diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index db004612..a4f9d723 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ builtins/psize.aux doc/Makefile examples/loadables/Makefile examples/loadables/Makefile.inc +examples/loadables/Makefile.sample examples/loadables/perl/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile lib/intl/Makefile @@ -82,3 +83,7 @@ tests/printenv tests/recho tests/xcase tests/zecho + +parser-built +y.tab.c +y.tab.h diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index 7534b17c..1b47c489 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -7563,3 +7563,19 @@ eval.c - parse_command: don't run pending traps if we're parsing a command substitution From a report from Emanuele Torre + + 9/8 + --- +jobs.c + - stop_pipeline: don't have the parent set the terminal pgrp; rely on + child processes to do it to avoid potential race conditions. + From a discussion beginning at + https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2023-08/msg00087.html + +builtins/printf.def + - bexpand: when parsing the string to be expanded, consume entire + multibyte characters at a time, in case their encoding includes a + '\\' + - printf_builtin: when parsing the format string, consume entire + multibyte characters at a time unless they begin with '\\' or '%', + to avoid characters whose encoding contains those characters diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in index d0092030..df095df4 100644 --- a/Makefile.in +++ b/Makefile.in @@ -907,7 +907,7 @@ uninstall: .made -( cd $(PO_DIR) ; $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) -( cd $(LOADABLES_DIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) -.PHONY: basic-clean clean realclean maintainer-clean distclean mostlyclean maybe-clean +.PHONY: basic-clean clean maintainer-clean distclean mostlyclean maybe-clean LIB_SUBDIRS = ${RL_LIBDIR} ${HIST_LIBDIR} ${TERM_LIBDIR} ${GLOB_LIBDIR} \ ${INTL_LIBDIR} ${TILDE_LIBDIR} ${ALLOC_LIBDIR} ${SH_LIBDIR} diff --git a/builtins/printf.def b/builtins/printf.def index b8fa19fb..ae6c75c5 100644 --- a/builtins/printf.def +++ b/builtins/printf.def @@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ printf_builtin (WORD_LIST *list) char convch, thisch, nextch, *format, *modstart, *precstart, *fmt, *start; #if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) char mbch[25]; /* 25 > MB_LEN_MAX, plus can handle 4-byte UTF-8 and large Unicode characters*/ - int mbind, mblen; + int mbind, mblen, mb_cur_max; #endif #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) int arrayflags; @@ -342,6 +342,8 @@ printf_builtin (WORD_LIST *list) if (format == 0 || *format == 0) return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); + mb_cur_max = MB_CUR_MAX; + /* Basic algorithm is to scan the format string for conversion specifications -- once one is found, find out if the field width or precision is a '*'; if it is, gather up value. Note, @@ -380,7 +382,16 @@ printf_builtin (WORD_LIST *list) if (*fmt != '%') { - PC (*fmt); /* should print entire multibyte char here */ +#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) + size_t l; + int i; + l = mbcharlen (fmt, mb_cur_max); + for (i = 0; i < l; i++, fmt++) + PC (*fmt); + fmt--; /* for loop will increment it for us again */ +#else + PC (*fmt); +#endif continue; } @@ -1143,12 +1154,13 @@ tescape (char *estart, char *cp, int *lenp, int *sawc) static char * bexpand (char *string, int len, int *sawc, int *lenp) { - int temp; - char *ret, *r, *s, c; + int temp, c; + char *ret, *r, *s, *send; #if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) char mbch[25]; int mbind, mblen; #endif + DECLARE_MBSTATE; if (string == 0 || len == 0) { @@ -1171,15 +1183,21 @@ bexpand (char *string, int len, int *sawc, int *lenp) ret = (char *)xmalloc (len + 1); #endif + send = string + len; for (r = ret, s = string; s && *s; ) { - c = *s++; - if (c != '\\' || *s == '\0') + if (s[1] == '\0') { - *r++ = c; + *r++ = *s; + break; + } + else if (*s != '\\') + { + COPY_CHAR_P (r, s, send); continue; } - /* output entire multibyte character here? */ + else + s++; /* *s == '\\' */ temp = 0; #if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index 124463bd..8cb482e1 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2023 August 15BASH(1) +BASH(1)2023 August 31BASH(1)

Index @@ -3610,7 +3610,9 @@ Any element of an array may be referenced using ${name[subscript]}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If subscript is @ or *, the word expands to -all members of name. These subscripts differ only when the +all members of name, +unless noted in the description of a builtin or word expansion. +These subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${name[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first @@ -6288,6 +6290,12 @@ True if the shell variable varname is set (has been assigned a value). +If varname is an indexed +array variable name subscripted by @ or *, +this returns true if the array has any set elements. +If varname is an associative +array variable name subscripted by @ or *, +this returns true if an element with that key is set.
-R varname
@@ -12173,6 +12181,9 @@ as a shell variable name. The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier, which forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-character string and apply any supplied field width and precision in terms of characters, not bytes. + + +

Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants, @@ -15115,7 +15126,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.

-
GNU Bash 5.32023 August 15BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.32023 August 31BASH(1)
@@ -15221,7 +15232,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
BUGS
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20230812/doc/bash.1.
-Time: 15 August 2023 16:12:02 EDT +This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20230907/doc/bash.1.
+Time: 10 September 2023 17:14:39 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf index 2650bd0e..db338171 100644 Binary files a/doc/bash.pdf and b/doc/bash.pdf differ diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps index 1afa8700..026a6af6 100644 --- a/doc/bash.ps +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.4 -%%CreationDate: Wed Jul 5 11:27:22 2023 +%%CreationDate: Sun Sep 10 17:14:43 2023 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic %%+ font Courier %%+ font Symbol %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 4 -%%Pages: 88 +%%Pages: 89 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait @@ -335,12 +335,12 @@ F .475(xtended deb)-.15 F(ug-)-.2 E (Display a usage message on standard output and e)144 662.4 Q (xit successfully)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2108 674.4 Q F3 (\214le)2.5 E F2108 686.4 Q(c\214le)-.18 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -(Ex)144 698.4 Q 1.599(ecute commands from)-.15 F F3(\214le)6.009 E F0 -1.598(instead of the standard personal initialization \214le)4.279 F F3 -(~/.bashr)3.598 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.598(if the)4.408 F(shell is interacti) -144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve \()-.25 H(see).15 E F4(INV)2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E -(TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(1)202.335 E 0 Cg EP +(Ex)144 698.4 Q 1.393(ecute commands from)-.15 F F3(\214le)5.803 E F0 +1.392(instead of the standard personal initialization \214le)4.073 F F3 +(\001/.bashr)3.992 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.392(if the)4.202 F +(shell is interacti)144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve \()-.25 H(see).15 E F4(INV) +2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3) +72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(1)197.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -355,20 +355,20 @@ F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\255\255noediting)108 112.8 Q F0 (Do not read either the system-wide startup \214le)144 153.6 R/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr)4.183 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 .017(or an)4.183 F 2.517(yo)-.15 G 2.517(ft)-2.517 G .018 -(he personal initialization \214les)-2.517 F F2(~/.bash_pr)143.5 165.6 Q -(o\214le)-.45 E F0(,).18 E F2(~/.bash_lo)2.305 E(gin)-.1 E F0 2.805(,o) -.24 G(r)-2.805 E F2(~/.pr)2.305 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 5.305(.B).18 G 2.805 -(yd)-5.305 G(ef)-2.805 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.805 E F0 .305 -(reads these \214les when it is in)2.805 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -2.805(da).1 G(s)-2.805 E 2.5(al)144 177.6 S(ogin shell \(see)-2.5 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) --.25 E F1108 194.4 Q(c)-.18 E F0 .161(Do not read and e)144 -194.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .162(cute the personal initialization \214le).15 -F F2(~/.bashr)2.162 E(c)-.37 E F0 .162(if the shell is interacti)2.972 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 5.162(.T).15 G .162(his op-)-5.162 F(tion is on by def) -144 206.4 Q(ault if the shell is in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5 -(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F1(sh)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\255\255posix)108 223.2 Q F0 -1.783(Change the beha)144 235.2 R 1.782(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.282 E F0 +(he personal initialization \214les)-2.517 F F2(\001/.bash_pr)144.1 +165.6 Q(o\214le)-.45 E F0(,).18 E F2(\001/.bash_lo)3.144 E(gin)-.1 E F0 +3.043(,o).24 G(r)-3.043 E F2(\001/.pr)3.143 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 5.543 +(.B).18 G 3.043(yd)-5.543 G(ef)-3.043 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.043 E F0 +.543(reads these \214les when it is in)3.043 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +(d).1 E(as a login shell \(see)144 177.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)2.5 +E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1108 +194.4 Q(c)-.18 E F0 1.049(Do not read and e)144 194.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.049(cute the personal initialization \214le).15 F F2(\001/.bashr)3.649 +E(c)-.37 E F0 1.05(if the shell is interacti)3.859 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.05 +(.T).15 G(his)-6.05 E(option is on by def)144 206.4 Q +(ault if the shell is in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s) +-2.5 E F1(sh)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\255\255posix)108 223.2 Q F0 1.783 +(Change the beha)144 235.2 R 1.782(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.282 E F0 1.782(where the def)4.282 F 1.782(ault operation dif)-.1 F 1.782 (fers from the POSIX standard to)-.25 F .332(match the standard \()144 247.2 R F2 .332(posix mode)B F0 2.832(\). 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The)-.25 F(def)2.682 E .182(ault v) --.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 336 Q F1(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 -(fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5 -(dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E F2(HISTFILESIZE)108 348 Q F0 -1.623(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 -360 R 1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25 -(va)144 372 S .124(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary) -.25 F 2.624(,t)-.65 G 2.624(oc)-2.624 G .125 -(ontain no more than that number of lines by re-)-2.624 F(mo)144 384 Q -.066(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .065(The history \214le is also tr\ -uncated to this size after writing it when a shell)5.066 F -.15(ex)144 -396 S 2.927(its. If).15 F .427(the v)2.927 F .428 -(alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F .428 -(Non-numeric v)5.428 F .428(alues and numeric)-.25 F -.25(va)144 408 S +(ve)-.2 G 3.318(d\().15 G(see)-3.318 E F3(HIST)3.318 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) +-.315 E F0(belo)3.068 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(Bash)5.818 E F0 .818(assigns a) +3.318 F(def)144 336 Q .29(ault v)-.1 F .29(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(\001/.bash_history)2.79 E F0 5.29(.I)C(f)-5.29 E F2(HISTFILE)2.79 E F0 +.29(is unset or null, the command history is not sa)2.79 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +(d).15 E(when a shell e)144 348 Q(xits.)-.15 E F2(HISTFILESIZE)108 360 Q +F0 1.622(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.) +144 372 R 1.623(When this v)6.623 F 1.623(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F +-.25(va)144 384 S .125 +(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F 2.625(,t)-.65 +G 2.624(oc)-2.625 G .124 +(ontain no more than that number of lines by re-)-2.624 F(mo)144 396 Q +.065(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .066(The history \214le is also tr\ +uncated to this size after writing it when a shell)5.065 F -.15(ex)144 +408 S 2.928(its. If).15 F .428(the v)2.928 F .428 +(alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F .427 +(Non-numeric v)5.427 F .427(alues and numeric)-.25 F -.25(va)144 420 S .152(lues less than zero inhibit truncation.).25 F .152 (The shell sets the def)5.152 F .152(ault v)-.1 F .152(alue to the v) --.25 F .151(alue of)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.651 E F0(after reading an)144 -420 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F2(HISTIGNORE)108 432 Q F0 -2.657(Ac)144 444 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \ -which command lines should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G -2.658(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .708(tory list.)144 456 R .708 -(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.708 F .707 -(ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .625 -(\(no implicit `)144 468 R F2(*)A F0 3.125('i)C 3.125(sa)-3.125 G 3.125 -(ppended\). Each)-3.125 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.125 F .626 +-.25 F .152(alue of)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.652 E F0(after reading an)144 +432 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F2(HISTIGNORE)108 444 Q F0 +2.658(Ac)144 456 S .158(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \ +which command lines should be sa)-2.658 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.657(do).15 G +2.657(nt)-2.657 G .157(he his-)-2.657 F .707(tory list.)144 468 R .707 +(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.707 F .708 +(ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .626 +(\(no implicit `)144 480 R F2(*)A F0 3.126('i)C 3.126(sa)-3.126 G 3.126 +(ppended\). Each)-3.126 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.126 F .625 (ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F F3(HISTCONTR)144 -480 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 +492 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 (In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `)6.793 F -F2(&)A F0(')A 1.44(matches the pre)144 492 R 1.44(vious history line.) +F2(&)A F0(')A 1.44(matches the pre)144 504 R 1.44(vious history line.) -.25 F(`)6.44 E F2(&)A F0 3.94('m)C 1.44 (ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is re-)-3.94 F(mo)144 -504 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.95(db).15 G 1.45(efore attempting a match.)-3.95 +516 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.95(db).15 G 1.45(efore attempting a match.)-3.95 F 1.45(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound)6.45 F -1.269(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 516 R +1.269(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 528 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.269(rdless of the v).05 F 1.269(alue of)-.25 F F3 -(HISTIGNORE)3.77 E F4(.)A F0 -(The pattern matching honors the setting of the)144 528 Q F2(extglob)2.5 -E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F2(HISTSIZE)108 540 Q F0 1.387 -(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 552 +(HISTIGNORE)3.769 E F4(.)A F0 +(The pattern matching honors the setting of the)144 540 Q F2(extglob)2.5 +E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F2(HISTSIZE)108 552 Q F0 1.387 +(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 564 R F3(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If) --.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 564 S .412(lue is 0, commands are not sa) +-.25 F(the)3.888 E -.25(va)144 576 S .413(lue is 0, commands are not sa) .25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.913(di).15 G 2.913(nt)-2.913 G .413 -(he history list.)-2.913 F .413(Numeric v)5.413 F .413 -(alues less than zero result in e)-.25 F(v-)-.25 E .344 -(ery command being sa)144 576 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.844(do).15 G 2.844(nt) --2.844 G .343(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.844 F .343 -(The shell sets the def)5.343 F .343(ault v)-.1 F .343(alue to)-.25 F -(500 after reading an)144 588 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F2 -(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 600 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 612 R .951 -(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .952 -(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F1(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952 -(\(3\) to print the)B .673 -(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 624 -R F2(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.172 G 3.172(iltin. If).2 F .672(this v) -3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .144 -(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 636 R +(he history list.)-2.913 F .413(Numeric v)5.413 F .412 +(alues less than zero result in e)-.25 F(v-)-.25 E .343 +(ery command being sa)144 588 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.843(do).15 G 2.843(nt) +-2.843 G .343(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.843 F .344 +(The shell sets the def)5.343 F .344(ault v)-.1 F .344(alue to)-.25 F +(500 after reading an)144 600 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F2 +(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 612 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .952(If this v)144 624 R .952 +(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .951 +(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F1(strftime)3.451 E F0 .951 +(\(3\) to print the)B .672 +(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 636 +R F2(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G 3.173(iltin. If).2 F .673(this v) +3.173 F .673(ariable is)-.25 F .144 +(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 648 R 2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 -(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.145 E(uses the history comment\ - character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 648 Q -F2(HOME)108 660 Q F0 1.27 -(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 672 R 1.27(ault ar) +(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.144 E(uses the history comment\ + character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 660 Q +F2(HOME)108 672 Q F0 1.27 +(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 684 R 1.27(ault ar) -.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F2(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 -(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 684 S(lue of this v).25 E -(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -(HOSTFILE)108 696 Q F0 1.015 -(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 708 R F1 -(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F -.551(needs to complete a hostname.)144 720 R .551 -(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(17)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 696 S(lue of this v).25 E +(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(17)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.058 -(the shell is running; the ne)144 84 R 1.059 -(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059 -(alue is changed,)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)144 96 Q F0 .138 -(adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) --2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138 -(alue, or)-.25 F .517(does not name a readable \214le,)144 108 R F1 -(bash)3.017 E F0 .517(attempts to read)3.017 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 .518(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F -(name completions.)144 120 Q(When)5 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0 -(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.)2.25 E F1(IFS)108 132 Q F0(The) -144 132 Q F3 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E -F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555 -(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 144 S(rds with the) +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(HOSTFILE)108 84 Q F0 1.015 +(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 96 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015 +(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F .55 +(needs to complete a hostname.)144 108 R .551 +(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F +1.059(the shell is running; the ne)144 120 R 1.059 +(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.058 +(alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 132 Q F0 .138 +(adds the contents of the ne)2.638 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) +-2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .139(ut has no v)-.2 F .139 +(alue, or)-.25 F .518(does not name a readable \214le,)144 144 R F1 +(bash)3.018 E F0 .518(attempts to read)3.018 F F2(/etc/hosts)4.683 E F0 +.517(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.683 F(name completions.)144 +156 Q(When)5 E F3(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0 +(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.)2.25 E F1(IFS)108 168 Q F0(The) +144 168 Q F2 .555(Internal F)3.635 F .555(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E +F0 .555(that is used for w)3.785 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .556 +(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 180 S(rds with the) .1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E (The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 156 Q F0 .503 -(Controls the action of an interacti)144 168 R .803 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F2(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 -(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v) -144 180 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 +(wline>')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 192 Q F0 .503 +(Controls the action of an interacti)144 204 R .803 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F3(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 +(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .503(If set,)5.503 F .426(the v) +144 216 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3 (EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 -(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302 -(on an input line before)144 192 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G +(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .303 +(on an input line before)144 228 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G 2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 -(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 204 Q(alue, the def) +(umeric v).15 F .302(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 240 Q(alue, the def) -.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E -F2(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1 -(INPUTRC)108 216 Q F0 .261(The \214lename for the)144 228 R F1 -.18(re) -2.761 G(adline).18 E F0 .261(startup \214le, o)2.761 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -.26(rriding the def).15 F .26(ault of)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)4.426 E(c)-.37 -E F0(\(see)4.426 E F2(READLINE)2.76 E F0(be-)2.51 E(lo)144 240 Q(w\).) --.25 E F1(INSIDE_EMA)108 252 Q(CS)-.55 E F0 .033(If this v)144 264 R -.033(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .033 -(vironment when the shell starts,)-.4 F F1(bash)2.534 E F0 .034 -(assumes that it is running in-)2.534 F(side an Emacs shell b)144 276 Q +F3(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1 +(INPUTRC)108 252 Q F0 .111(The \214lename for the)144 264 R F1 -.18(re) +2.612 G(adline).18 E F0 .112(startup \214le, o)2.612 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.112(rriding the def).15 F .112(ault of)-.1 F F2(\001/.inputr)4.278 E(c) +-.37 E F0(\(see)4.278 E F3(READLINE)2.612 E F0(be-)2.362 E(lo)144 276 Q +(w\).)-.25 E F1(INSIDE_EMA)108 288 Q(CS)-.55 E F0 .034(If this v)144 300 +R .034(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .034 +(vironment when the shell starts,)-.4 F F1(bash)2.533 E F0 .033 +(assumes that it is running in-)2.533 F(side an Emacs shell b)144 312 Q (uf)-.2 E(fer and may disable line editing, depending on the v)-.25 E -(alue of)-.25 E F1(TERM)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LANG)108 288 Q F0 1.24 -(Used to determine the locale cate)144 288 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F -3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.239 +(alue of)-.25 E F1(TERM)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LANG)108 324 Q F0 1.239 +(Used to determine the locale cate)144 324 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F +3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24 (gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E -(starting with)144 300 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 312 Q F0 .973 -(This v)144 324 R .973(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .973 -(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F2(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an) +(starting with)144 336 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 348 Q F0 .974 +(This v)144 360 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974 +(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F3(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an) 3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G -.974(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 336 Q(.)-.65 E F1 -(LC_COLLA)108 348 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .412(This v)144 360 R .412(ariable det\ +.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 372 Q(.)-.65 E F1 +(LC_COLLA)108 384 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 396 R .412(ariable det\ ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) --.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.464(and determines the beha)144 372 R 1.464 -(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.465(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.465(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 -384 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 396 Q F0 -1.936(This v)144 408 R 1.936 +-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 408 R 1.465 +(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.464(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 +420 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 432 Q F0 +1.935(This v)144 444 R 1.936 (ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F -1.935(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 420 Q -(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 432 Q(GES)-.55 E -F0(This v)144 444 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ +1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 456 Q +(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 468 Q(GES)-.55 E +F0(This v)144 480 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC) -108 456 Q F0(This v)144 468 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 480 Q F0(This v) -144 492 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 504 Q F0 -.054(Used by the)144 504 R F1(select)2.554 E F0 .054(compound command t\ -o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.554 F .265 -(Automatically set if the)144 516 R F1(checkwinsize)2.765 E F0 .264 -(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.765 F .564 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .264 -(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F2(SIGWINCH)144 528 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 540 Q F0 .421 -(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 540 -R F2(MAILP)2.922 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)2.672 G .422 -(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)2.922 E F0(in-)2.922 E -(forms the user of the arri)144 552 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 +108 492 Q F0(This v)144 504 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 516 Q F0(This v) +144 528 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 540 Q F0 +.055(Used by the)144 540 R F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command t\ +o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264 +(Automatically set if the)144 552 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264 +(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265 +(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F3(SIGWINCH)144 564 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 576 Q F0 .422 +(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 576 +R F3(MAILP)2.921 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)2.671 G .421 +(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)2.921 E F0(in-)2.921 E +(forms the user of the arri)144 588 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 (fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E -(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 564 Q F0 .099 -(Speci\214es ho)144 576 R 2.599(wo)-.25 G .099(ften \(in seconds\)) --2.599 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) -5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .098(When it is time)5.098 F .223 +(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 600 Q F0 .098 +(Speci\214es ho)144 612 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) +-2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) +5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224 (to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ -mpt.)144 588 R .224(If this v)5.224 F .224(ariable is unset,)-.25 F -(or set to a v)144 600 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ -l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 612 Q --.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 624 S .49 +mpt.)144 624 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F +(or set to a v)144 636 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ +l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 648 Q +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 660 S .49 (olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 (ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri) -144 636 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ +144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\ - with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 648 Q(xt of the message,) + with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 684 Q(xt of the message,) -.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1 -(MAILP)144 660 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) +(MAILP)144 696 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) -.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H -(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 672 Q F0 .015 -(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015 +(ail":\001/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 708 Q F0 +.015(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015 (alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015 (alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\ -ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 684 Q -(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 696 Q F0 .389 -(If set to the v)144 708 R .389(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.889 E F0 .389 -(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.89 E F0 --.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .36(SHELL B)144 720 R(UIL) --.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR) -5.36 E F0 .359(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 -E(18)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 720 Q +(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(18)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(or a shell script is e)144 84 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.74(PA)108 96 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587 -(The search path for commands.)144 96 R .588 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(OPTERR)108 84 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 96 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1 +(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1 +(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF .359(SHELL B)144 108 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36 +(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) +.15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 132 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588 +(The search path for commands.)144 132 R .587 (It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) -5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 108 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .472 -(COMMAND EXECUTION)2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 -(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 120 S -.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 -(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 -(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 132 R .868 -(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) --.1 F(administrator who installs)144 144 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C +5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 144 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) +2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 156 S +.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 +(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 +(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) +-3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 168 R .868 +(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) +-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C (common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF (/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-)2.5 E(cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin) -144 156 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 168 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v) -144 180 R .472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1 +144 192 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 204 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v) +144 216 R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1 (bash)2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF .471(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 -F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 192 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E +/Times-Italic@0 SF .472(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 +F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 228 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F -.011(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 204 Q F1(bash) -4.498 E F0(enables)4.498 E F4 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C +.011(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 240 Q F1(bash) +4.497 E F0(enables)4.497 E F4 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C 4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F F3 1.997 -(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.997(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) -.15 E(When the shell enters)144 216 Q F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C +(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.998(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) +.15 E(When the shell enters)144 252 Q F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C 2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E(ariable if it w)-.25 E -(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 228 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .155 -(If this v)144 240 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655 +(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 264 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .155 +(If this v)144 276 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655 (,t)-.65 G .155(he v)-2.655 F .155(alue of each set element is e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .155(cuted as a command prior).15 F .407 -(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 252 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F +(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 288 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F .407(ut not an array v)-.2 F .407(ariable, its v)-.25 F .407 -(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 264 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cute instead.).15 E F1(PR)108 276 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 -(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 288 R .676 +(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 300 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cute instead.).15 E F1(PR)108 312 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 324 R .676 (alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 -(nents to retain when e)144 300 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 +(nents to retain when e)144 336 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) 3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E -(Characters remo)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 324 Q F0 1.174(The v) -144 324 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) +(Characters remo)144 348 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 360 Q F0 1.174(The v) +144 360 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) -.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 (w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 336 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 348 Q F0 .065(The v)144 348 R +(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 372 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 384 Q F0 .064(The v)144 384 R .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR) 2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 -(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 360 R +(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 396 R (def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 --.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 372 Q F0 .117(The v)144 372 R .117 -(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) -2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The) -5.118 E(def)144 384 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G -(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 396 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 396 R 1.115 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 408 Q F0 .118(The v)144 408 R .118 +(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) +2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The) +5.117 E(def)144 420 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G +(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 432 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 432 R 1.115 (alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) -3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR) -144 408 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 420 Q F0 .1 -(The v)144 420 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1 -(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 432 Q F0 .335 -(displays during an e)2.835 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F +3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR) +144 444 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 456 Q F0 +.101(The v)144 456 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101 +(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 +(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 468 Q F0 .334 +(displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F .335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335 -(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.834 E F0 .334(is repli-)2.584 F -(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 444 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 +(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.835 E F0 .335(is repli-)2.585 F +(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 480 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E (The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1 -(SHELL)108 456 Q F0 .542(This v)144 468 R .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542 -(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .543 -(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F1(bash)3.043 E F0 -(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 480 Q 2.5(sl) --.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 492 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v) -144 504 R .826 +(SHELL)108 492 Q F0 .543(This v)144 504 R .543(ariable e)-.25 F .543 +(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .542 +(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F1(bash)3.042 E F0 +(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 516 Q 2.5(sl) +-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 528 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v) +144 540 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F -3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 516 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 -(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F -(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712 -(an escape sequence that is e)144 528 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F -.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F -(and their meanings are as follo)144 540 Q -(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 558 Q F0 2.5 -(Al)194 558 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 570 Q F4(p)A F1 -(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 570 Q F1(%[)144 582 Q F4(p) -A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 582 Q -F1(%[)144 594 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0 -(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 594 Q F1(%P)144 606 -Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 606 Q .87 -(The optional)144 622.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) +3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 552 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0 +(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F +(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 +(an escape sequence that is e)144 564 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F +(and their meanings are as follo)144 576 Q +(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 594 Q F0 2.5 +(Al)194 594 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 606 Q F4(p)A F1 +(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 606 Q F1(%[)144 618 Q F4(p) +A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 618 Q +F1(%[)144 630 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0 +(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 630 Q F1(%P)144 642 +Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 642 Q .87 +(The optional)144 658.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) 3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 -(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.964(point. A) -144 634.8 R -.25(va)2.964 G .463 -(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .463 -(At most six places after the)5.463 F .537 -(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 646.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F4 -(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 6 are changed to 6.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E -F4(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 658.8 Q -(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 675.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 +(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.963(point. A) +144 670.8 R -.25(va)2.963 G .463 +(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .464 +(At most six places after the)5.463 F .538 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 682.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F4 +(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 6 are changed to 6.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E +F4(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 694.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 711.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F -F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 687.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0 -(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364 -(If this v)144 704.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 -E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) -144 716.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 -(.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 -(alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 -728.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E -(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(19)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) +3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 723.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0 +(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3) +72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(19)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(TMOUT)108 84 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 96 R .941 -(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 -.941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 --.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 108 Q F1 -(select)2.811 E F0 .311(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 -F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31 -(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 120 R -.885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 -F .886(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 -132 S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F -F1(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that) --.1 F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 -144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 156 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 168 -R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39 -(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391 -(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 180 Q 2.5(su)-.55 -G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 192 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 204 R -.531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 -(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53 -(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 216 R +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 13.365(If this v) +144 84 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash) +15.865 E F0 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1 +($\010\\nr)144 96 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 +7.113(.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 +(alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 +108 R(trailing ne)2.5 E +(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108 +120 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 132 R .941(alue greater than zero,)-.25 +F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 +F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 144 Q F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31 +(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F .611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F +.886(ing from a terminal.)144 156 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .885 +(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 168 S +1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1 +(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 +F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 180 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 192 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 204 R F1 +(bash)2.891 E F0 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391 +(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 216 Q 2.5(su)-.55 G +(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 228 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 240 R .53 +(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 +(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 +(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 252 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ - for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 228 S .367(isting stopped job) -.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366 -(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F -1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 -240 R(The)6.125 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.125 -(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 252 Q 1.133 + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 264 S .366(isting stopped job) +.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366 +(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F +1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 +276 R(The)6.125 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.124 +(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 288 Q 1.132 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) -6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132 -(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .605 -(match the name of a stopped job e)144 264 R .606(xactly; if set to)-.15 -F F3(substring)3.446 E F0 3.106(,t).22 G .606 -(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.106 F .885 -(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 276 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) --5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884 -(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 288 Q F1(%?)3.333 E F0 -.833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E +6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 +(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .606 +(match the name of a stopped job e)144 300 R .606(xactly; if set to)-.15 +F F3(substring)3.445 E F0 3.105(,t).22 G .605 +(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.105 F .884 +(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 312 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) +-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 324 Q F1(%?)3.334 E F0 +.834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) --.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316 -(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 300 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 -(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F -F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 312 Q(.)-.55 E -F1(histchars)108 324 Q F0 .545(The tw)144 336 R 3.045(oo)-.1 G 3.045(rt) --3.045 G .545(hree characters which control history e)-3.045 F .546 -(xpansion and tok)-.15 F .546(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)3.046 E(OR) --.162 E 2.796(YE)-.315 G(X-)-2.796 E -.666(PA)144 348 S(NSION).666 E F0 -(belo)2.988 E 3.238(w\). The)-.25 F .738(\214rst character is the)3.238 -F F3 .737(history e)3.237 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.237 E 3.237 -(,t)-.4 G .737(he character which sig-)-3.237 F .76 -(nals the start of a history e)144 360 R .761(xpansion, normally `)-.15 -F F1(!)A F0 3.261('. The)B .761(second character is the)3.261 F F3(quic) -3.261 E 3.261(ks)-.2 G(ubstitution)-3.261 E F0(character)144 372 Q 3.477 -(,w)-.4 G .977(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-3.477 F -.976(vious command entered, substituting)-.25 F .13 -(one string for another in the command.)144 384 R .131(The def)5.13 F -.131(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 2.631('. The)B .131 -(optional third character is the char)2.631 F(-)-.2 E .276(acter which \ -indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the\ - \214rst character)144 396 R .459(of a w)144 408 R .459(ord, normally `) --.1 F F1(#)A F0 2.959('. The)B .459 -(history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped) -2.959 F .467(for the remaining w)144 420 R .467(ords on the line.)-.1 F -.466(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest) -5.467 F(of the line as a comment.)144 432 Q F1(Arrays)87 448.8 Q(Bash) -108 460.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891 -(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 472.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 -F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F -.328(an array)108 484.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr) --.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F -5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329 -(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 496.8 R +-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315 +(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 336 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 +(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F +F1(%)2.816 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 348 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(histchars)108 360 Q F0 .546(The tw)144 372 R 3.046(oo)-.1 G 3.046(rt) +-3.046 G .546(hree characters which control history e)-3.046 F .545 +(xpansion and tok)-.15 F .545(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)3.045 E(OR) +-.162 E 2.795(YE)-.315 G(X-)-2.795 E -.666(PA)144 384 S(NSION).666 E F0 +(belo)2.987 E 3.237(w\). The)-.25 F .737(\214rst character is the)3.237 +F F3 .737(history e)3.237 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.238 E 3.238 +(,t)-.4 G .738(he character which sig-)-3.238 F .761 +(nals the start of a history e)144 396 R .761(xpansion, normally `)-.15 +F F1(!)A F0 3.261('. The)B .76(second character is the)3.261 F F3(quic) +3.26 E 3.26(ks)-.2 G(ubstitution)-3.26 E F0(character)144 408 Q 3.476 +(,w)-.4 G .977(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-3.476 F +.977(vious command entered, substituting)-.25 F 1.412 +(one string for another in the command.)144 420 R 1.411(The def)6.411 F +1.411(ault is `)-.1 F F1<00>A F0 3.911('. The)B 1.411 +(optional third character is the)3.911 F .223(character which indicates\ + that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \ +char)144 432 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 444 R 1.294 +(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293 +(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F +.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 456 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F +.38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F +(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 468 Q F1(Arrays)87 484.8 Q(Bash) +108 496.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a) +-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89 +(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 508.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 +F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F +.329(an array)108 520.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) +-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F +5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328 +(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 532.8 R 1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 (xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 -508.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +544.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G (rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 -(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 525.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F -4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F -F3(name)4.963 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 537.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A -F0 5.507(.T)C(he)-5.507 E F3(subscript)3.347 E F0 .507 +(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 561.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F +4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F +F3(name)4.962 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 573.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A +F0 5.506(.T)C(he)-5.506 E F3(subscript)3.346 E F0 .507 (is treated as an arithmetic e)3.687 F .507(xpression that must e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G .507(luate to a number).25 F 5.506(.T)-.55 G 3.006(oe) --6.306 G(x-)-3.156 E 1.192(plicitly declare an inde)108 549.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 3.692(da).15 G(rray)-3.692 E 3.692(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.692 E F1 -(declar)3.692 E 3.693<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.693 E F3(name)3.693 E F0(\(see) -3.693 E F2 1.193(SHELL B)3.693 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.193(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F -F0(belo)3.443 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(de-)6.193 E(clar)108 561.6 Q 2.5<65ad> +-.25(va)-.25 G .507(luate to a number).25 F 5.507(.T)-.55 G 3.007(oe) +-6.307 G(x-)-3.157 E 1.193(plicitly declare an inde)108 585.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.693(da).15 G(rray)-3.693 E 3.693(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.693 E F1 +(declar)3.693 E 3.693<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.693 E F3(name)3.693 E F0(\(see) +3.692 E F2 1.192(SHELL B)3.692 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.192(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F +F0(belo)3.442 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(de-)6.192 E(clar)108 597.6 Q 2.5<65ad> -.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0 (is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E -(Associati)108 578.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E +(Associati)108 614.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 -595.2 Q .941(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 -(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1 --.18(re)3.44 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F -(attrib)3.44 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 607.2 Q +631.2 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 +(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 +-.18(re)3.441 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F +(attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 643.2 Q (.)-.65 E 1.647 -(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 624 R +(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 660 R F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647 -(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each) --4.148 F F3(value)108 636 Q F0 .212(may be of the form [)2.712 F F3 +(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each) +-4.147 F F3(value)108 672 Q F0 .211(may be of the form [)2.711 F F3 (subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 5.211(.I)C(nde)-5.211 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G 2.711(da).15 G .211(rray assignments do not require an)-2.711 F .211 -(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)2.711 E F0(.)A(Each)108 648 Q F3 -(value)3.029 E F0 .529(in the list is e)3.029 F .529 +G 2.711(da).15 G .212(rray assignments do not require an)-2.711 F .212 +(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)2.712 E F0(.)A(Each)108 684 Q F3 +(value)3.03 E F0 .529(in the list is e)3.029 F .529 (xpanded using the shell e)-.15 F .529(xpansions described belo)-.15 F 3.029(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.029 E F2(EXP)3.029 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.2(bu)2.779 G(t).2 E F3(val-)3.03 E(ue)108 660 -Q F0 2.645(st)C .145(hat are v)-2.645 F .145(alid v)-.25 F .145 -(ariable assignments including the brack)-.25 F .144 -(ets and subscript do not under)-.1 F .144(go brace e)-.18 F(xpansion) --.15 E .844(and w)108 672 R .844(ord splitting, as with indi)-.1 F .844 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.2(bu)2.779 G(t).2 E F3(val-)3.029 E(ue)108 +696 Q F0 2.644(st)C .144(hat are v)-2.644 F .144(alid v)-.25 F .145 +(ariable assignments including the brack)-.25 F .145 +(ets and subscript do not under)-.1 F .145(go brace e)-.18 F(xpansion) +-.15 E .844(and w)108 708 R .844(ord splitting, as with indi)-.1 F .844 (vidual v)-.25 F .844(ariable assignments.)-.25 F .844 (When assigning to inde)5.844 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.344(da).15 G .844 -(rrays, if the op-)-3.344 F .505(tional brack)108 684 R .504 -(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 3.004(xi)-.15 G 3.004 -(sa)-3.004 G .504(ssigned to; otherwise the inde)-3.004 F 3.004(xo)-.15 -G 3.004(ft)-3.004 G .504(he element as-)-3.004 F -(signed is the last inde)108 696 Q 2.5(xa)-.15 G -(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-2.5 E(Inde)5 E -(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E 1.288(When assigning to an associati)108 -712.8 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.788(,t)-.65 G 1.288(he w) --3.788 F 1.288(ords in a compound assignment may be either assignment) --.1 F 1.942 -(statements, for which the subscript is required, or a list of w)108 -724.8 R 1.941(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of)-.1 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(20)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(rrays, if the op-)-3.344 F 1.42(tional brack)108 720 R 1.42 +(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 3.921(xi)-.15 G 3.921 +(sa)-3.921 G 1.421(ssigned to; otherwise the inde)-3.921 F 3.921(xo)-.15 +G 3.921(ft)-3.921 G 1.421(he element)-3.921 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(20)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .772 -(alternating k)108 84 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.272(sa).15 G .772(nd v)-3.272 F -(alues:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.272 E F0(=)A/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()A F1 -.1(ke)3.272 G .772(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey) --.1 G 3.272(2v).3 G(alue2)-3.272 E F0(...)3.272 E F2(\))A F0 5.772(.T)C -.772(hese are treated identically to)-5.772 F F1(name)3.272 E F0(=)A F2 -(\()A F0([)108 96 Q F1 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F0(]=)A F1(value1)A F0([)3.133 -E F1 -.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F0(]=)A F1(value2)A F0(...)3.133 E F2(\))A F0 -5.633(.T)C .633(he \214rst w)-5.633 F .633 -(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 F 3.132(wt)-.25 G .632 -(he remaining w)-3.132 F .632(ords are inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .153 -(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 108 R -.154(When using k)5.