change `read -d' on a tty when the delimiter is not a newline to set the terminal EOL character instead of putting the terminal into character-at-a-time mode; change some calls to atoi to use strol instead

2026-07-08 21:00:48 +02:00 · 2026-01-30 16:43:46 -05:00
parent b805bbec80
commit 468e98e574
34 changed files with 504 additions and 2161 deletions
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!-- Creator     : groff version 1.23.0 -->
-<!-- CreationDate: Wed Dec 31 13:23:39 2025 -->
+<!-- CreationDate: Thu Jan 29 13:25:46 2026 -->
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
 "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
 <html>
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ Bourne-Again SHell</p>


 <p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Bash is
-Copyright (C) 1989-2025 by the Free Software Foundation,
+Copyright (C) 1989-2026 by the Free Software Foundation,
 Inc.</p>

 <h2>DESCRIPTION
@@ -881,11 +881,17 @@ a semicolon to delimit commands.</p>

 <p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a command is
 terminated by the control operator <b>&amp;</b>, the shell
-executes the command in the <i>background</i> in a subshell.
-The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the
-return status is 0. These are referred to as
-<i>asynchronous</i> commands. Commands separated or
-terminated by <b>;</b> (or an equivalent
+executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is
+known as executing a command in the <i>background</i>, and
+these are referred to as <i>asynchronous</i> commands. The
+shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the
+return status is 0. When job control is not active, the
+standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of
+any explicit redirections involving the standard input, is
+redirected from <i>/dev/null</i>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Commands
+separated or terminated by <b>;</b> (or an equivalent
 <b>&lt;newline&gt;</b>) are executed sequentially; the shell
 waits for each command to terminate in turn.</p>

@@ -4607,12 +4613,13 @@ removed.</p>

 <p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The character
 <i>c</i> following the open brace must be a space, tab,
-newline, or <b>|</b>, and the close brace must be in a
-position where a reserved word may appear (i.e., preceded by
-a command terminator such as semicolon). <b>Bash</b> allows
-the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in
-the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as
-a reserved word would usually require.</p>
+newline, &ldquo;|&rdquo;, or &ldquo;;&rdquo;; and the close
+brace must be in a position where a reserved word may appear
+(i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon).
+<b>Bash</b> allows the close brace to be joined to the
+remaining characters in the word without being followed by a
+shell metacharacter as a reserved word would usually
+require.</p>

 <p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Any side effects
 of <i>command</i> take effect immediately in the current
@@ -4629,7 +4636,15 @@ execution environment, including the positional parameters,
 is shared with the caller.</p>

 <p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
-character following the open brace is a <b>|</b>, the
+character following the open brace is a &ldquo;;&rdquo;, the
+construct behaves like the form above but preserves any
+trailing newlines in the output of <i>command</i> instead of
+removing them. This form is useful when the trailing
+newlines are significant and should not be stripped from the
+command&rsquo;s output.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
+character following the open brace is a &ldquo;|&rdquo;, the
 construct expands to the value of the <b>REPLY</b> shell
 variable after <i>command</i> executes, without removing any
 trailing newlines, and the standard output of <i>command</i>
@@ -6593,9 +6608,10 @@ in posix mode.</p>
 <p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a command is
 followed by a <b>&amp;</b> and job control is not active,
 the default standard input for the command is the empty file
-<i>/dev/null</i>. Otherwise, the invoked command inherits
-the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by
-redirections.</p>
+<i>/dev/null</i>, unless the command has an explicit
+redirection involving the standard input. Otherwise, the
+invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
+shell as modified by redirections.</p>

 <h2>ENVIRONMENT
 <a name="ENVIRONMENT"></a>
@@ -8872,8 +8888,9 @@ facilities to extract the last word, as if the
 (M&minus;C&minus;e)</b></p>

 <p style="margin-left:18%;">Expand the line by performing
-shell word expansions. This performs alias and history
-expansion, <b>$</b>'<i>string</i>' and
+shell word expansions, treating the line as a single shell
+word. This performs alias and history expansion,
+<b>$</b>'<i>string</i>' and
 <b>$</b>&quot;<i>string</i>&quot; quoting, tilde expansion,
 parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
 command and process substitution, word splitting, and quote
@@ -8882,6 +8899,27 @@ substitution. See <b><small>HISTORY EXPANSION</small></b>
 below for a description of history expansion.</p>


