} ${INFOPOST} < $(srcdir)/bashref.info > $@ ; \
bash.txt: bash.1
bash.ps: bash.1
bash.html: bash.1 $(MAN2HTML)
bash.html: bash.1
bashbug.ps: bashbug.1
builtins.ps: builtins.1 bash.1
rbash.ps: rbash.1 bash.1
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ installdirs:
$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
fi
install: info installdirs bash.info
install: info installdirs
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext}
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashbug.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext}
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(OTHER_DOCS) $(DESTDIR)$(docdir)
@@ -274,10 +274,20 @@ install_builtins: installdirs
install_everything: install install_builtins
install-html: html
-if test -n "${htmldir}" ; then \
$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashref.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
fi
uninstall:
-$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext}
-$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext}
$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info
# run install-info if it is present to update the info directory
if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
install-info --delete --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info; \
else true; fi
-( cd $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) && $(RM) $(OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS) )
-if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \
$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bash.html ; \
doc/bash.0
+1378 -1343
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File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff
doc/bash.1
+98 -38
View File
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
.\" Last Change: Fri Oct 2 07:15:57 EDT 2015
.\" Last Change: Mon Feb 8 10:15:48 EST 2016
.\"
.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
.TH BASH 1 "2015 October 2" "GNU Bash 4.4"
.TH BASH 1 "2016 February 8" "GNU Bash 4.4"
.\"
.\" There's some problem with having a `@'
.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros.
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell
[options]
[command_string | file]
.SH COPYRIGHT
.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2015 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2015 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Bash
is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that
@@ -487,8 +487,8 @@ A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function. It is one of the following
symbols:
.RS
.PP
.if t \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
.if t \fB|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
.RE
.PD
.SH "RESERVED WORDS"
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the list
\fIlist-2\fP as long as the last command in the list \fIlist-1\fP returns
an exit status of zero. The \fBuntil\fP command is identical
to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated;
to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated:
.I list-2
is executed as long as the last command in
.I list-1
@@ -1061,6 +1061,8 @@ of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
.BR \e ,
and, when history expansion is enabled,
.BR ! .
When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, the \fB!\fP has no special meaning
within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
The characters
.B $
and
@@ -1454,8 +1456,13 @@ that do not require \fBbash\fP to be re-initialized.
.B BASH_ALIASES
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
list of aliases as maintained by the \fBalias\fP builtin.
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
from the alias list.
If
.B BASH_ALIASES
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
.TP
.B BASH_ARGC
An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
@@ -1496,8 +1503,13 @@ builtin below)
.B BASH_CMDS
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
hash table of commands as maintained by the \fBhash\fP builtin.
Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
from the hash table.
If
.B BASH_CMDS
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
.TP
.B BASH_COMMAND
The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
@@ -2001,7 +2013,7 @@ Similar to
used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode.
.TP
.B EXECIGNORE
A colon-separated list of extended glob patterns (see \fBPattern Matching\fP)
A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see \fBPattern Matching\fP)
defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search.
Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution.
@@ -2009,6 +2021,8 @@ This does not affect the behavior of the \fB[\fP, \fBtest\fP, and \fB[[\fP
commands.
Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
bit set, but are not executable files.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
option.
.TP
.B FCEDIT
The default editor for the
@@ -2110,6 +2124,8 @@ The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
.SM
.BR HISTIGNORE .
The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
option.
.TP
.B HISTSIZE
The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
@@ -2225,6 +2241,10 @@ strings preceded by a \fB$\fP.
.B LC_NUMERIC
This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
.TP
.B LC_TIME
This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
formatting.
.TP
.B LINES
Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the column length
for printing selection lists.
@@ -2324,6 +2344,13 @@ trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \fB\ew\fP and
.B PROMPTING
below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
.TP
.B PS0
The value of this parameter is expanded (see
.SM
.B PROMPTING
below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
and before the command is executed.
.TP
.B PS1
The value of this parameter is expanded (see
.SM
@@ -3213,8 +3240,8 @@ or
.RE
.PP
.B Bash
performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP and
replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP in a subshell environment
and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
word splitting.