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .154(alue pairs, the k) --.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.654(sm).15 G .154(ay not be)-2.654 F -(missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 120 Q(alue is treated lik) --.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .24 -(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 136.8 R F2(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(assigned is the last inde)108 84 Q 2.5(xa)-.15 G +(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-2.5 E(Inde)5 E +(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E 1.288(When assigning to an associati)108 +100.8 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.788(,t)-.65 G 1.288(he w) +-3.788 F 1.288(ords in a compound assignment may be either assignment) +-.1 F .608 +(statements, for which the subscript is required, or a list of w)108 +112.8 R .608(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of alter)-.1 F(-)-.2 +E 1.957(nating k)108 124.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.457(sa).15 G 1.957(nd v) +-4.457 F(alues:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)4.457 E F0(=)A/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()A F1 -.1(ke)4.457 G 1.957(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey) +-.1 G 4.457(2v).3 G(alue2)-4.457 E F0(...)4.457 E F2(\))A F0 6.957(.T)C +1.956(hese are treated identically to)-6.957 F F1(name)4.456 E F0(=)A F2 +(\()A F0([)108 136.8 Q F1 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F0(]=)A F1(value1)A F0([) +3.132 E F1 -.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F0(]=)A F1(value2)A F0(...)3.132 E F2(\))A +F0 5.632(.T)C .632(he \214rst w)-5.632 F .633 +(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 F 3.133(wt)-.25 G .633 +(he remaining w)-3.133 F .633(ords are inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .154 +(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 148.8 R +.153(When using k)5.153 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .153(alue pairs, the k) +-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.653(sm).15 G .153(ay not be)-2.653 F +(missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 160.8 Q(alue is treated lik) +-.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .239 +(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 177.6 R F2(declar)2.739 E(e) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24 (vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F1(name)108 -148.8 Q F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]=)A F1(value)A F0 1.917 -(syntax introduced abo)4.416 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 +189.6 Q F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]=)A F1(value)A F0 1.917 +(syntax introduced abo)4.417 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 (hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) --4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F1(name)4.777 E F0 1.917(is sub-) -4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 160.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.616(,t)-.4 G .115 -(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.616 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H -2.615(oo).15 G .115(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E -(of)108 172.8 Q F1(name)2.676 E F0 2.676(,s)C 2.676(on)-2.676 G -2.25 --.15(eg a)-2.676 H(ti).15 E .476 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .177 +-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F1(name)4.777 E F0 1.916(is sub-) +4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 201.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.615(,t)-.4 G .115 +(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.615 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +2.615(oo).15 G .116(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E +(of)108 213.6 Q F1(name)2.677 E F0 2.677(,s)C 2.677(on)-2.677 G -2.25 +-.15(eg a)-2.677 H(ti).15 E .477 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .177 (ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 2.677(,a)-.65 G .177 -(nd an inde)-2.677 F 2.677(xo)-.15 G 2.677<66ad>-2.677 G 2.677(1r)-2.677 -G .177(eferences the last el-)-2.677 F(ement.)108 184.8 Q .717 -(The += operator will append to an array v)108 201.6 R .716 +(nd an inde)-2.677 F 2.676(xo)-.15 G 2.676<66ad>-2.676 G 2.676(1r)-2.676 +G .176(eferences the last el-)-2.676 F(ement.)108 225.6 Q .716 +(The += operator will append to an array v)108 242.4 R .717 (ariable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax;)-.25 F -(see)108 213.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0 -(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 230.4 Q 3.575(ye)-.15 G 1.075 -(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.575 F F1(name)A F0([)A -F1(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076(braces are required to a)3.576 F --.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542(con\215icts with pathname e)108 242.4 R 4.041 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F F1(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F2(@)4.041 E F0 -(or)4.041 E F2(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e) --.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F1(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 -(These subscripts dif)108 254.4 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 -(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057 -(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 266.4 Q F1(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B -.521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52 -(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F -1.374(of the)108 278.4 R F3(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374(special v)3.624 F 1.375 -(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F1(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 -(xpands each element of)-.15 F F1(name)3.875 E F0 1.375(to a separate w) -3.875 F 3.875(ord. 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If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F2(*)3.386 E F0(or) -3.386 E F2(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 -(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .294(ments in the array)108 350.4 -R 5.294(.I)-.65 G 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F1(subscript)3.135 E F0 -.295(used to reference an element of an inde)3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.795(da).15 G .295(rray e)-2.795 F -.25(va)-.25 G .295 -(luates to a number).25 F .629 -(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 362.4 R .929 -.15(ve t) --.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .628(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F -3.128(xo)-.15 G 3.128(ft)-3.128 G .628(he array)-3.128 F 3.128(,s)-.65 G -3.128(on)-3.128 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.128 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(indices count back from the end of the array)108 374.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G -(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G -(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 -391.2 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An) -108 403.2 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 -E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F2(bash)2.5 E -F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 420 Q -(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E +(see)108 254.4 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0 +(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 271.2 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076 +(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.576 F F1(name)A F0([)A +F1(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075(braces are required to a)3.575 F +-.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E .576(con\215icts with pathname e)108 283.2 R 3.076 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F F1(subscript)3.076 E F0(is)3.076 E F2(@)3.076 E F0 +(or)3.076 E F2(*)3.076 E F0 3.076(,t)C .576(he w)-3.076 F .576(ord e)-.1 +F .576(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F1(name)3.077 E F0 3.077(,u)C(n-) +-3.077 E .098(less noted in the description of a b)108 295.2 R .097 +(uiltin or w)-.2 F .097(ord e)-.1 F 2.597(xpansion. These)-.15 F .097 +(subscripts dif)2.597 F .097(fer only when the w)-.25 F .097(ord ap-)-.1 +F .852(pears within double quotes.)108 307.2 R .852(If the w)5.852 F +.852(ord is double-quoted, ${)-.1 F F1(name)A F0 .853([*]} e)B .853 +(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .853(ord with the)-.1 F -.25(va)108 319.2 S +.013(lue of each array member separated by the \214rst character of the) +.25 F F3(IFS)2.513 E F0 .013(special v)2.263 F .013(ariable, and ${)-.25 +F F1(name)A F0 .013([@]} e)B(x-)-.15 E .483(pands each element of)108 +331.2 R F1(name)2.983 E F0 .484(to a separate w)2.984 F 2.984(ord. When) +-.1 F .484(there are no array members, ${)2.984 F F1(name)A F0 .484 +([@]} e)B(xpands)-.15 E 1.074(to nothing.)108 343.2 R 1.074 +(If the double-quoted e)6.074 F 1.074(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F +1.074(ord, the e)-.1 F 1.073(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is)-.15 F +.614(joined with the be)108 355.2 R .614(ginning part of the original w) +-.15 F .614(ord, and the e)-.1 F .615 +(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .04 +(the last part of the original w)108 367.2 R 2.54(ord. This)-.1 F .04 +(is analogous to the e)2.54 F .04(xpansion of the special parameters) +-.15 F F2(*)2.54 E F0(and)2.54 E F2(@)2.54 E F0(\(see)2.54 E F2 1.245 +(Special P)108 379.2 R(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)3.745 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.745(\). ${#).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 1.245(]} e)B +1.246(xpands to the length of ${)-.15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A +F0 3.746(]}. If)B F1(sub-)3.746 E(script)108 391.2 Q F0(is)2.728 E F2(*) +2.728 E F0(or)2.728 E F2(@)2.728 E F0 2.728(,t)C .228(he e)-2.728 F .228 +(xpansion is the number of elements in the array)-.15 F 5.227(.I)-.65 G +2.727(ft)-5.227 G(he)-2.727 E F1(subscript)3.067 E F0 .227 +(used to reference an)3.407 F .437(element of an inde)108 403.2 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.937(da).15 G .437(rray e)-2.937 F -.25(va)-.25 G .437 +(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relati).25 F +.738 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.938(oo).15 G .438(ne greater)-2.938 F .02 +(than the maximum inde)108 415.2 R 2.52(xo)-.15 G 2.52(ft)-2.52 G .02 +(he array)-2.52 F 2.52(,s)-.65 G 2.52(on)-2.52 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.52 H +(ti).15 E .32 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .02 +(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 2.52(,a)-.65 G .02 +(nd an inde)-2.52 F(x)-.15 E(of \2551 references the last element.)108 +427.2 Q .595(Referencing an array v)108 444 R .595 +(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .595 +(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An)108 +456 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 E +(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F2(bash)2.5 E +F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 472.8 +Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E 2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 436.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() +.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 489.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() .15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.917 (alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${)B F2 -(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 448.8 S .749 +(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 501.6 S .749 (pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name) 3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .75 (he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 -460.8 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 -E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 477.6 Q F2(unset) +513.6 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 530.4 Q F2(unset) 2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) --.15 E F1(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 489.6 Q F0 2.858(,f)C .358 +-.15 E F1(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 542.4 Q F0 2.858(,f)C .358 (or both inde)-2.858 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(nd associati) -2.858 F .658 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 2.858(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) .05 E .658 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .358(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.205 -(scribed abo)108 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.205(.U).15 G 1.205 +(scribed abo)108 554.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.205(.U).15 G 1.205 (nsetting the last element of an array v)-6.205 F 1.204 (ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F2(unset)6.204 E F1 -(name)3.704 E F0(,)A(where)108 513.6 Q F1(name)3.412 E F0 .912 +(name)3.704 E F0(,)A(where)108 566.4 Q F1(name)3.412 E F0 .912 (is an array)3.412 F 3.412(,r)-.65 G(emo)-3.412 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.412 (st).15 G .912(he entire array)-3.412 F(.)-.65 E F2(unset)5.912 E F1 (name)3.412 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 .912(], where)B F1(subscript) 3.413 E F0(is)3.413 E F2(*)3.413 E F0(or)3.413 E F2(@)3.413 E F0 3.413 -(,b)C(e-)-3.413 E(ha)108 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.126(sd).15 G(if)-3.126 +(,b)C(e-)-3.413 E(ha)108 578.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.126(sd).15 G(if)-3.126 E .626(ferently depending on whether)-.25 F F1(name)3.126 E F0 .626 (is an inde)3.126 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.126(do).15 G 3.126(ra)-3.126 G (ssociati)-3.126 E .925 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.625(.I)-.65 G(f) -5.625 E F1(name)3.125 E F0 .625(is an associati)3.125 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(array)108 537.6 Q 3.067(,t)-.65 G .567 +(array)108 590.4 Q 3.067(,t)-.65 G .567 (his unsets the element with subscript)-3.067 F F2(*)3.067 E F0(or)3.067 E F2(@)3.067 E F0 5.567(.I)C(f)-5.567 E F1(name)3.067 E F0 .567 (is an inde)3.067 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.067(da).15 G(rray)-3.067 E 3.067 (,u)-.65 G .567(nset remo)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.067(sa).15 G .567 -(ll of the)-3.067 F(elements b)108 549.6 Q(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .029(When using a v)108 566.4 R +(ll of the)-3.067 F(elements b)108 602.4 Q(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .029(When using a v)108 619.2 R .029(ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .028 (gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F2(unset)2.528 E F0 2.528(,w)C -.028(ithout us-)-2.528 F .937(ing the w)108 578.4 R .937(ord e)-.1 F +.028(ithout us-)-2.528 F .937(ing the w)108 631.2 R .937(ord e)-.1 F .937(xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.437(,t).15 G .937(he ar)-3.437 F .938(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 3.438 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)3.438 E(name e)108 590.4 Q +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)3.438 E(name e)108 643.2 Q (xpansion is not desired, the ar)-.15 E(gument should be quoted.)-.18 E -(The)108 607.2 Q F2(declar)2.684 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)2.684 E F0 +(The)108 660 Q F2(declar)2.684 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)2.684 E F0 2.684(,a)C(nd)-2.684 E F2 -.18(re)2.684 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.684 G .184(iltins each accept a).2 F F22.684 E F0 .184 (option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.683(da).15 G .183 (rray and a)-2.683 F F22.683 E F0(op-)2.683 E .041 -(tion to specify an associati)108 619.2 R .341 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 -E 5.041(.I)-.65 G 2.541(fb)-5.041 G .041(oth options are supplied,) --2.541 F F22.541 E F0(tak)2.541 E .041(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) -5.041 E F2 -.18(re)2.542 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.542 G .042(iltin ac-).2 -F .864(cepts a)108 631.2 R F23.364 E F0 .864 -(option to assign a list of w)3.364 F .864 -(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.863(.T)-.65 G(he) --5.863 E F2(set)3.363 E F0(and)3.363 E F2(declar)3.363 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)108 643.2 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E -(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 660 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perform\ -ed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 672 R 3.26 -(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 -(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 684 S .201(pansion performed:).15 F F1(br) -2.971 E .201(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201(tilde e) -2.831 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)3.951 E .201 -(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .2 -(command sub-)2.901 F(stitution)108 696 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) -2.83 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting) --2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)3.75 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0 -(.).24 E .418(The order of e)108 712.8 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 -F .418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F -.419(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 724.8 -S 2.675(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f) -.15 F 2.675(ashion\); w)-.1 F 2.675(ord splitting; and pathname)-.1 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(21)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(tion to specify an associati)108 672 R .341 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E +5.041(.I)-.65 G 2.541(fb)-5.041 G .041(oth options are supplied,)-2.541 +F F22.541 E F0(tak)2.541 E .041(es precedence.)-.1 F(The)5.041 E +F2 -.18(re)2.542 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.542 G .042(iltin ac-).2 F .864 +(cepts a)108 684 R F23.364 E F0 .864(option to assign a list of w) +3.364 F .864(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.863 +(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.863 E F2(set)3.363 E F0(and)3.363 E F2(declar)3.363 E +(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)108 696 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w) +-.25 E(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(21)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S -(pansion.).15 E .257 -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 100.8 R -.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(pr)2.757 E .257(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .257 -(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 E -(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 112.8 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 84 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is performe\ +d on the command line after it has been split into w)108 96 R 3.26 +(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 +(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 108 S .201(pansion performed:).15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(br)2.971 E .201(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 +E F2 .201(tilde e)2.831 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(par)3.951 E .201 +(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .2 +(command sub-)2.901 F(stitution)108 120 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e) +2.83 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting) +-2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)3.75 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0 +(.).24 E .418(The order of e)108 136.8 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 +F .418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F +.419(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 148.8 +S .196(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 +F .195(ashion\); w)-.1 F .195(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) +-.15 E(sion.)108 160.8 Q .257 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 177.6 R +.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.757 E .257 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .257(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 +E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 189.6 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G (ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) --.15 E .003(After these e)108 129.6 R .003 +-.15 E .003(After these e)108 206.4 R .003 (xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w) -.15 F .002(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.502(du).15 G .002 -(nless the)-2.502 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 141.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 -E F0(\).)A .171(Only brace e)108 158.4 R .171(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171 +(nless the)-2.502 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 218.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F2(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 +E F0(\).)A .171(Only brace e)108 235.2 R .171(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171 (ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F .171 (xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .172(ords of the e)-.1 F -(x-)-.15 E .777(pansion; other e)108 170.4 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F +(x-)-.15 E .777(pansion; other e)108 247.2 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F .776(xpand a single w)-.15 F .776(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.276 (ord. The)-.1 F .776(only e)3.276 F .776(xceptions to this are the e) --.15 F(x-)-.15 E .695(pansions of ")108 182.4 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -($@)A F0 3.195("a)C .695(nd ")-3.195 F F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 -.696(", and, in most cases,)B F2($*)3.196 E F0(and)3.196 E F2(${)3.196 E -F1(name)A F2([*]})A F0 .696(as e)3.196 F .696(xplained abo)-.15 F .996 --.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.196 G(-).666 -E(RAMETERS)108 194.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 -211.2 Q F1(Br)108.58 223.2 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 +-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .695(pansions of ")108 259.2 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +($@)A F0 3.195("a)C .695(nd ")-3.195 F F3(${)A F2(name)A F3([@]})A F0 +.696(", and, in most cases,)B F3($*)3.196 E F0(and)3.196 E F3(${)3.196 E +F2(name)A F3([*]})A F0 .696(as e)3.196 F .696(xplained abo)-.15 F .996 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.196 G(-).666 +E(RAMETERS)108 271.2 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F3(Brace Expansion)87 +288 Q F2(Br)108.58 300 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F -.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 235.2 Q F1 .415 -(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 312 Q F2 .415(pathname e) +2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .074(form of an optional)108 247.2 R F1(pr)3.823 E(eamble) +(he)-2.915 E .074(form of an optional)108 324 R F2(pr)3.823 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.573(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.573 E .073 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .489(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 259.2 R -.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.49(.T).68 G -.49(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.49 F .49(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(c\ -ontained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each\ - resulting string, e)108 271.2 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108 -283.2 Q .718(Brace e)108 300 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719 +F(xpres-)-.15 E .489(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 336 R .489 +(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.49(.T).68 G .49 +(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.49 F .49(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(cont\ +ained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each re\ +sulting string, e)108 348 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108 360 +Q .718(Brace e)108 376.8 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719 (The results of each e)5.719 F .719 (xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) -108 312 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0(d,c,b) -A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.149(As)108 -328.8 S .649(equence e)-3.149 F .649(xpression tak)-.15 F .649 -(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.149 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A -F2(]})A F0 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F1(x)3.149 E F0(and)3.149 E F1(y) +108 388.8 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F3({)A F0 +(d,c,b)A F3(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.149(As) +108 405.6 S .649(equence e)-3.149 F .649(xpression tak)-.15 F .649 +(es the form)-.1 F F3({)3.149 E F2(x)A F3(..)A F2(y)A F3([..)A F2(incr)A +F3(]})A F0 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F2(x)3.149 E F0(and)3.149 E F2(y) 3.149 E F0 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .648 -(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F1(incr)108 340.8 Q F0 2.615(,a)C +(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F2(incr)108 417.6 Q F0 2.615(,a)C 2.615(no)-2.615 G .115(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E 5.115(.W)-.55 G .115(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e) -.15 F .115(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.014 -(ber between)108 352.8 R F1(x)3.514 E F0(and)3.514 E F1(y)3.513 E F0 +(ber between)108 429.6 R F2(x)3.514 E F0(and)3.514 E F2(y)3.513 E F0 3.513(,i)C(nclusi)-3.513 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.013(.S).15 G 1.013 (upplied inte)-6.013 F 1.013(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F 1.013(ed with) --.15 F F1(0)3.513 E F0 1.013(to force each term to ha)3.513 F 1.313 -.15 -(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014(same width.)108 364.8 R .014(When either)5.014 -F F1(x)2.514 E F0(or)2.514 E F1(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with \ +-.15 F F2(0)3.513 E F0 1.013(to force each term to ha)3.513 F 1.313 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014(same width.)108 441.6 R .014(When either)5.014 +F F2(x)2.514 E F0(or)2.514 E F2(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with \ a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.131(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 -376.8 R 6.131(.W)-.65 G 1.13(hen letters are supplied, the e)-6.131 F +453.6 R 6.131(.W)-.65 G 1.13(hen letters are supplied, the e)-6.131 F 1.13(xpression e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .484(pands to each character le)108 -388.8 R .484(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)2.984 E F0(and)2.984 E -F1(y)2.984 E F0 2.984(,i)C(nclusi)-2.984 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.984(,u).15 G +465.6 R .484(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)2.984 E F0(and)2.984 E +F2(y)2.984 E F0 2.984(,i)C(nclusi)-2.984 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.984(,u).15 G .485(sing the def)-2.984 F .485(ault C locale.)-.1 F .485(Note that) -5.485 F(both)108 400.8 Q F1(x)2.967 E F0(and)2.967 E F1(y)2.967 E F0 +5.485 F(both)108 477.6 Q F2(x)2.967 E F0(and)2.967 E F2(y)2.967 E F0 .467(must be of the same type \(inte)2.967 F .467(ger or letter\).)-.15 F .467(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the)5.467 F(dif)108 -412.8 Q(ference between each term.)-.25 E(The def)5 E +489.6 Q(ference between each term.)-.25 E(The def)5 E (ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 -429.6 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 +506.4 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 (ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582 (haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016 -(are preserv)108 441.6 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 -(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015 +(are preserv)108 518.4 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 +(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F3(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015 (does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 453.6 Q +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 530.4 Q (xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 2.501(Ac)108 470.4 S .001(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.501 F .001(\ +-.15 E 2.501(Ac)108 547.2 S .001(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.501 F .001(\ xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\ - one un-)-.15 F .458(quoted comma or a v)108 482.4 R .458 + one un-)-.15 F .458(quoted comma or a v)108 559.2 R .458 (alid sequence e)-.25 F 2.958(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.958(yi)-.15 G .458 (ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.958 F .457(xpansion is left unchanged.) --.15 F(A)108 494.4 Q F2({)2.521 E F0(or)2.521 E F2(,)2.521 E F0 .021 +-.15 F(A)108 571.2 Q F3({)2.521 E F0(or)2.521 E F3(,)2.521 E F0 .021 (may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.521 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 (nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.522(xpression. T)-.15 F 2.522(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.722 G(id).2 E .172 -(con\215icts with parameter e)108 506.4 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15 -F F2(${)2.672 E F0 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F -.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 518.4 Q -(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F2(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\ +(con\215icts with parameter e)108 583.2 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15 +F F3(${)2.672 E F0 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F +.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 595.2 Q +(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F3(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\ ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\ -gs to be generated is)108 535.2 R(longer than in the abo)108 547.2 Q .3 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 564 -Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 576 Q(cho)144 588 Q +gs to be generated is)108 612 R(longer than in the abo)108 624 Q .3 -.15 +(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 640.8 Q +-.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 652.8 Q(cho)144 664.8 Q (wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) --.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 604.8 R .618 +-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 681.6 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F -.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 +.618(ersions of)-.15 F F3(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F3(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 (does not treat open-)3.118 F .247 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 616.8 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 693.6 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G .247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 628.8 Q -.15 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F3(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 705.6 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 -(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) -3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 640.8 Q F0 .514 +(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F3(sh) +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F2(\214le{1,2})108 717.6 Q F0 .514 (appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 -(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e) -3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437 -(If strict compatibility with)108 652.8 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 -(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2 +(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e) +3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F3(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437 +(If strict compatibility with)108 729.6 R F3(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 +(is desired, start)2.936 F F3(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F3 (+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436 -(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 664.8 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2 -(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 681.6 S -(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 693.6 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F -1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.087 -('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ - \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) -108 705.6 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) --5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\ - are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 717.6 R .726 -(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 729.6 Q .523 -(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 -(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(22)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(xpansion with the)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E +(22)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(HOME)108 84 Q/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F1(HOME)2.786 E -F0 .287(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .287(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-) --.2 E(wise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory asso\ -ciated with the speci\214ed login name.)108 96 Q .093 -(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 112.8 R .092 -(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 -(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is) -5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 124.8 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 -(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(OLDPWD)3.404 E F2(,)A F0 -.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo) -5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F .88 -(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 136.8 R/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(N)3.38 E F0 3.38(,o)C .88(ptionally pre\214x)-3.38 F -.879(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is re-)-.15 F .138(pla\ -ced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 -148.8 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dirs) -2.639 E F0 -.2(bu)2.639 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 160.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G 2.839(dw).1 G .338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.839 F 2.838 -(gument. If)-.18 F .338(the characters follo)2.838 F .338 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(+B)108 84 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 +E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0 +(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)87 100.8 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 +.976(If a w)108 112.8 R .976(ord be)-.1 F .976 +(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1<01>A F0 .977 +('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ + \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) +108 124.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 +5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(i\ +n the tilde-pre\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x f\ +ollo)108 136.8 R .726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F3 +(lo)108 148.8 Q .523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 +(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) +-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F2(HOME)108 160.8 Q/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F2(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287 +(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287 +(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\ +ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ +with the speci\214ed login name.)108 172.8 Q .492 +(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `\001+', the v)108 189.6 R .491 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(PWD)2.991 E F0 .491 +(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.741 F .491(If the tilde-pre\214x)5.491 F +.296(is a `\001\255', the v)108 201.6 R .296(alue of the shell v)-.25 F +(ariable)-.25 E F2(OLDPWD)2.796 E F4(,)A F0 .296 +(if it is set, is substituted.)2.546 F .296(If the characters follo) +5.296 F .296(wing the)-.25 F .88 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 213.6 R F3(N)3.38 E +F0 3.38(,o)C .88(ptionally pre\214x)-3.38 F .879 +(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is re-)-.15 F .138(placed \ +with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 +225.6 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)2.639 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.639 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 237.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.839(dw).1 G +.338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.839 F 2.838(gument. If)-.18 F +.338(the characters follo)2.838 F .338 (wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist)-.25 F -(of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)108 172.8 -Q(If the login name is in)108 189.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e) +(of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)108 249.6 +Q(If the login name is in)108 266.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e) .25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166 -(Each v)108 206.4 R .167(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167 +(Each v)108 283.2 R .167(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167 (ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F -.167(wing a)-.25 F F4(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F4(=) -2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E .468(these cases, tilde e)108 218.4 R +.167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=) +2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E .468(these cases, tilde e)108 295.2 R .468(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o) -.65 G .467(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F -(ments to)108 230.4 Q F1 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F2(,)A F1(MAILP)2.25 -E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F2(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F1(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F2(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v) --.15 E(alue.)-.25 E .023(Bash also performs tilde e)108 247.2 R .023 -(xpansion on w)-.15 F .024(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F -.024(ariable assignments \(as described)-.25 F(abo)108 259.2 Q .77 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.666(PA)2.97 G(RAMETERS).666 E F2(\))A F0 -.47(when the)2.72 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(ppear as ar)-2.969 F .469 -(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F .469(Bash does not do this,)5.469 F --.15(ex)108 271.2 S(cept for the).15 E F3(declar)2.5 E(ation)-.15 E F0 -(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen in)-2.5 E F3 -(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F4 -.1(Pa)87 288 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 -.199(The `)108 300 R F4($)A F0 2.699('c)C .199 -(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.699 F .199 +(ments to)108 307.2 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F2(MAILP)2.25 +E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v) +-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E F1(Bash)108 324 Q F0 1.768(also performs tilde e) +4.268 F 1.768(xpansion on w)-.15 F 1.769 +(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F 1.769 +(ariable assignments \(as de-)-.25 F .464(scribed abo)108 336 R .764 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.964 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A +F0 .464(when the)2.714 F 2.964(ya)-.15 G .464(ppear as ar)-2.964 F .463 +(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F F1(Bash)5.463 E F0 .463(does not) +2.963 F(do this, e)108 348 Q(xcept for the)-.15 E F3(declar)2.5 E(ation) +-.15 E F0(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen in) +-2.5 E F3(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(Pa)87 364.8 S +(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 .199(The `)108 376.8 R F1($)A F0 2.699('c)C +.199(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.699 F .199 (xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.7 (xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.7 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e)108 -312 R .314(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 -F .314(ut serv)-.2 F 2.813(et)-.15 G 2.813(op)-2.813 G(rotect)-2.813 E -.414(the v)108 324 R .414(ariable to be e)-.25 F .414 +388.8 R .314(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b) +-.15 F .314(ut serv)-.2 F 2.813(et)-.15 G 2.813(op)-2.813 G(rotect) +-2.813 E .414(the v)108 400.8 R .414(ariable to be e)-.25 F .414 (xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .415 -(wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(the name.)108 336 -Q 1.19(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `) -108 352.8 R F4(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 +(wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(the name.)108 +412.8 Q 1.19 +(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 +429.6 R F1(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 (ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F .821 -(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 364.8 R .822 +(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 441.6 R .822 (xpansion, command substitution, or parameter e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E -(pansion.)108 376.8 Q(${)108 393.6 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A .106 -(The v)144 405.6 R .106(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(pansion.)108 453.6 Q(${)108 470.4 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A .106 +(The v)144 482.4 R .106(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(is substituted.)2.606 F .106(The braces are required when)5.106 F F3(par)3.856 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(is a positional pa-)3.336 F .11 -(rameter with more than one digit, or when)144 417.6 R F3(par)3.86 E +(rameter with more than one digit, or when)144 494.4 R F3(par)3.86 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .111(is follo)3.341 F .111 (wed by a character which is not to be)-.25 F .208 -(interpreted as part of its name.)144 429.6 R(The)5.208 E F3(par)2.708 E +(interpreted as part of its name.)144 506.4 R(The)5.208 E F3(par)2.708 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .208(is a shell parameter as described abo)2.708 F --.15(ve)-.15 G F4 -.74(PA)2.858 G(RAME-).74 E(TERS)144 441.6 Q F0 2.5 -(\)o)C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F4(Arrays)A -F0(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 458.4 R F3(par)2.846 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)2.858 G(RAME-).74 E(TERS)144 518.4 Q F0 2.5 +(\)o)C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A +F0(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 535.2 R F3(par)2.846 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F -F4(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F3(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) +F1(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F3(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) 2.846 F F3(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G -(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.907(al)108 470.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.907 H 2.907 -(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.907 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F4(Bash)5.406 E F0 .406 +(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.907(al)108 547.2 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.907 H 2.907 +(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.907 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F1(Bash)5.406 E F0 .406 (uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406 (xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F3(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .406 -(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F3(par)2.906 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 482.4 Q +(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F3(par)2.906 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 559.2 Q F0 2.578(;t)C .078(his is then e)-2.578 F .078(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .079 (xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .079(xpansion of the)-.15 F -(original)108 494.4 Q F3(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043 +(original)108 571.2 Q F3(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043 (his is kno)-5.043 F .043(wn as)-.25 F F3(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .042 (alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .042(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15 -(ex)108 506.4 S .248(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 +(ex)108 583.2 S .248(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 F 2.748(xpansion. If)-.15 F F3(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .249 (is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .249(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51 -(name of the parameter referenced by)108 518.4 R F3(par)4.01 E(ameter) +(name of the parameter referenced by)108 595.2 R F3(par)4.01 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 1.51(instead of performing the complete indirect e)4.01 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E .387(The e)108 530.4 R .387 -(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F4(!)A -F3(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F4(*)A F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F4(!)A F3 +(xpansion.)-.15 E .387(The e)108 607.2 R .387 +(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A +F3(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F1(!)A F3 (name)A F0([)A F3(@)A F0 .387(]} described belo)B 4.188 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .388(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 E(tion point must immediately follo)108 -542.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.) --2.5 E .334(In each of the cases belo)108 559.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F3(wor) +619.2 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.) +-2.5 E .334(In each of the cases belo)108 636 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F3(wor) 3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 -F(and arithmetic e)108 571.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .066 -(When not performing substring e)108 588 R .067 +F(and arithmetic e)108 648 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .066 +(When not performing substring e)108 664.8 R .067 (xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 2.567(w\()-.25 G -(e.g.,)-2.567 E F4(:-)2.567 E F0(\),)A F4(bash)2.567 E F0 .067 -(tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 600 Q(Omitt\ -ing the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E -(${)108 616.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F4<3aad>A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) -A F4 .723(Use Default V)144 628.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 -E F3(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F -.722(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.) -3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 640.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3 -(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 652.8 Q F3 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F4(:=)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F4 .811 -(Assign Default V)144 664.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.812(.I)C(f)-5.812 E F3 -(par)4.562 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .812(is unset or null, the e)4.042 F .812 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.652 E(d)-.37 E F0 .812(is assigned to)4.082 -F F3(pa-)4.562 E -.15(ra)144 676.8 S(meter).15 E F0 5.742(.T).73 G .742 -(he v)-5.742 F .742(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)4.492 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .742 -(is then substituted.)3.972 F .741 -(Positional parameters and special parame-)5.742 F -(ters may not be assigned to in this w)144 688.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) -108 700.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F4(:?)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F4 -.535(Display Err)144 712.8 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 -(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F3(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 -(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.035 E -(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 724.8 R -.662(fect if)-.25 F F3(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 E F0 .661(is not present\) is\ - written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.932 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(23)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(e.g.,)-2.567 E F1(:-)2.567 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)2.567 E F0 .067 +(tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 676.8 Q(Omi\ +tting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 +E(${)108 693.6 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +(})A F1 .723(Use Default V)144 705.6 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f) +-5.723 E F3(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e) +3.953 F .722(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722 +(is substituted.)3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 717.6 Q +(alue of)-.25 E F3(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(23)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(interacti)144 84 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E -(alue of)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(:+)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 108 -R .745(nate V)-.15 F(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .745 -(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 120 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 144 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(:=)A F1 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .811(Assign Default V)144 96 R(alues)-.92 E F0 +5.812(.I)C(f)-5.812 E F1(par)4.562 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .812 +(is unset or null, the e)4.042 F .812(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.652 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .812(is assigned to)4.082 F F1(pa-)4.562 E -.15(ra)144 108 +S(meter).15 E F0 5.742(.T).73 G .742(he v)-5.742 F .742(alue of)-.25 F +F1(par)4.492 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .742(is then substituted.)3.972 F .741 +(Positional parameters and special parame-)5.742 F +(ters may not be assigned to in this w)144 120 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) +108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 +.535(Display Err)144 144 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C +(f)-5.535 E F1(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 +(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .013(sage to that ef)144 156 R +.013(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)2.853 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(is not present\) is\ + written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not in-)3.283 F +(teracti)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) +-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 180 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F1 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 192 R .745(nate V)-.15 F +(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 204 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 216 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 228 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion) -144 156 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E +144 240 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F .003 -(character speci\214ed by)144 168 R F1(of)2.503 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.003 +(character speci\214ed by)144 252 R F1(of)2.503 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.003 (.I)C(f)-5.003 E F1(par)2.503 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.503 E F2(@)2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.503 E F0 2.503(,a)C 2.503(ni)-2.503 G(nde)-2.503 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.503(da).15 G .003(rray subscripted by)-2.503 F F2(@) 2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.504 E F0 2.504(,o)C 2.504(ra)-2.504 G(n) --2.504 E(associati)144 180 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722 +-2.504 E(associati)144 264 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722 (rray name, the results dif).15 F .722(fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(length)3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e) -3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042(substring of the v)144 192 R .042 +3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042(substring of the v)144 276 R .042 (alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .043 (starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.542 F F1(of)2.543 E(fset) -.18 E F0 .043(and e)2.543 F .043(xtending to the)-.15 F .847 -(end of the v)144 204 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 E F1 +(end of the v)144 288 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 E F1 (of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .846 (xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .846(ARITHMETIC EV)3.346 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 216 Q(w\).)-.25 E -(If)144 240 Q F1(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 300 Q(w\).)-.25 E +(If)144 324 Q F1(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 (luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 (alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F -.046(end of the v)144 252 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) +.046(end of the v)144 336 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F1(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G .046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F -(of)144 264 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202 +(of)144 348 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202 (alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .203 -(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 276 R +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 360 R .558(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.058 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .558(and that result.)3.058 F .557(Note that a ne)5.557 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .857 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .557(set must be).25 -F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 288 Q -.2(vo) +F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 372 Q -.2(vo) -.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansion.).15 E(If)144 312 Q F1(par)3.283 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.283 E +(pansion.).15 E(If)144 396 Q F1(par)3.283 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.283 E F2(@)3.283 E F0(or)3.283 E F2(*)3.284 E F0 3.284(,t)C .784(he result is) -3.284 F F1(length)3.284 E F0 .784(positional parameters be)3.284 F .784 (ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)3.284 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.784(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)144 324 Q(fset)-.18 E F0 +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)144 408 Q(fset)-.18 E F0 .167(is tak)2.667 F .167(en relati)-.1 F .467 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.667(oo) .15 G .167(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.667 F 2.666(,s)-.4 G 2.666(oa)-2.666 G 2.666(no)-2.666 G -.25(ff)-2.666 G .166 (set of \2551 e).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G(l-).25 E .023(uates to the last po\ sitional parameter \(or 0 if there are no positional parameters\).)144 -336 R .023(It is an e)5.023 F(xpansion)-.15 E(error if)144 348 Q F1 +420 R .023(It is an e)5.023 F(xpansion)-.15 E(error if)144 432 Q F1 (length)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luates to a number less than zero.).25 E -(If)144 372 Q F1(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.014 F +(If)144 456 Q F1(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.014 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014(da).15 G .514 (rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 F F1(length) -3.014 E F0 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081(the array be)144 384 R 1.081 +3.014 E F0 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081(the array be)144 468 R 1.081 (ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 3.581(]}. A)B(ne)3.581 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 (of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.082(is tak)3.582 F 1.082(en relati)-.1 F 1.382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.582(oo).15 G 1.082(ne greater)-3.582 F 1.08 -(than the maximum inde)144 396 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft)-3.58 G 1.08 +(than the maximum inde)144 480 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft)-3.58 G 1.08 (he speci\214ed array)-3.58 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579 (sa)-3.579 G 3.579(ne)-3.579 G 1.079(xpansion error if)-3.729 F F1 (length)3.579 E F0 -.25(eva)3.579 G 1.079(luates to a).25 F -(number less than zero.)144 408 Q(Substring e)144 432 Q +(number less than zero.)144 492 Q(Substring e)144 516 Q (xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .82(Substring inde)144 456 R +(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .82(Substring inde)144 540 R .821(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in w\ -hich case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 468 Q .159(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 +hich case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 552 Q .159(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.659(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.659 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .159 (is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.659 F F2($0)2.659 E F0 -.159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .158(ed to)-.15 F(the list.)144 480 Q(${)108 -496.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 508.8 Q F2(!)A -F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .084(Names matching pr)144 520.8 +.159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .158(ed to)-.15 F(the list.)144 564 Q(${)108 +580.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 592.8 Q F2(!)A +F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .084(Names matching pr)144 604.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.084(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.585 E (e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-)-2.585 E .258 -(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 532.8 R F3(IFS)2.758 E F0 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 616.8 R F3(IFS)2.758 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.757 E F0 .257 (is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F -(within double quotes, each v)144 544.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 561.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) -A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 573.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 -(]})A F2 1.136(List of array k)144 585.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 6.136(.I)C(f) +(within double quotes, each v)144 628.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 645.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) +A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 657.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 +(]})A F2 1.136(List of array k)144 669.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 6.136(.I)C(f) -6.136 E F1(name)3.636 E F0 1.136(is an array v)3.636 F 1.136 (ariable, e)-.25 F 1.136(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F --.15(ey)-.1 G 1.137(s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 597.6 R F1(name) +-.15(ey)-.1 G 1.137(s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 681.6 R F1(name) 2.897 E F0 5.397(.I)C(f)-5.397 E F1(name)2.897 E F0 .397 (is not an array)2.897 F 2.897(,e)-.65 G .397(xpands to 0 if)-3.047 F F1 (name)2.897 E F0 .397(is set and null otherwise.)2.897 F(When)5.397 E F1 -(@)2.897 E F0(is used and the e)144 609.6 Q +(@)2.897 E F0(is used and the e)144 693.6 Q (xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 -H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 626.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A -(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 638.4 S .47(rameter length).1 F F0 -5.47(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v)-5.47 F .471(alue of) --.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471(is substituted.)2.971 F(If) -5.471 E F1(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 650.4 Q F0(is)3.627 E F2(*) -2.897 E F0(or)2.897 E F2(@)2.897 E F0 2.897(,t)C .397(he v)-2.897 F .397 -(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) -5.396 E F1(par)4.146 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .396(is an ar)3.626 F(-)-.2 E -.78(ray name subscripted by)144 662.4 R F2(*)3.28 E F0(or)3.28 E F2(@) -3.28 E F0 3.28(,t)C .78(he v)-3.28 F .781 -(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.781 -(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.781 E F1(par)145.25 674.