+<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shell&minus;expand&minus;and&minus;requote&minus;line
+()</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:18%;">Expand the line by performing
+shell word expansions, splitting the line into shell words
+in the same way as for programmable completion. This
+performs alias and history expansion,
+<b>$</b>'<i>string</i>' and
+<b>$</b>&quot;<i>string</i>&quot; quoting, tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command and process substitution, word splitting, and quote
+removal on each word, then quotes the resulting words if
+necessary to prevent further expansion. An explicit argument
+suppresses command and process substitution and quotes each
+resultant word. As usual, double-quoting a word will
+suppress word splitting. This can be useful when combined
+with suppressing command substitution, for instance, so the
+words in the command substitution aren&rsquo;t quoted
+individually.</p>
+
+
 <p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history&minus;expand&minus;line
 (M&minus;^)</b></p>

@@ -7662,7 +7662,10 @@ that allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), changing the
 current directory to a non-writable directory other than ‘$HOME’ after
 login, not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and
 cleaning the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify
-their behavior (e.g., ‘VISUAL’ or ‘PAGER’).
+their behavior (e.g., ‘VISUAL’ or ‘PAGER’).  When setting up a
+restricted environment like this, it's important not to install or allow
+symbolic links in the new current directory, since those could be used
+to circumvent restrictions on writing to files.

   Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted
 environment, such as ‘jails’, ‘zones’, or ‘containers’.
@@ -13801,62 +13804,62 @@ Node: The Directory Stack330317
 Node: Directory Stack Builtins331114
 Node: Controlling the Prompt335559
 Node: The Restricted Shell338443
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode341325
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode360741
-Node: Job Control369748
-Node: Job Control Basics370205
-Node: Job Control Builtins376573
-Node: Job Control Variables383361
-Node: Command Line Editing384592
-Node: Introduction and Notation386295
-Node: Readline Interaction388647
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials389835
-Node: Readline Movement Commands391643
-Node: Readline Killing Commands392639
-Node: Readline Arguments394662
-Node: Searching395752
-Node: Readline Init File397995
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax399298
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs426249
-Node: Sample Init File430634
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands433754
-Node: Commands For Moving435292
-Node: Commands For History437756
-Node: Commands For Text443147
-Node: Commands For Killing447272
-Node: Numeric Arguments450060
-Node: Commands For Completion451212
-Node: Keyboard Macros456908
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands457609
-Node: Readline vi Mode465152
-Node: Programmable Completion466129
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins475865
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example487602
-Node: Using History Interactively492947
-Node: Bash History Facilities493628
-Node: Bash History Builtins497363
-Node: History Interaction504958
-Node: Event Designators509908
-Node: Word Designators511486
-Node: Modifiers513878
-Node: Installing Bash515815
-Node: Basic Installation516931
-Node: Compilers and Options520807
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures521557
-Node: Installation Names523310
-Node: Specifying the System Type525544
-Node: Sharing Defaults526290
-Node: Operation Controls527004
-Node: Optional Features528023
-Node: Reporting Bugs540746
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell542103
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License563530
-Node: Indexes588707
-Node: Builtin Index589158
-Node: Reserved Word Index596256
-Node: Variable Index598701
-Node: Function Index616114
-Node: Concept Index630247
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode341536
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode360952
+Node: Job Control369959
+Node: Job Control Basics370416
+Node: Job Control Builtins376784
+Node: Job Control Variables383572
+Node: Command Line Editing384803
+Node: Introduction and Notation386506
+Node: Readline Interaction388858
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials390046
+Node: Readline Movement Commands391854
+Node: Readline Killing Commands392850
+Node: Readline Arguments394873
+Node: Searching395963
+Node: Readline Init File398206
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax399509
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs426460
+Node: Sample Init File430845
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands433965
+Node: Commands For Moving435503
+Node: Commands For History437967
+Node: Commands For Text443358
+Node: Commands For Killing447483
+Node: Numeric Arguments450271
+Node: Commands For Completion451423
+Node: Keyboard Macros457119
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands457820
+Node: Readline vi Mode465363
+Node: Programmable Completion466340
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins476076
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example487813
+Node: Using History Interactively493158
+Node: Bash History Facilities493839
+Node: Bash History Builtins497574
+Node: History Interaction505169
+Node: Event Designators510119
+Node: Word Designators511697
+Node: Modifiers514089
+Node: Installing Bash516026
+Node: Basic Installation517142
+Node: Compilers and Options521018
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures521768
+Node: Installation Names523521
+Node: Specifying the System Type525755
+Node: Sharing Defaults526501
+Node: Operation Controls527215
+Node: Optional Features528234
+Node: Reporting Bugs540957
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell542314
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License563741
+Node: Indexes588918
+Node: Builtin Index589369
+Node: Reserved Word Index596467
+Node: Variable Index598912
+Node: Function Index616325
+Node: Concept Index630458