@@ -3265,19 +3292,23 @@ is invalid,
prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
.SS Process Substitution
.PP
\fIProcess substitution\fP is supported on systems that support named
pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files.
\fIProcess substitution\fP allows a process's input or output to be
referred to using a filename.
It takes the form of
\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP
or
\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP.
The process \fIlist\fP is run with its input or output connected to a
\fIFIFO\fP or some file in \fB/dev/fd\fP. The name of this file is
The process \fIlist\fP is run asynchronously, and its input or output
appears as a filename.
This filename is
passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
expansion. If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to
expansion.
If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to
the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP. If the
\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an
argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP.
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files.
.PP
When available, process substitution is performed
simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion,
@@ -3321,9 +3352,10 @@ If
.B IFS
has a value other than the default, then sequences of
the whitespace characters
.B space
.BR space ,
.BR tab ,
and
.B tab
.B newline
are ignored at the beginning and end of the
word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
value of
@@ -3352,11 +3384,18 @@ If the value of
.B IFS
is null, no word splitting occurs.
.PP
Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained.
Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained
and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
null argument results and is retained.
null argument results and is retained
and passed to a command as an empty string.
When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
non-null, the null argument is removed.
That is, the word
\f(CW\-d\(aq\^\(aq\fP becomes \f(CW\-d\fP after word splitting and
null argument removal.
.PP
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
is performed.
@@ -3466,6 +3505,8 @@ option is disabled when
.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
is unset.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
option.
.PP
\fBPattern Matching\fP
.PP
@@ -3899,10 +3940,10 @@ The \fIword\fP undergoes
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended,
to the command on its
standard input (or file descriptor \fIn\fP if \fIn\fP is specified).
.SS "Duplicating File Descriptors"
.PP
The redirection operator
.RS
@@ -4980,6 +5021,10 @@ when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt
.B PS2
when it needs more input to complete a command.
.B Bash
displays
.B PS0
after it reads a command but before executing it.
.B Bash
allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of
backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
.RS
@@ -7087,7 +7132,8 @@ names are
\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
vi\-move, vi\-command\fP, and
.IR vi\-insert .
\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP (\fIvi\-move\fP is also
a synonym); \fIemacs\fP is
equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.
.TP
.B \-l
@@ -7748,7 +7794,7 @@ invalid option is supplied or \fIn\fP indexes beyond the end
of the directory stack.
.RE
.TP
\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ...]
\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ... | \fIpid\fP ... ]
Without options, remove each
.I jobspec
from the table of active jobs.
@@ -8340,7 +8386,7 @@ associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
marked with the history comment character.
When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
as timestamps for the previous history line.
as timestamps for the following history entry.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
\fIoffset\fP is supplied as an argument to \fB\-d\fP, or the
@@ -8634,9 +8680,8 @@ In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) format specifications,
.B %b
causes
\fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
\fIargument\fP (except that \fB\ec\fP terminates output, backslashes in
\fB\e\(aq\fP, \fB\e"\fP, and \fB\e?\fP are not removed, and octal escapes
beginning with \fB\e0\fP may contain up to four digits).
\fIargument\fP
in the same way as \fBecho \-e\fP.
.TP
.B %q
causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding
@@ -8738,13 +8783,16 @@ invalid option is supplied.
.TP
\fBread\fP [\fB\-ers\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIaname\fP] [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-i\fP \fItext\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-N\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIprompt\fP] [\fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option, and the first word
\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option,
split into words as described above under \fBWord Splitting\fP,
and the first word
is assigned to the first
.IR name ,
the second word to the second
.IR name ,
and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
to the last
and so on.
If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their
intervening delimiters are assigned to the last
.IR name .
If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
the remaining names are assigned empty values.
@@ -9451,7 +9499,10 @@ If set,
.B bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to
locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item).
conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item)
and the effect of interrupting a command list.
Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
after one terminates due to an interrupt.
.TP 8
.B compat40
If set,
@@ -9483,9 +9534,13 @@ expansion using quote removal.