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .456 -(is an inde)3.686 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.956(da).15 G .456 -(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.956 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.955(,t)-.4 G .455 -(hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 686.4 R 1.272 --.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.472(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) --3.472 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -3.473(,s)C 3.473(on)-3.473 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.473 H(ti).15 E 1.273 --.15(ve i)-.25 H .973(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) -144 698.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 -G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(24)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(24)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)A F1(wor) -A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 108 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 -F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor) -4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A +F1 -.1(Pa)144 96 S .47(rameter length).1 F F0 5.47(.T)C .471 +(he length in characters of the v)-5.47 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471(is substituted.)2.971 F(If)5.471 E F2(par) +4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 108 Q F0(is)3.627 E F1(*)2.897 E F0(or)2.897 +E F1(@)2.897 E F0 2.897(,t)C .397(he v)-2.897 F .397 +(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) +5.396 E F2(par)4.146 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .396(is an ar)3.626 F(-)-.2 E +.78(ray name subscripted by)144 120 R F1(*)3.28 E F0(or)3.28 E F1(@)3.28 +E F0 3.28(,t)C .78(he v)-3.28 F .781 +(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.781 +(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.781 E F2(par)145.25 132 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .456 +(is an inde)3.686 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.956(da).15 G .456 +(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.956 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.955(,t)-.4 G .455 +(hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 144 R 1.272 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 3.472(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.472 +F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F2(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.473(,s)C +3.473(on)-3.473 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.473 H(ti).15 E 1.273 -.15(ve i)-.25 +H .973(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array)144 156 Q 2.5 +(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 172.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F1(#)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 184.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E +F1(##)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo)144 196.8 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 +H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T) +C(he)-6.196 E F2(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .543(name e)144 -120 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544(ainst the e)-.05 F .544 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.544(using the rules described)3.774 F(under)144 132 Q F2 -.1(Pa)3.133 G -(tter).1 E 3.133(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.133 E F0(belo)3.132 E 4.432 -.65 -(w. I)-.25 H 3.132(ft).65 G .632(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F .632 -(ginning of the v)-.15 F .632(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.382 E(ameter)-.15 -E F0(,).73 E 1.151(then the result of the e)144 144 R 1.151 -(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F1 +208.8 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544(ainst the e)-.05 F +.544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 .544(using the rules described)3.774 F(under)144 220.8 Q F1 -.1(Pa) +3.133 G(tter).1 E 3.133(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.133 E F0(belo)3.132 E 4.432 +-.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.132(ft).65 G .632(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F +.632(ginning of the v)-.15 F .632(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.382 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.151(then the result of the e)144 232.8 R 1.151 +(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F2 (par)4.902 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.152(with the shortest matching)4.382 F -.184(pattern \(the `)144 156 R(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 1.664 -.74('' c)D .184 -(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 -1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.183 E F1(par)3.933 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.413 E F2(@)2.683 E F0(or)144 168 Q F2(*)3.018 E -F0 3.018(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.018 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 -G .518 +.184(pattern \(the `)144 244.8 R(`)-.74 E F1(#)A F0 1.664 -.74('' c)D +.184(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F1(##) +A F0 1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.183 E F2(par)3.933 +E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.413 E F1(@)2.683 E F0(or)144 256.8 Q F1(*)3.018 +E F0 3.018(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.018 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo) +.25 G .518 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .304(sion is the resultant list.)144 180 R(If) -5.304 E F1(par)4.054 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.803 E F0(or)2.803 E F2(*)2.803 E -F0 2.803(,t)C .303(he pattern re-)-2.803 F(mo)144 192 Q -.25(va)-.15 G +-3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .304(sion is the resultant list.)144 268.8 R(If) +5.304 E F2(par)4.054 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.803 E F0(or)2.803 E F1(*)2.803 E +F0 2.803(,t)C .303(he pattern re-)-2.803 F(mo)144 280.8 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 2.987(lo).25 G .487 (peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.987 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 204 Q(${)108 -220.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 -232.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo) -144 244.8 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 -E F0 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F1(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F +-2.987 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 292.8 Q(${)108 +309.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 +321.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(%%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo) +144 333.6 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 +E F0 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F2(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .146(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 -256.8 S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.209 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 268.8 S(tter) +345.6 S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.209 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F1 -.1(Pa)144 357.6 S(tter) .1 E 3.314(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.314 E F0(belo)3.314 E 4.614 -.65(w. I) -.25 H 3.314(ft).65 G .814 (he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)-3.314 F .814(xpanded v) --.15 F .814(alue of)-.25 F F1(pa-)4.564 E -.15(ra)144 280.8 S(meter).15 +-.15 F .814(alue of)-.25 F F2(pa-)4.564 E -.15(ra)144 369.6 S(meter).15 E F0 3.816(,t).73 G 1.316(hen the result of the e)-3.816 F 1.317 -(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.317(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.317(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.317(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.317(alue of)-.25 F F2 (par)5.067 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.317(with the shortest)4.547 F 1.085 -(matching pattern \(the `)144 292.8 R(`)-.74 E F2(%)A F0 2.565 -.74 +(matching pattern \(the `)144 381.6 R(`)-.74 E F1(%)A F0 2.565 -.74 ('' c)D 1.084(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 -E F2(%%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.084 E F1 -(par)145.25 304.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.389 E F2(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 -E F2(*)2.659 E F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he pattern remo)-2.659 F -.25(va)-.15 +E F1(%%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.084 E F2 +(par)145.25 393.6 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.389 E F1(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 +E F1(*)2.659 E F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he pattern remo)-2.659 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.659(lo).25 G .16 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)-2.659 F .51 -(and the e)144 316.8 R .51(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) -5.51 E F1(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .509(is an array v)3.739 F .509 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.009 E F0(or)3.009 E F2(*)3.009 E -F0(,)A .422(the pattern remo)144 328.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922(lo).25 G +(and the e)144 405.6 R .51(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) +5.51 E F2(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .509(is an array v)3.739 F .509 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)3.009 E F0(or)3.009 E F1(*)3.009 E +F0(,)A .422(the pattern remo)144 417.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922(lo).25 G .422(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.922 F .423(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 340.8 Q(${)108 -357.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0 -(})A(${)108 369.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(//)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A -F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 381.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/#)A F1 -(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 393.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 -E F2(/%)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 405.6 S +-2.922 F .423(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 429.6 Q(${)108 +446.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0 +(})A(${)108 458.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(//)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A +F2(string)A F0(})A(${)108 470.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(/#)A F2 +(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A(${)108 482.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F1(/%)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 494.4 S (tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 E F0 6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 -E F1(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 +E F2(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion.)144 417.6 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.033 -(is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) +(sion.)144 506.4 Q F2 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.033 +(is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F2(pattern) 3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.034(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.034 -(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 429.6 Q F0(.)A F1(string) +(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F2(string)144 518.4 Q F0(.)A F2(string) 5.499 E F0(under)2.999 E .499(goes tilde e)-.18 F .499 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .499(ariable e)-.25 F .499 (xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.137 -(command and process substitution, and quote remo)144 441.6 R -.25(va) +(command and process substitution, and quote remo)144 530.4 R -.25(va) -.15 G 3.637(l. The).25 F 1.137(match is performed using the rules)3.637 -F .076(described under)144 453.6 R F2 -.1(Pa)2.576 G(tter).1 E 2.576(nM) +F .076(described under)144 542.4 R F1 -.1(Pa)2.576 G(tter).1 E 2.576(nM) -.15 G(atching)-2.576 E F0(belo)2.576 E 3.876 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 2.575(nt) .65 G .075(he \214rst form abo)-2.575 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.575(,o).15 G .075(nly the \214rst match is replaced.)-2.575 F .48(If there are tw)144 -465.6 R 2.98(os)-.1 G .48(lashes separating)-2.98 F F1(par)2.98 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(and)2.98 E F1(pattern)2.98 E F0 .48 +554.4 R 2.98(os)-.1 G .48(lashes separating)-2.98 F F2(par)2.98 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(and)2.98 E F2(pattern)2.98 E F0 .48 (\(the second form abo)2.98 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .48(\), all matches of).15 -F F1(pattern)144 477.6 Q F0 .375(are replaced with)2.875 F F1(string) -2.874 E F0 5.374(.I)C(f)-5.374 E F1(pattern)2.874 E F0 .374 -(is preceded by)2.874 F F2(#)2.874 E F0 .374(\(the third form abo)2.874 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G .374(\), it must match).15 F .088(at the be)144 489.6 R +F F2(pattern)144 566.4 Q F0 .375(are replaced with)2.875 F F2(string) +2.874 E F0 5.374(.I)C(f)-5.374 E F2(pattern)2.874 E F0 .374 +(is preceded by)2.874 F F1(#)2.874 E F0 .374(\(the third form abo)2.874 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G .374(\), it must match).15 F .088(at the be)144 578.4 R .088(ginning of the e)-.15 F .088(xpanded v)-.15 F .088(alue of)-.25 F -F1(par)2.588 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.088(.I)C(f)-5.088 E F1(pattern)2.588 E -F0 .088(is preceded by)2.588 F F2(%)2.589 E F0 .089(\(the fourth form) -2.589 F(abo)144 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .315 +F2(par)2.588 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.088(.I)C(f)-5.088 E F2(pattern)2.588 E +F0 .088(is preceded by)2.588 F F1(%)2.589 E F0 .089(\(the fourth form) +2.589 F(abo)144 590.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .315 (\), it must match at the end of the e).15 F .315(xpanded v)-.15 F .315 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.815 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.315(.I)C 2.815(ft) --5.315 G .315(he e)-2.815 F .315(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(string)2.815 E F0 -(is)2.815 E .398(null, matches of)144 513.6 R F1(pattern)2.898 E F0 .398 -(are deleted.)2.898 F(If)5.398 E F1(string)2.898 E F0 .398 -(is null, matches of)2.898 F F1(pattern)2.898 E F0 .399 -(are deleted and the)2.899 F F2(/)2.899 E F0(fol-)2.899 E(lo)144 525.6 Q -(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(may be omitted.)2.5 E .95(If the)144 -549.6 R F2(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .95 -(shell option is enabled using)3.45 F F2(shopt)3.45 E F0 3.45(,a)C 1.25 --.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95(nquoted instances of).15 F F2(&)3.45 E F0(in)3.45 -E F1(string)144 561.6 Q F0(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 -E F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(.)A .749(Quoting an)144 585.6 R 3.249(yp)-.15 G -.749(art of)-3.249 F F1(string)3.249 E F0 .749 +(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.815 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.315(.I)C 2.815(ft) +-5.315 G .315(he e)-2.815 F .315(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(string)2.815 E F0 +(is)2.815 E .398(null, matches of)144 602.4 R F2(pattern)2.898 E F0 .398 +(are deleted.)2.898 F(If)5.398 E F2(string)2.898 E F0 .398 +(is null, matches of)2.898 F F2(pattern)2.898 E F0 .399 +(are deleted and the)2.899 F F1(/)2.899 E F0(fol-)2.899 E(lo)144 614.4 Q +(wing)-.25 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(may be omitted.)2.5 E .95(If the)144 +638.4 R F1(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .95 +(shell option is enabled using)3.45 F F1(shopt)3.45 E F0 3.45(,a)C 1.25 +-.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95(nquoted instances of).15 F F1(&)3.45 E F0(in)3.45 +E F2(string)144 650.4 Q F0(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 +E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(.)A .749(Quoting an)144 674.4 R 3.249(yp)-.15 G +.749(art of)-3.249 F F2(string)3.249 E F0 .749 (inhibits replacement in the e)3.249 F .75 (xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .767 -(replacement strings stored in shell v)144 597.6 R 3.267 -(ariables. Backslash)-.25 F .767(will escape)3.267 F F2(&)3.267 E F0(in) -3.267 E F1(string)3.267 E F0 3.267(;t)C .767(he backslash is)-3.267 F -(remo)144 609.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.668(di).15 G 2.668(no)-2.668 G .169 -(rder to permit a literal)-2.668 F F2(&)2.669 E F0 .169 +(replacement strings stored in shell v)144 686.4 R 3.267 +(ariables. Backslash)-.25 F .767(will escape)3.267 F F1(&)3.267 E F0(in) +3.267 E F2(string)3.267 E F0 3.267(;t)C .767(he backslash is)-3.267 F +(remo)144 698.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.668(di).15 G 2.668(no)-2.668 G .169 +(rder to permit a literal)-2.668 F F1(&)2.669 E F0 .169 (in the replacement string.)2.669 F .169 (Backslash can also be used to es-)5.169 F 1.429(cape a backslash;)144 -621.6 R F2(\\\\)3.928 E F0 1.428 +710.4 R F1(\\\\)3.928 E F0 1.428 (results in a literal backslash in the replacement.)3.928 F 1.428 -(Users should tak)6.428 F 3.928(ec)-.1 G 1.428(are if)-3.928 F F1 -(string)144 633.6 Q F0 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.791 F -.2(vo)-.2 G +(Users should tak)6.428 F 3.928(ec)-.1 G 1.428(are if)-3.928 F F2 +(string)144 722.4 Q F0 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.791 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .292(id unw).2 F .292 -(anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F .054 -(since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 645.6 R --.15(Pa)5.053 G .053(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F .069 -(for unquoted)144 657.6 R F2(&)2.569 E F0 .069(after e)2.569 F(xpanding) --.15 E F1(string)2.569 E F0 2.569(;s)C .069 -(hell programmers should quote an)-2.569 F 2.57(yo)-.15 G .07 -(ccurrences of)-2.57 F F2(&)2.57 E F0(the)2.57 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 -669.6 S 1.113(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 -(en literally in the replacement and ensure an)-.1 F 3.612(yi)-.15 G -1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F2(&)3.612 E F0(the)3.612 E 3.612(yw)-.15 G -1.112(ant to be re-)-3.712 F(placed are unquoted.)144 681.6 Q .686 -(If the)144 705.6 R F2(nocasematch)3.186 E F0 .687 -(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.187 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F .736(alphabetic characters.)144 -717.6 R(If)5.736 E F1(par)4.486 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.966 E F2(@)3.236 -E F0(or)3.236 E F2(*)3.236 E F0 3.236(,t)C .736 -(he substitution operation is applied to each posi-)-3.236 F .654 -(tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 729.6 R .654 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.655 E F1(par)4.405 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .655(is an array v)3.885 F(ariable)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(25)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(25)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 26 26 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .348 -(subscripted with)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(@)2.848 E F0(or)2.848 E -F1(*)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .348(he substitution operation is applied to\ - each member of the array in turn,)-2.848 F(and the e)144 96 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 112.8 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 -124.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(^^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 136.8 -Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 148.8 Q F2 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A F1 .437 -(Case modi\214cation)144 160.8 R F0 5.437(.T)C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .054 +(since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 84 R -.15 +(Pa)5.053 G .053(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F .069 +(for unquoted)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(&)2.569 E F0 .069(after e) +2.569 F(xpanding)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)2.569 E F0 2.569 +(;s)C .069(hell programmers should quote an)-2.569 F 2.57(yo)-.15 G .07 +(ccurrences of)-2.57 F F1(&)2.57 E F0(the)2.57 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 108 +S 1.113(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 +(en literally in the replacement and ensure an)-.1 F 3.612(yi)-.15 G +1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F1(&)3.612 E F0(the)3.612 E 3.612(yw)-.15 G +1.112(ant to be re-)-3.712 F(placed are unquoted.)144 120 Q .686(If the) +144 144 R F1(nocasematch)3.186 E F0 .687 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.187 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F .736(alphabetic characters.)144 +156 R(If)5.736 E F2(par)4.486 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.966 E F1(@)3.236 E +F0(or)3.236 E F1(*)3.236 E F0 3.236(,t)C .736 +(he substitution operation is applied to each posi-)-3.236 F .654 +(tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 168 R .654 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.655 E F2(par)4.405 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .655(is an array v)3.885 F(ariable)-.25 E .348 +(subscripted with)144 180 R F1(@)2.848 E F0(or)2.848 E F1(*)2.848 E F0 +2.848(,t)C .348(he substitution operation is applied to each member of \ +the array in turn,)-2.848 F(and the e)144 192 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 208.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F1<00>A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 220.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E +F1<0000>A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 232.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1 +(,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 244.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,,)A +F2(pattern)A F0(})A F1 .437(Case modi\214cation)144 256.8 R F0 5.437(.T) +C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 (xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F2(par) -2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F2(pattern)144 172.8 Q +2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F2(pattern)144 268.8 Q F0 .374(is e)2.874 F .374 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 2.874 (xpansion. Each)-.15 F .373(character in the e)2.873 F(x-)-.15 E .513 -(panded v)144 184.8 R .513(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E +(panded v)144 280.8 R .513(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .513(is tested ag)3.013 F(ainst)-.05 E F2(pattern)3.013 E F0 3.013 (,a)C .514(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is con-)-3.013 F -.15 -(ve)144 196.8 S 2.823(rted. The).15 F .323 -(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.823 F -5.322(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.322 E F1(^)2.822 E F0 .322(operator con)2.822 F --.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 208.8 Q .18(wercase letters matching)-.25 +(ve)144 292.8 S 2.658(rted. The).15 F .157 +(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.658 F +5.157(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.157 E F1<00>2.657 E F0 .157(operator con)2.657 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 304.8 Q .18(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F2(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F1(,)2.681 E F0 .181(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .181 -(rts matching uppercase letters).15 F .085(to lo)144 220.8 R 2.585 -(wercase. The)-.25 F F1(^^)2.585 E F0(and)2.585 E F1(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .085 -(rt each matched character in the e).15 F .085(xpanded v)-.15 F .085 -(alue; the)-.25 F F1(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 232.8 Q F1(,)3.59 E F0 -.15 -(ex)3.59 G 1.09(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.091 -(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.091(xpanded v)-.15 F -3.591(alue. If)-.25 F F2(pattern)3.591 E F0(is)3.591 E 1.121 -(omitted, it is treated lik)144 244.8 R 3.621(ea)-.1 G F1(?)A F0 3.621 +(rts matching uppercase letters).15 F .149(to lo)144 316.8 R 2.649 +(wercase. The)-.25 F F1<0000>2.649 E F0(and)2.649 E F1(,,)2.649 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.649 G .149(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .149 +(rt each matched character in the e).15 F .148(xpanded v)-.15 F .148 +(alue; the)-.25 F F1<00>144 328.8 Q F0(and)3.037 E F1(,)3.037 E F0 -.15 +(ex)3.037 G .537(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .538 +(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .538(xpanded v)-.15 F +3.038(alue. If)-.25 F F2(pattern)3.038 E F0(is)3.038 E 1.121 +(omitted, it is treated lik)144 340.8 R 3.621(ea)-.1 G F1(?)A F0 3.621 (,w)C 1.121(hich matches e)-3.621 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character) .15 F 6.12(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.12 E F2(par)4.87 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.35 E F1(@)3.62 E F0(or)3.62 E F1(*)3.62 E F0 3.62(,t)C 1.12(he case)-3.62 F .339(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter i\ -n turn, and the e)144 256.8 R .34(xpansion is the re-)-.15 F .25 -(sultant list.)144 268.8 R(If)5.25 E F2(par)4 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .25 +n turn, and the e)144 352.8 R .34(xpansion is the re-)-.15 F .25 +(sultant list.)144 364.8 R(If)5.25 E F2(par)4 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .25 (is an array v)3.48 F .249(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.749 E F0(or)2.749 E F1(*)2.749 E F0 2.749(,t)C .249 (he case modi\214cation oper)-2.749 F(-)-.2 E (ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -280.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 297.6 Q F2(par)A -(ameter)-.15 E F1(@)A F2(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 309.6 S +376.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 393.6 Q F2(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F1(@)A F2(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 405.6 S .86(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 -F F2(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 321.6 R +F F2(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 417.6 R F2(par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F .153(alue of)-.25 F F2(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153 E F2(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144 -333.6 Q F1(U)144 357.6 Q F0 .142(The e)180 357.6 R .142 +429.6 Q F1(U)144 453.6 Q F0 .142(The e)180 453.6 R .142 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .142(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) 2.642 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .142(with lo)2.642 F .143 -(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 369.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G -(rted to uppercase.).15 E F1(u)144 381.6 Q F0 .43(The e)180 381.6 R .43 +(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 465.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G +(rted to uppercase.).15 E F1(u)144 477.6 Q F0 .43(The e)180 477.6 R .43 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .429(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) 2.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .429(with the \214rst character con)2.929 F --.15(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 393.6 Q -F1(L)144 405.6 Q F0 .124(The e)180 405.6 R .124 +-.15(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 489.6 Q +F1(L)144 501.6 Q F0 .124(The e)180 501.6 R .124 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .124(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) 2.624 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .125(with uppercase alphabetic charac-)2.625 F -(ters con)180 417.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1 -(Q)144 429.6 Q F0 1.065(The e)180 429.6 R 1.065 +(ters con)180 513.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1 +(Q)144 525.6 Q F0 1.065(The e)180 525.6 R 1.065 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) 3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.064(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F -(reused as input.)180 441.6 Q F1(E)144 453.6 Q F0 .44(The e)180 453.6 R +(reused as input.)180 537.6 Q F1(E)144 549.6 Q F0 .44(The e)180 549.6 R .441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F2 (par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .441(with backslash escape sequences)2.941 -F -.15(ex)180 465.6 S(panded as with the).15 E F1($\010...\010)2.5 E F0 -(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F1(P)144 477.6 Q F0 1.073(The e)180 477.6 R +F -.15(ex)180 561.6 S(panded as with the).15 E F1($\010...\010)2.5 E F0 +(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F1(P)144 573.6 Q F0 1.073(The e)180 573.6 R 1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 (xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 489.6 Q F1(PR) -2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(A)144 501.6 Q F0 1.137 -(The e)180 501.6 R 1.138 +F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 585.6 Q F1(PR) +2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(A)144 597.6 Q F0 1.137 +(The e)180 597.6 R 1.138 (xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F -F1(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 513.6 Q +F1(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 609.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F1(K)144 525.6 Q F0 -1.34(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 525.6 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15 +(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F1(K)144 621.6 Q F0 +1.34(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 621.6 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15 F 1.339(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.839(,e)C 1.339 -(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 537.6 S .257 +(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 633.6 S .257 (lues of inde).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.757(da).15 G .257(nd associati) -2.757 F .557 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .257(rrays as a sequence of quoted k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F1(Ar)2.758 E(-) --.37 E(rays)180 549.6 Q F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(a)144 -561.6 Q F0(The e)180 561.6 Q +-.37 E(rays)180 645.6 Q F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(a)144 +657.6 Q F0(The e)180 657.6 Q (xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E(alues representing) -.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D(ttrib).55 E(utes.) --.2 E F1(k)144 573.6 Q F0(Lik)180 573.6 Q 2.658(et)-.1 G .157 +-.2 E F1(k)144 669.6 Q F0(Lik)180 669.6 Q 2.658(et)-.1 G .157 (he K transformation, b)-2.658 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.657(sa).15 G .157(nd v)-2.657 F .157(alues of inde) -.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .157(nd associati)-2.657 F .457 --.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 585.6 Q -(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 602.4 Q F2(par)4.402 E +-.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 681.6 Q +(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 698.4 Q F2(par)4.402 E (ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.882 E F1(@)3.152 E F0(or)3.152 E F1(*)3.153 E F0 3.153(,t)C .653(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in\ turn, and the e)-3.153 F(x-)-.15 E .403(pansion is the resultant list.) -144 614.4 R(If)5.403 E F2(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .403 +144 710.4 R(If)5.403 E F2(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .403 (is an array v)3.633 F .403(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.903 E F0(or)2.903 E F1(*)2.903 E F0 2.903(,t)C .402(he opera-)-2.903 F (tion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -626.4 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e) -144 650.4 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708 -(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .708(xpansion as described be-)-.15 -F(lo)144 662.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(Command Substitution)87 679.2 Q F2 -.324(Command substitution)108 691.2 R F0(allo)2.824 E .324 -(ws the output of a command to replace the command itself.)-.25 F .323 -(There are tw)5.323 F 2.823(os)-.1 G(tan-)-2.823 E(dard forms:)108 703.2 -Q F1($\()144 720 Q F2(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(26)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +722.4 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(26)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(or \(deprecated\)) -108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<92>144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(command)A F1<92>A F0(.)A F1(Bash)108 112.8 Q F0 .088(performs the e) -2.588 F .088(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2 -(command)2.588 E F0 .089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .708 +(The result of the e)144 84 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708 +(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .708(xpansion as described be-)-.15 +F(lo)144 96 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Command Substitution) +87 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .324(Command substitution)108 124.8 R +F0(allo)2.824 E .324 +(ws the output of a command to replace the command itself.)-.25 F .323 +(There are tw)5.323 F 2.823(os)-.1 G(tan-)-2.823 E(dard forms:)108 136.8 +Q F1($\()144 153.6 Q F2(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or \(deprecated\))108 +165.6 Q F1<92>144 177.6 Q F2(command)A F1<92>A F0(.)A F1(Bash)108 194.4 +Q F0 .088(performs the e)2.588 F .088(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.588 E F0 .089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089 (vironment and replacing the command)-.4 F .41 -(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)108 124.8 +(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)108 206.4 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .41 -(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b)108 136.8 R +(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b)108 218.4 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.)-.1 F .192 (The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.692 E F2(\214le)2.692 E F1 -(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 148.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b) +(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 230.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b) .25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1(\))A F0(.) -A -.4(Wi)108 165.6 S 1.237(th the old-style backquote form of substitut\ +A -.4(Wi)108 247.2 S 1.237(th the old-style backquote form of substitut\ ion, backslash retains its literal meaning e).4 F 1.237(xcept when fol-) --.15 F(lo)108 177.6 Q .527(wed by)-.25 F F1($)3.027 E F0(,)A F1<92>3.027 +-.15 F(lo)108 259.2 Q .527(wed by)-.25 F F1($)3.027 E F0(,)A F1<92>3.027 E F0 3.027(,o)C(r)-3.027 E F1(\\)3.027 E F0 5.527(.T)C .528(he \214rst \ backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substituti\ -on.)-5.527 F .092(When using the $\()108 189.6 R F2(command).833 E F0 +on.)-5.527 F .092(When using the $\()108 271.2 R F2(command).833 E F0 2.592(\)f)1.666 G .092(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak) -2.592 F 2.592(eu)-.1 G 2.592(pt)-2.592 G .092(he command; none are) --2.592 F(treated specially)108 201.6 Q(.)-.65 E -(There is an alternate form of command substitution:)108 218.4 Q F1(${) -144 235.2 Q F2 2.5(cc)C(ommand)-2.5 E F1 1.666(;})C F0 .639(which e)108 -252 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)3.139 E F0 .639 +-2.592 F(treated specially)108 283.2 Q(.)-.65 E +(There is an alternate form of command substitution:)108 300 Q F1(${)144 +316.8 Q F2 2.5(cc)C(ommand)-2.5 E F1 1.666(;})C F0 .639(which e)108 +333.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)3.139 E F0 .639 (in the current e)3.139 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cution en).15 F .639 (vironment and captures its output, ag)-.4 F .64(ain with trailing)-.05 -F(ne)108 264 Q(wlines remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .271 -(The character)108 280.8 R F2(c)2.771 E F0(follo)2.771 E .271 +F(ne)108 345.6 Q(wlines remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .271 +(The character)108 362.4 R F2(c)2.771 E F0(follo)2.771 E .271 (wing the open brace must be a space, tab, ne)-.25 F .271(wline, or)-.25 F F1(|)2.771 E F0 2.771(,a)C .271(nd the close brace must be in)-2.771 F -2.821(ap)108 292.8 S .321(osition where a reserv)-2.821 F .321(ed w)-.15 +2.821(ap)108 374.4 S .321(osition where a reserv)-2.821 F .321(ed w)-.15 F .321(ord may appear \(i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as \ -semicolon\).)-.1 F F1(Bash)108 304.8 Q F0(allo)2.71 E .21 +semicolon\).)-.1 F F1(Bash)108 386.4 Q F0(allo)2.71 E .21 (ws the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in the w) -.25 F .209(ord without being follo)-.1 F .209(wed by)-.25 F 2.5(as)108 -316.8 S(hell metacharacter as a reserv)-2.5 E(ed w)-.15 E(ord w)-.1 E -(ould usually require.)-.1 E(An)108 333.6 Q 3.384(ys)-.15 G .884(ide ef) +398.4 S(hell metacharacter as a reserv)-2.5 E(ed w)-.15 E(ord w)-.1 E +(ould usually require.)-.1 E(An)108 415.2 Q 3.384(ys)-.15 G .884(ide ef) -3.384 F .884(fects of)-.25 F F2(command)3.384 E F0(tak)3.384 E 3.384 (ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.384 G .884(ect immediately in the current e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .884(cution en).15 F .884(vironment and persist in)-.4 F -(the current en)108 345.6 Q +(the current en)108 427.2 Q (vironment after the command completes \(e.g., the)-.4 E F1(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin will e).2 E(xit the shell\).)-.15 E .221 -(This type of command substitution super\214cially resembles e)108 362.4 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G .221(cuting an unnamed shell function: local v).15 F +(This type of command substitution super\214cially resembles e)108 444 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .221(cuting an unnamed shell function: local v).15 F (ari-)-.25 E .172(ables are created as when a shell function is e)108 -374.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .172(cuting, and the).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.672 G -(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 -.2(bu)2.672 G .172(iltin forces).2 F F2(command) -2.672 E F0 .172(to complete;)2.672 F(ho)108 386.4 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.521 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.721(he rest of the e).4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.721(cution en).15 F 1.721 +456 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .172(cuting, and the).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.672 G(tur) +.18 E(n)-.15 E F0 -.2(bu)2.672 G .172(iltin forces).2 F F2(command)2.672 +E F0 .172(to complete;)2.672 F(ho)108 468 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.521 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.721(he rest of the e).4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.721 +(cution en).15 F 1.721 (vironment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the)-.4 -F(caller)108 398.4 Q(.)-.55 E .392(If the \214rst character follo)108 -415.2 R .392(wing the open brace is a)-.25 F F1(|)2.892 E F0 2.892(,t)C +F(caller)108 480 Q(.)-.55 E .392(If the \214rst character follo)108 +496.8 R .392(wing the open brace is a)-.25 F F1(|)2.892 E F0 2.892(,t)C .392(he construct e)-2.892 F .392(xpands to the v)-.15 F .392 (alue of the)-.25 F F1(REPL)2.892 E(Y)-.92 E F0(shell)2.892 E -.25(va) -108 427.2 S .505(riable after).25 F F2(command)3.005 E F0 -.15(exe)3.005 +108 508.8 S .505(riable after).25 F F2(command)3.005 E F0 -.15(exe)3.005 G .505(cutes, without remo).15 F .505(ving an)-.15 F 3.005(yt)-.15 G .505(railing ne)-3.005 F .505(wlines, and the standard output of)-.25 F -F2(com-)3.005 E(mand)108 439.2 Q F0 1.208 +F2(com-)3.005 E(mand)108 520.8 Q F0 1.208 (remains the same as in the calling shell.)3.708 F F1(Bash)6.208 E F0 (creates)3.708 E F1(REPL)3.708 E(Y)-.92 E F0 1.208 -(as an initially-unset local v)3.708 F(ariable)-.25 E(when)108 451.2 Q +(as an initially-unset local v)3.708 F(ariable)-.25 E(when)108 532.8 Q F2(command)3.514 E F0 -.15(exe)3.514 G 1.014(cutes, and restores).15 F F1(REPL)3.514 E(Y)-.92 E F0 1.014(to the v)3.514 F 1.014 (alue it had before the command substitution after)-.25 F F2(command)108 -463.2 Q F0(completes, as with an)2.5 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G(ocal v)-2.5 E -(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 480 R +544.8 Q F0(completes, as with an)2.5 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G(ocal v)-2.5 E +(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 561.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894 (est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 492 Q .004 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 508.8 R F1(bash) +(quotes with backslashes.)108 573.6 Q .004 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 590.4 R F1(bash) 2.504 E F0 .004(does not perform w)2.504 F .004 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion on the results.) -108 520.8 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 537.6 Q F0 1.034(Arithmetic e)108 -549.6 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +108 602.4 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 619.2 Q F0 1.034(Arithmetic e)108 +631.2 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.035 (xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F -(The format for arithmetic e)108 561.6 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() -144 578.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 595.2 -Q F2 -.2(ex)2.736 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.976 E .236 +(The format for arithmetic e)108 643.2 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() +144 660 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 676.8 Q +F2 -.2(ex)2.736 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.976 E .236 (goes the same e)-.18 F .236 (xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .235 -(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F .42(ters in)108 607.2 R F2 -.2(ex)2.92 G +(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F .42(ters in)108 688.8 R F2 -.2(ex)2.92 G (pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .42(are not treated specially and are remo) 2.92 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.921(d. All).15 F(tok)2.921 E .421(ens in the e) -.1 F .421(xpression under)-.15 F .421(go parame-)-.18 F 1.21(ter and v) -108 619.2 R 1.21(ariable e)-.25 F 1.209 +108 700.8 R 1.21(ariable e)-.25 F 1.209 (xpansion, command substitution, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.709(l. The).25 F 1.209(result is treated as the arith-)3.709 F -(metic e)108 631.2 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5 +(metic e)108 712.8 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5 (luated. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E -1.378(The e)108 648 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 +1.378(The e)108 729.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 (luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) -.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F (ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -(If)5.879 E F2 -.2(ex)108 660 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E --.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f) -2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 676.8 Q -(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 688.8 Q .405(ocess substitution) --.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 -(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 -(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 700.8 Q F1(<\()3.25 E F2 -(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.25 E F1(>\()3.25 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E -F0 5.75(.T)C .751(he process)-5.75 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751 -(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 -(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .148 -(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 712.8 R .148 -(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.647 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.647 E F1(>\()2.647 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E -F0 .559(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 724.8 R .559 -(vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G -(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.06 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .56 -(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.06 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(27)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(If)5.879 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(27)192.055 E +0 Cg EP %%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(ar)108 84 Q .309 -(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)2.808 E F0 5.308(.P)C .308 -(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-)-5.308 F -(port named pipes \()108 96 Q F1(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he) --2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 -(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .896(When a)108 112.8 R -.25(va) +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 84 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0 +(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.) +-.1 E F2(Pr)87 100.8 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F1(Pr)108 112.8 Q .405 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F +2.905(si)-.55 G .405 +(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 +(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 124.8 Q F2(<\()3.25 E F1 +(list)A F2(\)).833 E F0(or)3.25 E F2(>\()3.25 E F1(list)A F2(\)).833 E +F0 5.75(.T)C .751(he process)-5.75 F F1(list)3.251 E F0 .751 +(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 +(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .148 +(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 136.8 R .148 +(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.647 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.647 E F2(>\()2.647 E F1(list)A F2(\)).833 E +F0 .559(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 148.8 R .559 +(vide input for)-.15 F F1(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G +(he)-3.059 E F2(<\()3.06 E F1(list)A F2(\)).833 E F0 .56 +(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.06 F(ar)108 160.8 Q .309 +(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F1(list)2.808 E F0 +5.308(.P)C .308(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) +-5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 172.8 Q F1(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) +-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F2(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 +(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .896(When a)108 189.6 R -.25(va) -.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ h parameter and v).25 F .897(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 124.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 --.75(Wo)87 141.6 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 153.6 R 1.142 +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 201.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 +-.75(Wo)87 218.4 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 230.4 R 1.142 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 -(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 165.6 Q +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 242.4 Q F1(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 -(The shell treats each character of)108 182.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(The shell treats each character of)108 259.2 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (IFS)2.563 E F0 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) -.15 F(ords)-.1 E(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)108 -194.4 Q(If)108 211.2 Q F3(IFS)3.083 E F0 .583(is unset, or its v)2.833 F +271.2 Q(If)108 288 Q F3(IFS)3.083 E F0 .583(is unset, or its v)2.833 F .582(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F2()3.082 E F0 3.082(,t)C .582(he def)-3.082 F .582(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F2 -(space)3.082 E F0(,)A F2(tab)3.082 E F0(,)A(and)108 223.2 Q F2(newline) +(space)3.082 E F0(,)A F2(tab)3.082 E F0(,)A(and)108 300 Q F2(newline) 3.626 E F0 1.126(at the be)3.626 F 1.126 (ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F 1.126(vious e)-.25 F 1.126(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 3.627(ys)-.15 G(e-)-3.627 E -.429(quence of)108 235.2 R F3(IFS)2.929 E F0 .428 +.429(quence of)108 312 R F3(IFS)2.929 E F0 .428 (characters not at the be)2.678 F .428(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .428 (es to delimit w)-.15 F 2.928(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 -(has a v)2.678 F .428(alue other than)-.25 F .581(the def)108 247.2 R -.581(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F2(space) -3.081 E F0(,)A F2(tab)3.081 E F0 3.081(,a)C(nd)-3.081 E F2(newline)3.081 -E F0 .582(are ignored at the be)3.081 F(gin-)-.15 E .008 -(ning and end of the w)108 259.2 R .007 +(has a v)2.678 F .428(alue other than)-.25 F .581(the def)108 324 R .581 +(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F2(space)3.081 +E F0(,)A F2(tab)3.081 E F0 3.081(,a)C(nd)-3.081 E F2(newline)3.081 E F0 +.582(are ignored at the be)3.081 F(gin-)-.15 E .008 +(ning and end of the w)108 336 R .007 (ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .007 (alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.507 E F0(\(an)2.257 E F3(IFS)2.507 E F0 .007 -(whitespace char)2.257 F(-)-.2 E 2.814(acter\). An)108 271.2 R 2.814(yc) +(whitespace char)2.257 F(-)-.2 E 2.814(acter\). An)108 348 R 2.814(yc) -.15 G .315(haracter in)-2.814 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .315(that is not) 2.565 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .315(whitespace, along with an)2.565 F 2.815 (ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.815 E F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .315 -(whitespace characters,)2.565 F(delimits a \214eld.)108 283.2 Q 2.5(As)5 -G(equence of)-2.5 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0 +(whitespace characters,)2.565 F(delimits a \214eld.)108 360 Q 2.5(As)5 G +(equence of)-2.5 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0 (whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter)2.25 E(.)-.55 E -.162(If the v)108 300 R .161(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.661 E F0 .161 +.162(If the v)108 376.8 R .161(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.661 E F0 .161 (is null, no w)2.411 F .161(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 F(If)5.161 E F3 (IFS)2.661 E F0 .161(is unset, w)2.411 F .161(ord splitting beha)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.661(sa).15 G 2.661(si)-2.661 G 2.661(fi)-2.661 G 2.661 -(tc)-2.661 G(ontained)-2.661 E(the def)108 312 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue of) +(tc)-2.661 G(ontained)-2.661 E(the def)108 388.8 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue of) -.25 E F2()2.5 E F0(.)A .782(Explicit null ar)108 -328.8 R .782(guments \()-.18 F F2 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.449 E F2 .833 +405.6 R .782(guments \()-.18 F F2 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.449 E F2 .833 <0808>4.115 G F0 3.282(\)a)C .782 (re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .783 -(Unquoted im-)5.783 F .179(plicit null ar)108 340.8 R .179 +(Unquoted im-)5.783 F .179(plicit null ar)108 417.6 R .179 (guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .179 (xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .479 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.679(ov).15 G .179(alues, are remo)-2.929 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.678(d. If).15 F 2.678 -(ap)2.678 G(a-)-2.678 E .318(rameter with no v)108 352.8 R .319 +(ap)2.678 G(a-)-2.678 E .318(rameter with no v)108 429.6 R .319 (alue is e)-.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F .319(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F .001 -(to a command as an empty string.)108 364.8 R .001 +(to a command as an empty string.)108 441.6 R .001 (When a quoted null ar)5.001 F(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 E (ord whose e)-.1 E(xpansion)-.15 E .983(is non-null, the null ar)108 -376.8 R .983(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F +453.6 R .983(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F .983(is, the w)3.483 F(ord)-.1 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -5.167 3.483 F F0(becomes)3.484 E F43.484 E F0 .984(after w)3.484 F .984 -(ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 388.8 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va) --.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 405.6 Q -(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 422.4 S -(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 434.4 R .371 +(ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 465.6 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va) +-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 482.4 Q +(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 499.2 S +(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 511.2 R .371 (ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F22.871 E F0 .371 (option has been set,)2.871 F F2(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F .37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F2(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F2(?)2.87 E F0 2.87 (,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F2([)2.87 E F0(.)A .633 (If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the w)108 -446.4 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .634(rded as a).05 F F1 +523.2 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .634(rded as a).05 F F1 (pattern)4.384 E F0 3.134(,a).24 G .634(nd replaced)-3.134 F 1.34(with \ an alphabetically sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see) -108 458.4 R F3 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E +108 535.2 R F3 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E F0(belo)3.589 E 3.839(w\). If)-.25 F(no)3.839 E .534 -(matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 470.4 R F2 +(matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 547.2 R F2 (nullglob)3.034 E F0 .534(is not enabled, the w)3.034 F .534 -(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.535 E(the)108 482.4 Q F2(nullglob) +(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.535 E(the)108 559.2 Q F2(nullglob) 3.285 E F0 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.285 F .785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.284 E F2 (failglob)3.284 E F0 .784(shell option is)3.284 F .754(set, and no matc\ hes are found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 -494.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.255(cuted. If).15 F .755(the shell)3.255 F -(option)108 506.4 Q F2(nocaseglob)3.264 E F0 .763 +571.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.255(cuted. If).15 F .755(the shell)3.255 F +(option)108 583.2 Q F2(nocaseglob)3.264 E F0 .763 (is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.264 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .763(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .039 -(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 518.4 R .039 +(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 595.2 R .039 (xpansion, the character)-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.539 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .039(at the start of a name or immediately fol-)5.039 F(lo)108 -530.4 Q .191(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E +607.2 Q .191(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.691(,u)-.65 G .191(nless the shell option)-2.691 F F2(dotglob)2.69 E F0 .19(is set.)2.69 F .19(In order to match the \214le-)5.19 F(names)108 -542.4 Q F2 -.63(``)3.644 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.144 E F2 -.63 +619.2 Q F2 -.63(``)3.644 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.144 E F2 -.63 (``)3.644 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 3.644(,t).63 G 1.145 (he pattern must be)-3.644 F 1.145(gin with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E 2.625 -.74('' \()-.7 H 1.145(for e).74 F 1.145(xample, `)-.15 F(`.?')-.74 E 1.145('\), e)-.74 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.645(ni).15 G(f)-3.645 E F2(dotglob) 3.645 E F0 1.145(is set.)3.645 F 1.145(If the)6.145 F F2(globskipdots) -108 554.4 Q F0 .154(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.654 F F2 +108 631.2 Q F0 .154(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.654 F F2 -.63(``)2.654 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.154 E F2 -.63(``)2.654 G (..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .153(are ne)5.783 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.653(rm) .15 G .153(atched, e)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.653(ni).15 G 2.653(ft) --2.653 G .153(he pattern be-)-2.653 F .12(gins with a)108 566.4 R F2 +-2.653 G .153(he pattern be-)-2.653 F .12(gins with a)108 643.2 R F2 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 5.12(.W)C .12 (hen not matching pathnames, the)-5.12 F F2 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G (')-.08 E F0 .12(character is not treated specially)5.12 F 5.12(.W)-.65 -G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.541(ap)108 578.4 S 1.041 +G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.541(ap)108 655.2 S 1.041 (athname, the slash character must al)-3.541 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.041 (ys be matched e).1 F 1.04(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15 F -1.04(ut in other)-.2 F .131(matching conte)108 590.4 R .132 +1.04(ut in other)-.2 F .131(matching conte)108 667.2 R .132 (xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo) -.15 F 2.632(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.632 E F3 -.09(Pa)2.632 G(tter).09 E 2.382 -(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.382 E(ing)108 602.4 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.382 E(ing)108 679.2 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .606(See the description of)5.106 F F2(shopt)3.106 E F0(belo)3.106 E 3.106(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.106 E F3 .606(SHELL B)3.106 F(UIL)-.09 E .606 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .605(for a description of the)2.855 F F2(no-) -3.105 E(caseglob)108 614.4 Q F0(,)A F2(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F2 +3.105 E(caseglob)108 691.2 Q F0(,)A F2(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F2 (globskipdots)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2 -(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 631.2 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE) -2.561 E F0 .061(shell v)2.311 F .061 +(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 708 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.561 +E F0 .061(shell v)2.311 F .061 (ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.812 E F0 5.062(.I).24 G(f)-5.062 E F3(GLO-)2.562 E -(BIGNORE)108 643.2 Q F0 1.096(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ -so matches one of the patterns in)3.347 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.596 E F0 1.096 -(is re-)3.346 F(mo)108 655.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.85(df).15 G .351 -(rom the list of matches.)-2.85 F .351(If the)5.351 F F2(nocaseglob) -2.851 E F0 .351(option is set, the matching ag)2.851 F .351 -(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLO-)2.851 E(BIGNORE)108 667.2 Q F0 -1.481(is performed without re)3.731 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.48(rd to case.) -.05 F 1.48(The \214lenames)6.48 F F2 -.63(``)3.98 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 -E F0(and)6.48 E F2 -.63(``)3.98 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 1.48 -(are al)7.11 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.48(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 -679.2 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 -.827(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of) --.25 F .683(enabling the)108 691.2 R F2(dotglob)3.183 E F0 .682 -(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.183 F .682(ginning with a) --.15 F F2 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) -5.682 F 2.282 -.8(To g)5.682 H .682(et the old).8 F(beha)108 703.2 Q -1.184(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.184(ginning with a)-.15 F -F2 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) --.1 E F2 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.185 -(one of the patterns in)6.185 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.685 E F5(.)A F0(The)108 -715.2 Q F2(dotglob)3.132 E F0 .632(option is disabled when)3.132 F F3 -(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .631 -(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 727.2 Q F2 -(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(28)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(BIGNORE)108 720 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that also\ + matches one of the patterns in)4.265 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) +4.264 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(28)192.055 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBSOR)2.5 E(T)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G -(riable controls ho).25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E -(xpansion are sorted, as described abo)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F2 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(Pa)108 100.8 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching) --2.5 E F0(An)108 117.6 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \ -a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo) --3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.722(itself. The)108 129.6 -R .221(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)2.722 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 -G .221(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .221(wing character; the es-) --.25 F .418(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 141.6 R -.418(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.919 -(ya)-.15 G .419(re to)-2.919 F(be matched literally)108 153.6 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 170.