 End Tag Table

@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@
@xrdef{Compound Commands-pg}{11}
@xrdef{Looping Constructs-title}{Looping Constructs}
@xrdef{Looping Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.5.1}
+@xrdef{Looping Constructs-pg}{12}
@xrdef{Conditional Constructs-title}{Conditional Constructs}
@xrdef{Conditional Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.5.2}
-@xrdef{Looping Constructs-pg}{12}
@xrdef{Conditional Constructs-pg}{13}
@xrdef{Command Grouping-title}{Grouping Commands}
@xrdef{Command Grouping-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.5.3}
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@
@xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{36}
@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-title}{Arithmetic Expansion}
@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.5}
+@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{37}
@xrdef{Process Substitution-title}{Process Substitution}
@xrdef{Process Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.6}
-@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{37}
@xrdef{Word Splitting-title}{Word Splitting}
@xrdef{Word Splitting-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.7}
@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{38}
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-title}{Command Execution Environment}
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.3}
@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-pg}{46}
-@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-pg}{46}
+@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-pg}{47}
@xrdef{Environment-title}{Environment}
@xrdef{Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.4}
@xrdef{Exit Status-title}{Exit Status}
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@
@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{116}
@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-title}{Shell Compatibility Mode}
@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-snt}{Section@tie 6.12}
-@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-pg}{121}
+@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-pg}{122}
@xrdef{Job Control-title}{Job Control}
@xrdef{Job Control-snt}{Chapter@tie 7}
@xrdef{Job Control Basics-title}{Job Control Basics}
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 \entry{disown}{128}{\code {disown}}
 \entry{suspend}{128}{\code {suspend}}
 \entry{compgen}{161}{\code {compgen}}
-\entry{complete}{161}{\code {complete}}
+\entry{complete}{162}{\code {complete}}
 \entry{compopt}{165}{\code {compopt}}
 \entry{fc}{169}{\code {fc}}
 \entry{history}{170}{\code {history}}
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 \entry{\code {cd}}{53}
 \entry{\code {command}}{63}
 \entry{\code {compgen}}{161}
-\entry{\code {complete}}{161}
+\entry{\code {complete}}{162}
 \entry{\code {compopt}}{165}
 \entry{\code {continue}}{54}
 \initial {D}
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 \entry{command expansion}{45}{command expansion}
 \entry{command execution}{46}{command execution}
 \entry{command search}{46}{command search}
-\entry{execution environment}{46}{execution environment}
+\entry{execution environment}{47}{execution environment}
 \entry{environment}{48}{environment}
 \entry{exit status}{48}{exit status}
 \entry{signal handling}{49}{signal handling}
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@
 \entry{restricted shell}{115}{restricted shell}
 \entry{POSIX description}{116}{POSIX description}
 \entry{POSIX Mode}{117}{POSIX Mode}
-\entry{Compatibility Level}{121}{Compatibility Level}
-\entry{Compatibility Mode}{121}{Compatibility Mode}
+\entry{Compatibility Level}{122}{Compatibility Level}
+\entry{Compatibility Mode}{122}{Compatibility Mode}
 \entry{job control}{125}{job control}
 \entry{foreground}{125}{foreground}
 \entry{background}{125}{background}
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@
 \entry{commands, shell}{9}
 \entry{commands, simple}{10}
 \entry{comments, shell}{9}
-\entry{Compatibility Level}{121}
-\entry{Compatibility Mode}{121}
+\entry{Compatibility Level}{122}
+\entry{Compatibility Mode}{122}
 \entry{completion builtins}{161}
 \entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{108}
 \entry{configuration}{175}
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 \entry{environment}{48}
 \entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{107}
 \entry{event designators}{172}
-\entry{execution environment}{46}
+\entry{execution environment}{47}
 \entry{exit status}{3, 48}
 \entry{expansion}{25}
 \entry{expansion, arithmetic}{37}
@@ -107,7 +107,8 @@
 \entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{157}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
 \entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{157}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
 \entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{157}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
-\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{157}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
+\entry{shell-expand-and-requote-line ()}{157}{\code {shell-expand-and-requote-line ()}}
+\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{158}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
 \entry{magic-space ()}{158}{\code {magic-space ()}}
 \entry{alias-expand-line ()}{158}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
 \entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{158}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 \entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{157}
 \initial {H}
 \entry{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{158}
-\entry{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{157}
+\entry{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{158}
 \entry{\code {history-search-backward ()}}{149}
 \entry{\code {history-search-forward ()}}{149}
 \entry{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}{149}
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@
 \entry{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{156}
 \entry{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{152}
 \entry{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {shell-expand-and-requote-line ()}}{157}
 \entry{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{157}
 \entry{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}{147}
 \entry{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}{152}
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
 <!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 26 December 2025).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 14 January 2026).