If set,
.B bash
does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
array assignment as an argument to \fBdeclare\fP, and makes word expansion errors
array assignment as an argument to \fBdeclare\fP,
makes word expansion errors
non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit).
to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
and does not reset the
loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows \fBbreak\fP or
\fBcontinue\fP in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
.TP 8
.B complete_fullquote
If set,
@@ -9670,6 +9725,11 @@ If set, \fBbash\fP will send
.B SIGHUP
to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
.TP 8
.B inherit_errexit
If set, command substitution inherits the value of the \fBerrexit\fP option,
instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
This option is enabled when \fIposix mode\fP is enabled.
.TP 8
.B interactive_comments
If set, allow a word beginning with
.B #
@@ -9982,7 +10042,7 @@ is
.BR ERR ,
the command
.I arg
is executed whenever a
is executed whenever
a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
command), a list, or a compound command returns a
non\-zero exit status,
doc/bash.html
+106 -37
View File
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2015 October 2<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2016 February 8<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell
<H3>COPYRIGHT</H3>
Bash is Copyright &#169; 1989-2015 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Bash is Copyright &#169; 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<A NAME="lbAE">&nbsp;</A>
<H3>DESCRIPTION</H3>
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ symbols:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
<B>|| &amp; &amp;&amp; ; ;; ( ) | |&amp; &lt;newline&gt;</B>
<B>|| &amp; &amp;&amp; ; ;; ;&amp; ;;&amp; ( ) | |&amp; &lt;newline&gt;</B>
</DL>
@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
The <B>while</B> command continuously executes the list
<I>list-2</I> as long as the last command in the list <I>list-1</I> returns
an exit status of zero. The <B>until</B> command is identical
to the <B>while</B> command, except that the test is negated;
to the <B>while</B> command, except that the test is negated:
<I>list-2</I>
is executed as long as the last command in
@@ -1354,6 +1354,8 @@ of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
and, when history expansion is enabled,
<B>!</B>.
When the shell is in <I>posix mode</I>, the <B>!</B> has no special meaning
within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
The characters
<B>$</B>
@@ -1870,8 +1872,14 @@ that do not require <B>bash</B> to be re-initialized.
<DD>
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
list of aliases as maintained by the <B>alias</B> builtin.
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
from the alias list.
If
<B>BASH_ALIASES</B>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_ARGC</B>
<DD>
@@ -1923,8 +1931,14 @@ builtin below)
<DD>
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
hash table of commands as maintained by the <B>hash</B> builtin.
Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
from the hash table.
If
<B>BASH_CMDS</B>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_COMMAND</B>
<DD>
@@ -2551,7 +2565,7 @@ used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode.
<DT><B>EXECIGNORE</B>
<DD>
A colon-separated list of extended glob patterns (see <B>Pattern Matching</B>)
A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see <B>Pattern Matching</B>)
defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search.
Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution.
@@ -2559,6 +2573,8 @@ This does not affect the behavior of the <B>[</B>, <B>test</B>, and <B>[[</B>
commands.
Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
bit set, but are not executable files.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
option.
<DT><B>FCEDIT</B>
<DD>
@@ -2683,6 +2699,8 @@ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>.
</FONT>
The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
option.
<DT><B>HISTSIZE</B>
<DD>
@@ -2829,6 +2847,11 @@ strings preceded by a <B>$</B>.
<DD>
This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
<DT><B>LC_TIME</B>
<DD>
This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
formatting.
<DT><B>LINES</B>
<DD>
@@ -2955,6 +2978,15 @@ trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <B>\w</B> and
</FONT>
below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
<DT><B>PS0</B>
<DD>
The value of this parameter is expanded (see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPTING</B>
</FONT>
below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
and before the command is executed.
<DT><B>PS1</B>
<DD>
@@ -4044,8 +4076,8 @@ or
<B>Bash</B>
performs the expansion by executing <I>command</I> and
replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
performs the expansion by executing <I>command</I> in a subshell environment
and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
word splitting.