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2(*)144 187.2 Q F0 .377 -(Matches an)180 187.2 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376 -(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F2 -(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 199.2 -Q F2(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 -(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 -E F2(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 -(will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\ -.)180 211.2 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)3.558 E -F0(,)A(tw)180 223.2 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C -(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F2(?)144 235.2 Q -F0(Matches an)180 235.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E -F2([...])144 247.2 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 247.2 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(remo)108 84 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.914(df).15 G 1.414(rom the list of matches.)-3.914 F 1.415 +(If the)6.415 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocaseglob)3.915 E F0 1.415 +(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.415(ainst the patterns in)-.05 +F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)108 96 Q F0 .147 +(is performed without re)2.397 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .147(rd to case.).05 F +.146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F1 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E +F0(and)5.146 E F1 -.63(``)2.646 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .146 +(are al)5.776 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .146(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)108 +108 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827 +(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of)-.25 F +.683(enabling the)108 120 R F1(dotglob)3.183 E F0 .682 +(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.183 F .682(ginning with a) +-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) +5.682 F 2.282 -.8(To g)5.682 H .682(et the old).8 F(beha)108 132 Q 1.184 +(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.184(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 +-.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e)-.1 E +F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.185(one of the patterns in) +6.185 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.685 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)108 144 Q +F1(dotglob)3.132 E F0 .632(option is disabled when)3.132 F F2 +(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .631 +(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 156 Q F1 +(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E(The)108 172.8 Q F2(GLOBSOR)2.5 E +(T)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable controls ho).25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G +(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E(xpansion are sorted, as described abo) +-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 189.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM) +-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 206.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter t\ +hat appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern characters des\ +cribed belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.722 +(itself. The)108 218.4 R .221(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.) +2.722 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 G .221(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .221 +(wing character; the es-)-.25 F .418 +(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 230.4 R .418 +(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.919(ya) +-.15 G .419(re to)-2.919 F(be matched literally)108 242.4 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 259.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 276 Q F0 .377(Matches an) +180 276 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 +F .376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376 +(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 288 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775 +(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw) +-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775 +(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\ + or more directories and subdirectories.)180 300 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 +F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 312 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G +(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C +(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 324 Q F0 +(Matches an)180 324 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +([...])144 336 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 336 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 (ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579 (air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .685 -(denotes a)180 259.2 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E +(denotes a)180 348 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c) -3.184 H .684(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F -3.184(oc)-.1 G .684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 271.2 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.712(,u).15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc) --.55 G 1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F -1.213(If the)6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 283.2 R 1.124 -(wing the)-.25 F F2([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F2(!)3.624 E F0 -1.124(or a)6.124 F F2(^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G -1.123(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F 1.044 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 295.2 R 1.045 +3.184(oc)-.1 G .684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 360 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.712(,u).15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G +1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.213 +(If the)6.213 F .978(\214rst character follo)180 372 R .978(wing the) +-.25 F F1([)3.478 E F0 .978(is a)3.478 F F1(!)3.478 E F0 .978(or a)5.978 +F F1<00>3.478 E F0 .977(then an)3.478 F 3.477(yc)-.15 G .977 +(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.477 F 1.044 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 384 R 1.045 (xpressions, and the characters included in the)-.15 F 2.34 -(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 307.2 R 2.34 -(alues of the)-.25 F F1(LC_COLLA)4.84 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)4.59 E F1 -(LC_ALL)180 319.2 Q F0 1.078(shell v)3.328 F 1.078(ariables, if set.) --.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079 +(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 396 R 2.34 +(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)4.84 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)4.59 E F2 +(LC_ALL)180 408 Q F0 1.078(shell v)3.328 F 1.078(ariables, if set.)-.25 +F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079 (btain the traditional interpretation of range e).8 F(xpres-)-.15 E .393 -(sions, where)180 331.2 R F2([a\255d])2.893 E F0 .393(is equi)2.893 F --.25(va)-.25 G .393(lent to).25 F F2([abcd])2.893 E F0 2.893(,s)C .393 -(et v)-2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F2(LC_ALL)2.892 E F0 .392 -(shell v)2.892 F .392(ariable to)-.25 F F2(C)2.892 E F0(,)A .899 -(or enable the)180 343.2 R F2(globasciiranges)3.399 E F0 .899 -(shell option.)3.399 F(A)5.899 E F23.399 E F0 .9 -(may be matched by including it as the)3.399 F .405 -(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 355.2 R(A)5.405 E F2(])2.905 -E F0 .405(may be matched by including it as the \214rst character)2.905 -F(in the set.)180 367.2 Q -.4(Wi)180 385.2 S(thin).4 E F2([)3.07 E F0 -(and)3.07 E F2(])3.07 E F0(,)A F3 -.15(ch)3.07 G(ar).15 E .571 -(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 -F F2([:)3.071 E F3(class)A F2(:])A F0 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F3(class) -3.071 E F0(is one of the follo)180 397.2 Q -(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F2 5.889 -(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 409.2 R 5.889 -(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 421.2 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F -F0 4.289(Ac)180 433.2 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289 -(yc)-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E -F2 -.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.29 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 445.2 Q -.4(Wi) -180 463.2 S(thin).4 E F2([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F2(])4.537 E F0 4.537 -(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F3 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F0 2.036 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F2([=)4.536 E F3(c)A F2(=]) +(sions, where)180 420 R F1([a\255d])2.893 E F0 .393(is equi)2.893 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .393(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.893 E F0 2.893(,s)C .393(et v) +-2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LC_ALL)2.892 E F0 .392(shell v)2.892 +F .392(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.892 E F0(,)A .899(or enable the)180 432 +R F1(globasciiranges)3.399 E F0 .899(shell option.)3.399 F(A)5.899 E F1 +3.399 E F0 .9(may be matched by including it as the)3.399 F .405 +(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 444 R(A)5.405 E F1(])2.905 E +F0 .405(may be matched by including it as the \214rst character)2.905 F +(in the set.)180 456 Q -.4(Wi)180 474 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.07 E F0(and) +3.07 E F1(])3.07 E F0(,)A F4 -.15(ch)3.07 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes) +-.15 F F0 .571(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.071 E +F4(class)A F1(:])A F0 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F4(class)3.071 E F0 +(is one of the follo)180 486 Q +(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.889 +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 498 R 5.889 +(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 510 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 +4.289(Ac)180 522 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289(yc) +-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 +-.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.29 E +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 534 Q -.4(Wi) +180 552 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F1(])4.537 E F0 4.537 +(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F4 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F0 2.036 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.536 E F4(c)A F1(=]) A F0 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ - collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 475.2 R -(the character)180 487.2 Q F3(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 505.2 S(thin).4 -E F2([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F2([.) -2.5 E F3(symbol)A F2(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F3 -(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .54(If the)108 522 R F2(extglob)3.04 E F0 .54 -(shell option is enabled using the)3.04 F F2(shopt)3.039 E F0 -.2(bu) + collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 564 R +(the character)180 576 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 594 S(thin).4 E F1 +([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 +E F4(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F4(symbol) +2.5 E F0(.)A .54(If the)108 610.8 R F1(extglob)3.04 E F0 .54 +(shell option is enabled using the)3.04 F F1(shopt)3.039 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.039 G .539(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .539 (ral e).15 F .539(xtended pattern)-.15 F .037(matching operators.)108 -534 R .037(In the follo)5.037 F .037(wing description, a)-.25 F F3 +622.8 R .037(In the follo)5.037 F .037(wing description, a)-.25 F F4 (pattern-list)2.538 E F0 .038 -(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 546 Q F2 +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 634.8 Q F1 (|)2.5 E F0 5(.C)C (omposite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)-5 E -(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 570 Q F3(pattern-list).833 E F2 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 582 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 594 Q F3(pattern-list) -.833 E F2(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 -606 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(+\()144 618 Q F3 -(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 630 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(@\()144 642 Q F3(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)) -.833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 654 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G -(atterns)-2.5 E F2(!\()144 666 Q F3(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches an)180 678 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(The)108 694.8 Q F2(extglob)2.792 -E F0 .292(option changes the beha)2.792 F .291(vior of the parser)-.2 F -2.791(,s)-.4 G .291(ince the parentheses are normally treated as opera-) --2.791 F .104(tors with syntactic meaning.)108 706.8 R 1.704 -.8(To e) -5.104 H .105(nsure that e).8 F .105 -(xtended matching patterns are parsed correctly)-.15 F 2.605(,m)-.65 G -(ak)-2.605 E 2.605(es)-.1 G .105(ure that)-2.605 F F2(extglob)108 718.8 -Q F0 1.355(is enabled before parsing constructs containing the patterns\ -, including shell functions and com-)3.855 F(mand substitutions.)108 -730.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(29)197.335 E 0 Cg -EP +(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 658.8 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 670.8 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 682.8 Q F4 +(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 694.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 706.8 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 718.8 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(29)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 30 30 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .988 -(When matching \214lenames, the)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dotglob) -3.488 E F0 .988 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(@\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E +F0(Matches one of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns) +-2.5 E F1(!\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches an)180 120 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(The)108 136.8 Q F1(extglob)2.792 +E F0 .292(option changes the beha)2.792 F .291(vior of the parser)-.2 F +2.791(,s)-.4 G .291(ince the parentheses are normally treated as opera-) +-2.791 F .104(tors with syntactic meaning.)108 148.8 R 1.704 -.8(To e) +5.104 H .105(nsure that e).8 F .105 +(xtended matching patterns are parsed correctly)-.15 F 2.605(,m)-.65 G +(ak)-2.605 E 2.605(es)-.1 G .105(ure that)-2.605 F F1(extglob)108 160.8 +Q F0 1.355(is enabled before parsing constructs containing the patterns\ +, including shell functions and com-)3.855 F(mand substitutions.)108 +172.8 Q .988(When matching \214lenames, the)108 189.6 R F1(dotglob)3.488 +E F0 .988 (shell option determines the set of \214lenames that are tested: when) -3.488 F F1(dotglob)108 96 Q F0 1.392 +3.488 F F1(dotglob)108 201.6 Q F0 1.392 (is enabled, the set of \214lenames includes all \214les be)3.892 F 1.392(ginning with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 3.891(,b).74 G 1.391 (ut `)-4.091 F(`.)-.74 E 2.871 -.74('' a)-.7 H 1.391(nd `).74 F(`..)-.74 E 2.871 -.74('' m)-.7 H 1.391(ust be).74 F .298 -(matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 108 R .298 +(matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 213.6 R .298 (gins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include an)-.15 -F(y)-.15 E .328(\214lenames be)108 120 R .328(ginning with `)-.15 F(`.) --.74 E 1.808 -.74('' u)-.7 H .327(nless the pattern or sub-pattern be) -.74 F .327(gins with a `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 5.327(.A).74 G -2.827(sa)-5.327 G(bo)-2.827 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.827(,`).15 G(`.)-3.567 E -1.807 -.74('' o)-.7 H .327(nly has a).74 F -(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 132 Q .968 -(Complicated e)108 148.8 R .968(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .968 -(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.269 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .969 +F(y)-.15 E .328(\214lenames be)108 225.6 R .328(ginning with `)-.15 F +(`.)-.74 E 1.808 -.74('' u)-.7 H .327 +(nless the pattern or sub-pattern be).74 F .327(gins with a `)-.15 F(`.) +-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 5.327(.A).74 G 2.827(sa)-5.327 G(bo)-2.827 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.827(,`).15 G(`.)-3.567 E 1.807 -.74('' o)-.7 H .327 +(nly has a).74 F(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 237.6 Q +.968(Complicated e)108 254.4 R .968(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F +.968(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.269 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .969 (specially when the patterns contain).65 F .091 -(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 160.8 R .091 +(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 266.4 R .091 (Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .09(ainst shorter strings, or us-) -.05 F(ing arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f) -108 172.8 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 189.6 Q -.1(va)-.1 G -(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 201.6 R 1.112 +108 278.4 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 295.2 Q -.1(va)-.1 G +(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 307.2 R 1.112 (xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) 3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0 -1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 213.6 Q .3 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F2 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 230.4 Q F0 .545 -(Before a command is e)108 242.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 -(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37 -(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E(ected)-.37 E F0 .545 -(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .428(by the shell.)108 -254.4 R F3(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F0(allo)2.928 E .428(ws commands\ -' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to)-.25 -F(dif)108 266.4 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les the c\ -ommand reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.019(Redirection may also be) -6.019 F .215(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 -278.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F -(follo)2.715 E .215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .862 -(may precede or appear an)108 290.4 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F3 -.862(simple command)3.702 F F0 .862(or may follo)4.132 F 3.362(wa)-.25 G -F3(command).2 E F0 5.862(.R).77 G .862(edirections are)-5.862 F -(processed in the order the)108 302.4 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5 -(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Each redirection that may be p\ -receded by a \214le descriptor number may instead be preceded by a w)108 -319.2 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {)108 331.2 R F3(varname)A F0 -2.793(}. In)B .293(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F -.293(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 -343.2 S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to) --3.179 F F3(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 -(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F3(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 355.2 Q -F0 .6(}, the v)B .6(alue of)-.25 F F3(varname)3.1 E F0 .599 -(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.1 F .599(If {)5.599 F F3 +1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 319.2 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 336 Q F0 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E +(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .428 +(by the shell.)108 360 R F2(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F0(allo)2.928 E +.428(ws commands' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made\ + to refer to)-.25 F(dif)108 372 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can change t\ +he \214les the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.019 +(Redirection may also be)6.019 F .215 +(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 384 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E +.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .862(may precede or appear an)108 +396 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .862(simple command)3.702 F F0 .862 +(or may follo)4.132 F 3.362(wa)-.25 G F2(command).2 E F0 5.862(.R).77 G +.862(edirections are)-5.862 F(processed in the order the)108 408 Q 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\ +h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\ +stead be preceded by a w)108 424.8 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {) +108 436.8 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 +(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 +(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 448.8 +S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.179 +F F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 460.8 Q +F0 .6(}, the v)B .6(alue of)-.25 F F2(varname)3.1 E F0 .599 +(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.1 F .599(If {)5.599 F F2 (varname)A F0 3.099(}i)C 3.099(ss)-3.099 G .599 -(upplied, the redirection)-3.099 F .793(persists be)108 367.2 R .793 +(upplied, the redirection)-3.099 F .793(persists be)108 472.8 R .793 (yond the scope of the command, allo)-.15 F .794 (wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor')-.25 F(s) --.55 E(lifetime manually)108 379.2 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F1 -.1(va)2.5 G +-.55 E(lifetime manually)108 484.8 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F1 -.1(va)2.5 G (rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0(shell option manages this beha)2.5 E(vior) --.2 E(.)-.55 E .284(In the follo)108 396 R .283(wing descriptions, if t\ -he \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst character of th\ -e redirect-)-.25 F .512(ion operator is)108 408 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012 -(,t)C .512 +-.2 E(.)-.55 E .284(In the follo)108 501.6 R .283(wing descriptions, if\ + the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst character of \ +the redirect-)-.25 F .512(ion operator is)108 513.6 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 +3.012(,t)C .512 (he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) -3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F -(redirection operator is)108 420 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(redirection operator is)108 525.6 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C (he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) --2.5 E .825(The w)108 436.8 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +-2.5 E .825(The w)108 542.4 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 (wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 (wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462 -(jected to brace e)108 448.8 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463 +(jected to brace e)108 554.4 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463 -(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 460.8 R +(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 566.4 R .867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F .867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 -F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 472.8 S(rd,).1 E F1 +F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 578.4 S(rd,).1 E F1 (bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 489.6 Q -.15 -(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 506.4 Q F1(>)2.5 -E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 523.2 -Q F3(dirlist)2.85 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 540 -Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .505 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 556.8 R F3(dirlist)3.355 +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 595.2 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 612 Q F1(>)2.5 E +F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 628.8 +Q F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 +645.6 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .505 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 662.4 R F2(dirlist)3.355 E F0 3.005(,b).68 G .505(ecause the standard error w)-3.005 F .505 (as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F -(output before the standard output w)108 568.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E -F3(dirlist)2.85 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 585.6 Q F0 .599(handles se) +(output before the standard output w)108 674.4 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E +F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 691.2 Q F0 .599(handles se) 3.099 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo) --3.099 F(wing)-.25 E 3.477(table. If)108 597.6 R .977 +-3.099 F(wing)-.25 E 3.477(table. If)108 703.2 R .977 (the operating system on which)3.477 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 (is running pro)3.478 F .978 (vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F -(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 609.6 Q -(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 626.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15 -E F3(fd)A F0(If)180 638.4 Q F3(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E -(ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F3(fd)2.5 E F0 -(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 650.4 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0 -(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 662.4 Q F1(/de)144 674.4 Q -(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 686.4 Q F1(/de) -144 698.4 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 -710.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(30)197.335 E 0 Cg -EP +(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 715.2 Q +(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(30)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 31 31 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2 -(port)A F0(If)180 96 Q F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 +SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fd)A F0(If)180 96 Q +F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G +(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 108 +Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de) +144 132 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 144 Q +F1(/de)144 156 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 +168 Q F1(/de)144 180 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If) +180 192 Q F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 108 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(vice name,)180 204 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 -120 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 132 Q F2(host) +216 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 228 Q F2(host) 2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 (is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 144 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(vice name,)180 240 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 -160.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) +256.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) -2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .046(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ -an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 177.6 R 2.545(ym)-.15 G .045 +an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 273.6 R 2.545(ym)-.15 G .045 (ay con\215ict with \214le de-)-2.545 F -(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 189.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 -206.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 285.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 +302.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 218.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 -(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 230.4 Q F2 +108 314.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 326.4 Q F2 (n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 247.2 Q([)144 264 Q F2 -(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 280.8 Q(ecting Output) +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 343.2 Q([)144 360 Q F2 +(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 376.8 Q(ecting Output) -.18 E F0 .175 (Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 292.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 -(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .083(ing on \214le descriptor)108 304.8 +108 388.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 +(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .083(ing on \214le descriptor)108 400.8 R F2(n)2.943 E F0 2.583(,o).24 G 2.583(rt)-2.583 G .083 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.583 F F2(n)2.943 E F0 .083(is not speci\214ed.)2.823 F .084(If the \214le does not e)5.083 F -(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 316.8 Q +(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 412.8 Q (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 333.6 Q([)144 350.4 Q +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 429.6 Q([)144 446.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 -(If the redirection operator is)108 367.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C +(If the redirection operator is)108 463.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C .155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) 2.654 F F1(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 379.2 R +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 475.2 R .657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 (xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658 (ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-) -5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 391.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C +5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 487.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 (option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408 (iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 -403.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) +499.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) -2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 -420 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 -(Redirection of output in this f)108 432 R .642 +516 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 +(Redirection of output in this f)108 528 R .642 (ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 (xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .455 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 444 R F2(n)3.315 E F0 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 540 R F2(n)3.315 E F0 2.955(,o).24 G 2.955(rt)-2.955 G .455 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.955 F F2(n)3.314 E F0 .454(is not speci\214ed.)3.194 F(If)5.454 E(the \214le does not e)108 -456 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E -(The general format for appending output is:)108 472.8 Q([)144 489.6 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 506.4 Q +552 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 568.8 Q([)144 585.6 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 602.4 Q (ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 -(This construct allo)108 518.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +(This construct allo)108 614.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -530.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(There are tw)108 547.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +626.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(There are tw)108 643.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1 -(&>)144 564 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 576 Q F1(>&)144 588 Q F2(wor) -A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 604.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(&>)144 660 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 672 Q F1(>&)144 684 Q F2(wor) +A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 700.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 621.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 -E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 638.4 R F2(wor) -2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or) --.15 F F12.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G -.114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 650.4 Q -F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E -(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 667.2 S -(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 -(This construct allo)108 679.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ -\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) --.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -691.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 708 -Q F1(&>>)144 724.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(31)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 717.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(31) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(This is semantically equi)108 84 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(>>)144 100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A(d)-.37 E -F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 117.6 Q F1 -(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87 -134.4 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\ -nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\ -ontaining only)108 146.4 R F2(delimiter)108.35 158.4 Q F0 .614 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .115 +(When using the second form,)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.614 +E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)-.15 F/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td) +-2.614 G .114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 +96 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E +(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 112.8 S +(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 +(This construct allo)108 124.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) +-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 +136.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 +153.6 Q F2(&>>)144 170.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +(This is semantically equi)108 187.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 +(>>)144 204 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 +220.8 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E +F2(Her)87 237.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of red\ +irection instructs the shell to read input from the current source unti\ +l a line containing only)108 249.6 R F1(delimiter)108.35 261.6 Q F0 .614 (\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 -F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 170.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E -F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E -(The format of here-documents is:)108 187.2 Q([)144 204 Q F2(n)A F0(])A -F1(<<)A F0([)A F1A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 216 Q -(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 228 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 -244.8 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 +F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 273.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E +F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E +(The format of here-documents is:)108 290.4 Q([)144 307.2 Q F1(n)A F0(]) +A F2(<<)A F0([)A F2A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 319.2 Q +(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 331.2 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 +348 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .301 -(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E(is performed on)108 -256.8 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E .052(If an)108 273.6 R 2.552 -(yp)-.15 G .052(art of)-2.552 F F2(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F0 .052 -(is quoted, the)3.322 F F2(delimiter)2.902 E F0 .052 -(is the result of quote remo)3.282 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.552(lo).25 G(n) --2.552 E F2(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.553(,a).77 G .053 -(nd the lines in the here-)-2.553 F .028(document are not e)108 285.6 R -2.528(xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)2.528 E(d)-.37 E F0 .028 -(is unquoted, the)2.528 F F2(delimiter)2.878 E F0(is)3.258 E F2(wor) -2.528 E(d)-.37 E F0 .027(itself, all lines of the here-document)2.527 F -1.194(are subjected to parameter e)108 297.6 R 1.194 +(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E(is performed on)108 360 +Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E .052(If an)108 376.8 R 2.552(yp)-.15 +G .052(art of)-2.552 F F1(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F0 .052(is quoted, the) +3.322 F F1(delimiter)2.902 E F0 .052(is the result of quote remo)3.282 F +-.25(va)-.15 G 2.552(lo).25 G(n)-2.552 E F1(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F0 +2.553(,a).77 G .053(nd the lines in the here-)-2.553 F .028 +(document are not e)108 388.8 R 2.528(xpanded. If)-.15 F F1(wor)2.528 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .028(is unquoted, the)2.528 F F1(delimiter)2.878 E F0(is) +3.258 E F1(wor)2.528 E(d)-.37 E F0 .027 +(itself, all lines of the here-document)2.527 F 1.194 +(are subjected to parameter e)108 400.8 R 1.194 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.195 -(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 309.6 Q F1(\\) -2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0 -(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 -(If the redirection operator is)108 326.4 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 +(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 412.8 Q F2(\\) +2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0 +(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 +E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 +(If the redirection operator is)108 429.6 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 (,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\ - and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 338.4 Q F2(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5 + and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 441.6 Q F1(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5 (.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E (ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) --.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 355.2 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 -2.5(Av)108 367.2 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) -144 384 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 400.8 Q F2 +-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 458.4 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(Av)108 470.4 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) +144 487.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<<<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 504 Q F1 (wor)3.291 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .792 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 412.8 S +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 516 S 1.188(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F 1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187 (ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.187(The result is)6.187 F .374 -(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 424.8 R .375(wline appended\ -, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor) -108 436.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E -F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 453.6 Q F0(The redirection operator) -108 465.6 Q([)144 482.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 -.127(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 499.2 R(If)5.127 -E F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126 +(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 528 R .375(wline appended, \ +to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor)108 +540 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E F2 +(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 556.8 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 +568.8 Q([)144 585.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127 +(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 602.4 R(If)5.127 E +F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 -511.2 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G +614.4 Q F1(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G 2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G -2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0 +2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0 .458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15 -(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 523.2 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor) -2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F12.65 E F0 -2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149 -(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,) -2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 535.2 Q -(The operator)108 552 Q([)144 568.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A(d) +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 626.4 R(If)5.15 E F1(wor) +2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F22.65 E F0 +2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F1(n)3.009 E F0 .149 +(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F1(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,) +2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 638.4 Q +(The operator)108 655.2 Q([)144 672 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A(d) -.37 E F0 .443 -(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 585.6 R -(If)5.443 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .444 +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 688.8 R +(If)5.443 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .444 (is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F .566 -(tor 1\) is used.)108 597.6 R .566(If the digits in)5.566 F F2(wor)3.406 +(tor 1\) is used.)108 700.8 R .566(If the digits in)5.566 F F1(wor)3.406 E(d)-.37 E F0 .566(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output, \ -a redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.203(curs. If)108 609.6 R F2(wor)3.543 -E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.973 G .703(luates to).25 F F13.203 E F0 -3.203<2c8c>C .703(le descriptor)-3.203 F F2(n)3.563 E F0 .703 -(is closed.)3.443 F .703(As a special case, if)5.703 F F2(n)3.204 E F0 -.704(is omitted, and)3.204 F F2(wor)3.204 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)3.204 E -.966(not e)108 621.6 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1 +a redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.203(curs. If)108 712.8 R F1(wor)3.543 +E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.973 G .703(luates to).25 F F23.203 E F0 +3.203<2c8c>C .703(le descriptor)-3.203 F F1(n)3.563 E F0 .703 +(is closed.)3.443 F .703(As a special case, if)5.703 F F1(n)3.204 E F0 +.704(is omitted, and)3.204 F F1(wor)3.204 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)3.204 E +.966(not e)108 724.8 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F2 3.466 E F0 3.466(,t)C .965 (he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) --3.466 F(pre)108 633.6 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 650.4 Q -(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 662.4 Q([) -144 679.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 696 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.017(st).15 G .517(he \214le descriptor)-3.017 F F2 -(digit)3.017 E F0 .517(to \214le descriptor)3.017 F F2(n)3.377 E F0 -3.017(,o).24 G 3.017(rt)-3.017 G .518 -(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.017 F F2(n)3.018 E F0 -.518(is not speci-)3.018 F(\214ed.)108 708 Q F2(digit)5 E F0 -(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A(Similarly) -108 724.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(32)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-3.466 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(32)192.055 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 33 33 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E([)144 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>&)A F1(digit)A F2 -A F0(mo)108 100.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.768(st).15 G .268 -(he \214le descriptor)-2.768 F F1(digit)2.768 E F0 .268 -(to \214le descriptor)2.768 F F1(n)3.128 E F0 2.768(,o).24 G 2.768(rt) --2.768 G .267(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.768 F F1 -(n)2.767 E F0 .267(is not speci-)2.767 F(\214ed.)108 112.8 Q F2 -(Opening File Descriptors f)87 129.6 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 -(The redirection operator)108 141.6 Q([)144 158.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>) -A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 -175.2 R .518(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(pre)108 84 Q +(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mo)87 100.8 Q +(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 112.8 Q([) +144 129.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1 +A F0(mo)108 146.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.017(st).15 G .517 +(he \214le descriptor)-3.017 F F2(digit)3.017 E F0 .517 +(to \214le descriptor)3.017 F F2(n)3.377 E F0 3.017(,o).24 G 3.017(rt) +-3.017 G .518(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.017 F F2 +(n)3.018 E F0 .518(is not speci-)3.018 F(\214ed.)108 158.4 Q F2(digit)5 +E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A +(Similarly)108 175.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) +144 192 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 208.8 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.768(st).15 G .268(he \214le descriptor)-2.768 F F2 +(digit)2.768 E F0 .268(to \214le descriptor)2.768 F F2(n)3.128 E F0 +2.768(,o).24 G 2.768(rt)-2.768 G .267 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.768 F F2(n)2.767 E F0 +.267(is not speci-)2.767 F(\214ed.)108 220.8 Q F1 +(Opening File Descriptors f)87 237.6 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 249.6 Q([)144 266.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>) +A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 +283.2 R .518(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518 (to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le de-)3.788 F -(scriptor)108 187.2 Q F1(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5 -<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0 +(scriptor)108 295.2 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5 +<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E(If the \214le does not e)5 E -(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 204 Q -F1(Aliases)108 216 Q F0(allo)3.002 E 3.002(was)-.25 G .502 +(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 312 Q +F2(Aliases)108 324 Q F0(allo)3.002 E 3.002(was)-.25 G .502 (tring to be substituted for a w)-3.002 F .502 (ord that is in a position in the input where it can be the \214rst)-.1 -F -.1(wo)108 228 S .555(rd of a simple command. Aliases ha).1 F .855 +F -.1(wo)108 336 S .555(rd of a simple command. Aliases ha).1 F .855 -.15(ve n)-.2 H .555(ames and corresponding v).15 F .556 -(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F2(alias)108 240 Q F0 -(and)2.5 E F2(unalias)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands \(see).2 E/F4 +(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F1(alias)108 348 Q F0 +(and)2.5 E F1(unalias)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands \(see).2 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.034(If the shell reads an unquoted w)108 256.8 R +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.034(If the shell reads an unquoted w)108 364.8 R 1.033(ord in the right position, it checks the w)-.1 F 1.033 (ord to see if it matches an alias)-.1 F .657 -(name. If it matches, the shell replaces the w)108 268.8 R .657 +(name. If it matches, the shell replaces the w)108 376.8 R .657 (ord with the alias v)-.1 F .657(alue, and reads that v)-.25 F .658 -(alue as if it had been)-.25 F 1.082(read instead of the w)108 280.8 R +(alue as if it had been)-.25 F 1.082(read instead of the w)108 388.8 R 3.582(ord. The)-.1 F 1.082(shell doesn')3.582 F 3.582(tl)-.18 G 1.082 (ook at an)-3.582 F 3.582(yc)-.15 G 1.082(haracters follo)-3.582 F 1.082 (wing the w)-.25 F 1.081(ord before attempting)-.1 F -(alias substitution.)108 292.8 Q .264(The characters)108 309.6 R F2(/) -2.764 E F0(,)A F2($)2.764 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.764 E F0 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764 -E F2(=)2.764 E F0 .264(and an)2.764 F 2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G -.264(he shell)-2.764 F F1(metac)2.764 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E +(alias substitution.)108 400.8 Q .264(The characters)108 417.6 R F1(/) +2.764 E F0(,)A F1($)2.764 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.764 E F0 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764 +E F1(=)2.764 E F0 .264(and an)2.764 F 2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G +.264(he shell)-2.764 F F2(metac)2.764 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .264(or quoting characters listed abo)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve m)-.15 H -.265(ay not).15 F .299(appear in an alias name.)108 321.6 R .298 +.265(ay not).15 F .299(appear in an alias name.)108 429.6 R .298 (The replacement te)5.298 F .298(xt may contain an)-.15 F 2.798(yv)-.15 G .298(alid shell input, including shell metachar)-3.048 F(-)-.2 E 2.625 -(acters. The)108 333.6 R .125(\214rst w)2.625 F .125 +(acters. The)108 441.6 R .125(\214rst w)2.625 F .125 (ord of the replacement te)-.1 F .125(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .125(ut a w)-.2 F .126(ord that is identical to an alias be-)-.1 F .666 -(ing e)108 345.6 R .666(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .666 +(ing e)108 453.6 R .666(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .666 (xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .666(This means that one may alias)5.666 -F F2(ls)3.166 E F0(to)3.166 E F2 .666(ls \255F)3.166 F F0 3.166(,f)C -.666(or instance, and)-3.166 F F2(bash)108 357.6 Q F0 +F F1(ls)3.166 E F0(to)3.166 E F1 .666(ls \255F)3.166 F F0 3.166(,f)C +.666(or instance, and)-3.166 F F1(bash)108 465.6 Q F0 (does not try to recursi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly e).15 E (xpand the replacement te)-.15 E(xt.)-.15 E .858 -(If the last character of the alias v)108 374.4 R .858(alue is a)-.25 F -F1(blank)3.628 E F0 3.358(,t).67 G .858(hen the ne)-3.358 F .858 +(If the last character of the alias v)108 482.4 R .858(alue is a)-.25 F +F2(blank)3.628 E F0 3.358(,t).67 G .858(hen the ne)-3.358 F .858 (xt command w)-.15 F .858(ord follo)-.1 F .858(wing the alias is also) --.25 F(check)108 386.4 Q(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E -(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 403.2 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0 -(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2 +-.25 F(check)108 494.4 Q(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E +(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 511.2 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 +(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1 (unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .742 -(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 420 R .741 +(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 528 R .741 (guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E -.741(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 432 Q F4 +.741(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 540 Q F4 (FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .282(Aliases are not e)108 -448.8 R .282(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F2(expand_aliases)2.783 E F0 -.283(shell option is set us-)2.783 F(ing)108 460.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 +556.8 R .282(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F1(expand_aliases)2.783 E F0 +.283(shell option is set us-)2.783 F(ing)108 568.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .436 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -477.6 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 +585.6 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 (wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .67 -(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 489.6 R 3.17(eu) +(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 597.6 R 3.17(eu) -.1 G 3.17(pac)-3.17 G .67(ompound command, before e)-3.17 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .67(cuting an).15 F 3.17(yo)-.15 G 3.17(ft)-3.17 G(he)-3.17 E -1.059(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 501.6 R 1.059 +1.059(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 609.6 R 1.059 (Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.058(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F -.074(when it is e)108 513.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(cuted. Therefore,).15 +.074(when it is e)108 621.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comm\ -and does not)2.574 F(tak)108 525.6 Q 2.838(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.838 G +and does not)2.574 F(tak)108 633.6 Q 2.838(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.838 G .338(ect until the ne).25 F .338(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337 (The commands follo)5.337 F .337 (wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F .551(not af)108 -537.6 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This) +645.6 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This) -3.051 F(beha)3.051 E .551(vior is also an issue when functions are e) -.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.051(cuted. Aliases).15 F .552(are e)3.052 F(x-) -.15 E .426(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the f\ -unction is e)108 549.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .425 +unction is e)108 657.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .425 (cuted, because a function de\214nition).15 F .403(is itself a command.) -108 561.6 R .403 +108 669.6 R .403 (As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)5.403 F -.25(va)-.2 G .404(ilable until after that func-).25 F .862(tion is e) -108 573.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es) +108 681.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es) -3.362 G .862(afe, al)-3.362 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .862 -(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F2 -(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 585.6 Q -.15 -(Fo)108 602.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3 -(FUNCTIONS)72 619.2 Q F0 3.467(As)108 631.2 S .967 -(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 643.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ -ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315 -(mands associated with that function name is e)108 655.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316 -(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036 -(shell; no ne)108 667.2 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 -(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 -F .639(function is e)108 679.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F -.639 -(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 691.2 -R F2(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532 -(Special parameter)5.532 F F2(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F -.532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 703.2 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E -(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G -(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 -720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 -(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(33)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F1 +(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 693.6 Q -.15 +(Fo)108 710.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(33)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 34 34 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.215(these e)108 -84 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEB)3.715 E(UG) --.09 E F0(and)3.465 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 -(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.714 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F1(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 96 S(IL).09 -E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 84 Q F0 3.467(As)108 96 S .967 +(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 +H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F +1.002(later e)108 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(t\ +he name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the list \ +of com-)3.502 F .315(mands associated with that function name is e)108 +120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .316(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 +F .036(shell; no ne)108 132 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 +(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 +F .639(function is e)108 144 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F +.639 +(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 156 R +/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)3.033 E F0 .532 +(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532(Special parameter) +5.532 F F4(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F .532 +(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 168 Q F2(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 +E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 +184.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 +(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F +1.215(these e)108 196.8 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F F2(DEB)3.715 E(UG) +-.09 E F0(and)3.465 E F4(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 +(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F4(trap)3.714 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F2(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 208.8 S(IL) +.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F2(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E -.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 108 R F1(declar) +-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F4(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E +.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 220.8 R F2(declar) 2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) --.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 -(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 120 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2 -(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F2(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 -(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 -F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 132 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 -(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 148.8 S .368 -(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local) -2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F3 10 +-.25 F F4 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 +(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F4(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 232.8 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F4 +(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F4(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F2(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 244.8 Q F4(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 261.6 S .368 +(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F4(local) +2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF .368(local variables)B F0 2.868(\). Ordinar)B(-)-.2 E -(ily)108 160.8 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38 +(ily)108 273.6 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38 (alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.38(.I) --.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F2(local)2.88 E -F0(,)A(the v)108 172.8 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \ +-.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F4(local)2.88 E +F0(,)A(the v)108 285.6 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \ restricted to that function and its children \(including the functions \ -it calls\).)-2.5 E .727(In the follo)108 189.6 R .727 -(wing description, the)-.25 F F3(curr)3.227 E .727(ent scope)-.37 F F0 +it calls\).)-2.5 E .727(In the follo)108 302.4 R .727 +(wing description, the)-.25 F F5(curr)3.227 E .727(ent scope)-.37 F F0 .726(is a currently- e)3.226 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .726(cuting function.).15 F(Pre)5.726 E .726(vious scopes consist)-.25 F 1.003(of that function') -108 201.6 R 3.503(sc)-.55 G 1.004 +108 314.4 R 3.503(sc)-.55 G 1.004 (aller and so on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not e) -3.503 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.004(cuting an).15 F 3.504(ys)-.15 G(hell) --3.504 E 3.41(function. Consequently)108 213.6 R 3.41(,al)-.65 G .91 +-3.504 E 3.41(function. Consequently)108 326.4 R 3.41(,al)-.65 G .91 (ocal v)-3.41 F .909(ariable at the current scope is a v)-.25 F .909 -(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F2(local)3.409 E F0(or)3.409 E F2 -(de-)3.409 E(clar)108 225.