-This is Edition 5.3, last updated 26 December 2025,
+This is Edition 5.3, last updated 14 January 2026,
 of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
 for Bash, Version 5.3.

-Copyright © 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1988-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ ul.toc-numbered-mark {list-style: none}



-
 <div class="top-level-extent" id="Top">
 <div class="nav-panel">
 <p>
@@ -78,10 +77,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previou
 <h1 class="top" id="Bash-Features-1"><span>Bash Features<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Features-1"> &para;</a></span></h1>

 <p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 26 December 2025).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 14 January 2026).
 The Bash home page is <a class="url" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
 </p>
-<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 26 December 2025,
+<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 14 January 2026,
 of <cite class="cite">The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
 for <code class="code">Bash</code>, Version 5.3.
 </p>
@@ -1223,8 +1222,9 @@ and these are referred to as <em class="dfn">asynchronous</em> commands.
 The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
 status is 0 (true).
 When job control is not active (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>),
-the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any
-explicit redirections, is redirected from <code class="code">/dev/null</code>.
+the standard input for asynchronous commands,
+in the absence of any explicit redirections involving the standard input,
+is redirected from <samp class="file">/dev/null</samp>.
 </p>
 <p>Commands separated or terminated by 
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;</samp>&rsquo; (or equivalent <code class="code">newline</code>)
@@ -3296,7 +3296,8 @@ the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
 and captures its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
 </p>
 <p>The character <var class="var">c</var> following the open brace must be a space, tab,
-newline, or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo;, and the close brace must be in a position
+newline, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;</samp>&rsquo;;
+and the close brace must be in a position
 where a reserved word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator
 such as semicolon).
 Bash allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in
@@ -3315,8 +3316,17 @@ function is executing, and the <code class="code">return</code> builtin forces
 however, the rest of the execution environment,
 including the positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
 </p>
-<p>If the first character following the open brace
-is a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo;, the construct expands to the
+<p>If the first character following the open brace is a
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">;</samp>&rsquo;,
+the construct behaves like the form above but
+preserves any trailing newlines in the output of <var class="var">command</var>
+instead of removing them.
+This form is useful when the trailing newlines are significant
+and should not be stripped from the command&rsquo;s output.
+</p>
+<p>If the first character following the open brace is a
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo;,
+the construct expands to the
 value of the <code class="code">REPLY</code> shell variable after <var class="var">command</var> executes,
 without removing any trailing newlines,
 and the standard output of <var class="var">command</var> remains the same as in the
@@ -4351,7 +4361,8 @@ See the description of the <code class="code">inherit_errexit</code> shell optio
 in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode.
 </p>
 <p>If a command is followed by a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and job control is not active, the
-default standard input for the command is the empty file <samp class="file">/dev/null</samp>.
+default standard input for the command is the empty file <samp class="file">/dev/null</samp>,
+unless the command has an explicit redirection involving the standard input.
 Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
 shell as modified by redirections.
 </p>
@@ -10186,6 +10197,9 @@ directory to a non-writable directory other than <code class="env">$HOME</code>
 not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and cleaning
 the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify their
 behavior (e.g., <code class="env">VISUAL</code> or <code class="env">PAGER</code>).
+When setting up a restricted environment like this, it&rsquo;s important not
+to install or allow symbolic links in the new current directory, since
+those could be used to circumvent restrictions on writing to files.
 </p>
 <p>Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted environment,
 such as <code class="code">jails</code>, <code class="code">zones</code>, or <code class="code">containers</code>.
@@ -10263,7 +10277,8 @@ The Bash <em class="dfn">posix mode</em> changes the Bash
 behavior in these areas so that it conforms more strictly
 to the standard.
 </p>
-<p>Starting Bash with the <samp class="option">--posix</samp> command-line option or executing
+<p>Starting Bash with the <samp class="option">--posix</samp> or <samp class="option">-o posix</samp>
+command-line option or executing
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -o posix</samp>&rsquo; while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
 closely to the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard by changing the behavior to
 match that specified by <small class="sc">POSIX</small> in areas where the Bash default differs.
@@ -10359,6 +10374,15 @@ This is also available with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">shopt -s checkhash</samp>&
 command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
 from a <code class="env">$PATH</code> search.