@@ -4116,19 +4148,23 @@ prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
<P>
<I>Process substitution</I> is supported on systems that support named
pipes (<I>FIFOs</I>) or the <B>/dev/fd</B> method of naming open files.
<I>Process substitution</I> allows a process's input or output to be
referred to using a filename.
It takes the form of
<B>&lt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B>
or
<B>&gt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B>.
The process <I>list</I> is run with its input or output connected to a
<I>FIFO</I> or some file in <B>/dev/fd</B>. The name of this file is
The process <I>list</I> is run asynchronously, and its input or output
appears as a filename.
This filename is
passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
expansion. If the <B>&gt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, writing to
expansion.
If the <B>&gt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, writing to
the file will provide input for <I>list</I>. If the
<B>&lt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, the file passed as an
argument should be read to obtain the output of <I>list</I>.
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
pipes (<I>FIFOs</I>) or the <B>/dev/fd</B> method of naming open files.
<P>
When available, process substitution is performed
@@ -4186,10 +4222,12 @@ If
</FONT>
has a value other than the default, then sequences of
the whitespace characters
<B>space</B>
<B>space</B>,
<B>tab</B>,
and
<B>tab</B>
<B>newline</B>
are ignored at the beginning and end of the
word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
@@ -4227,11 +4265,18 @@ If the value of
is null, no word splitting occurs.
<P>
Explicit null arguments (<B>&quot;&quot;</B> or <B>aqaq</B>) are retained.
Explicit null arguments (<B>&quot;&quot;</B> or <B>aqaq</B>) are retained
and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
null argument results and is retained.
null argument results and is retained
and passed to a command as an empty string.
When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
non-null, the null argument is removed.
That is, the word
<TT>-daqaq</TT> becomes <TT>-d</TT> after word splitting and
null argument removal.
<P>
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
@@ -4382,6 +4427,8 @@ option is disabled when
</FONT>
is unset.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
option.
<P>
<B>Pattern Matching</B>
@@ -4975,12 +5022,12 @@ The <I>word</I> undergoes
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended,
to the command on its
standard input (or file descriptor <I>n</I> if <I>n</I> is specified).
<A NAME="lbBQ">&nbsp;</A>
<H4>Duplicating File Descriptors</H4>
<P>
<P>
The redirection operator
@@ -6376,6 +6423,12 @@ when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt
when it needs more input to complete a command.
<B>Bash</B>
displays
<B>PS0</B>
after it reads a command but before executing it.
<B>Bash</B>
allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of
backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
@@ -9081,7 +9134,8 @@ names are
vi-move, vi-command</I>, and
<I>vi-insert</I>.
<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I>; <I>emacs</I> is
<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I> (<I>vi-move</I> is also
a synonym); <I>emacs</I> is
equivalent to <I>emacs-standard</I>.
<DT><B>-l</B>
@@ -9876,7 +9930,7 @@ invalid option is supplied or <I>n</I> indexes beyond the end
of the directory stack.
</DL>
<DT><B>disown</B> [<B>-ar</B>] [<B>-h</B>] [<I>jobspec</I> ...]<DD>
<DT><B>disown</B> [<B>-ar</B>] [<B>-h</B>] [<I>jobspec</I> ... | <I>pid</I> ... ]<DD>
Without options, remove each
<I>jobspec</I>
@@ -10611,7 +10665,7 @@ associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
marked with the history comment character.
When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
as timestamps for the previous history line.
as timestamps for the following history entry.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
<I>offset</I> is supplied as an argument to <B>-d</B>, or the
@@ -10980,9 +11034,8 @@ In addition to the standard <I>printf</I>(1) format specifications,
<DD>
causes
<B>printf</B> to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
<I>argument</I> (except that <B>\c</B> terminates output, backslashes in
<B>\aq</B>, <B>\&quot;</B>, and <B>\?</B> are not removed, and octal escapes
beginning with <B>\0</B> may contain up to four digits).
<I>argument</I>
in the same way as <B>echo -e</B>.