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F4(local)3.409 E F0(or)3.409 E F4 +(de-)3.409 E(clar)108 338.4 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltins in the function that is currently e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.) -.15 E .635(Local v)108 242.4 R .635(ariables "shado)-.25 F .635(w" v) +.15 E .635(Local v)108 355.2 R .635(ariables "shado)-.25 F .635(w" v) -.25 F .635(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .636 (vious scopes.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.636 G 3.136(ri).15 G .636 -(nstance, a local)-3.136 F -.25(va)108 254.4 S .581 +(nstance, a local)-3.136 F -.25(va)108 367.2 S .581 (riable declared in a function hides a global v).25 F .58 (ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer)-.25 F .182 -(to the local v)108 266.4 R .182(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183 +(to the local v)108 379.2 R .182(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183 (ving the global v)-.2 F .183(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .183 (When the function returns, the global v)5.183 F(ariable)-.25 E -(is once ag)108 278.4 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .727(The shell uses)108 -295.2 R F3 .727(dynamic scoping)3.227 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.227 F +(is once ag)108 391.2 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .727(The shell uses)108 408 +R F5 .727(dynamic scoping)3.227 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.227 F (ariable')-.25 E 3.226(sv)-.55 G .726(isibility within functions.)-3.226 -F -.4(Wi)5.726 G .726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 307.2 -R .007(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 +F -.4(Wi)5.726 G .726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 420 R +.007(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 (alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cution to reach).15 F .814(the current function.) -108 319.2 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 +108 432 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 (ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813 -(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 331.2 Q +(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 444 Q 2.116 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .816 (hether that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.).65 F .817(This is also the v)5.816 F .817(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va) -108 343.2 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E -(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 360 -S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var) -2.724 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F3(func1)2.723 -E F0 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F3(func1)2.723 E F0 .223 -(calls another function)2.723 F F3(func2)2.723 E F0(,)A .463 -(references to)108 372 R F3(var)2.963 E F0 .463(made from within)2.963 F -F3(func2)2.963 E F0 .463(will resolv)2.963 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.964(ot) --2.964 G .464(he local v)-2.964 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var)2.964 E F0(from) -2.964 E F3(func1)2.964 E F0 2.964(,s)C(hado)-2.964 E .464(wing an)-.25 F -(y)-.15 E(global v)108 384 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F3(var)2.5 E F0(.)A -(The)108 400.8 Q F2(unset)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483 +108 456 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E +(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 +472.8 S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F5 +(var)2.724 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F5(func1) +2.723 E F0 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F5(func1)2.723 E F0 .223 +(calls another function)2.723 F F5(func2)2.723 E F0(,)A .463 +(references to)108 484.8 R F5(var)2.963 E F0 .463(made from within)2.963 +F F5(func2)2.963 E F0 .463(will resolv)2.963 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.964(ot) +-2.964 G .464(he local v)-2.964 F(ariable)-.25 E F5(var)2.964 E F0(from) +2.964 E F5(func1)2.964 E F0 2.964(,s)C(hado)-2.964 E .464(wing an)-.25 F +(y)-.15 E(global v)108 496.8 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F5(var)2.5 E F0(.)A +(The)108 513.6 Q F4(unset)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483 (iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .482 -(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.982 E F0 .19 -(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 412.8 R .19 +(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F4(unset)2.982 E F0 .19 +(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 525.6 R .19 (ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19 (alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f) --5.19 E 3.325(av)108 424.8 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\ +-5.19 E 3.325(av)108 537.6 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\ unset, it will remain so \(appearing as unset\) until it is reset in t\ -hat)-3.575 F 1.141(scope or until the function returns.)108 436.8 R +hat)-3.575 F 1.141(scope or until the function returns.)108 549.6 R 1.141(Once the function returns, an)6.141 F 3.641(yi)-.15 G 1.141 (nstance of the v)-3.641 F 1.142(ariable at a pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.977(scope will become visible.)108 448.8 R .976 +.977(scope will become visible.)108 561.6 R .976 (If the unset acts on a v)5.977 F .976(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .976 (vious scope, an)-.25 F 3.476(yi)-.15 G .976(nstance of a v)-3.476 F -(ariable)-.25 E .007(with that name that had been shado)108 460.8 R .008 +(ariable)-.25 E .007(with that name that had been shado)108 573.6 R .008 (wed will become visible \(see belo)-.25 F 2.508(wh)-.25 G .508 -.25 -(ow t)-2.508 H(he).25 E F2(localv)2.508 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .008 -(shell option)2.508 F(changes this beha)108 472.8 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) -108 489.6 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 +(ow t)-2.508 H(he).25 E F4(localv)2.508 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .008 +(shell option)2.508 F(changes this beha)108 585.6 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) +108 602.4 Q F4(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 (riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E .043(If the b)108 518.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re) +-.15 E .043(If the b)108 631.2 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F4 -.18(re) 2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 (cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 530.4 R 1.012 +.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 643.2 R 1.012 (xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G -1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011 -(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 542.4 R +1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F4(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011 +(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 655.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 (When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214 (alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) -108 554.4 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E +108 667.2 Q F4(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) -2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 571.2 R F2 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F2(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E -F0(or)3.858 E F2(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F -3.39(mands. The)108 583.2 R F23.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F2 -(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 +(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 684 R F4 +3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F4(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E +F0(or)3.858 E F4(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F +3.39(mands. The)108 696 R F43.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F4 +(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F4(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 (will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F -.047(\214le and line number)108 595.2 R 2.546(,i)-.4 G 2.546(ft)-2.546 G -(he)-2.546 E F2(extdeb)2.546 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .046 +.047(\214le and line number)108 708 R 2.546(,i)-.4 G 2.546(ft)-2.546 G +(he)-2.546 E F4(extdeb)2.546 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .046 (shell option is enabled\).)2.546 F .046(Functions may be e)5.046 F .046 (xported so that child shell)-.15 F .492 -(processes \(those created when e)108 607.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492 +(processes \(those created when e)108 720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492 (cuting a separate shell in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .492 (cation\) automatically ha).2 F .793 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .493 -(hem de\214ned with).15 F(the)108 619.2 Q F23.201 E F0 .701 -(option to the)3.201 F F2(export)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 G 3.201 -(iltin. A).2 F .7(function de\214nition may be deleted using the)3.201 F -F23.2 E F0 .7(option to the)3.2 F F2(unset)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)108 -631.2 S(iltin.).2 E .371(Functions may be recursi)108 648 R -.15(ve)-.25 -G 5.371(.T).15 G(he)-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 -(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .323 -(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 660 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -2.822(cations. By).2 F(def)2.822 E .322 -(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 672 Q .3 --.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 -688.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 1.088 -(The shell allo)108 700.8 R 1.088(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.089 -(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089 -(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F2(let)3.589 E F0 -(and)3.589 E F2(de-)3.589 E(clar)108 712.8 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.453 G -.953(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()3.453 E F0 .952 -(compound command, and)3.452 F F2 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F0 -3.452(\). Ev)B .952(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 724.8 Q 1.057 -(ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 -(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(34)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(hem de\214ned with).15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E +(34)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 35 35 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .829 -(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 84 R(vity)-.25 E +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF3.201 E F0 .701(option to the)3.201 F F1(export) +3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 G 3.201(iltin. A).2 F .7 +(function de\214nition may be deleted using the)3.201 F F13.2 E F0 +.7(option to the)3.2 F F1(unset)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)108 96 S(iltin.).2 E +.371(Functions may be recursi)108 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G +(he)-5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 +(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .323 +(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 124.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +2.822(cations. By).2 F(def)2.822 E .322 +(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 136.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV) +72 153.6 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 1.088 +(The shell allo)108 165.6 R 1.088(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.089 +(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089 +(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)3.589 E F0 +(and)3.589 E F1(de-)3.589 E(clar)108 177.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.453 G +.953(iltin commands, the).2 F F1(\(\()3.453 E F0 .952 +(compound command, and)3.452 F F1 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F0 +3.452(\). Ev)B .952(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 189.6 Q 1.057 +(ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 +(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .829 +(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 201.6 R(vity)-.25 E 3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 (alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F -(lo)108 96 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le)5.44 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F -(of decreasing precedence.)108 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 -124.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(++)A F1(id)2.5 E F2A F0 -.25(va)144 -136.8 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2 2.5108 -148.8 S F0(unary minus and plus)144 148.8 Q F2(++)108 160.8 Q F1(id)A F2 -2.5 E F1(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 172.8 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5(!~)108 184.8 S F0 -(logical and bitwise ne)144 184.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 -196.8 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 196.8 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 208.8 S -F0(multiplication, di)144 208.8 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> -108 220.8 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 220.8 Q F2(<< >>)108 232.8 Q F0 -(left and right bitwise shifts)144 232.8 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 244.8 Q F0 -(comparison)144 256.8 Q F2(== !=)108 268.8 Q F0(equality and inequality) -144 268.8 Q F2(&)108 280.8 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 280.8 Q F2(^)108 292.8 Q -F0(bitwise e)144 292.8 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|) -108 304.8 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 304.8 Q F2(&&)108 316.8 Q F0(logical AND) -144 316.8 Q F2(||)108 328.8 Q F0(logical OR)144 328.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 -340.8 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 -(conditional operator)144 352.8 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 364.8 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G -2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G -(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 376.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 388.8 S -(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 400.8 Q .68 -(Shell v)108 417.6 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 +(lo)108 213.6 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le) +5.44 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F +(of decreasing precedence.)108 225.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 +242.4 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1A F0 -.25(va)144 254.4 S +(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1 2.5108 266.4 S +F0(unary minus and plus)144 266.4 Q F1(++)108 278.4 Q F3(id)A F1 +2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 290.4 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5<2101>108 302.4 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)144 302.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 +314.4 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 314.4 S(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 326.4 S +F0(multiplication, di)144 326.4 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad> +108 338.4 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 338.4 Q F1(<< >>)108 350.4 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)144 350.4 Q F1(<= >= < >)108 362.4 Q F0 +(comparison)144 374.4 Q F1(== !=)108 386.4 Q F0(equality and inequality) +144 386.4 Q F1(&)108 398.4 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 398.4 Q F1<00>108 410.4 +Q F0(bitwise e)144 410.4 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1 +(|)108 422.4 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 422.4 Q F1(&&)108 434.4 Q F0 +(logical AND)144 434.4 Q F1(||)108 446.4 Q F0(logical OR)144 446.4 Q F3 +-.2(ex)108 458.4 S(pr).2 E F1(?)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C +(pr).2 E F0(conditional operator)144 470.4 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 482.4 S 2.5 +(=/)-2.5 G 2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G +(<= >>= &= \000= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 494.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 506.4 +S(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 518.4 Q .68 +(Shell v)108 535.2 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 (wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 (xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 429.6 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 547.2 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 (ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 441.6 S .165(pansion syntax.).15 F 2.665(As)5.165 G +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 559.2 S .165(pansion syntax.).15 F 2.665(As)5.165 G .165(hell v)-2.665 F .165(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .165(luates to 0 when referenced by name without us-).25 F -.42(ing the parameter e)108 453.6 R .42(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F .42 +.42(ing the parameter e)108 571.2 R .42(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F .42 (The v)5.42 F .421(alue of a v)-.25 F .421(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25(va) -.25 G .421(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .421(xpression when)-.15 F -.154(it is referenced, or when a v)108 465.6 R .154 +.154(it is referenced, or when a v)108 583.2 R .154 (ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(nt).15 G(he) --2.654 E F1(inte)2.654 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.654 E .153 -(ute using)-.2 F F2(declar)2.653 E 2.653<65ad>-.18 G(i)-2.653 E F0 .153 -(is assigned a)2.653 F -.25(va)108 477.6 S 2.857(lue. A).25 F .357 +-2.654 E F3(inte)2.654 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.654 E .153 +(ute using)-.2 F F1(declar)2.653 E 2.653<65ad>-.18 G(i)-2.653 E F0 .153 +(is assigned a)2.653 F -.25(va)108 595.2 S 2.857(lue. A).25 F .357 (null v)2.857 F .357(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .357(luates to 0.).25 F 2.857(As)5.357 G .357(hell v)-2.857 F .357(ariable need not ha)-.25 F -.657 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F1(inte)2.857 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0 -(attrib)2.857 E .357(ute turned on to be used)-.2 F(in an e)108 489.6 Q -(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 506.4 Q .518(ger constants follo)-.15 F -3.018(wt)-.25 G .518(he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.018 F -<8c78>-.25 E .517(es or character constants.)-.15 F .517(Constants with) -5.517 F 3.282(al)108 518.4 S .782 -(eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)-3.282 F 3.283(Al)5.782 G -.783(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.283 F 3.283(xadecimal. Otherwise,) --.15 F(num-)3.283 E .816(bers tak)108 530.4 R 3.316(et)-.1 G .816 -(he form [)-3.316 F F1(base#)A F0 .815(]n, where the optional)B F1(base) -3.315 E F0 .815(is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing)3.315 -F .349(the arithmetic base, and)108 542.4 R F1(n)2.849 E F0 .349 -(is a number in that base.)2.849 F(If)5.35 E F1(base#)2.85 E F0 .35 +.657 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.857 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0 +(attrib)2.857 E .357(ute turned on to be used)-.2 F(in an e)108 607.2 Q +(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 624 Q .518(ger constants follo)-.15 F 3.018 +(wt)-.25 G .518(he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.018 F<8c78> +-.25 E .517(es or character constants.)-.15 F .517(Constants with)5.517 +F 3.282(al)108 636 S .782(eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.) +-3.282 F 3.283(Al)5.782 G .783(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.283 F 3.283 +(xadecimal. Otherwise,)-.15 F(num-)3.283 E .816(bers tak)108 648 R 3.316 +(et)-.1 G .816(he form [)-3.316 F F3(base#)A F0 .815 +(]n, where the optional)B F3(base)3.315 E F0 .815 +(is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing)3.315 F .349 +(the arithmetic base, and)108 660 R F3(n)2.849 E F0 .349 +(is a number in that base.)2.849 F(If)5.35 E F3(base#)2.85 E F0 .35 (is omitted, then base 10 is used.)2.85 F .35(When speci-)5.35 F(fying) -108 554.4 Q F1(n)2.975 E F0 2.975(,i)C 2.975(fan)-2.975 G .474(on-digit\ - is required, the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-2.975 -F .474(wercase letters, the up-)-.25 F .518 -(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 566.4 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f) --5.518 E F1(base)3.018 E F0 .518(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.018 F +108 672 Q F3(n)2.975 E F0 2.975(,i)C 2.975(fan)-2.975 G .474(on-digit i\ +s required, the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-2.975 F +.474(wercase letters, the up-)-.25 F .518 +(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 684 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f) +-5.518 E F3(base)3.018 E F0 .518(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.018 F .518(wercase and uppercase letters)-.25 F (may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 -578.4 Q .235(Operators are e)108 595.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235 +696 Q .235(Operators are e)108 712.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235 (luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 (xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234 -(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 607.2 S -(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 624 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255 -(Conditional e)108 636 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[) -2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and) -2.755 E F2([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F -.134(\214le attrib)108 648 R .134 -(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F(The)5.133 E -F2(test)2.633 E F0(and)2.633 E F2([)2.633 E F0 .133 -(commands determine their be-)2.633 F(ha)108 660 Q .197 -(vior based on the number of ar)-.2 F .198 -(guments; see the descriptions of those commands for an)-.18 F 2.698(yo) --.15 G .198(ther command-)-2.698 F(speci\214c actions.)108 672 Q .235 -(Expressions are formed from the follo)108 688.8 R .234 -(wing unary or binary primaries.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.234 E F0 .234 -(handles se)2.734 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .234(ral \214lenames spe-).15 F .424 -(cially when the)108 700.8 R 2.924(ya)-.15 G .424(re used in e)-2.924 F -2.925(xpressions. If)-.15 F .425(the operating system on which)2.925 F -F2(bash)2.925 E F0 .425(is running pro)2.925 F .425(vides these)-.15 F -.345(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate the\ -m internally with this beha)108 712.8 R .344(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E -F1(\214le)2.844 E F0(ar)2.844 E(-)-.2 E 2.08 -(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)108 724.8 R F1(/de)4.581 -E(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 4.581(,t)C 2.081(hen \214le descriptor)-4.581 F F1(n) -4.581 E F0 2.081(is check)4.581 F 4.581(ed. If)-.1 F(the)4.581 E F1 -(\214le)4.581 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(35) -197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 724.8 S +(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(35)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 36 36 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(ar)108 84 Q .039 -(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(/de)2.539 E(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)2.539 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 -2.539(,o)C(r)-2.539 E F1(/de)2.539 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.539<2c8c>C -.039(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, re-)-2.539 F(specti)108 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 84 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255 +(Conditional e)108 96 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2 +(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F2([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256 +(iltin commands to test).2 F .134(\214le attrib)108 108 R .134 +(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F(The)5.133 E +F2(test)2.633 E F0(and)2.633 E F2([)2.633 E F0 .133 +(commands determine their be-)2.633 F(ha)108 120 Q .197 +(vior based on the number of ar)-.2 F .198 +(guments; see the descriptions of those commands for an)-.18 F 2.698(yo) +-.15 G .198(ther command-)-2.698 F(speci\214c actions.)108 132 Q .235 +(Expressions are formed from the follo)108 148.8 R .234 +(wing unary or binary primaries.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.234 E F0 .234 +(handles se)2.734 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .234(ral \214lenames spe-).15 F .424 +(cially when the)108 160.8 R 2.924(ya)-.15 G .424(re used in e)-2.924 F +2.925(xpressions. If)-.15 F .425(the operating system on which)2.925 F +F2(bash)2.925 E F0 .425(is running pro)2.925 F .425(vides these)-.15 F +.345(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate the\ +m internally with this beha)108 172.8 R .344(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E +/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.844 E F0(ar)2.844 E(-)-.2 E .805 +(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)108 184.8 R F3(/de)3.305 +E(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.306(,t)C .806(hen \214le descriptor)-3.306 F F3(n) +3.306 E F0 .806(is check)3.306 F 3.306(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.306 E F3 +(\214le)3.306 E F0(ar)3.306 E(gu-)-.18 E .03 +(ment to one of the primaries is one of)108 196.8 R F3(/de)2.53 E +(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(,)A F3(/de)2.529 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.529(,o)C(r) +-2.529 E F3(/de)2.529 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.529<2c8c>C .029 +(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respec-)-2.529 F(ti)108 208.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721 (Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 112.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 124.8 -Q 1.096(When used with)108 142.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)3.596 E F0 -3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596 E F2(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095 -(operators sort le)3.595 F 1.095 -(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095 E F2(test) -3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 154.8 Q F2 -108 178.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 178.8 S(ue if).35 E F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 190.8 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 190.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2108 202.8 Q -F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 202.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2108 -214.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 214.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 +108 225.6 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 237.6 +Q .701(When used with)108 255.6 R F2([[)3.201 E F0 3.201(,o)C 3.201(rw) +-3.201 G .701(hen the shell is in)-3.201 F F3 .7(posix mode)3.201 F F0 +3.2(,t)C(he)-3.2 E F2(<)3.2 E F0(and)3.2 E F2(>)3.2 E F0 .7 +(operators sort le)3.2 F .7(xicographically using)-.15 F +(the current locale.)108 267.6 Q(When the shell is not in)5 E F3 +(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(test)2.5 E F0 +(command sorts using ASCII ordering.)2.5 E F2108 291.6 Q F3 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 291.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 303.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +303.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2108 315.6 Q F3 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 315.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2108 +327.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 327.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2108 -226.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 226.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 238.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 238.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2108 250.8 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 250.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2108 262.8 Q F1(\214le) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 262.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 274.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.35(Tr)144 274.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +339.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 339.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 351.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 351.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2108 363.6 Q F3 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 363.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2108 375.6 Q F3(\214le) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 375.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 387.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 387.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) --2.5 E F2108 286.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 286.8 S(ue if) -.35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F2108 298.8 Q F1(\214le) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 298.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2108 310.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 310.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2108 322.8 Q F1(fd) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 322.8 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F1(fd)4.47 E -F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2108 334.8 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 334.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +-2.5 E F2108 399.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 399.6 S(ue if) +.35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F2108 411.6 Q F3(\214le) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 411.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2108 423.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 423.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2108 435.6 Q F3(fd) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 435.6 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F3(fd)4.47 E +F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2108 447.6 Q F3 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 447.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2108 -346.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 346.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2108 358.8 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 358.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +459.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 459.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2108 471.6 Q F3 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 471.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2108 -370.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 370.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 +483.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 483.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 -E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2108 382.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.35(Tr)144 382.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 394.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.35(Tr)144 394.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2108 495.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 495.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 507.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 507.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F2 -108 406.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 406.8 S(ue if).35 E F1 +108 519.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 519.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E -(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2108 418.8 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 418.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F1(\214le1)108 430.8 Q F2 -(\255ef)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 442.8 S(ue if).35 E F1 -(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 -E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F1(\214le1)108 454.8 Q F02.5 E F2 -(nt)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 466.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 -E F0(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F1 -(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1 -(\214le1)108 478.8 Q F02.5 E F2(ot)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 -490.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F1(\214le2) -2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2108 502.8 Q -F1(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 514.8 S .262(ue if the shell option).35 -F F1(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2108 531.6 Q F3 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 531.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F3(\214le1)108 543.6 Q F2 +(\255ef)2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 555.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 +(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 +E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F3(\214le1)108 567.6 Q F02.5 E F2 +(nt)A F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 579.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le1)2.5 +E F0(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F3 +(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F3(\214le1)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F3 +(\214le1)108 591.6 Q F02.5 E F2(ot)A F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +603.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F3(\214le2) +2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and).15 E F3(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2108 615.6 Q +F3(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 627.6 S .262(ue if the shell option).35 +F F3(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 (See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F2 -2.763 E F0(option to the)144 526.8 Q F2(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2108 538.8 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 550.8 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname) -2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F2 -108 562.8 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 574.8 S(ue if the shell v) -.35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname)2.79 E F0 -(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E F2108 586.8 Q F1(string) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 598.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.5 E -F0(is zero.)2.5 E F1(string)108 610.8 Q F2108 622.8 Q F1(string) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 634.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.84 E -F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F1(string1)108 651.6 Q F2(==)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 -E(string1)108 663.6 Q F2(=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 675.6 S -.862(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F2(=)5.861 E F0 .861 -(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E F0 .861 -(command for POSIX conformance.)3.361 F .446(When used with the)144 -687.6 R F2([[)2.946 E F0 .446 -(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .747 --.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 699.6 Q F0(\).)A -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(36)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +2.763 E F0(option to the)144 639.6 Q F2(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2108 651.6 Q F3(varname)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 663.6 S .327(ue if the shell v).35 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(varname)3.116 E F0 .326(is set \(has been assigned a v)3.006 F 2.826 +(alue\). If)-.25 F F3(varname)2.826 E F0 .326(is an inde)2.826 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.826(da).15 G -.2(r-)-2.826 G .131(ray v)144 675.6 R .131 +(ariable name subscripted by)-.25 F F3(@)2.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F3(*) +2.631 E F0 2.631(,t)C .131(his returns true if the array has an)-2.631 F +2.631(ys)-.15 G .131(et elements.)-2.631 F(If)5.131 E F3(var)2.632 E(-) +-.2 E(name)144 687.6 Q F0 .737(is an associati)3.238 F 1.037 -.15(ve a) +-.25 H .737(rray v).15 F .737(ariable name subscripted by)-.25 F F3(@) +3.237 E F0(or)3.237 E F3(*)3.237 E F0 3.237(,t)C .737 +(his returns true if an element)-3.237 F(with that k)144 699.6 Q .3 -.15 +(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(ss).15 G(et.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(36)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 37 37 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!=)2.5 E F1 -(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 -E F1(string1)108 112.8 Q F2(<)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 -124.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2) -2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 141.6 Q -F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 153.6 S(ue if).35 E F1 -(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E -(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33 170.4 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP) -2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)144 182.4 Q F0 .385 -(is one of)2.635 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2 -(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 -2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385(.T)C .385 -(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1(ar)2.884 E -(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or e\ -qual to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 194.4 R F1(ar)144 -206.4 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.59(,r)C(especti)-3.59 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.1 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.59 E F1(ar)3.92 E(g2)-.37 E F0 -1.089(may be positi)3.61 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589(rn).15 G -2.25 --.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E 3.589 -(gers. 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When)-.15 F 1.09(used with the)3.59 F F1([[)3.59 E F0 +(command,)144 372 Q F2(Ar)4.447 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.437 E F2(Ar)4.447 E +(g2)-.37 E F0 .937(are e)3.457 F -.25(va)-.25 G .937 (luated as arithmetic e).25 F .937(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .937 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.437 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 230.4 Q F0(abo) -2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 247.2 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .614 -(When a simple command is e)108 259.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 -(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .613(wing e)-.25 F .613 -(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F -(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 271.2 Q(wing order)-.25 -E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 288 Q 1.848(The w)144 288 R 1.848 -(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.849 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.437 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 384 Q F0(abo)2.25 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP) +72 400.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .613(When a simple command is e)108 412.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .614(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614 +(wing e)-.25 F .614(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F +(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 424.8 Q(wing order)-.25 +E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 441.6 Q 1.849(The w)144 441.6 R 1.849 +(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 300 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 316.8 Q .18(The w)144 316.8 R .18 +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 453.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 470.4 Q .179(The w)144 470.4 R .179 (ords that are not v)-.1 F .179 -(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.679(xpanded. If)-.15 -F(an)2.679 E 2.679(yw)-.15 G .179(ords remain af-)-2.779 F .346(ter e) -144 328.8 R .346(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .346(ord is tak)-.1 F -.347(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .347 -(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 340.8 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 357.6 Q -(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 357.6 Q .3 -.15(ve u) +(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.68(xpanded. If)-.15 +F(an)2.68 E 2.68(yw)-.15 G .18(ords remain af-)-2.78 F .347(ter e)144 +482.4 R .347(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .347(ord is tak)-.1 F .347 +(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .346 +(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 494.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 511.2 Q +(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 511.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u) -.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.) -108 374.4 Q .717(The te)144 374.4 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 -E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 +108 528 Q .716(The te)144 528 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F1(=)3.217 E F0 +.717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 (goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -.339(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 386.4 R .339 +.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 540 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 398.4 Q -.587(If no command name results, the v)108 415.2 R .586 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 552 Q .586 +(If no command name results, the v)108 568.8 R .586 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .586(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -3.086(vironment. In)-.4 F .586(the case of)3.086 F .371(such a command \ +3.087(vironment. In)-.4 F .587(the case of)3.087 F .371(such a command \ \(one that consists only of assignment statements and redirections\), a\ -ssignment statements)108 427.2 R .835 -(are performed before redirections.)108 439.2 R .835(Otherwise, the v) +ssignment statements)108 580.8 R .835 +(are performed before redirections.)108 592.8 R .835(Otherwise, the v) 5.835 F .835(ariables are added to the en)-.25 F .835 -(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .838 -(command and do not af)108 451.2 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F +(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .839 +(command and do not af)108 604.8 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 3.338(vironment. If)-.4 F(an)3.338 E 3.338(yo)-.15 G 3.338(ft)-3.338 G -.839(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 463.2 S +.838(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 616.8 S (lue to a readonly v).25 E(ariable, an error occurs, and the command e) --.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 -(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 480 R -.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 492 Q -(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 -(If there is a command name left after e)108 508.8 R 1.064(xpansion, e) +-.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149 +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 633.6 R +.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65 +(vironment. 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If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 -(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 532.8 R .466 -(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 544.8 -Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 561.6 Q F0 -.547(After a command has been split into w)108 573.6 R .546 -(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the shell performs the follo)108 585.6 Q -(wing actions.)-.25 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the\ - shell attempts to locate it.)108 602.4 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 -(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 614.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G -.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS) -2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 626.4 Q 2.5 -(uiltins. 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A)-.25 F(full)4.415 E .72 -(search of the directories in)108 679.2 R F3 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E -F0 .719 -(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F -.719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ - a de\214ned shell function named)108 691.2 R F2(command_not_f)3.456 E -(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 703.2 Q F0 6.006(.I)C 3.506(ft)-6.006 G 1.006 -(hat function e)-3.506 F 1.006(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.005(eparate e)-3.506 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.005(cution en).15 F 1.005 -(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .255 -(and the original command')108 715.2 R 2.755(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.755 G -.255(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.756 -(se)-.55 G .256(xit status becomes the e)-2.906 F .256(xit sta-)-.15 F -1.169(tus of that subshell.)108 727.2 R 1.168(If that function is not d\ -e\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)6.169 F -(xit)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(37)197.335 E 0 -Cg EP +4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108 +674.4 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 +(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 686.4 R .466 +(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 698.4 +Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(37)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 38 38 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(status of 127.)108 -84 Q 1.089(If the search is successful, or if the command name contains\ - one or more slashes, the shell e)108 100.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.09 -(cutes the).15 F .198(named program in a separate e)108 112.8 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .198(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. 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If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E +(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .31 +(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 165.6 R .309 +(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.809 +E F0 .309(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 177.6 Q F2 -.666(PA) +3.162 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F4(Bash)5.662 E F0 +.663(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.915 +(the full pathnames of e)108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915 +(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F4(hash)4.415 E F0(under)4.415 E F2 1.915 +(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.914(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.164 E +4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719(search of the directories in)108 +201.6 R F2 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .72 +(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.969 +F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ + a de\214ned shell function named)108 213.6 R F4(command_not_f)3.455 E +(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 225.6 Q F0 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G 1.005 +(hat function e)-3.505 F 1.005(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.006(eparate e)-3.506 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.006(cution en).15 F 1.006 +(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .256 +(and the original command')108 237.6 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G +.256(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.755 +(se)-.55 G .255(xit status becomes the e)-2.905 F .255(xit sta-)-.15 F +.263(tus of that subshell.)108 249.6 R .263(If that function is not de\ +\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)5.263 F .263 +(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 261.6 Q 1.089(If the search is success\ +ful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e) +108 278.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197 +(named program in a separate e)108 290.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 +(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198 +(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 +(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 302.4 Q (guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.048(If this e)108 141.6 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.048(cution f).15 F 1.048 -(ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.049 -(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 3.549(,i)-.65 G -3.549(ti)-3.549 G 3.549(sa)-3.549 G(s-)-3.549 E .143(sumed to be a)108 -153.6 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .143(shell script)2.643 F F0 2.643 +(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.049(If this e)108 319.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.049(cution f).15 F 1.049 +(ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.048 +(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 3.548(,i)-.65 G +3.548(ti)-3.548 G 3.548(sa)-3.548 G(s-)-3.548 E .143(sumed to be a)108 +331.2 R/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .143(shell script)2.643 F F0 2.643 (,a\214)C .143(le containing shell commands, and the shell creates a ne) -2.643 F 2.643(wi)-.25 G .143(nstance of itself to)-2.643 F -.15(exe)108 -165.6 S .136(cute it.).15 F .136 -(This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)5.136 F .137 -(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.637(ws)-.25 G .137(hell had been in)-2.637 -F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.637(dt).1 G 2.637(oh)-2.637 G(andle)-2.637 -E .866(the script, with the e)108 177.6 R .866 +343.2 S .137(cute it.).15 F .137 +(This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)5.137 F .136 +(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.636(ws)-.25 G .136(hell had been in)-2.636 +F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.636(dt).1 G 2.636(oh)-2.636 G(andle)-2.636 +E .865(the script, with the e)108 355.2 R .866 (xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) --.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(hash)3.365 E F0(belo)3.365 E(w)-.25 E -(under)108 189.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))A F0 -(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347(If the program is a \214le be) -108 206.4 R .347(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#!)2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .348(h\ -e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) --2.847 F 3.178(gram. The)108 218.4 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +-.15 F F4(hash)3.366 E F0(belo)3.366 E(w)-.25 E(under)108 367.2 Q F2 +(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F3(\))A F0 +(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be) +108 384 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F4(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(he \ +remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) +-2.848 F 3.178(gram. The)108 396 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\ handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E .206(format themselv) -108 230.4 R 2.706(es. The)-.15 F(ar)2.706 E .206 +108 408 R 2.706(es. The)-.15 F(ar)2.706 E .206 (guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F .206 -(gument follo)-.18 F .206(wing the in-)-.25 F .268 -(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 242.4 R -.267(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F .267(wed by the com-) --.25 F(mand ar)108 254.4 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F5 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 271.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 -(The shell has an)108 283.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E -(onment)-.45 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 -E<83>108 300 Q 1.405(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 300 R --.2(vo)-.4 G 1.406 -(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F2(exec) -3.906 E F0 -.2(bu)144 312 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 328.8 Q(the current w)144 -328.8 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(pushd)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G -(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E<83>108 -345.6 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 345.6 Q F2(umask)2.5 -E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.5 E<83> -108 362.4 Q(current traps set by)144 362.4 Q F2(trap)2.5 E F0<83>108 -379.2 Q .257(shell parameters that are set by v)144 379.2 R .256 -(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F2(set)2.756 E F0 .256 -(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.756 E -(in the en)144 391.2 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 408 Q -(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(gument follo)-.18 F .206(wing the in-)-.25 F .267 +(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 420 R .268 +(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F .268(wed by the com-)-.25 +F(mand ar)108 432 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G F1 +(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 448.8 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0(The shell has an) +108 460.8 Q F5 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 +2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E<83>108 477.6 Q +1.406(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 477.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +1.405(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F4 +(exec)3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)144 489.6 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 506.4 Q +(the current w)144 506.4 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F4(cd)2.5 E +F0(,)A F4(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F4(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5 +(ri)-2.5 G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E +<83>108 523.2 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 523.2 Q F4 +(umask)2.5 E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent) +-2.5 E<83>108 540 Q(current traps set by)144 540 Q F4(trap)2.5 E F0<83> +108 556.8 Q .256(shell parameters that are set by v)144 556.8 R .256 +(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F4(set)2.756 E F0 .257 +(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.757(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.757 E +(in the en)144 568.8 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 585.6 Q +(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 585.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 424.8 Q -(options enabled at in)144 424.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) -.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F2(set) -2.5 E F0<83>108 441.6 Q(options enabled by)144 441.6 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -<83>108 458.4 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 458.4 Q F2(alias)2.5 E -F0<83>108 475.2 Q -.25(va)144 475.2 S +(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 602.4 Q +(options enabled at in)144 602.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) +.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F4(set) +2.5 E F0<83>108 619.2 Q(options enabled by)144 619.2 Q F4(shopt)2.5 E F0 +<83>108 636 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 636 Q F4(alias)2.5 E F0 +<83>108 652.8 Q -.25(va)144 652.8 S (rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E -(alue of)-.25 E F2($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E -F3(PPID)2.5 E F0 .426(When a simple command other than a b)108 492 R -.427(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .427 -(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.927(di).1 G 2.927(nas) --2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 504 S .134(cution en).15 F .134 +(alue of)-.25 E F4($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E +F2(PPID)2.5 E F0 .427(When a simple command other than a b)108 669.6 R +.426(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .426 +(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas) +-2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 681.6 S .133(cution en).15 F .133 (vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F -.133(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .133(alues are inherited from)-.25 F -(the shell.)108 516 Q<83>108 532.8 Q 1.055(the shell')144 532.8 R 3.555 -(so)-.55 G 1.055(pen \214les, plus an)-3.555 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056 +.134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F +(the shell.)108 693.6 Q<83>108 710.4 Q 1.056(the shell')144 710.4 R +3.556(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G +1.056 (odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) --3.556 F(mand)144 544.8 Q<83>108 561.6 Q(the current w)144 561.6 Q -(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 578.4 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144 -578.4 Q<83>108 595.2 Q .857(shell v)144 595.2 R .857 -(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 -(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 -(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 607.2 Q(vironment) --.4 E<83>108 624 Q .306(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v)144 -624 R .307(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.807(sp)-.55 G .307 -(arent, and traps ignored)-2.807 F(by the shell are ignored)144 636 Q -2.5(Ac)108 652.8 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G -2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E -(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E(A)108 669.6 Q F1(subshell)2.5 E F0(is a cop)2.5 E 2.5 -(yo)-.1 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he shell process.)-2.5 E .577(Command substitut\ -ion, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchronous commands are i\ -n)108 686.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744 -(as)108 698.4 S .244(ubshell en)-2.744 F .244 -(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .245(vironment, e) --.4 F .245(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F .359 -(reset to the v)108 710.4 R .358 -(alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 -G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .358(commands that are in)2.858 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E 3.158(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 -722.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.159(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 5.659 -(vironment. Changes)-.4 F 3.159(made to the subshell)5.659 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(38)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-3.556 F(mand)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E +(38)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 39 39 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(en)108 84 Q -(vironment cannot af)-.4 E(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) --2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.377(Subshells spa)108 100.8 R -1.377(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E<83>108 84 Q +(the current w)144 84 Q(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 100.8 Q +(the \214le creation mode mask)144 100.8 Q<83>108 117.6 Q .856(shell v) +144 117.6 R .857(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F +.857(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 +(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 129.6 Q(vironment) +-.4 E<83>108 146.4 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v) +144 146.4 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G +.306(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 +158.4 Q 2.5(Ac)108 175.2 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5 +(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E +(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E +(vironment.)-.4 E(A)108 192 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(subshell)2.5 E F0 +(is a cop)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.1 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he shell process.)-2.5 E .577 +(Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchron\ +ous commands are in)108 208.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G +(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 220.8 S .245(ubshell en)-2.745 F .245 +(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244(vironment, e) +-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F .358 +(reset to the v)108 232.8 R .358 +(alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 +G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 244.8 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 +(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-) +-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 256.8 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G +-.