+</li><li> Normally, when job control is not enabled,
+the shell implicitly redirects the standard input of
+asynchronous commands from <samp class="file">/dev/null</samp>.
+A redirection to the standard input in this command inhibits this
+implicit redirection.
+In <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode, a redirection that redirects file descriptor 0
+to itself (e.g., &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;&amp;0</samp>&rsquo;) does not count as a redirection that
+overrides the implicit redirection from <samp class="file">/dev/null</samp>.
+
 </li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
 exits with a non-zero status is &ldquo;Done(status)&rdquo;.

@@ -13512,13 +13536,34 @@ pathname expansion.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"></a><span><code class="code">shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Expand the line by performing shell word expansions.  
+<dd><p>Expand the line by performing shell word expansions,
+treating the line as a single shell word.
 This performs alias and history expansion,
 $&rsquo;<var class="var">string</var>&rsquo; and $&quot;<var class="var">string</var>&quot; quoting,
 tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
 command and process substitution,
-word splitting, and quote removal.  
-An explicit argument suppresses command and process substitution.
+word splitting, and quote removal.
+An explicit argument suppresses command and process substitution and
+treats the line as if it were quoted as part of a here-document.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a id="index-shell_002dexpand_002dand_002drequote_002dline-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">shell-expand-and-requote-line ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dand_002drequote_002dline-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Expand the line by performing shell word expansions,
+splitting the line into shell words in the same way as for
+programmable completion.
+This performs alias and history expansion,
+$&rsquo;<var class="var">string</var>&rsquo; and $&quot;<var class="var">string</var>&quot; quoting,
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command and process substitution,
+word splitting, and quote removal
+on each word, then quotes the resulting words if necessary to
+prevent further expansion.
+An explicit argument suppresses command and process substitution
+and quotes each resultant word.
+As usual, double-quoting a word will suppress word splitting.
+This can be useful when combined with suppressing command substitution,
+for instance, so the words in the command substitution aren&rsquo;t
+quoted individually.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"></a><span><code class="code">history-expand-line (M-^)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -17604,6 +17649,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"><code>set-mark (C-@)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002db_0029"><code>shell-backward-word (M-C-b)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dand_002drequote_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>shell-expand-and-requote-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002df_0029"><code>shell-forward-word (M-C-f)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002dd_0029"><code>shell-kill-word (M-C-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
@@ -7663,7 +7663,10 @@ that allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), changing the
 current directory to a non-writable directory other than ‘$HOME’ after
 login, not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and
 cleaning the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify
-their behavior (e.g., ‘VISUAL’ or ‘PAGER’).
+their behavior (e.g., ‘VISUAL’ or ‘PAGER’).  When setting up a
+restricted environment like this, it's important not to install or allow
+symbolic links in the new current directory, since those could be used
+to circumvent restrictions on writing to files.

   Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted
 environment, such as ‘jails’, ‘zones’, or ‘containers’.
@@ -13802,62 +13805,62 @@ Node: The Directory Stack330536
 Node: Directory Stack Builtins331336
 Node: Controlling the Prompt335784
 Node: The Restricted Shell338671
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode341556
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode360975
-Node: Job Control369985
-Node: Job Control Basics370445
-Node: Job Control Builtins376816
-Node: Job Control Variables383607
-Node: Command Line Editing384841
-Node: Introduction and Notation386547
-Node: Readline Interaction388902
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials390093
-Node: Readline Movement Commands391904
-Node: Readline Killing Commands392903
-Node: Readline Arguments394929
-Node: Searching396022
-Node: Readline Init File398268
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax399574
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs426528
-Node: Sample Init File430916
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands434039
-Node: Commands For Moving435580
-Node: Commands For History438047
-Node: Commands For Text443441
-Node: Commands For Killing447569
-Node: Numeric Arguments450360
-Node: Commands For Completion451515
-Node: Keyboard Macros457214
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands457918
-Node: Readline vi Mode465464
-Node: Programmable Completion466444
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins476183
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example487923
-Node: Using History Interactively493271
-Node: Bash History Facilities493955
-Node: Bash History Builtins497693
-Node: History Interaction505291
-Node: Event Designators510244
-Node: Word Designators511825
-Node: Modifiers514220
-Node: Installing Bash516160
-Node: Basic Installation517279
-Node: Compilers and Options521158
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures521911
-Node: Installation Names523667
-Node: Specifying the System Type525904
-Node: Sharing Defaults526653
-Node: Operation Controls527370
-Node: Optional Features528392
-Node: Reporting Bugs541118
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell542478
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License563908
-Node: Indexes589088
-Node: Builtin Index589542
-Node: Reserved Word Index596643
-Node: Variable Index599091
-Node: Function Index616507
-Node: Concept Index630643
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode341767
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode361186
+Node: Job Control370196
+Node: Job Control Basics370656
+Node: Job Control Builtins377027
+Node: Job Control Variables383818
+Node: Command Line Editing385052
+Node: Introduction and Notation386758
+Node: Readline Interaction389113
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials390304
+Node: Readline Movement Commands392115
+Node: Readline Killing Commands393114
+Node: Readline Arguments395140
+Node: Searching396233
+Node: Readline Init File398479
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax399785
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs426739
+Node: Sample Init File431127
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands434250
+Node: Commands For Moving435791
+Node: Commands For History438258
+Node: Commands For Text443652
+Node: Commands For Killing447780
+Node: Numeric Arguments450571
+Node: Commands For Completion451726
+Node: Keyboard Macros457425
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands458129
+Node: Readline vi Mode465675
+Node: Programmable Completion466655
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins476394
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example488134
+Node: Using History Interactively493482
+Node: Bash History Facilities494166
+Node: Bash History Builtins497904
+Node: History Interaction505502
+Node: Event Designators510455
+Node: Word Designators512036
+Node: Modifiers514431
+Node: Installing Bash516371
+Node: Basic Installation517490
+Node: Compilers and Options521369
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures522122
+Node: Installation Names523878
+Node: Specifying the System Type526115
+Node: Sharing Defaults526864
+Node: Operation Controls527581
+Node: Optional Features528603
+Node: Reporting Bugs541329
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell542689
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License564119
+Node: Indexes589299
+Node: Builtin Index589753
+Node: Reserved Word Index596854
+Node: Variable Index599302
+Node: Function Index616718
+Node: Concept Index630854