<DT><B>%q</B>
<DD>
@@ -11102,15 +11155,18 @@ reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
<DT><B>read</B> [<B>-ers</B>] [<B>-a</B> <I>aname</I>] [<B>-d</B> <I>delim</I>] [<B>-i</B> <I>text</I>] [<B>-n</B> <I>nchars</I>] [<B>-N</B> <I>nchars</I>] [<B>-p</B> <I>prompt</I>] [<B>-t</B> <I>timeout</I>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
<I>fd</I> supplied as an argument to the <B>-u</B> option, and the first word
<I>fd</I> supplied as an argument to the <B>-u</B> option,
split into words as described above under <B>Word Splitting</B>,
and the first word
is assigned to the first
<I>name</I>,
the second word to the second
<I>name</I>,
and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
to the last
and so on.
If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their
intervening delimiters are assigned to the last
<I>name</I>.
If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
@@ -12019,7 +12075,10 @@ If set,
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to
locale-specific string comparison when using the <B>[[</B>
conditional command's <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators (see previous item).
conditional command's <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators (see previous item)
and the effect of interrupting a command list.
Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
after one terminates due to an interrupt.
<DT><B>compat40</B>
<DD>
@@ -12059,9 +12118,13 @@ If set,
<B>bash</B>
does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
array assignment as an argument to <B>declare</B>, and makes word expansion errors
array assignment as an argument to <B>declare</B>,
makes word expansion errors
non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit).
to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
and does not reset the
loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows <B>break</B> or
<B>continue</B> in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
<DT><B>complete_fullquote</B>
<DD>
@@ -12295,6 +12358,12 @@ If set, <B>bash</B> will send
</FONT>
to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
<DT><B>inherit_errexit</B>
<DD>
If set, command substitution inherits the value of the <B>errexit</B> option,
instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
This option is enabled when <I>posix mode</I> is enabled.
<DT><B>interactive_comments</B>
<DD>
@@ -12682,7 +12751,7 @@ is
the command
<I>arg</I>
is executed whenever a
is executed whenever
a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
command), a list, or a compound command returns a
non-zero exit status,
@@ -13408,7 +13477,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 4.4<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2015 October 2<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 4.4<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2016 February 8<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
@@ -13514,6 +13583,6 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
</DL>
<HR>
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR>
Time: 02 October 2015 07:16:35 EDT
Time: 08 February 2016 10:17:49 EST
</BODY>
</HTML>
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@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
@cindex control operator
A @code{token} that performs a control function. It is a @code{newline}
or one of the following:
@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{;;},
@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, @samp{;;&},
@samp{|}, @samp{|&}, @samp{(}, or @samp{)}.
@item exit status
@@ -450,6 +450,10 @@ Enclosing characters in double quotes (@samp{"}) preserves the literal value
of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{\},
and, when history expansion is enabled, @samp{!}.
When the shell is in
@sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
the @samp{!} has no special meaning
within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
The characters @samp{$} and @samp{`}
retain their special meaning within double quotes (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
@@ -2246,8 +2250,8 @@ or
@end example
@noindent
Bash performs the expansion by executing @var{command} and
replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
Bash performs the expansion by executing @var{command} in a subshell environment
and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
word splitting.
@@ -2296,8 +2300,8 @@ failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
@subsection Process Substitution
@cindex process substitution
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
pipes (@sc{fifo}s) or the @file{/dev/fd} method of naming open files.
Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be
referred to using a filename.
It takes the form of
@example
<(@var{list})
@@ -2308,16 +2312,20 @@ or
>(@var{list})
@end example
@noindent
The process @var{list} is run with its input or output connected to a
@sc{fifo} or some file in @file{/dev/fd}. The name of this file is
The process @var{list} is run asynchronously, and its input or output
appears as a filename.
This filename is
passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
expansion. If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to
expansion.
If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to
the file will provide input for @var{list}. If the
@code{<(@var{list})} form is used, the file passed as an
argument should be read to obtain the output of @var{list}.
Note that no space may appear between the @code{<} or @code{>}
and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
as a redirection.
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
pipes (@sc{fifo}s) or the @file{/dev/fd} method of naming open files.