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.376(Subshells spa)108 +273.6 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.876 E F0 1.376(option from the parent) -3.876 F 2.5(shell. When)108 112.8 R(not in)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(posix mode)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F12.5 E -F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .404(If a command is follo)108 129.6 -R .404(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.904 E F0 .405(and job control is not acti) -2.904 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.905(,t).15 G .405(he def)-2.905 F .405 -(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .198(is the empty \214le)108 -141.6 R F2(/de)2.698 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.198(.O)C .198 -(therwise, the in)-5.198 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.698(dc).1 G .197 -(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.698 F -(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 153.6 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(ENVIR)72 170.4 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.343(When a program is in)108 182.4 +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent) +3.877 F 2.5(shell. When)108 285.6 R(not in)2.5 E F1(posix mode)2.5 E F0 +(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F22.5 E F0 +(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405(If a command is follo)108 302.4 R +.405(wed by a)-.25 F F2(&)2.905 E F0 .404(and job control is not acti) +2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G .404(he def)-2.904 F .404 +(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .197(is the empty \214le)108 +314.4 R F1(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197(.O)C .197 +(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc).1 G .198 +(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.697 F +(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 326.4 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ENVIR)72 343.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.344(When a program is in)108 355.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.843(di).1 G 4.843(ti)-4.843 G 4.843(sg) -4.843 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.843 H 4.843(na).25 G 4.843(na)-4.843 G 2.343 -(rray of strings called the)-4.843 F F2(en)5.033 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 -E F0 7.343(.T).68 G 2.344(his is a list of)-7.343 F F2(name)108 194.4 Q -F0A F2(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(=)A F2 -(value)A F0(.).18 E .439(The shell pro)108 211.2 R .438(vides se)-.15 F +(rray of strings called the)-4.843 F F1(en)5.033 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 +E F0 7.343(.T).68 G 2.343(his is a list of)-7.343 F F1(name)108 367.2 Q +F0A F1(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(=)A F1 +(value)A F0(.).18 E .438(The shell pro)108 384 R .438(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438(ral w).15 F .438(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 2.938(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)2.938 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .438 -(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F .438(wn en-)-.25 F .709(vironment a\ +(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F .439(wn en-)-.25 F .709(vironment a\ nd creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking it fo\ -r)108 223.2 R F2 -.2(ex)3.209 G(port).2 E F0 .709(to child pro-)3.889 F -2.704(cesses. Ex)108 235.2 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F -2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar) -2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.703 -(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.703 E .332 -(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 247.2 R +r)108 396 R F1 -.2(ex)3.208 G(port).2 E F0 .708(to child pro-)3.888 F +2.703(cesses. Ex)108 408 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F +2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F2(declar) +2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.704 +(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.704 E .332 +(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 420 R 2.832(vironment. If)-.4 F .332(the v)2.832 F .332 -(alue of a parameter in the en-)-.25 F .132 -(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)108 259.2 R 2.632(wv)-.25 G .131 -(alue becomes part of the en)-2.882 F .131 -(vironment, replacing the old.)-.4 F .131(The en)5.131 F(vironment)-.4 E -.32(inherited by an)108 271.2 R 2.82(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.97 G .321 +(alue of a parameter in the en-)-.25 F .131 +(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)108 432 R 2.631(wv)-.25 G .131 +(alue becomes part of the en)-2.881 F .132 +(vironment, replacing the old.)-.4 F .132(The en)5.132 F(vironment)-.4 E +.321(inherited by an)108 444 R 2.821(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.971 G .321 (cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 2.821(si)-.55 G .321 -(nitial en)-2.821 F .321(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .321 -(alues may be modi-)-.25 F .534(\214ed in the shell, less an)108 283.2 R -3.034(yp)-.15 G .534(airs remo)-3.034 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.034(db).15 G -3.034(yt)-3.034 G(he)-3.034 E F1(unset)3.034 E F0 .534(command, plus an) -3.034 F 3.033(ya)-.15 G .533(dditions via the)-3.033 F F1(export)3.033 E -F0(and)3.033 E F1(de-)3.033 E(clar)108 295.2 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E -F0(commands.)2.5 E .562(The en)108 312 R .562(vironment for an)-.4 F(y) --.15 E F2 .562(simple command)3.402 F F0 .563 +(nitial en)-2.821 F .32(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .32(alues may be modi-) +-.25 F .533(\214ed in the shell, less an)108 456 R 3.033(yp)-.15 G .534 +(airs remo)-3.033 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.034(db).15 G 3.034(yt)-3.034 G(he) +-3.034 E F2(unset)3.034 E F0 .534(command, plus an)3.034 F 3.034(ya)-.15 +G .534(dditions via the)-3.034 F F2(export)3.034 E F0(and)3.034 E F2 +(de-)3.034 E(clar)108 468 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E +.563(The en)108 484.8 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F1 .563 +(simple command)3.403 F F0 .562 (or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F -.203(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 324 R .502 -.15(ve i) +.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 496.8 R .502 -.15(ve i) -.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F -.202(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 336 Q(vironment seen by that command.) --.4 E .81(If the)108 352.8 R F13.31 E F0 .81 -(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81 -(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0 .81 -(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 364.8 Q +.203(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 508.8 Q +(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the)108 525.6 R F2 +3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F2(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F1(all)3.64 E F0 +.81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 537.6 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) --.4 E(When)108 381.6 Q F1(bash)3.586 E F0(in)3.586 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 3.586(sa).1 G 3.586(ne)-3.586 G 1.086(xternal command, the v) --3.736 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.586 E F0 1.085 +-.4 E(When)108 554.4 Q F2(bash)3.585 E F0(in)3.585 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.585(sa).1 G 3.585(ne)-3.585 G 1.085(xternal command, the v) +-3.735 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(_)3.585 E F0 1.086 (is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 393.6 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3 -(EXIT ST)72 410.4 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 422.4 R -.15(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v) -.15 F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2(waitpid)2.651 E F0 .151 -(system call or equi)2.651 F -.25(va)-.25 G .151(lent func-).25 F 2.848 -(tion. Exit)108 434.4 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 -(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F -1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .347(alues abo)-.25 -F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 446.4 Q 5.506(.E)-.65 G -.506(xit statuses from shell b)-5.506 F .507 +(passed to that command in its en)108 566.4 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3 +(EXIT ST)72 583.2 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151(The e)108 595.2 R +.151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151 +(cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F F1 +(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15 +(lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 607.2 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F +.347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F +1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25 +F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 619.2 Q 5.507(.E)-.65 G +.507(xit statuses from shell b)-5.507 F .507 (uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F -(Under)5.507 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 -458.4 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 -(Fo)108 475.2 S 3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G -.873(urposes, a command which e)-3.373 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F -.873(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .872(An e)5.872 F .872 -(xit status of)-.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 487.2 R 2.548(An) -5.048 G .049(on-zero e)-2.548 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 -(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .049(ommand terminates on a f) --2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 499.2 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) -2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E -(xit status.)-.15 E .405 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 516 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .404 -(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 528 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 544.8 +(Under)5.506 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 +631.2 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 +(Fo)108 648 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G +.873(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F +.873(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873 +(xit status of)-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 660 R 2.549(An) +5.049 G .049(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 +(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) +-2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 672 Q F1(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(bash) +2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F1(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E +(xit status.)-.15 E .404 +(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 688.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 +(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 700.8 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 717.6 Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E (xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) --.15 E .08(Shell b)108 561.6 R .08 -(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C -2.581(fs)-2.581 G .081(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 -2.581(\)i)C 2.581(fa)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G .081(rror occurs while) --2.581 F(the)108 573.6 Q 2.968(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.118 G 2.968 -(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.968 G .468(iltins return an e).2 F .468 -(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.4 G .467(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 585.6 Q(guments.)-.18 -E(The e)108 602.4 Q(xit status of the last command is a)-.15 E -.25(va) --.2 G(ilable in the special parameter $?.).25 E F1(Bash)108 619.2 Q F0 -.201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202(xit status of the last command e) --.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .202 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 631.2 -Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1 -(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3 -(SIGN)72 648 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 660 Q F1(bash)2.503 E F0 .002 -(is interacti)2.502 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.502(,i).15 G 2.502(nt)-2.502 G -.002(he absence of an)-2.502 F 2.502(yt)-.15 G .002(raps, it ignores) --2.502 F F4(SIGTERM)2.502 E F0 .002(\(so that)2.252 F F1 .002(kill 0) -2.502 F F0 .002(does not kill an in-)2.502 F(teracti)108 672 Q 1.215 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .915(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)3.415 E F0 .915 -(is caught and handled \(so that the)3.165 F F1(wait)3.415 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.416 G .916(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .916(In all cases,)5.916 F -F1(bash)108 684 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0 -(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 -E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 -E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 700.8 Q 1.065 -(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F1(bash)3.565 E F0(ha)3.565 E 1.365 -.15 -(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.064 -(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When)108 -712.8 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 -(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and) -2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653 -(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 724.8 R .653 -(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E -(39)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(39)192.055 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 40 40 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(generated job control signals)108 84 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTTIN)2.5 -E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F2(,)A F0(and) -2.25 E F1(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F2(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 100.8 R 2.045 -(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F1(SIGHUP)4.545 E -F2(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.346 --.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F1(SIGHUP)108 112.8 Q F0 -1.005(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004 -(Stopped jobs are sent)6.005 F F1(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004 -(to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F1(SIGHUP)108 124.8 Q F2(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p) -5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal\ - to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15 -G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 136.8 R/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 G 1.357 -(iltin \(see).2 F F1 1.356(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.606 E 1.356(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.356 -(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(SIGHUP)108 148.8 Q F0(using) -2.25 E F3(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A .166(If the)108 165.6 R F3 -(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F3 -(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F3(bash)2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F1(SIGHUP) +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .081(Shell b)108 +84 R .081(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C 2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08 +(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F1(false)A F0 2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa) +-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F(the)108 96 Q 2.967 +(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967(cute. 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command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546 -(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F .662 -(will not be e)108 206.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 -(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F3(bash)3.163 E -F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .327 -(via the)108 218.4 R F3(wait)2.827 E F0 -.2(bu)2.827 G .327(iltin, the \ +(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F .663 +(will not be e)108 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .663 +(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F2(bash)3.163 E +F0 .662(is w)3.163 F .662(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .326 +(via the)108 393.6 R F2(wait)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G .327(iltin, the \ reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F -F3(wait)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G .326(iltin to re-).2 F -(turn immediately with an e)108 230.4 Q +F2(wait)2.827 E F0 -.2(bu)2.827 G .327(iltin to re-).2 F +(turn immediately with an e)108 405.6 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .498(When job control is not enabled, and) -108 247.2 R F3(bash)2.998 E F0 .498(is w)2.998 F .498(aiting for a fore) --.1 F .499(ground command to complete, the shell re-)-.15 F(cei)108 -259.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.606(sk).15 G -.15(ey)-2.706 G .105 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F F1(SIGINT)2.605 E F0 .105 -(\(usually generated by)2.355 F F3(^C)2.605 E F0 2.605(\)t)C .105 -(hat users commonly intend to)-2.605 F .423(send to that command.)108 -271.2 R .424(This happens because the shell and the command are in the \ -same process group as)5.424 F(the terminal, and)108 283.2 Q F3(^C)2.5 E -F0(sends)2.5 E F1(SIGINT)2.5 E F0 -(to all processes in that process group.)2.25 E(When)108 300 Q F3(bash) -3.801 E F0 1.3(is running without job control enabled and recei)3.8 F --.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E F1(SIGINT)3.8 E F0 1.3(while w)3.55 F 1.3 -(aiting for a fore)-.1 F(ground)-.15 E .809(command, it w)108 312 R .809 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .499(When job control is not enabled, and) +108 422.4 R F2(bash)2.998 E F0 .498(is w)2.998 F .498(aiting for a fore) +-.1 F .498(ground command to complete, the shell re-)-.15 F(cei)108 +434.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.213(sk).15 G -.15(ey)-3.313 G .713 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F F4(SIGINT)3.213 E F0 .713 +(\(usually generated by)2.963 F F2<0043>3.213 E F0 3.213(\)t)C .714 +(hat users commonly intend)-3.213 F .455(to send to that command.)108 +446.4 R .454(This happens because the shell and the command are in the \ +same process group)5.455 F(as the terminal, and)108 458.4 Q F2<0043>2.5 +E F0(sends)2.5 E F4(SIGINT)2.5 E F0 +(to all processes in that process group.)2.25 E(When)108 475.2 Q F2 +(bash)3.8 E F0 1.3(is running without job control enabled and recei)3.8 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E F4(SIGINT)3.8 E F0 1.3(while w)3.55 F 1.3 +(aiting for a fore)-.1 F(ground)-.15 E .81(command, it w)108 487.2 R .81 (aits until that fore)-.1 F .81 (ground command terminates and then decides what to do about the)-.15 F -F1(SIG-)3.31 E(INT)108 324 Q F2(:)A F0(1.)108 340.8 Q .003 -(If the command terminates due to the)144 340.8 R F1(SIGINT)2.503 E F2 -(,)A F3(bash)2.252 E F0 .002 -(concludes that the user meant to end the entire)2.502 F -(script, and acts on the)144 352.8 Q F1(SIGINT)2.5 E F0 -(\(e.g., by running a)2.25 E F1(SIGINT)2.5 E F0(trap or e)2.25 E -(xiting itself\);)-.15 E(2.)108 369.6 Q .288 -(If the command does not terminate due to)144 369.6 R F1(SIGINT)2.788 E -F2(,)A F0 .288(the program handled the)2.538 F F1(SIGINT)2.789 E F0 .289 -(itself and did)2.539 F .728(not treat it as a f)144 381.6 R .728 -(atal signal.)-.1 F .728(In that case,)5.728 F F3(bash)3.228 E F0 .728 -(does not treat)3.228 F F1(SIGINT)3.228 E F0 .728(as a f)2.978 F .728 -(atal signal, either)-.1 F 3.228(,i)-.4 G(n-)-3.228 E .771 -(stead assuming that the)144 393.6 R F1(SIGINT)3.271 E F0 -.1(wa)3.021 G -3.271(su).1 G .771(sed as part of the program')-3.271 F 3.272(sn)-.55 G -.772(ormal operation \(e.g., emacs)-3.272 F .41 +F4(SIG-)3.309 E(INT)108 499.2 Q F5(:)A F0(1.)108 516 Q .002 +(If the command terminates due to the)144 516 R F4(SIGINT)2.502 E F5(,)A +F2(bash)2.252 E F0 .003(concludes that the user meant to end the entire) +2.502 F(script, and acts on the)144 528 Q F4(SIGINT)2.5 E F0 +(\(e.g., by running a)2.25 E F4(SIGINT)2.5 E F0(trap or e)2.25 E +(xiting itself\);)-.15 E(2.)108 544.8 Q .289 +(If the command does not terminate due to)144 544.8 R F4(SIGINT)2.788 E +F5(,)A F0 .288(the program handled the)2.538 F F4(SIGINT)2.788 E F0 .288 +(itself and did)2.538 F .728(not treat it as a f)144 556.8 R .728 +(atal signal.)-.1 F .728(In that case,)5.728 F F2(bash)3.228 E F0 .728 +(does not treat)3.228 F F4(SIGINT)3.228 E F0 .728(as a f)2.978 F .728 +(atal signal, either)-.1 F 3.229(,i)-.4 G(n-)-3.229 E .772 +(stead assuming that the)144 568.8 R F4(SIGINT)3.272 E F0 -.1(wa)3.022 G +3.272(su).1 G .771(sed as part of the program')-3.272 F 3.271(sn)-.55 G +.771(ormal operation \(e.g., emacs)-3.271 F .409 (uses it to abort editing commands\) or deliberately discarded.)144 -405.6 R(Ho)5.409 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G F3(bash)3.309 E -F0 .409(will run an)2.909 F 2.909(yt)-.15 G .409(rap set)-2.909 F(on)144 -417.6 Q F1(SIGINT)3.788 E F2(,)A F0 1.288(as it does with an)3.538 F -3.788(yo)-.15 G 1.288(ther trapped signal it recei)-3.788 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.789(sw).15 G 1.289(hile it is w)-3.789 F 1.289(aiting for the fore-) --.1 F(ground command to complete, for compatibility)144 429.6 Q(.)-.65 E -/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72 446.4 Q(OL)-.329 E/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 458.4 S 3.369(bc).25 G(ontr)-3.369 E(ol) --.45 E F0 .868(refers to the ability to selecti)3.879 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.868(ly stop \().15 F F5(suspend)A F0 3.368(\)t)C .868(he e)-3.368 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .868(cution of processes and continue \().15 F F5 -.37 -(re)C(-).37 E(sume)108 470.4 Q F0 2.664(\)t)C .164(heir 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When)2.824 F F3(bash)2.825 E F0 .325 -(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.825 F F5(bac)3.095 E(kgr)-.2 E -(ound)-.45 E F0 .325(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 523.2 -Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 540 Q .241(indicating that this job is job num\ -ber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline assoc\ -iated)108 556.8 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 568.8 R .733 -(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) -5.732 F(.)-.4 E F3(Bash)5.733 E F0(uses)3.233 E(the)108 580.8 Q F5(job) -4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 1.982 -.8 -(To f)108 597.6 T .382(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) -.7 F .382(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the no-)-.1 -F 1.537(tion of a)108 609.6 R F5(curr)4.037 E 1.537(ent terminal pr)-.37 -F 1.537(ocess gr)-.45 F 1.537(oup ID)-.45 F F0 6.537(.M)C 1.538 -(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-6.537 F .023 -(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 -621.6 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F F1(SIG-)2.522 E(INT)108 633.6 Q -F2(.)A F0 1.215(These processes are said to be in the)5.715 F F5(for) -5.685 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F5(Bac)6.795 E -(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.216(processes are those whose process)4.485 -F .146(group ID dif)108 645.6 R .146(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 -(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145 -(board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .16 -(ground processes are allo)108 657.6 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F -2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 -10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) --2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.052(minal. 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When)2.825 F F2(bash)2.825 E F0 .325 +(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.825 F F1(bac)3.094 E(kgr)-.2 E +(ound)-.45 E F0 .324(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 698.4 +Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 715.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31) +142.895 E(40)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 41 41 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.143 -(stopped and returns control to)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash) -4.642 E F0 7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 2.142(character \(typically)5.412 F F1 -(^Y)4.642 E F0 4.642(,C)C(ontrol-Y\))-4.642 E .021(causes the process t\ -o be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and cont\ -rol to be returned)108 96 R(to)108 108 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C -.892(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 -F F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .17 -(background, the)108 120 R F1(fg)2.67 E F0 .17 -(command to continue it in the fore)2.67 F .17(ground, or the)-.15 F F1 -(kill)2.67 E F0 .17(command to kill it.)2.67 F(A)5.17 E F1(^Z)2.67 E F0 -(tak)2.67 E .17(es ef-)-.1 F 1.419(fect immediately)108 132 R 3.919(,a) --.65 G 1.418(nd has the additional side ef)-3.919 F 1.418 -(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) -108 144 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 160.8 R .777 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .241(indicating t\ +hat this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last proces\ +s in the pipeline associated)108 84 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 +96 R .732 +(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) +5.733 F(.)-.4 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the) +108 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(job)4.24 E F0 +(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 1.981 -.8(To f)108 +124.8 T .382(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7 F .382 +(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the no-)-.1 F 1.538 +(tion of a)108 136.8 R F2(curr)4.038 E 1.538(ent terminal pr)-.37 F +1.537(ocess gr)-.45 F 1.537(oup ID)-.45 F F0 6.537(.M)C 1.537 +(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-6.537 F .023 +(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 +148.8 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG-)2.523 E +(INT)108 160.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.215 +(These processes are said to be in the)5.716 F F2(for)5.685 E -.4(eg) +-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F2(Bac)6.795 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound) +-.45 E F0 1.215(processes are those whose process)4.485 F .145 +(group ID dif)108 172.8 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 +(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 +(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16 +(ground processes are allo)108 184.8 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F +2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F5 +10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) +-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 196.8 R .551 +(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F5 .551 +(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F +.718(terminal are sent a)108 208.8 R F3 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F +(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55 +G .717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717 +(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 220.8 Q 1.087 +(If the operating system on which)108 237.6 R F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088 +(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 +(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 249.6 S +.147(ping the).8 F F2(suspend)2.987 E F0 .147(character \(typically) +3.417 F F1<005a>2.646 E F0 2.646(,C)C .146 +(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.646 +F 1.951(stopped and returns control to)108 261.6 R F1(bash)4.451 E F0 +6.951(.T)C 1.952(yping the)-7.751 F F2 1.952(delayed suspend)4.802 F F0 +1.952(character \(typically)5.222 F F1<0059>4.452 E F0 4.452(,C)C +(ontrol-Y\))-4.452 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ +mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 +273.6 R(to)108 285.6 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 +(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F +F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .046 +(background, the)108 297.6 R F1(fg)2.546 E F0 .046 +(command to continue it in the fore)2.546 F .046(ground, or the)-.15 F +F1(kill)2.546 E F0 .046(command to kill it.)2.546 F(A)5.046 E F1<005a> +2.546 E F0(tak)2.546 E .046(es ef-)-.1 F 1.418(fect immediately)108 +309.6 R 3.918(,a)-.65 G 1.418(nd has the additional side ef)-3.918 F +1.418(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F +(carded.)108 321.6 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 338.4 R .777 (ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F1 -(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 172.8 -Q F2(jobspec)A F0 3.458(\). Job)B(number)3.458 E F2(n)3.818 E F0 .957 +(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 350.4 +Q F2(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F2(n)3.817 E F0 .957 (may be referred to as)3.697 F F1(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 (job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) -108 184.8 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E +108 362.4 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F .385(stopped job whose command name be)108 -196.8 R .385(gins with)-.15 F F1(ce)2.885 E F0 5.385(.I)C 2.885(fap) +374.4 R .385(gins with)-.15 F F1(ce)2.885 E F0 5.385(.I)C 2.885(fap) -5.385 G .385(re\214x matches more than one job,)-2.885 F F1(bash)2.885 -E F0 .385(reports an)2.885 F(error)108 208.8 Q 5.194(.U)-.55 G(sing) +E F0 .385(reports an)2.885 F(error)108 386.4 Q 5.194(.U)-.55 G(sing) -5.194 E F1(%?ce)2.694 E F0 2.694(,o)C 2.694(nt)-2.694 G .194 (he other hand, refers to an)-2.694 F 2.694(yj)-.15 G .194 (ob containing the string)-2.694 F F1(ce)2.694 E F0 .194 (in its command line.)2.694 F .194(If the)5.194 F .306 -(substring matches more than one job,)108 220.8 R F1(bash)2.806 E F0 +(substring matches more than one job,)108 398.4 R F1(bash)2.806 E F0 .306(reports an error)2.806 F 5.306(.T)-.55 G .306(he symbols)-5.306 F -F1(%%)2.806 E F0(and)2.806 E F1(%+)2.806 E F0 .306(refer to the shell') -2.806 F(s)-.55 E .132(notion of the)108 232.8 R F2(curr)2.832 E .133 +F1(%%)2.806 E F0(and)2.806 E F1(%+)2.806 E F0 .307(refer to the shell') +2.806 F(s)-.55 E .133(notion of the)108 410.4 R F2(curr)2.833 E .133 (ent job)-.37 F F0 2.633(,w).23 G .133 (hich is the last job stopped while it w)-2.633 F .133(as in the fore) --.1 F .133(ground or started in the back-)-.15 F 2.576(ground. The)108 -244.8 R F2(pr)3.826 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .076(ious job).15 F F0 .076 -(may be referenced using)2.806 F F1<25ad>2.576 E F0 5.076(.I)C 2.576(ft) --5.076 G .075(here is only a single job,)-2.576 F F1(%+)2.575 E F0(and) -2.575 E F1<25ad>2.575 E F0 .075(can both)2.575 F .317 -(be used to refer to that job)108 256.8 R 5.317(.I)-.4 G 2.817(no)-5.317 +-.1 F .132(ground or started in the back-)-.15 F 2.575(ground. The)108 +422.4 R F2(pr)3.825 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .075(ious job).15 F F0 .075 +(may be referenced using)2.805 F F1<25ad>2.575 E F0 5.075(.I)C 2.575(ft) +-5.075 G .076(here is only a single job,)-2.575 F F1(%+)2.576 E F0(and) +2.576 E F1<25ad>2.576 E F0 .076(can both)2.576 F .317 +(be used to refer to that job)108 434.4 R 5.317(.I)-.4 G 2.817(no)-5.317 G .317(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.817 F F1 -(jobs)2.817 E F0 .317(command\), the current)2.817 F .033(job is al)108 -268.8 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .033(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.533 E F0 2.533 +(jobs)2.817 E F0 .317(command\), the current)2.817 F .032(job is al)108 +446.4 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .033(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.533 E F0 2.533 (,a)C .033(nd the pre)-2.533 F .033(vious job with a)-.25 F F12.533 -E F0 5.033(.A)C .033(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .032 +E F0 5.033(.A)C .033(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .033 (ying job speci-)-.15 F(\214cation\) also refers to the current job)108 -280.8 Q(.)-.4 E .443 -(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 297.6 R -(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)2.944 F .444(ym for) --.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.944(,b)C -(ringing)-2.944 E 1.473(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 -309.6 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472 -(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F -(equi)108 321.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') -.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 338.4 R --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally) -5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.631 G .131 -(its until it is about to print a).1 F .158 -(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 350.4 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G -.158(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.658 F 2.657(yo)-.15 G .157 -(ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F12.657 E F0 .157 -(option to)2.657 F(the)108 362.4 Q F1(set)2.647 E F0 -.2(bu)2.647 G .147 -(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)2.647 E F0 .148 -(reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.148(.A)-.65 G .448 -.15 -(ny t)-5.148 H .148(rap on).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)2.648 E F0 -.148(is e)2.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 -374.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E .033(If an attempt to e)108 391.2 R(xit)-.15 E F1 -(bash)2.533 E F0 .033(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.533 F 2.532 -(,i)-.4 G 2.532(ft)-2.532 G(he)-2.532 E F1(checkjobs)2.532 E F0 .032 -(shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 1.002(using the)108 403.2 R F1 -(shopt)3.502 E F0 -.2(bu)3.502 G 1.002 +458.4 Q(.)-.4 E .444 +(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 475.2 R +(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) +-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C +(ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 +487.2 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 +(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F +(equi)108 499.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') +.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 516 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F(Normally) +5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 +(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157 +(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 528 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G +.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158 +(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F12.658 E F0 .158 +(option to)2.658 F(the)108 540 Q F1(set)2.648 E F0 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148 +(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)2.648 E F0 .148 +(reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.147(.A)-.65 G .447 -.15 +(ny t)-5.147 H .147(rap on).15 F F3(SIGCHLD)2.647 E F0 .147(is e)2.397 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 552 Q(xits.)-.15 +E .032(If an attempt to e)108 568.8 R(xit)-.15 E F1(bash)2.532 E F0 .032 +(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft) +-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F1(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 +(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 1.003(using the)108 580.8 R F1 +(shopt)3.503 E F0 -.2(bu)3.503 G 1.003 (iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 1.002 -(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)3.503 E F0 1.003 -(option is en-)3.503 F .956(abled, lists the jobs and their statuses.) -108 415.2 R(The)5.955 E F1(jobs)3.455 E F0 .955 -(command may then be used to inspect their status.)3.455 F .955(If a) -5.955 F .603(second attempt to e)108 427.2 R .604 +(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)3.502 E F0 1.002 +(option is en-)3.502 F .955(abled, lists the jobs and their statuses.) +108 592.8 R(The)5.955 E F1(jobs)3.455 E F0 .955 +(command may then be used to inspect their status.)3.455 F .956(If a) +5.956 F .604(second attempt to e)108 604.8 R .604 (xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 (ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E -(and an)108 439.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E -.645(When the shell is w)108 456 R .645 -(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F1(wait)3.144 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.144 G .644(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F1(wait)3.144 E F0 -(will)3.144 E .282(return when the job changes state. The)108 468 R F1 +(and an)108 616.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E +.644(When the shell is w)108 633.6 R .644 +(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.145 G .645(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0 +(will)3.145 E .282(return when the job changes state. The)108 645.6 R F1 2.782 E F0 .282(option causes)2.782 F F1(wait)2.782 E F0 .282 (to w)2.782 F .282(ait until the job or process terminates be-)-.1 F -(fore returning.)108 480 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 496.8 Q -(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108 508.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645 -(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.145 E +(fore returning.)108 657.6 Q/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 674.4 Q +(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 686.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644 +(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645 -(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .427 -(and the secondary prompt)108 520.8 R F3(PS2)2.927 E F0 .427 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.677 F F1(Bash)5.428 E -F0(displays)2.928 E F3(PS0)2.928 E F0(after)2.678 E .038 -(it reads a command b)108 532.8 R .038(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.038(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.038 E F0(displays)2.537 E F3(PS4)2.537 E -F0 .037(as described abo)2.287 F .337 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .037 -(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.121(mand when the)108 544.8 R F1 -3.621 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.621 F F1(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo) +(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .428 +(and the secondary prompt)108 698.4 R F3(PS2)2.928 E F0 .427 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.678 F F1(Bash)5.427 E +F0(displays)2.927 E F3(PS0)2.927 E F0(after)2.677 E .037 +(it reads a command b)108 710.4 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.037(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.037 E F0(displays)2.537 E F3(PS4)2.538 E +F0 .038(as described abo)2.288 F .338 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .038 +(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.122(mand when the)108 722.4 R F1 +3.622 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.622 F F1(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo) 3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a) --.25 F(number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \ -as follo)108 556.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 568.8 Q F0 -(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 568.8 Q F1(\\d)144 580.8 Q F0 -(the date in "W)180 580.8 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E -(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 592.8 Q F2(format)A F1(})A F0(the)180 -604.8 Q F2(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F2(strftime) -3.927 E F0 1.427 -(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 -616.8 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0 -(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E -(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 628.8 Q F0 -(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 628.8 Q F1(\\h)144 640.8 Q F0 -(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 640.8 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 652.8 -Q F0(the hostname)180 652.8 Q F1(\\j)144 664.8 Q F0 -(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 664.8 Q F1(\\l) -144 676.8 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 676.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G -(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 688.8 Q F0(ne)180 688.8 Q -(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 700.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 700.8 Q F1(\\s) -144 712.8 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 712.8 Q F1($0) -2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(41)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(41)192.055 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 42 42 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\t)144 84 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 84 Q -F1(\\T)144 96 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 96 Q -F1(\\@)144 108 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 108 Q -F1(\\A)144 120 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 120 Q -F1(\\u)144 132 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 132 Q F1(\\v) -144 144 Q F0(the v)180 144 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 156 Q F0(the release of)180 156 Q F1 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(number of backsla\ +sh-escaped special characters that are decoded as follo)108 84 Q(ws:) +-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\a)144 96 Q F0 +(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 96 Q F1(\\d)144 108 Q F0 +(the date in "W)180 108 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E +(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)A +F1(})A F0(the)180 132 Q F2(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)3.926 F +F2(strftime)3.926 E F0 1.427 +(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 +144 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0 +(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E +(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 156 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 156 Q F1(\\h)144 168 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 168 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 180 Q F0 +(the hostname)180 180 Q F1(\\j)144 192 Q F0 +(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 192 Q F1(\\l)144 +204 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 204 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de) +-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 216 Q F0(ne)180 216 Q(wline)-.25 E F1 +(\\r)144 228 Q F0(carriage return)180 228 Q F1(\\s)144 240 Q F0 +(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 240 Q F1($0)2.5 E F0 +(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144 +252 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 252 Q F1(\\T) +144 264 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 264 Q F1 +(\\@)144 276 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 276 Q F1 +(\\A)144 288 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 288 Q F1 +(\\u)144 300 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 300 Q F1(\\v)144 +312 Q F0(the v)180 312 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 324 Q F0(the release of)180 324 Q F1 (bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 168 Q F0 .119(the v)180 168 -R .119(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)2.619 E F0 .119(shell v)2.619 F .119 -(ariable \()-.25 F F1($PWD)A F0 .119(\), with)B/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 336 Q F0 .12(the v)180 336 R +.119(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)2.619 E F0 .119(shell v)2.619 F .119 +(ariable \()-.25 F F1($PWD)A F0 .119(\), with)B/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF ($HOME)2.619 E F0(abbre)2.369 E .119(viated with a tilde \(uses)-.25 F -(the v)180 180 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM) --.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 192 Q F0 -(the basename of)180 192 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2 -($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 204 Q -F0(the history number of this command)180 204 Q F1(\\#)144 216 Q F0 -(the command number of this command)180 216 Q F1(\\$)144 228 Q F0 -(if the ef)180 228 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E -F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 240 Q/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 -(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 240 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E -F1(\\\\)144 252 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 252 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 264 Q -F0(be)180 264 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ -could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F -(control sequence into the prompt)180 276 Q F1(\\])144 288 Q F0 -(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 288 Q .119 -(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 304.8 R -.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(position\ - in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hist\ -ory \214le \(see)108 316.8 R F2(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 -(be-)2.796 E(lo)108 328.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\ -osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .355 -(cuted during the current).15 F .823(shell session.)108 340.8 R .822 -(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.823 F .822 -(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .822(xpansion, command substitution,) --.15 F .682(arithmetic e)108 352.8 R .682(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 -F -.25(va)-.15 G .682(l, subject to the v).25 F .683(alue of the)-.25 F -F1(pr)3.183 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .683(shell option \(see the de-) -3.183 F 1.198(scription of the)108 364.8 R F1(shopt)3.698 E F0 1.198 -(command under)3.698 F F2 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.447 E 3.697(w\). This)-.25 F 1.197 -(can ha)3.697 F 1.497 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef) -108 376.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \ +(the v)180 348 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F3(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM) +-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 360 Q F0 +(the basename of)180 360 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F3 +($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 372 Q +F0(the history number of this command)180 372 Q F1(\\#)144 384 Q F0 +(the command number of this command)180 384 Q F1(\\$)144 396 Q F0 +(if the ef)180 396 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E +F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 408 Q F2(nnn) +A F0(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 408 Q F2(nnn) +2.5 E F1(\\\\)144 420 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 420 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 +432 Q F0(be)180 432 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, \ +which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F +(control sequence into the prompt)180 444 Q F1(\\])144 456 Q F0 +(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 456 Q .12 +(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 472.8 R +.119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(positio\ +n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\ +tory \214le \(see)108 484.8 R F3(HIST)3.047 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 +(be-)2.797 E(lo)108 496.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\ +osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .354 +(cuted during the current).15 F .822(shell session.)108 508.8 R .822 +(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.822 F .822 +(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .823(xpansion, command substitution,) +-.15 F .683(arithmetic e)108 520.8 R .683(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 +F -.25(va)-.15 G .683(l, subject to the v).25 F .682(alue of the)-.25 F +F1(pr)3.182 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .682(shell option \(see the de-) +3.182 F 1.197(scription of the)108 532.8 R F1(shopt)3.697 E F0 1.197 +(command under)3.697 F F3 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.448 E 3.698(w\). This)-.25 F 1.198 +(can ha)3.698 F 1.498 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef) +108 544.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \ command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108 -388.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) -72 405.6 Q F0 .151 +556.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) +72 573.6 Q F0 .15 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 417.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 -(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E .384(is gi)108 429.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.884(na).15 G 2.884(ts)-2.884 G .384(hell in)-2.884 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G 2.884(cation. Line).2 F .384 -(editing is also used when using the)2.884 F F12.885 E F0 .385 -(option to the)2.885 F F1 -.18(re)2.885 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.885 G -2.885(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.885 E -.1(fa)108 441.6 S 1.407 +108 585.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1 +(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E .385(is gi)108 597.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.885(na).15 G 2.885(ts)-2.885 G .385(hell in)-2.885 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G 2.885(cation. Line).2 F .385 +(editing is also used when using the)2.885 F F12.884 E F0 .384 +(option to the)2.884 F F1 -.18(re)2.884 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.884 G +2.884(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.884 E -.1(fa)108 609.6 S 1.406 (ult, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.).1 F -3.906(Av)6.406 G 1.406(i-style line editing interf)-3.906 F 1.406 -(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 453.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +3.907(Av)6.407 G 1.407(i-style line editing interf)-3.907 F 1.407 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 621.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) -3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 .85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 465.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) +(\(see)108 633.6 Q F3 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) -3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 -(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E -(emacs)108 477.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 -(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 494.4 Q +(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.263 E +(emacs)108 645.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 662.4 Q F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) -108 506.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) -2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A -1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 518.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) --.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) --.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152 -(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 530.4 S .83 -(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65 -(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33 -(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831 -(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H -.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 542.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0 -.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) --3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 -(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 554.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H -(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) -.65 E .595(Readline commands may be gi)108 571.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096 -(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.096 E F3(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.096(,w).27 G -.596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F(Sometimes,)5.596 E -(ho)108 583.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti) -.4 G 3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 -(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) -.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 -(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 595.2 R 1.018 -(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C -1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 -(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 607.2 Q -(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) --.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 624 R F3 -(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 -(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 -(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3 -(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 636 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F -.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 -.029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) --.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 648 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 -(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 -(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 660 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 676.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ -tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 688.8 -R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092 -(name of this \214le)2.591 F .573(is tak)108 700.8 R .573(en from the v) --.1 F .573(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)3.073 E F0 -.25(va)2.823 G -3.073(riable. If).25 F .573(that v)3.073 F .573 -(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .573(ault is)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)2.573 -E(c)-.37 E F0 5.572(.I).31 G 3.072(ft)-5.572 G(hat)-3.072 E 3.061 -(\214le does)108 712.8 R .561(not e)3.061 F .562 -(xist or cannot be read, the ultimate def)-.15 F .562(ault is)-.1 F F3 -(/etc/inputr)4.212 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.562(.W).31 G .562 -(hen a program which uses the)-5.562 F .175(readline library starts up,\ - the initialization \214le is read, and the k)108 724.8 R .474 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .174(indings and v).15 F .174(ariables are set.)-.25 F .174 -(There are)5.174 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(42) -197.335 E 0 Cg EP +108 674.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A +1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 686.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,) +-.65 E F2(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) +-.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653(oM)-3.653 G 1.153 +(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 698.4 S .831 +(yboards without a)-.05 F F2(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)3.591 G 2.131 -.65 +(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F2(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F F2(x)3.331 E F0 +3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .83 +(hen the).15 F F2(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .83 +(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 710.4 R F2 .599(meta pr)3.099 F +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F2 +(x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F2(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099 +(rp)-3.099 G .6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6 +(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 722.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H +(hile pressing the).15 E F2(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) +.65 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(42)192.055 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 43 43 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .238(only a fe)108 -84 R 2.738(wb)-.25 G .238(asic constructs allo)-2.738 F .239 -(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F .239 -(Blank lines are ignored.)5.239 F .239(Lines be)5.239 F(gin-)-.15 E .554 -(ning with a)108 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)3.054 E F0 .554 -(are comments.)3.054 F .554(Lines be)5.554 F .554(ginning with a)-.15 F -F1($)3.054 E F0 .554(indicate conditional constructs.)3.054 F .553 -(Other lines denote)5.553 F -.1(ke)108 108 S 2.5(yb)-.05 G -(indings and v)-2.5 E(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def)108 124.8 R -.986(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an) -.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487 -(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987(programs that use this library may)3.487 F -(add their o)108 136.8 Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 -153.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 -170.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 182.4 Q -(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 194.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument) --.18 E(into the)108 206.4 Q F2(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G -(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cute the readline command).15 E F2(univer)2.58 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E -(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.011(The follo)108 223.2 R 1.011 -(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F2 -.4(RU)3.511 G -(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(DEL)4.091 E F0(,).53 E F2(ESC)4.021 E F0(,).72 -E F2(LFD)4.091 E F0(,).28 E F2(NEWLINE)4.21 E F0(,).73 E F2(RET)4.14 E -F0(,)1.27 E F2(RETURN)108.63 235.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F2(SPC)2.83 E F0(,).72 E -F2(SP)2.83 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F2 -.5(TA)2.5 -G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 -252 R .209(ws k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G -2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209(ound to a string that is inserted when the k) --2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 264 Q F2(macr)2.5 -E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1(Readline K)87 280.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 -(The syntax for controlling k)108 292.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 -(indings in the).15 F F2(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .596 +(Readline commands may be gi)108 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096(nn).15 G +(umeric)-3.096 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F0 +3.096(,w).27 G .596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F +(Sometimes,)5.595 E(ho)108 96 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i) +.15 H 3.118(ti).4 G 3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F +.619(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619 +(ssing a ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) +.15 G .619(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 108 +R 1.018(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill\255line) +3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 +F 1.018(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 120 Q +(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 136.8 R F1 +(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 +(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 +(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F1 +(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 148.8 Q F0 2.529(\). 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F)108 523.2 R(or e) +-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)144 547.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 559.2 Q +(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E(Control-o: "> output")144 571.2 Q .698 +(In the abo)108 588 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u) +3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve) +-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 +(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 600 Q F2(backward\255kill\255w) +2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F1(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258 +(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 (xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 -446.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 -(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 463.2 R F1("k)2.556 -E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F2(macr) -2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055 -(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15 -(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284 -(denoting an entire k)108 475.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ +612 Q(xt)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 +(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 628.8 R F2("k)2.555 +E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F1(macr) +2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 +(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 +(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284 +(denoting an entire k)108 640.8 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F -(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 487.2 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H -.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385 -(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F -(are not recognized.)108 499.2 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 523.2 Q -.15(ve) +(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 652.8 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H +.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386 +(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F +(are not recognized.)108 664.8 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 688.8 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 535.2 Q -("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314 -(In this e)108 564 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag) -3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 -G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 -.