 End Tag Table

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
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-(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20251226/doc/texinfo.tex
+**\input /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260123/doc/bashref.texi \input /usr/local/s
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+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260123/doc/texinfo.tex
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@@ -162,15 +162,15 @@ This is `epsf.tex' v2.7.4 <14 February 2011>
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-(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20251226/doc/bashref.toc [-1] [-2] [-3]) [-4]
-(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20251226/doc/bashref.toc)
-(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20251226/doc/bashref.toc) Chapter 1
+(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20260123/doc/bashref.toc [-1] [-2] [-3]) [-4]
+(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20260123/doc/bashref.toc)
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 [1] Chapter 2 [2]
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ exlive/fonts/enc/dvips/cm-super/cm-super-t1.enc}] [21] [22] [23] [24]
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@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ Chapter 7 [124] [125] [126] [127] [128]
 texinfo.tex: doing @include of rluser.texi


-(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20251226/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi Chapter 8
+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260123/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi Chapter 8
 [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] [138] [139] [140]
 Underfull \hbox (badness 7540) in paragraph at lines 969--975
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@@ -314,10 +314,10 @@ gnored[]
 texinfo.tex: doing @include of hsuser.texi


-(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20251226/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi Chapter 9
+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260123/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi Chapter 9
 [167] [168] [169] [170] [171] [172] [173]) Chapter 10 [174] [175] [176]
 [177] [178]
-Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 10767--10776
+Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 10793--10802
 []@textrm All of the fol-low-ing op-tions ex-cept for `@texttt alt-array-implem
 entation[]@textrm '[],

@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ entation[]@textrm '[],
 .etc.


-Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 10767--10776
+Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 10793--10802
@textrm `@texttt disabled-builtins[]@textrm '[], `@texttt direxpand-default[]@t
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@@ -347,13 +347,13 @@ extrm '[], `@texttt strict-posix-default[]@textrm '[], and
 texinfo.tex: doing @include of fdl.texi


-(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20251226/doc/fdl.texi [192] [193] [194] [195]
+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260123/doc/fdl.texi [192] [193] [194] [195]
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@@ -9188,6 +9188,9 @@ directory to a non-writable directory other than @env{$HOME} after login,
 not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and cleaning
 the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify their
 behavior (e.g., @env{VISUAL} or @env{PAGER}).
+When setting up a restricted environment like this, it's important not
+to install or allow symbolic links in the new current directory, since
+those could be used to circumvent restrictions on writing to files.

 Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted environment,
 such as @code{jails}, @code{zones}, or @code{containers}.
@@ -43,16 +43,16 @@
@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{43}
@numsubsecentry{Appending Redirected Output}{3.6.3}{}{43}
@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.4}{}{43}
-@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{43}
+@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{44}
@numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{44}
@numsubsecentry{Here Strings}{3.6.7}{}{44}
-@numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{44}
+@numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{45}
@numsubsecentry{Moving File Descriptors}{3.6.9}{}{45}
@numsubsecentry{Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing}{3.6.10}{}{45}
@numsecentry{Executing Commands}{3.7}{Executing Commands}{45}
@numsubsecentry{Simple Command Expansion}{3.7.1}{Simple Command Expansion}{45}
@numsubsecentry{Command Search and Execution}{3.7.2}{Command Search and Execution}{46}
-@numsubsecentry{Command Execution Environment}{3.7.3}{Command Execution Environment}{46}
+@numsubsecentry{Command Execution Environment}{3.7.3}{Command Execution Environment}{47}
@numsubsecentry{Environment}{3.7.4}{Environment}{48}
@numsubsecentry{Exit Status}{3.7.5}{Exit Status}{48}
@numsubsecentry{Signals}{3.7.6}{Signals}{49}
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
@numsecentry{Bash and POSIX}{6.11}{Bash POSIX Mode}{116}
@numsubsecentry{What is POSIX?}{6.11.1}{}{116}
@numsubsecentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6.11.2}{}{117}
-@numsecentry{Shell Compatibility Mode}{6.12}{Shell Compatibility Mode}{121}
+@numsecentry{Shell Compatibility Mode}{6.12}{Shell Compatibility Mode}{122}
@numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{125}
@numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{125}
@numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{126}