When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
@@ -2341,7 +2349,7 @@ at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
expansions are ignored, and any sequence of @env{IFS}
characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
If @env{IFS} has a value other than the default, then sequences of
the whitespace characters @code{space} and @code{tab}
the whitespace characters @code{space}, @code{tab}, and @code{newline}
are ignored at the beginning and end of the
word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
value of @env{IFS} (an @env{IFS} whitespace character).
@@ -2351,11 +2359,18 @@ whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of @env{IFS}
whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
If the value of @env{IFS} is null, no word splitting occurs.
Explicit null arguments (@code{""} or @code{''}) are retained.
Explicit null arguments (@code{""} or @code{''}) are retained
and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
null argument results and is retained.
null argument results and is retained
and passed to a command as an empty string.
When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
non-null, the null argument is removed.
That is, the word
@code{-d''} becomes @code{-d} after word splitting and
null argument removal.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
is performed.
@@ -2741,7 +2756,9 @@ The @var{word} undergoes
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
The result is supplied as a single string,
with a newline appended,
to the command on its
standard input (or file descriptor @var{n} if @var{n} is specified).
@subsection Duplicating File Descriptors
@@ -3856,8 +3873,8 @@ names are
@code{vi-move},
@code{vi-command}, and
@code{vi-insert}.
@code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command};
@code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}.
@code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command} (@code{vi-move} is also a
synonym); @code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}.
@item -l
List the names of all Readline functions.
@@ -4311,10 +4328,8 @@ interprets the following extensions:
@table @code
@item %b
Causes @code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the
corresponding @var{argument},
except that @samp{\c} terminates output, backslashes in
@samp{\'}, @samp{\"}, and @samp{\?} are not removed, and octal escapes
beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits.
corresponding @var{argument} in the same way as @code{echo -e}
(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
@item %q
Causes @code{printf} to output the
corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
@@ -4349,9 +4364,13 @@ read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}]
@end example
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option, and the first word
@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option,
split into words as described above in @ref{Word Splitting},
and the first word
is assigned to the first @var{name}, the second word to the second @var{name},
and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
and so on.
If there are more words than names,
the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned
to the last @var{name}.
If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
the remaining names are assigned empty values.
@@ -5042,7 +5061,10 @@ bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
string comparison when using the @code{[[}
conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item).
conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item)
and the effect of interrupting a command list.
Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
after one terminates due to an interrupt.
@item compat40
If set, Bash
@@ -5069,9 +5091,13 @@ expansion using quote removal.
@item compat43
If set, Bash
does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
array assignment as an argument to @code{declare}, and makes word expansion errors
array assignment as an argument to @code{declare},
makes word expansion errors
non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit).
to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
and does not reset the
loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows @code{break} or
@code{continue} in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
@item complete_fullquote
If set, Bash
@@ -5216,6 +5242,11 @@ by default.
If set, Bash will send @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when an interactive
login shell exits (@pxref{Signals}).
@item inherit_errexit
If set, command substitution inherits the value of the @code{errexit} option,
instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
This option is enabled when @sc{posix} mode is enabled.
@item interactive_comments
Allow a word beginning with @samp{#}
to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
@@ -5397,7 +5428,6 @@ current directory.
A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
or trailing colon.
@item PS1
The primary prompt string. The default value is @samp{\s-\v\$ }.
@xref{Controlling the Prompt}, for the complete list of escape
@@ -5442,8 +5472,12 @@ that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin.
(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
from the alias list.
If @code{BASH_ALIASES}
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
@item BASH_ARGC
An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
@@ -5472,8 +5506,12 @@ builtin).
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
hash table of commands as maintained by the @code{hash} builtin
(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
from the hash table.
If @code{BASH_CMDS}
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
@item BASH_COMMAND
The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
@@ -5684,7 +5722,7 @@ The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
is readonly.
@item EXECIGNORE
A colon-separated list of extended glob patterns (@pxref{Pattern Matching})
A colon-separated list of shell patterns (@pxref{Pattern Matching})
defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search.
Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution.