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 576 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G -.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(ESC [ 1 1 ~) -3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3(Function Key 1) -2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 -592.8 Q F1<5c43ad>144 604.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 604.8 Q F1<5c4dad> -144 616.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 616.8 Q F1(\\e)144 628.8 Q F0 -(an escape character)180 628.8 Q F1(\\\\)144 640.8 Q F0(backslash)180 -640.8 Q F1(\\")144 652.8 Q F0(literal ")180 652.8 Q F1<5c08>144 664.8 Q -F0(literal \010)180 664.8 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\ -equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 681.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 -G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 693.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 693.6 Q F1(\\b) -144 705.6 Q F0(backspace)180 705.6 Q F1(\\d)144 717.6 Q F0(delete)180 -717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(43)197.335 E 0 Cg -EP +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 700.8 Q +("\\e[11\001": "Function K)144 712.8 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E 1.81 +(In this e)108 729.6 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)4.15 E F0 1.81(is ag) +4.56 F 1.809(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)4.309 E -.1(ve)-.1 +G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 1.809(C\255x C\255r)6.649 F F0 +1.809(is bound to the)5.039 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31) +142.895 E(43)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\f)144 84 Q F0(form feed)180 84 Q F1(\\n)144 96 Q F0(ne)180 96 Q -(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 108 Q F0(carriage return)180 108 Q F1(\\t)144 -120 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 120 Q F1(\\v)144 132 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 132 S -(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 144 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 144 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E -(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 -156 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 156 Q -(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 -(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142 -(When entering the te)108 172.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ - 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Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E -F1(Bash)108 213.6 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43(ws the current readline k)-.25 F -.73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the) -.15 F F1(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 225.6 R .345 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.546 E F0 .046 -(option to the)2.546 F F1(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046 -(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 237.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(function)108 84 Q +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.5 G.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le) +-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC [ 1 1 \001)3.01 +E F0(is bound to insert the te)2.61 E(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF +(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A +(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 100.8 Q F1 +<5c43ad>144 112.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 112.8 Q F1<5c4dad>144 124.8 +Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 124.8 Q F1(\\e)144 136.8 Q F0 +(an escape character)180 136.8 Q F1(\\\\)144 148.8 Q F0(backslash)180 +148.8 Q F1(\\")144 160.8 Q F0(literal ")180 160.8 Q F1<5c08>144 172.8 Q +F0(literal \010)180 172.8 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\ +equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 189.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 +G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 201.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 201.6 Q F1(\\b) +144 213.6 Q F0(backspace)180 213.6 Q F1(\\d)144 225.6 Q F0(delete)180 +225.6 Q F1(\\f)144 237.6 Q F0(form feed)180 237.6 Q F1(\\n)144 249.6 Q +F0(ne)180 249.6 Q(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 261.6 Q F0(carriage return)180 +261.6 Q F1(\\t)144 273.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 273.6 Q F1(\\v)144 +285.6 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 285.6 S(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 297.6 Q F2 +(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 297.6 Q +(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 309.6 Q F2(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 309.6 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141(When entering the te)108 +326.4 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to in\ +dicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09(Unquoted te)108 338.4 R .09 +(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .089(In the macro body) +5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 350.4 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F +(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E +(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 367.2 Q F0(allo)2.929 E +.429(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 +(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 379.2 R .346 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.545 E F0 .045 +(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 391.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(Readline V)87 254.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 266.4 -R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F +(Readline V)87 408 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 420 R +.043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F (vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 -(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 278.4 Q(c)-.37 E -F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 295.2 Q F2 -(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 307.2 Q F1(bind)2.5 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E +(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 432 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 448.8 Q F2 +(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 460.8 Q F1(bind)2.5 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F4(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .79 -(Except where noted, readline v)108 324 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F +(Except where noted, readline v)108 477.6 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1 (Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).) -.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .449(nized v)108 336 R .448 +.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v)108 489.6 R .448 (ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v) --.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448 -(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467 +-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449 +(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 (\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) 2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 -F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468 -(he v)-5.468 F .468(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 -360 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 376.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E -(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.73(As)144 388.8 S .23(tring v)-2.73 -F .23(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229 -(xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .229 -(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 400.8 Q 1.526 +F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467 +(he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 +513.6 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 530.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.729(As)144 542.4 S .229(tring v) +-2.729 F .229(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229 +(xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .23 +(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 554.4 Q 1.527 (gion \(see the description of)-.15 F F1(enable\255acti)4.026 E -.1(ve) -.1 G.1 E(egion)-.18 E F0(belo)4.026 E 4.026(w\). 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If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A -(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 604.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.) --2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 616.8 Q F0 .056 -(If set to)144 628.8 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempt\ -s to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F -(ernel')-.1 E 2.555(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 640.8 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) --.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 652.8 Q(en \(Off\)) --.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 664.8 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 -(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 -(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F -(parenthesis is inserted.)144 676.8 Q F1(color)108 688.8 Q -(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) -144 700.8 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\ -eadline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F -2.935(completions using a dif)144 712.8 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F -7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.936 -(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 724.8 Q -F0(en)4.722 E 2.222(vironment v)-.4 F 4.722(ariable. If)-.25 F 2.222 -(there is a color de\214nition in)4.722 F F1($LS_COLORS)4.721 E F0 2.221 -(for the)4.721 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(44)197.335 -E 0 Cg EP +F .252(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\ +erminal')144 698.4 R 2.751(st)-.55 G .251(erminfo description.)-2.751 F +(A)5.251 E(sample v)144 710.4 Q(alue might be)-.25 E F3("\\e[0m")2.5 E +F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(44)192.055 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 45 45 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .176(custom suf) -144 84 R .176(\214x "readline-colored-completion-pre\214x", readline us\ -es this color for the common pre\214x)-.25 F(instead of its def)144 96 Q -(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(color)108 108 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\)) --.18 E F0 1.58(If set to)144 120 R F1(On)4.08 E F0 4.08(,r)C 1.579 -(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.08 F 1.579 -(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 132 R -(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25 -E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(comment\255begin \(`)108 144 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .884 -(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 156 R F1 -(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 168 Q F1 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(bell\255style \(audible\))108 84 Q F0 .01 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 96 R .011 +(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none) +2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E +.94(rings the bell.)144 108 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 +3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) +-.2 G 3.44(ilable. 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These) +.25 F -.15(ove)3.695 G 1.195(rride the def).15 F 1.195(ault readline)-.1 +F .786(bindings described here.)144 168 R -.8(Ty)5.786 G(pe).8 E/F2 10 +/Courier@0 SF .786(stty -a)3.286 F F0 .787 +(at a bash prompt to see your current terminal settings,)3.287 F +(including the special control characters \(usually)144 180 Q F1(cchars) +2.5 E F0(\).)A F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 192 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E +F0 .21(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 +(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 +(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F +(parenthesis is inserted.)144 216 Q F1(color)108 228 Q +(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) +144 240 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, rea\ +dline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F 2.936 +(completions using a dif)144 252 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T) +-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.935 +(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 264 Q F0 +(en)3.076 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. 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This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 360 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 (in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\)) -108 180 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\ -e matches when performing completion.)144 192 R .193(The v)144 204 R +108 372 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\ +e matches when performing completion.)144 384 R .194(The v)144 396 R .193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \ -screen width.)-.25 F 2.694(Av)5.194 G .194(alue of 0 will)-2.944 F -(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 216 Q(The def)5 E -(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 228 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 240 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C +screen width.)-.25 F 2.693(Av)5.193 G .193(alue of 0 will)-2.943 F +(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 408 Q(The def)5 E +(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 420 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 432 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C (eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\ siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 -(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 252 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 264 R +(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 444 Q F0 .093(If set to)144 456 R F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor)2.593 E (e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093 -(yphens \()-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SFA F0 2.593(\)a)C .093 -(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 276 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +(yphens \()-.05 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SFA F0 2.593(\)a)C .094 +(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 468 Q F3(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G (qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E .3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1 -(completion\255pr)108 288 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 +(completion\255pr)108 480 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possi\ -ble completions that is displayed)144 300 R 1.275 -(without modi\214cation.)144 312 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 -(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 -(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 324 S(lue are replaced with an \ +ble completions that is displayed)144 492 R 1.274 +(without modi\214cation.)144 504 R 1.274(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274 +(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.275 +(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 516 S(lue are replaced with an \ ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 -(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 336 Q F0 .529 -(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 348 R .53 -(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) -144 360 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061 -F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56(ger v) --.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 372 R +(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 528 Q F0 .53 +(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 540 R .529 +(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the) +144 552 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F +.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v) +-.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 564 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \ -the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 384 S .368 +the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 576 S .367 (riable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to vie).25 F -2.867(wt)-.25 G .367(hem; otherwise the)-2.867 F 2.867(ya)-.15 G .367 -(re simply)-2.867 F .672(listed on the terminal.)144 396 R 3.172(Az) -5.672 G .673(ero v)-3.172 F .673(alue means readline should ne)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.173(ra).15 G .673(sk; ne)-3.173 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 -E .973 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .673(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 408 Q -F1(con)108 420 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to) -144 432 R F1(On)3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F +2.868(wt)-.25 G .368(hem; otherwise the)-2.868 F 2.868(ya)-.15 G .368 +(re simply)-2.868 F .673(listed on the terminal.)144 588 R 3.173(Az) +5.673 G .673(ero v)-3.173 F .673(alue means readline should ne)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.172(ra).15 G .672(sk; ne)-3.172 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 +E .972 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .672(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 600 Q +F1(con)108 612 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to) +144 624 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k) -.15 F .912 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541 +.15 F .913 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 (stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) -144 444 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .542(meta pr)3.042 F -(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 456 Q F0 3.751(\). The)B(def)3.751 E 1.251(ault is) --.1 F F2(On)3.751 E F0 3.751(,b)C 1.251(ut readline will set it to) --3.951 F F2(Of)3.75 E(f)-.18 E F0 1.25 -(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)3.75 F 1.141(This v)144 -468 R 1.141(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)3.641 E F0 -1.141(locale cate)3.641 F(gory)-.15 E 3.641(,a)-.65 G 1.142 -(nd may change if the locale is)-3.641 F(changed.)144 480 Q F1 -(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 492 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 504 R F1 +144 636 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F3 .541(meta pr)3.041 F +(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 648 Q F0 3.75(\). The)B(def)3.75 E 1.25(ault is)-.1 +F F3(On)3.75 E F0 3.75(,b)C 1.251(ut readline will set it to)-3.95 F F3 +(Of)3.751 E(f)-.18 E F0 1.251 +(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)3.751 F 1.142(This v)144 +660 R 1.142(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)3.641 E F0 +1.141(locale cate)3.641 F(gory)-.15 E 3.641(,a)-.65 G 1.141 +(nd may change if the locale is)-3.641 F(changed.)144 672 Q F1 +(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 684 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 696 R F1 (On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 (ord completion.)-.1 F .038 (Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) -144 516 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 -(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 528 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21 -(When set to)144 540 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211 -(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 -(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 552 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 564 Q F0 .142 -(Controls whether readline be)144 576 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F -.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.641 E F0 -(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0 -(can be set to either)144 588 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 600 Q F0 .517(If the)144 612 -R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G -.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) -.25 F .622 -(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 624 -R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .621(alue is e)-.25 F -.621(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.121(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 636 S 3.339(yb)-.05 G -.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.339 F -.84(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 648 S 2.798 -(ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F .298 -(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F -(can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.) -144 660 Q F1(enable\255acti)108 672 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E -(egion \(On\))-.18 E F0(The)144 684 Q F2(point)3.245 E F0 .746 -(is the current cursor position, and)3.245 F F2(mark)3.246 E F0 .746 -(refers to a sa)3.246 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.246(dc).15 G .746 -(ursor position.)-3.246 F .746(The te)5.746 F .746(xt be-)-.15 F .344 -(tween the point and mark is referred to as the)144 696 R F2 -.37(re) -2.844 G(gion)-.03 E F0 5.344(.W)C .344(hen this v)-5.344 F .344 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.844 E F0 2.844(,r)C .344(eadline al-) --2.844 F(lo)144 708 Q .098(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 -F .098(gion as)-.15 F F2(active)2.598 E F0 5.098(.W)C .098(hen the re) --5.098 F .098(gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.598(,r).15 G .098 -(eadline high-)-2.598 F .971(lights the te)144 720 R .971(xt in the re) --.15 F .971(gion using the v)-.15 F .971(alue of the)-.25 F F1(acti)3.47 -E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 3.47(,w)C .97 -(hich def)-3.47 F .97(aults to)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28) -148.175 E(45)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +144 708 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 +(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(45)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 46 46 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .484 -(the string that enables the terminal')144 84 R 2.985(ss)-.55 G .485 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(echo\255contr)108 84 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211 +(When set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G +1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21 +(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 108 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 120 Q F0 .141 +(Controls whether readline be)144 132 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F +.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(Emacs)2.642 E F0(or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode) +5.142 E F0(can be set to either)144 144 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 +(vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 156 Q F0 .518 +(If the)144 168 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 +-.25(va)3.018 G .517 +(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 +F .622(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti) +144 180 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .622 +(alue is e)-.25 F .622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 192 +S 3.34(yb)-.05 G .839 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.34 F .839 +(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 204 S 2.798 +(ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F .298 +(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F +(can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.) +144 216 Q F1(enable\255acti)108 228 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +(egion \(On\))-.18 E F0(The)144 240 Q F2(point)3.246 E F0 .746 +(is the current cursor position, and)3.246 F F2(mark)3.246 E F0 .746 +(refers to a sa)3.246 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.246(dc).15 G .746 +(ursor position.)-3.246 F .745(The te)5.746 F .745(xt be-)-.15 F .344 +(tween the point and mark is referred to as the)144 252 R F2 -.37(re) +2.844 G(gion)-.03 E F0 5.344(.W)C .344(hen this v)-5.344 F .344 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.845 E F0 2.845(,r)C .345(eadline al-) +-2.845 F(lo)144 264 Q .098(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 +F .098(gion as)-.15 F F2(active)2.598 E F0 5.098(.W)C .098(hen the re) +-5.098 F .098(gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.598(,r).15 G .098 +(eadline high-)-2.598 F .97(lights the te)144 276 R .97(xt in the re) +-.15 F .971(gion using the v)-.15 F .971(alue of the)-.25 F F1(acti) +3.471 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 3.471 +(,w)C .971(hich def)-3.471 F .971(aults to)-.1 F .485 +(the string that enables the terminal')144 288 R 2.985(ss)-.55 G .485 (tandout mode.)-2.985 F .485(The acti)5.485 F .785 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15 -(eg).15 G .485(ion sho).15 F .485(ws the te)-.25 F .485(xt inserted by) --.15 F(brack)144 96 Q(eted-paste and an)-.1 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(atching te) +(eg).15 G .484(ion sho).15 F .484(ws the te)-.25 F .484(xt inserted by) +-.15 F(brack)144 300 Q(eted-paste and an)-.1 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(atching te) -2.5 E(xt found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.) --.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable\255brack)108 108 Q -(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F0 .841(When set to)144 120 R F1(On)3.341 E -F0 3.341(,r)C .841(eadline con\214gures the terminal to insert each pas\ -te into the editing b)-3.341 F(uf)-.2 E .84(fer as a)-.25 F .799(single\ - string of characters, instead of treating each character as if it had \ -been read from the k)144 132 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 3.159(board. This) -144 144 R(pre)3.159 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .659(nts readline from e).15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .659(cuting an).15 F 3.158(ye)-.15 G .658 -(diting commands bound to k)-3.158 F .958 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .658 -(equences ap-).15 F(pearing in the pasted te)144 156 Q(xt.)-.15 E F1 -(enable\255k)108 168 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892(When set to)144 180 R +-.15 E F1(enable\255brack)108 312 Q(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F0 .84 +(When set to)144 324 R F1(On)3.34 E F0 3.34(,r)C .841(eadline con\214gu\ +res the terminal to insert each paste into the editing b)-3.34 F(uf)-.2 +E .841(fer as a)-.25 F .799(single string of characters, instead of tre\ +ating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 336 R -.15 +(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 3.158(board. This)144 348 R(pre)3.158 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +.658(nts readline from e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .658(cuting an).15 F 3.158 +(ye)-.15 G .659(diting commands bound to k)-3.158 F .959 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +.659(equences ap-).15 F(pearing in the pasted te)144 360 Q(xt.)-.15 E F1 +(enable\255k)108 372 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893(When set to)144 384 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F -(tems need this to enable the arro)144 192 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 -G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 204 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 -(When set to)144 216 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 396 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 +G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 408 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 +(When set to)144 420 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 -(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 228 Q +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 432 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 240 Q F0(If set to)144 252 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 444 Q F0(If set to)144 456 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) --.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 264 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 .552(If set to)144 276 R F1(On)3.052 +-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 468 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 .553(If set to)144 480 R F1(On)3.052 E F0 3.052(,t)C .552(he history code attempts to place point at the sam\ -e location on each history line re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +e location on each history line re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 492 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history\255size \(unset\)) -108 300 Q F0 .949(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 312 R +108 504 Q F0 .948(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 516 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.) --3.448 F .948(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.448(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.598 -E .482(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 324 R 2.982(we)-.25 G -.483(ntries are sa)-2.982 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .483 -(set to a v)2.983 F .483(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .278 -(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 336 R .277(By def)5.278 F -.277(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .277 -(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 348 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.41 E F0 .91(shell v)3.41 F -3.41(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.41 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(history\255size)3.411 E F0 .911(to a non-numeric v) -3.411 F(alue,)-.25 E -(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 360 Q F1 -(horizontal\255scr)108 372 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 -(When set to)144 384 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 -(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 +-3.448 F .949(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 +E .483(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 528 R 2.983(we)-.25 G +.483(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482 +(set to a v)2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .277 +(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 540 R .277(By def)5.277 F +.278(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .278 +(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 552 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.411 E F0 .911(shell v)3.411 +F 3.411(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.411 F F2 +(history\255size)3.41 E F0 .91(to a non-numeric v)3.41 F(alue,)-.25 E +(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 564 Q F1 +(horizontal\255scr)108 576 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448 +(When set to)144 588 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 +(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ - ne)144 396 R(w)-.25 E 2.5(line. This)144 408 R + ne)144 600 R(w)-.25 E 2.5(line. This)144 612 R (setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F1 -(input\255meta \(Off\))108 420 Q F0 1.062(If set to)144 432 R F1(On) -3.562 E F0 3.562(,r)C 1.061(eadline will enable eight-bit input \(that \ -is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the)-3.562 F .335 -(characters it reads\), re)144 444 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335 -(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .336(The name) -5.336 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.836 E F0(is)2.836 E 2.865(as)144 456 S(ynon) --2.865 E .365(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)-.25 F(def)2.864 E +(input\255meta \(Off\))108 624 Q F0 1.061(If set to)144 636 R F1(On) +3.561 E F0 3.561(,r)C 1.062(eadline will enable eight-bit input \(that \ +is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the)-3.561 F .336 +(characters it reads\), re)144 648 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335 +(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .335(The name) +5.335 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.835 E F0(is)2.835 E 2.864(as)144 660 S(ynon) +-2.864 E .364(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)-.25 F(def)2.864 E .364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864(,b)C .364 -(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .364 -(if the locale contains)2.864 F 1.866(eight-bit characters.)144 468 R -1.866(This v)6.866 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1 -(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.867(locale cate)4.367 F(gory)-.15 E 4.367(,a)-.65 -G 1.867(nd may)-4.367 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 480 Q F1 -(isear)108 492 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) +(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .365 +(if the locale contains)2.865 F 1.867(eight-bit characters.)144 672 R +1.867(This v)6.867 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1 +(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.866(locale cate)4.366 F(gory)-.15 E 4.366(,a)-.65 +G 1.866(nd may)-4.366 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 684 Q F1 +(isear)108 696 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) -.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\ -ental search without subsequently e)144 504 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E -.934(ing the character as a command.)144 516 R .935(If this v)5.935 F -.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 -(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 528 Q F2 -(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) -108 540 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 -552 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 -(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .041 -(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 564 R F0 2.542(,a)C -(nd)-2.542 E F2(vi\255insert)2.832 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.042 E F0 .042 -(is equi)2.542 F -.25(va)-.25 G .042(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) -2.542 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.542 E F0 .449(is equi)144 576 R -.25(va)-.25 G -.449(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)2.949 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.449(.T)C -.449(he def)-5.449 F .449(ault v)-.1 F .449(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) -3.139 E F0 2.948(;t).27 G .448(he v)-2.948 F .448(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(editing\255mode)2.948 E F0 .448(also af-)2.948 F(fects the def)144 588 -Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 600 S -(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 612 R -F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 -(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .668 -.15(ey s) --.1 H(equence).15 E .525(\(one that can form a complete k)144 624 R .825 --.15(ey s)-.1 H .524(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)-.1 E -3.024(,o)-.4 G 3.024(rc)-3.024 G .524(an tak)-3.024 F 3.024(ea)-.1 G -.524(dditional in-)-3.024 F .806(put to complete a longer k)144 636 R -1.106 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.306(equence\). If).15 F .806(no input is recei) -3.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.306(dw).15 G .807(ithin the timeout,)-3.306 F -F2 -.37(re)3.307 G(adline).37 E F0(will)3.307 E .907(use the shorter b) -144 648 R .907(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407 -(equence. The).15 F -.25(va)3.407 G .907 -(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .906(alue of)-.25 F -.05(1000 means that)144 660 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline).37 E F0 .05 -(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05 -(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 -(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 672 R(alue,)-.25 -E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 -(ait until another k)-.1 F .351 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.551(sp).15 G(ressed) --2.551 E(to decide which k)144 684 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 696 Q(ectories \(On\)) --.18 E F0(If set to)144 708 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C -(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(46)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +ental search without subsequently e)144 708 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E +.935(ing the character as a command.)144 720 R .935(If this v)5.935 F +.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934 +(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F2(ESC)3.434 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(46)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 47 47 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 84 Q F0(If set to)144 96 Q F1 -(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1(*)A -F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 108 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\)) --.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 120 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(and)144 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(C\255J)2.5 E F0 +(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1 +(ke)108 96 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 +108 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 +(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F1 2.021 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .042 +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 120 R F0 2.542(,a)C +(nd)-2.542 E F1(vi\255insert)2.832 E F0(.).68 E F1(vi)5.042 E F0 .042 +(is equi)2.542 F -.25(va)-.25 G .042(lent to).25 F F1(vi\255command) +2.541 E F0(;)A F1(emacs)2.541 E F0 .448(is equi)144 132 R -.25(va)-.25 G +.448(lent to).25 F F1(emacs\255standar)2.948 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.448(.T)C +.448(he def)-5.448 F .448(ault v)-.1 F .449(alue is)-.25 F F1(emacs) +3.139 E F0 2.949(;t).27 G .449(he v)-2.949 F .449(alue of)-.25 F F2 +(editing\255mode)2.949 E F0 .449(also af-)2.949 F(fects the def)144 144 +Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F2 -.1(ke)108 156 S +(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 168 R +F1 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 +(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H(equence).15 E .524(\(one that can form a complete k)144 180 R .824 +-.15(ey s)-.1 H .524(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)-.1 E +3.025(,o)-.4 G 3.025(rc)-3.025 G .525(an tak)-3.025 F 3.025(ea)-.1 G +.525(dditional in-)-3.025 F .807(put to complete a longer k)144 192 R +1.106 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.306(equence\). If).15 F .806(no input is recei) +3.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.306(dw).15 G .806(ithin the timeout,)-3.306 F +F1 -.37(re)3.306 G(adline).37 E F0(will)3.306 E .906(use the shorter b) +144 204 R .907(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407 +(equence. The).15 F -.25(va)3.407 G .907 +(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907(alue of)-.25 F +.05(1000 means that)144 216 R F1 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline).37 E F0 .05 +(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05 +(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 +(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 228 R(alue,)-.25 +E F1 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 +(ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed) +-2.552 E(to decide which k)144 240 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equence to complete.).15 E F2(mark\255dir)108 252 Q(ectories \(On\)) +-.18 E F0(If set to)144 264 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) +.15 E F2(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 276 Q F0(If set to)144 +288 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) +-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F2 +(*)A F0(\).)A F2(mark\255symlink)108 300 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E +(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 312 R F2(On)2.675 E F0 +2.675(,c)C .175 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 132 -Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 -(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 144 Q F0 .193(This v)144 156 R -.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 -(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 -(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 -(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 168 R .456 -(If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) --2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F -(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 180 Q F1 -(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 192 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 -1.586(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 324 +Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F2 +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 336 Q F0 .192(This v)144 348 R +.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192 +(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193 +(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 360 R .456 +(If set to)5.456 F F2(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) +-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F +(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 372 Q F2 +(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 384 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +1.585(If set to)144 396 R F2(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) --4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 216 Q -(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 228 Q F0 -.506(If set to)144 240 R F1(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \ +-4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 408 Q +(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F2(output\255meta \(Off\))108 420 Q F0 +.507(If set to)144 432 R F2(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \ display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ -ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 252 Q .885(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 -(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Of)3.384 E -(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C .884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On) -3.384 E F0 .884(if the locale contains)3.384 F 1.866 -(eight-bit characters.)144 264 R 1.866(This v)6.866 F 1.867 -(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.867 -(locale cate)4.367 F(gory)-.15 E 4.367(,a)-.65 G 1.867(nd may)-4.367 F -(change if the locale is changed.)144 276 Q F1 -(page\255completions \(On\))108 288 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 300 R F1(On) -3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor) +ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 444 Q .884(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 +(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F F1(Of)3.384 E(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C +.884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F1(On)3.384 E F0 .885 +(if the locale contains)3.384 F 1.867(eight-bit characters.)144 456 R +1.867(This v)6.867 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2 +(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.866(locale cate)4.366 F(gory)-.15 E 4.366(,a)-.65 +G 1.866(nd may)-4.366 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 468 Q F2 +(page\255completions \(On\))108 480 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 492 R F2(On) +3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F1(mor) 3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 (ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F -(tions at a time.)144 312 Q F1 -(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 324 Q F0 .227 -(If set to)144 336 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\ +(tions at a time.)144 504 Q F2 +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 516 Q F0 .228 +(If set to)144 528 R F2(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\ lay completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical or) --2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 348 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E -(wn the screen.)-.25 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 360 T -(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .699(If set to)144 372 R -F1(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699 +-2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 540 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E +(wn the screen.)-.25 E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 552 T +(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .698(If set to)144 564 R +F2(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699 (eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) --3.199 F F1(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 384 S +-3.198 F F2(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 576 S 2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 -(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 396 S(adline) -.18 E F0(.)A F1(sear)108 408 Q(ch\255ignor)-.18 E(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 -E F0 .29(If set to)144 420 R F1(On)2.79 E F0 2.79(,r)C .289(eadline per\ -forms incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a case\ -\255in-)-2.79 F(sensiti)144 432 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 -(sho)108 444 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .303 -(This alters the def)144 456 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304 -(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On) -2.804 E F0 2.804(,w)C .304(ords which ha)-2.904 F .604 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)144 588 S(adline) +.18 E F0(.)A F2(sear)108 600 Q(ch\255ignor)-.18 E(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 +E F0 .289(If set to)144 612 R F2(On)2.789 E F0 2.789(,r)C .289(eadline \ +performs incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a cas\ +e\255in-)-2.789 F(sensiti)144 624 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2 +(sho)108 636 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .304 +(This alters the def)144 648 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304 +(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F2(On) +2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H (ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ -isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 468 R(bell.)144 480 Q F1 -(sho)108 492 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 -(This alters the def)144 504 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 -(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to) --.1 F F1(sho)144 516 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C -4.191(fs)-6.691 G 1.691(et to)-4.191 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 +isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 660 R(bell.)144 672 Q F2 +(sho)108 684 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346 +(This alters the def)144 696 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) +-.1 F F2(sho)144 708 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C +4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F2(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 (ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 -(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 528 R 3.539 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 720 R 3.54 (yp)-.15 G 1.039 -(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F -3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\ -s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 540 Q F1 -(sho)108 552 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.022 -(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)3.522 E F0 3.522(,a)C 1.022 -(dd a string to the be)-3.522 F 1.021 -(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F -(command, or vi insertion.)144 576 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E -(-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E F2(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 588 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 600 R -F1(On)2.594 E F0 2.594(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.594 F .095 -(ault completion beha)-.1 F .095 -(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 612 Q -2.546(so)-.55 G .046(nly acti)-2.546 F .346 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 -(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.545(ord. If)-.1 -F .045(enabled, readline does not)2.545 F 1.394(insert characters from \ -the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 624 R -1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 636 Q -(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 -(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 648 Q F0 .518(If the)144 -660 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G -.517(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) -.25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti) -144 672 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .476(nd in command mode.).15 F .476 -(The v)5.476 F(alue)-.25 E .33(is e)144 684 R .33(xpanded lik)-.15 F -2.83(eak)-.1 G .63 -.15(ey b)-2.93 H .33 -(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .33 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .244(cape sequences is a)144 696 R -.25(va) --.2 G 2.744(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.744 F -.245(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 -708 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(47)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F +3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(47)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 48 48 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 84 Q F0 .518(If the)144 -96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 -E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G .517 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(cause the matches\ + to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(sho)108 96 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\)) +-.18 E F0 1.021(If set to)144 108 R F1(On)3.521 E F0 3.521(,a)C 1.022 +(dd a string to the be)-3.521 F 1.022 +(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F +(command, or vi insertion.)144 120 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E +(-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 132 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 144 R +F1(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095 +(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094 +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 156 Q +2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 +(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1 +F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \ +the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 168 R +1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 180 Q +(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 +(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 192 Q F0 .517(If the)144 +204 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G +.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) +.25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti) +144 216 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .475(nd in command mode.).15 F .475 +(The v)5.475 F(alue)-.25 E .33(is e)144 228 R .33(xpanded lik)-.15 F +2.83(eak)-.1 G .63 -.15(ey b)-2.93 H .33 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .33 +(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .245(cape sequences is a)144 240 R -.25(va) +-.2 G 2.745(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.745 F +.244(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 +252 Q F1(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 264 Q F0 .517 +(If the)144 276 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 +-.25(va)3.017 G .518 (riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144 -108 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .187(The v) -5.186 F .187(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 120 S .924(panded lik).15 F -3.424(eak)-.1 G 1.224 -.15(ey b)-3.524 H .924 -(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .923 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .244(cape sequences is a)144 132 R -.25(va) --.2 G 2.744(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.744 F -.245(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ +288 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .186(The v) +5.186 F .186(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 300 S .923(panded lik).15 F +3.423(eak)-.1 G 1.223 -.15(ey b)-3.523 H .924 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .924 +(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .245(cape sequences is a)144 312 R -.25(va) +-.2 G 2.745(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.745 F +.244(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 -144 Q F1(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 156 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 168 R +324 Q F1(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 336 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 348 R F1(On)3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846 (\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 180 Q F1 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 196.8 Q F0 .05 -(Readline implements a f)108 208.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ -he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097 -(which allo)108 220.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +(when listing possible completions.)144 360 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 376.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 388.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096 +(which allo)108 400.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 -(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096 -(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 249.6 Q F0(The)144 249.6 Q F1($if)2.962 -E F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on t\ +(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097 +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 412.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 429.6 Q F0(The)144 429.6 Q F1($if)2.963 +E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\ he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F -(or the application using readline.)144 261.6 Q(The te)5 E +(or the application using readline.)144 441.6 Q(The te)5 E (xt of the test, after an)-.15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(omparison operator)-2.5 E -(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 273.6 S(tends to the end of the line; unless oth\ +(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 453.6 S(tends to the end of the line; unless oth\ erwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.).15 E F1(mode) -144 290.4 Q F0(The)180 290.4 Q F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the) -3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711 +144 470.4 Q F0(The)180 470.4 Q F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the) +3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711 (su).15 G 1.211(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F -3.065(mode. This)180 302.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the) +3.065(mode. This)180 482.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the) 3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565 -(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 314.4 R +(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 494.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx) 3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F -(out in emacs mode.)180 326.4 Q F1(term)144 343.2 Q F0(The)180 343.2 Q -F1(term=)3.196 E F0 .696 -(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 355.2 R +(out in emacs mode.)180 506.4 Q F1(term)144 523.2 Q F0(The)180 523.2 Q +F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 +(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15 +(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 535.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 -(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 367.2 Q F1(=)3.231 -E F0 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 547.2 Q F1(=)3.232 +E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 -379.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 +559.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 (to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.84 E -F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1 -.1(ve)144 396 S(rsion).1 E F0 -(The)180 408 Q F1 -.1(ve)3.109 G(rsion).1 E F0 .608 -(test may be used to perform comparisons ag)3.109 F .608 -(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 420 Q F1 -.1 -(ve)2.771 G(rsion).1 E F0 -.15(ex)2.771 G .271 -(pands to the current readline v).15 F 2.772(ersion. The)-.15 F .272 -(set of comparison operators in-)2.772 F(cludes)180 432 Q F1(=)3.064 E -F0 3.064(,\()C(and)-3.064 E F1(==)3.064 E F0(\),)A F1(!=)3.064 E F0(,)A -F1(<=)3.064 E F0(,)A F1(>=)3.064 E F0(,)A F1(<)3.064 E F0 3.064(,a)C(nd) --3.064 E F1(>)3.064 E F0 5.563(.T)C .563(he v)-5.563 F .563 +F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1 -.1(ve)144 576 S(rsion).1 E F0 +(The)180 588 Q F1 -.1(ve)3.108 G(rsion).1 E F0 .608 +(test may be used to perform comparisons ag)3.108 F .609 +(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 600 Q F1 -.1 +(ve)2.772 G(rsion).1 E F0 -.15(ex)2.772 G .272 +(pands to the current readline v).15 F 2.771(ersion. The)-.15 F .271 +(set of comparison operators in-)2.771 F(cludes)180 612 Q F1(=)3.063 E +F0 3.063(,\()C(and)-3.063 E F1(==)3.063 E F0(\),)A F1(!=)3.063 E F0(,)A +F1(<=)3.063 E F0(,)A F1(>=)3.063 E F0(,)A F1(<)3.063 E F0 3.063(,a)C(nd) +-3.063 E F1(>)3.064 E F0 5.564(.T)C .564(he v)-5.564 F .564 (ersion number supplied on the right side)-.15 F .318 -(of the operator consists of a major v)180 444 R .318(ersion number)-.15 +(of the operator consists of a major v)180 624 R .318(ersion number)-.15 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G 2.818(no)-2.818 G .318 -(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .101(tional minor v)180 456 -R .101(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)2.601 E F0 .101(\). If the minor v)B -.1(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F1(0)2.6 E F0 5.1(.T)C -(he)-5.1 E .06(operator may be separated from the string)180 468 R F1 +(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .1(tional minor v)180 636 R +.1(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)2.6 E F0 .1(\). If the minor v)B .101 +(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F1(0)2.601 E F0 5.101(.T) +C(he)-5.101 E .06(operator may be separated from the string)180 648 R F1 -.1(ve)2.56 G(rsion).1 E F0 .06(and from the v)2.56 F .06 -(ersion number ar)-.15 F(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 480 Q F1 -(application)144 496.8 Q F0(The)180 508.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 +(ersion number ar)-.15 F(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 660 Q F1 +(application)144 676.8 Q F0(The)180 688.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 -520.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 -(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .501(particular v) -180 532.8 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F -.801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F -.396(ci\214c program.)180 544.8 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +700.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 +(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180 +712.8 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397 +(ci\214c program.)180 724.8 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 556.8 -Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 580.8 Q F0 -(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 592.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w) --.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 604.8 Q F1($endif)180 -616.8 Q F2(variable)144 633.6 Q F0(The)180 645.6 Q F2(variable)3.777 E -F0 1.277(construct pro)3.777 F 1.276 -(vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.276(ariables and v) --.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .079(The permitted comparison operators are)180 -657.6 R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2 -(!=)2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .08 -(ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operat\ -or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 669.6 R .129 -(the v)180 681.6 R .129(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 -F .13(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .13(ariables may be)-.25 F -(tested. Boolean v)180 693.6 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E -(ainst the v)-.05 E(alues)-.25 E F2(on)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(of)2.5 E(f) --.18 E F0(.)A F1($endif)108 710.4 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre) -144 710.4 Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 -(command.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(48)197.335 -E 0 Cg EP +(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(48)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 49 49 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF($else)108 84 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 84 Q F1($if)2.5 -E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 100.8 Q F0 .357 -(This directi)144 112.8 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357 -(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(current or pre)180 +84 Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A +F1($if)180 108 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 120 S(uote the current or pre) +-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 132 Q +F1($endif)180 144 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)144 160.8 Q F0(The) +180 172.8 Q F2(variable)3.776 E F0 1.276(construct pro)3.776 F 1.276 +(vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.277(ariables and v) +-.