@@ -5692,6 +5730,8 @@ This does not affect the behavior of the @code{[}, @code{test}, and @code{[[}
commands.
Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
bit set, but are not executable files.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell
option.
@item FCEDIT
The editor used as a default by the @option{-e} option to the @code{fc}
@@ -5736,6 +5776,8 @@ be ignored by filename expansion.
If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}, it is removed from the list
of matches.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell
option.
@item GROUPS
An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
@@ -5812,6 +5854,8 @@ before attempting a match.
The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
@env{HISTIGNORE}.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell
option.
@env{HISTIGNORE} subsumes the function of @env{HISTCONTROL}. A
pattern of @samp{&} is identical to @code{ignoredups}, and a
@@ -5895,6 +5939,10 @@ strings preceded by a @samp{$} (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
@item LC_NUMERIC
This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
@item LC_TIME
This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
formatting.
@item LINENO
The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
@@ -5963,6 +6011,11 @@ trailing directory components to retain when expanding the @code{\w} and
@code{\W} prompt string escapes (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
@item PS0
The value of this parameter is expanded like @var{PS1}
and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
and before the command is executed.
@item PS3
The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
@code{select} command. If this variable is not set, the
@@ -6461,6 +6514,7 @@ signals @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
Bash expands and displays @env{PS1} before reading the first line
of a command, and expands and displays @env{PS2} before reading the
second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
Bash displays @env{PS0} after it reads a command but before executing it.
@item
Bash executes the value of the @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} variable as a command
@@ -7275,9 +7329,7 @@ is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for
example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
@item
The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
is the current or previous job.
Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
@item
Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
@@ -7297,40 +7349,10 @@ the normal Bash files.
Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
@item
The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}.
@item
The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the
default value of @env{$HISTFILE}).
@item
The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
@item
The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
prefix.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
is not found.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
results in an invalid expression.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit on word expansion errors.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
the @code{eval} builtin.
@item
Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
@@ -7375,6 +7397,10 @@ not have to appear as matched pairs.
The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
token begins with a @samp{-}.
@item
The @samp{!} character does not introduce history expansion within a
double-quoted string, even if the @code{histexpand} option is enabled.
@item
If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
@@ -7399,6 +7425,22 @@ A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a
@code{select} statement is a readonly variable.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
is not found.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
results in an invalid expression.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit on word expansion errors.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
the @code{eval} builtin.
@item
Process substitution is not available.
@@ -7415,6 +7457,25 @@ Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
shell environment after the function returns, as if a @sc{posix}
special builtin command had been executed.
@item
The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}.
@item
The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
is the current or previous job.
@item
The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
@item
The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
prefix.
@item
The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their
output in the format required by @sc{posix}.
@@ -7436,13 +7497,13 @@ The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
@item
Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
the @option{-e} option from the parent shell. When not in @sc{posix} mode,
Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
@code{inherit_errexit} option, so
subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
the @option{-e} option from the parent shell.
When the @code{inherit_errexit} option is not enabled,
Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells.
@item
Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
@item
When the @code{alias} builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
display them with a leading @samp{alias } unless the @option{-p} option
@@ -7760,7 +7821,7 @@ of the shell, the return status is 127.
@item disown
@btindex disown
@example
disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{}]
disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{} | @var{pid} @dots{} ]
@end example
Without options, remove each @var{jobspec} from the table of
doc/builtins.0
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doc/builtins.ps
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doc/rbash.ps
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%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.22.3
%%CreationDate: Fri Oct 2 07:16:22 2015
%%CreationDate: Mon Feb 8 10:16:54 2016
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 3
doc/texinfo.tex
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doc/version.texi
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@ignore
Copyright (C) 1988-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
@set LASTCHANGE Fri Oct 2 07:15:33 EDT 2015
@set LASTCHANGE Mon Feb 8 10:16:20 EST 2016
@set EDITION 4.4
@set VERSION 4.4
@set UPDATED 2 October 2015
@set UPDATED-MONTH October 2015
@set UPDATED 8 February 2016
@set UPDATED-MONTH February 2016