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .08(The permitted comparison operators are)180 +184.8 R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2 +(!=)2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .079 +(ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operat\ +or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 196.8 R .13 +(the v)180 208.8 R .13(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 F +.129(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .129(ariables may be)-.25 F +(tested. 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F) -144 124.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 --.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 -E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 148.8 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 -E F1(Sear)87 165.6 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 177.6 R .834 +144 295.2 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1 +($include)144 319.2 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 336 Q +(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 348 R .835 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E -.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 189.6 Q +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E +.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 360 Q (There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E 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present in the v)108 412.8 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) 2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 (riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 -(If that v)108 254.4 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(If that v)108 424.8 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 (alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 -F .096(mental search.)108 266.4 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ -tal search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097 -(When the search is)5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ -e search string becomes the current line.)108 278.4 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214) -108 295.2 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ -ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674 -(search backw)108 307.2 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674 -(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675 -(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675 -(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 319.2 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1 +F .097(mental search.)108 436.8 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ +tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096 +(When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ +e search string becomes the current line.)108 448.8 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214) +108 465.6 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ +ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675 +(search backw)108 477.6 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675 +(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674 +(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674 +(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 489.6 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E -.54(instance, a)108 331.2 R F2(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 -(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 -343.2 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 -360 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 -(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E -(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 372 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E +.541(instance, a)108 501.6 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 513.6 +Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 530.4 +R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an) +-3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E +(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 542.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ -re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 388.8 R(The searc\ +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 559.2 R(The searc\ h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ -rent line.)108 400.8 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 417.6 Q F0 1.392 -(The follo)108 429.6 R 1.391 +rent line.)108 571.2 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 588 Q F0 1.391 +(The follo)108 600 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 441.6 R .121 -(names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 -H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122 -(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 453.6 Q F2(point)3.411 -E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark) -3.411 E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41 -(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 465.6 Q F0 2.5 +3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 612 R .122 +(names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121 +(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 624 Q F2(point)3.41 E +F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F2(mark)3.411 E +F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db) +.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 636 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E (xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) -2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 482.4 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 -E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 494.4 Q F0(Mo)144 506.4 Q .3 +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 652.8 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 +E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 664.8 Q F0(Mo)144 676.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 518.4 Q F0(Mo)144 530.4 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 -542.4 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 554.4 Q .3 -.15(ve f) --.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 566.4 Q F0(Mo)144 578.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b) --.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 590.4 S(rward\255w) -.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 602.4 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) -.15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) --.1 F .523(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 614.4 Q F1(backward\255w)108 626.4 Q -(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 638.4 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 -(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 -(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 650.4 Q F1(shell\255f)108 662.4 -Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 674.4 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984 -(ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-) --.8 F(ters.)144 686.4 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 698.4 Q(ord)-.1 E -F0(Mo)144 710.4 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 -(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109 -(ord. W)-.1 F .608(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F -(metacharacters.)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 -E(49)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 688.8 Q F0(Mo)144 700.8 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 +Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(49)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 50 50 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(pr)108 84 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 -.89(Attempt to mo)144 96 R 1.19 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .89 +SF -.25(fo)108 84 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .3 +-.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 +(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 108 Q F0(Mo)144 120 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 +H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 132 S(rward\255w).25 E +(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 144 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E +.523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F +.522(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F +(ters and digits\).)144 156 Q F1(backward\255w)108 168 Q(ord \(M\255b\)) +-.1 E F0(Mo)144 180 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 +(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 192 Q F1(shell\255f)108 204 Q +(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 216 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +.15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W) +-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F +(ters.)144 228 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 240 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 +252 Q .908 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre) +.15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .609 +(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 264 Q +F1(pr)108 276 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 +.891(Attempt to mo)144 288 R 1.191 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .891 (oint to the same ph).15 F .891(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F -.891(vious ph)-.25 F .891(ysical screen line.)-.05 F 1.056 -(This will not ha)144 108 R 1.356 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.056(he desired ef) -.15 F 1.056(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.555 -(eu)-.1 G 3.555(pm)-3.555 G 1.055(ore than one)-3.555 F(ph)144 120 Q(ys\ +.89(vious ph)-.25 F .89(ysical screen line.)-.05 F 1.055 +(This will not ha)144 300 R 1.355 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.055(he desired ef) +.15 F 1.056(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.556 +(eu)-.1 G 3.556(pm)-3.556 G 1.056(ore than one)-3.556 F(ph)144 312 Q(ys\ ical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus\ - the screen width.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 132 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 -.637(Attempt to mo)144 144 R .937 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .637 -(oint to the same ph).15 F .638(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F -.638(xt ph)-.15 F .638(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .195(will not ha) -144 156 R .495 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .195(he desired ef).15 F .194 -(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.694(eu)-.1 G -2.694(pm)-2.694 G .194(ore than one ph)-2.694 F(ysical)-.05 E .164(line\ + the screen width.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 324 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 +.638(Attempt to mo)144 336 R .938 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .638 +(oint to the same ph).15 F .637(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F +.637(xt ph)-.15 F .637(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .194(will not ha) +144 348 R .494 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .194(he desired ef).15 F .194 +(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.695(eu)-.1 G +2.695(pm)-2.695 G .195(ore than one ph)-2.695 F(ysical)-.05 E .164(line\ or if the length of the current readline line is not greater than the \ -length of the prompt plus the)144 168 R(screen width.)144 180 Q F1 -(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 192 Q F0 1.499 -(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 204 R 3.999(ss) --.55 G 1.498(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.998(,t)-.4 G -1.498(hen redra)-3.998 F 3.998(wt)-.15 G 1.498(he current line,)-3.998 F -(lea)144 216 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F1 -(clear\255scr)108 228 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 1.36 -(Clear the screen, then redra)144 240 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36 +length of the prompt plus the)144 360 R(screen width.)144 372 Q F1 +(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 384 Q F0 1.498 +(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 396 R 3.999(ss) +-.55 G 1.499(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.999(,t)-.4 G +1.499(hen redra)-3.999 F 3.999(wt)-.15 G 1.499(he current line,)-3.999 F +(lea)144 408 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F1 +(clear\255scr)108 420 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 1.36 +(Clear the screen, then redra)144 432 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36 (he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 252 S +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 444 S (th an ar).4 E (gument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.)-.18 E F1 --.18(re)108 264 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 -(Refresh the current line.)144 276 Q F1(Commands f)87 292.8 Q +-.18(re)108 456 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 +(Refresh the current line.)144 468 Q F1(Commands f)87 484.8 Q (or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 -304.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159(Accept the line re)144 316.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G -.159(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158 -(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158 -(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699(according to the state of the) -144 328.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va) +496.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158(Accept the line re)144 508.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G +.158(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158 +(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159 +(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699(according to the state of the) +144 520.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va) 2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 (the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 340.8 Q F1(pr)108 -352.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 -(Fetch the pre)144 364.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 -E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 376.8 -Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 388.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 532.8 Q F1(pr)108 +544.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 +(Fetch the pre)144 556.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 +E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 568.8 +Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 580.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 400.8 Q F0(Mo)144 412.8 Q .3 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 592.8 Q F0(Mo)144 604.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) --.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 424.8 Q F0(Mo)144 436.8 Q +-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 616.8 Q F0(Mo)144 628.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 (,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 448.8 Q F0 .948 -(Accept the current line for e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 -(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F .729 -(history for editing.)144 472.8 R 3.229(An)5.729 G .729(umeric ar)-3.229 -F .729 +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 640.8 Q F0 .947 +(Accept the current line for e)144 652.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 +(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F .73 +(history for editing.)144 664.8 R 3.23(An)5.73 G .73(umeric ar)-3.23 F +.729 (gument, if supplied, speci\214es the history entry to use instead of) --.18 F(the current line.)144 484.8 Q F1(fetch\255history)108 496.8 Q F0 --.4(Wi)144 508.8 S .257(th a numeric ar).4 F .257 -(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.756(ei) --.1 G 2.756(tt)-2.756 G .256(he current line.)-2.756 F -.4(Wi)5.256 G -(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 520.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H -(ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v) -108 532.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.47 -(Search backw)144 544.8 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.471(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 556.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 568.8 S -(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.132 -(Search forw)144 580.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary) --.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 592.8 Q F1 -(non\255incr)108 604.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H -(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw) -144 616.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ -sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 628.8 S -(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 640.8 Q -(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 -E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 652.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ -a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 -664.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 676.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) --.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 688.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ - the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F -(and the point.)144 700.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(50)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.18 F(the current line.)144 676.8 Q F1(fetch\255history)108 688.8 Q F0 +-.4(Wi)144 700.8 S .256(th a numeric ar).4 F .256 +(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.757(ei) +-.1 G 2.757(tt)-2.757 G .257(he current line.)-2.757 F -.4(Wi)5.257 G +(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 712.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H +(ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 +Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(50)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 51 51 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(history\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw) -144 96 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters betw\ -een the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 108 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear) -108 120 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 132 R .951(ard \ -through the history for the string of characters between the start of t\ -he current)-.1 F .007(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 144 -R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B .007 -(search string may match an)2.507 F .006(ywhere in a history)-.15 F 2.5 -(line. This)144 156 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -(history\255substring\255sear)108 168 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 -.248(Search forw)144 180 R .249(ard through the history for the string \ -of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .319 -(and the point.)144 192 R .319(The search string may match an)5.319 F -.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .318(This is a non-incremental) -5.318 F(search.)144 204 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 216 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 228 R .622 +SF -2.29 -.18(re v)108 84 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\)) +-.18 E F0 1.471(Search backw)144 96 R 1.471 +(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.47 +(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E +(This is an incremental search.)144 108 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 120 S +(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131 +(Search forw)144 132 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 +F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)-.25 +F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 144 Q F1(non\255incr)108 +156 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E +(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw)144 168 R .164(ar\ +d through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremen\ +tal search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 180 S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E +(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 192 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear) +-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 204 R +1.354(ard through the history using a non-incremental search for a stri\ +ng supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 216 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 +228 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 240 R .249(a\ +rd through the history for the string of characters between the start o\ +f the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144 252 Q +(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255sear)108 264 Q +(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 276 R .951(ard through t\ +he history for the string of characters between the start of the curren\ +t)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 288 Q(This is a non-incremental search.) +5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear)108 300 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 +.951(Search backw)144 312 R .951(ard through the history for the string\ + of characters between the start of the current)-.1 F .007 +(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 324 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). 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The)-.1 F +(through the history \(back or forw)144 540 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F .494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 (acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 -372 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) --.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 384 Q F0 .367 -(Expand the line by performing shell w)144 396 R .368(ord e)-.1 F 2.868 -(xpansions. This)-.15 F .368(performs alias and history e)2.868 F -(xpansion,)-.15 E F1($)144 408 Q F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 3.358<0861>C(nd) --3.358 E F1($)3.358 E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 3.358("q)C .857 -(uoting, tilde e)-3.358 F .857(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .857 -(ariable e)-.25 F .857(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .882 -(pansion, w)144 420 R .882(ord splitting, and quote remo)-.1 F -.25(va) +552 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) +-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 564 Q F0 .368 +(Expand the line by performing shell w)144 576 R .368(ord e)-.1 F 2.868 +(xpansions. This)-.15 F .367(performs alias and history e)2.868 F +(xpansion,)-.15 E F1($)144 588 Q F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 3.357<0861>C(nd) +-3.357 E F1($)3.357 E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 3.357("q)C .857 +(uoting, tilde e)-3.357 F .857(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .858 +(ariable e)-.25 F .858(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .882 +(pansion, w)144 600 R .882(ord splitting, and quote remo)-.1 F -.25(va) -.15 G 3.382(l. See).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.382 E(OR)-.162 E 3.132(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.132 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.132 E 3.382(wf) --.25 G .882(or a description)-3.382 F(of history e)144 432 Q(xpansion.) --.15 E F1(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 444 Q F0 .939 -(Perform history e)144 456 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +-.25 G .882(or a description)-3.382 F(of history e)144 612 Q(xpansion.) +-.15 E F1(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 624 Q F0 .938 +(Perform history e)144 636 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.438(wf)-.25 G .938(or a descrip-) --3.438 F(tion of history e)144 468 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) -108 480 Q F0 .437(Perform history e)144 492 R .437 -(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.438 E F3 -(HIST)2.938 E(OR)-.162 E 2.688(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.688 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 -(be-)2.688 E(lo)144 504 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) --2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 516 Q F0 .395 -(Perform alias e)144 528 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F -(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -.394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 540 Q F1 -(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 552 Q F0 -(Perform history and alias e)144 564 Q(xpansion on the current line.) --.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 576 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) -.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 588 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) --.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 600 Q F0(In)144 -612 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .346 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.646(ne).1 G .146 -(ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 -(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)5.147 E F0(at-)2.647 E -(tempts to in)144 624 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 -E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and) -2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G -(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 640.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E -(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 652.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 -E F0 .799(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 664.8 -R .799(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C -3.298(ft)-5.799 G .798(his character is read when)-3.298 F .167 -(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 676.8 R -.167(ginning of the line, readline interprets it as)-.15 F -(the end of input and returns)144 688.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F1 -(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 700.8 Q F0 .442 -(Delete the character at point.)144 712.8 R .442 -(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.442 F F1 -(EOF)2.941 E F0(char)2.941 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 724.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) --2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28) -148.175 E(51)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-) +-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 648 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) +108 660 Q F0 .438(Perform history e)144 672 R .438 +(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.437 E F3 +(HIST)2.937 E(OR)-.162 E 2.687(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.687 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 +(be-)2.687 E(lo)144 684 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) +-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 696 Q F0 .394 +(Perform alias e)144 708 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 720 Q +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(51)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 52 52 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 84 Q F0 .552 -(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 96 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553 -(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F -.553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553(he deleted te).15 F -.553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 108 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 120 S -(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 132 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474 -(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F -(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 144 Q F1 -(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 156 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144 -168 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This) --.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779 -(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279(,f)C -(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 180 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T) -108 192 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 204 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 216 Q F0 -(Insert the character typed.)144 228 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\)) -108 240 Q F0 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 252 R .321 -(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321 -(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321 -(ard as well.)-.1 F .372 -(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 264 -R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .373(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.373 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .673 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144 -276 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 -(transpose\255w)108 288 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144 -300 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) --.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w) --2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F -(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 312 Q 2.5 -(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 324 Q -(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 336 -R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699 -(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 348 S(rd, b).1 E -(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 360 Q -(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 372 Q 1.648 -(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148 -(ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 384 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 396 Q -(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 408 -R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975 -(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 420 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 432 -S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 444 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438 -(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437 -(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)144 456 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15 -(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.) --.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 468 Q F1 -(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G -1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G -(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144 -480 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1 -(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469 -(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 492 R .958 -(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1 -(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457 -F(before point with a space.)144 504 Q(By def)5 E -(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 520.8 Q -(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 532.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144 -544.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 556.8 Q F0(Kill backw) -144 568.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 580.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 592.8 -Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E -(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) --2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 604.8 Q F0 -(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -616.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 640.8 R .729 -(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 652.8 S -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 664.8 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 676.8 Q(ord behind point.) --.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 688.8 Q -(ord)-.1 E F0 .729(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 700.8 -R .728(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F -.728(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 712.8 S -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E -(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28) -148.175 E(52)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +SF(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 84 Q F0 +(Perform history and alias e)144 96 Q(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 +E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 108 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M).833 G +-1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 120 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1 +(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 132 Q F0(In)144 +144 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .347 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.647(ne).1 G .146 +(ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 +(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)5.146 E F0(at-)2.646 E +(tempts to in)144 156 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR) +-.162 E F3(,)A F0(and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0 +(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 +E F1(Commands f)87 172.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4 +(end\255of\255\214le)108 184.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .798 +(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 196.8 R .799 +(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.299 +(ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .167 +(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 208.8 R +.167(ginning of the line, readline interprets it as)-.15 F +(the end of input and returns)144 220.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1 +(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 232.8 Q F0 .441 +(Delete the character at point.)144 244.8 R .442 +(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1 +(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 256.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) +-2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) +108 268.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 280.8 R +5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 +(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552 +(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 292.8 Q F1 +-.25(fo)108 304.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 316.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 +(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 328.8 Q F1 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 340.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 +352.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 +(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 +G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278 +(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 364.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 +(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 376.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 +(Insert a tab character)144 388.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 400.8 Q F0 +(Insert the character typed.)144 412.8 Q F1 +(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 424.8 Q F0 .321 +(Drag the character before point forw)144 436.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322 +(ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F .372 +(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 +448.8 R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .372(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.372 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .672 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha) +144 460.8 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 +(transpose\255w)108 472.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 +484.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) +-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) +-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 496.8 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 508.8 Q +(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 +520.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 532.8 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 544.8 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 556.8 Q 1.647 +(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 +(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre) +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 568.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 580.8 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 +592.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 604.8 S(rd, b) +.1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 +616.8 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 628.8 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437 +(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438 +(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 +(Wi)144 640.8 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 +(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F +(fects)-.25 E(only)144 652.8 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) +4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 +F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F4 -.37(re) +4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969 +(mode. In)144 664.8 R -.15(ove)3.969 G 1.469 +(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 +1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .957 +(pushing the te)144 676.8 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 +(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 +.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 688.8 +Q(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 +705.6 Q(anking)-.85 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E +(52)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 53 53 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025 -(Kill the w)144 96 R 3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 +SF(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 84 Q F0(Kill the te)144 96 Q +(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 108 Q F0(Kill backw)144 +120 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 132 Q F0(Kill backw)144 144 Q +(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E +(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 156 Q F0 +(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 +168 Q F1(kill\255w)108 180 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 192 R .728 +(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 204 S +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 216 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 228 Q(ord behind point.)-.1 +E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 240 Q +(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 252 R +.729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F +.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 264 S +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E +(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) +108 276 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 288 R 3.025 +(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 120 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 132 R .365 -(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1 -F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144 -144 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 156 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)144 -168 R .166 +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 300 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 312 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 324 R .364 +(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1 +F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144 +336 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 348 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)144 +360 R .166 (ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 180 Q +-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 372 Q (xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) --2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 192 Q F0 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 204 Q F1(kill\255r)108 216 -Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 228 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E -(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 240 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop) -144 252 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 384 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 396 Q F1(kill\255r)108 408 +Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 420 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E +(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 432 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop) +144 444 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E (gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(copy\255backward\255w)108 264 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 276 Q 4.801(yt)-.1 -G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 -E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3 -(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 288 Q -(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 300 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 -(Cop)144 312 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F -2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55 -G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25 -(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 324 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(yank \(C\255y\))108 336 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 348 S +(copy\255backward\255w)108 456 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 468 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G +2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) +-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 480 +Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 492 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E +F0(Cop)144 504 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1 +F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T) +-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 +-.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 516 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(yank \(C\255y\))108 528 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 540 S (nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 -E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 360 Q F0 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 372 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 552 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 564 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 388.8 Q -(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 400.8 Q +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 580.8 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 592.8 Q (gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 412.8 R .367 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 604.8 R .367 (gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 -(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .366(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 424.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 436.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 -E F0 .778(This is another w)144 448.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F -3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779 +(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 616.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 628.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 +E F0 .779(This is another w)144 640.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F +3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -460.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -472.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +652.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +664.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 484.8 R .898 -(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898 +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 676.8 R .898 +(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 (wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 -(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 496.8 R 1.23 +(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 688.8 R 1.23 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F(.)-.55 E .823(The ar)144 508.8 R .823 +-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 700.8 R .822 (gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 -(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .822(es the ar)-.1 F -(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 520.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 -E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing) -87 537.6 Q(complete \(T)108 549.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 -(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 561.6 R 1.137 -(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 573.6 Q .533(xt as a v) --.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) --.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F -.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) -144 585.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701 -(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702 -(If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 597.6 Q F1 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 609.6 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 621.6 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 633.6 Q F0 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 645.6 R .783 -(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144 -657.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 669.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144 -681.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 -F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F -1.194(possible completions.)144 693.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193 -(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 705.6 R .828 -(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 -(\(subject to the setting of)144 717.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 -3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F -.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 -E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73 -(positions forw)144 729.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 -(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 -E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(53)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F +(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 712.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 +E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.3) +72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(53)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 54 54 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(through the list.) -144 84 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1 -E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 96 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 108 R -F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Completing)87 84 Q(complete \(T)108 96 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 +(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 108 R 1.137 +(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 120 Q .434(xt as a v) +-.15 F .434(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .434(xt be)-.15 F .434(gins with) +-.15 F F1($)2.934 E F0 .434(\), username \(if the te)B .434(xt be)-.15 F +.434(gins with)-.15 F F1<01>2.935 E F0 .435(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) +144 132 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 +(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 +(If none of these pro-)5.701 F +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 144 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 156 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q(xt before point.)-.15 +E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 180 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 192 R .783(xt before point that w) +-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by) +.15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144 204 Q F0(.)A F1 +(menu\255complete)108 216 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 228 R F1(complete) +3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 F .929 +(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F 1.193 +(possible completions.)144 240 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 252 R .828 +(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 +(\(subject to the setting of)144 264 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227 +(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727 +(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E +F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73 +(positions forw)144 276 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 +(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 +E(through the list.)144 288 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)5 +E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.) +-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 300 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 +312 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 (ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 -(menu\255complete)144 120 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) +(menu\255complete)144 324 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) .15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 132 Q F0 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 144 R .234 -(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.735 -E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 156 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 336 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 348 R .234 +(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.734 +E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 360 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions) 2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 -168 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 180 Q F0 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 192 Q(xt before point.)-.15 -E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 204 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q +372 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 384 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 396 Q(xt before point.)-.15 +E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 408 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 420 Q (xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255user)108 228 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 Q +(complete\255user)108 432 Q(name \(M\255\001\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 444 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) -108 252 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q +108 456 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x \001\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 468 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 -276 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 Q +480 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 492 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(possible\255v)108 300 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 312 Q +(possible\255v)108 504 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 516 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 324 Q F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 336 Q +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 528 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 540 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 348 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 360 Q +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 552 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 564 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 372 Q F0 .58 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 384 R .581 -(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581 -(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 396 R +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 576 Q F0 .581 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 588 R .581 +(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 +(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 600 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(\214nally e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 420 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 432 Q +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 624 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 636 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 444 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 456 R .425 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 648 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 660 R .425 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F -(for possible completion matches.)144 468 Q F1(dab)108 480 Q(br)-.1 E --.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611 -(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 492 R .611 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61 +(for possible completion matches.)144 672 Q F1(dab)108 684 Q(br)-.1 E +-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61 +(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 696 R .611 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 504 Q F1 -(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 516 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ -me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ -in braces so)144 528 R(the list is a)144 540 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 556.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 -E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 568.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) -.833 E F0(Be)144 580.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E -(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 592.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 604.8 Q -(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 616.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 -E F0(Re-e)144 628.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 -G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\ -ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 640.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1 -(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 652.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F0 -(Print the last k)144 664.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1 -(Miscellaneous)87 681.6 Q -.18(re)108 693.6 S.18 E -(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776 -(Read in the contents of the)144 705.6 R F2(inputr)4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 -1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)-.15 G 1.777 -(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 -717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(54)197.335 E 0 Cg -EP +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(54)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 55 55 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(abort \(C\255g\))108 84 Q F0 3.249 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 96 R 5.748 -(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1 -(bell\255style)144 108 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 120 Q(wer)-.1 E -(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1 2.5(,.)C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.738 -(If the meta\214ed character)144 132 R F2(x)4.238 E F0 1.739 -(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.238 -F(meta\214ed lo)144 144 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha) --5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo)2.5 E -(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 156 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 -(Metafy the ne)144 168 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 180 Q F0 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 192 Q F1 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 204 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .231 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 216 R .231(This is lik)5.231 F -2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .23(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.73 E F0 -.23(command enough times to re-)2.73 F -(turn the line to its initial state.)144 228 Q F1 -(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 240 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 252 Q +SF(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 84 Q F0 .4(Perform \214len\ +ame completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed wit\ +hin braces so)144 96 R(the list is a)144 108 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 124.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 136.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 148.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 160.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 172.8 Q +(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 184.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 196.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) +-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ + appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 208.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 +E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 220.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E +F0(Print the last k)144 232.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1 +(Miscellaneous)87 249.6 Q -.18(re)108 261.6 S.18 E +(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777 +(Read in the contents of the)144 273.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 +1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776 +(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 +285.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 297.6 Q F0 3.248 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 309.6 R +5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1 +(bell\255style)144 321.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 333.6 Q(wer)-.1 E +(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) +C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144 345.6 R F2(x) +4.239 E F0 1.739 +(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239 +F(meta\214ed lo)144 357.6 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G +(he beha)-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo) +2.5 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 369.6 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 +(Metafy the ne)144 381.6 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 +(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 393.6 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 405.6 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 417.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .23 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 429.6 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F +2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .231(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.731 E F0 +.231(command enough times to re-)2.731 F +(turn the line to its initial state.)144 441.6 Q F1 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 453.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 465.6 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 264 Q F0 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 276 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 477.6 Q F0 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 489.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 288 Q F0(Sw)144 -300 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 501.6 Q F0(Sw) +144 513.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 (The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa) -144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 324 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.112(Ac)144 336 S -.612(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.112(dt) -.15 G 3.112(ot)-3.112 G .612(he ne)-3.112 F .612 -(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.611(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .911 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E -(ment searches for pre)144 348 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 360 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 -2.694(Ac)144 372 S .194(haracter is read and point is mo)-2.694 F -.15 +2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa) +144 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 537.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.111(Ac)144 +549.6 S .611(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.111 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.112(dt).15 G 3.112(ot)-3.112 G .612(he ne)-3.112 F .612 +(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.612(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .912 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E +(ment searches for pre)144 561.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 573.6 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 +2.695(Ac)144 585.6 S .194(haracter is read and point is mo)-2.695 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.694(dt).15 G 2.694(ot)-2.694 G .194(he pre)-2.694 F .194 -(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 5.194(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.499 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G -(gument searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 384 Q F1 -(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 396 Q F0 1.827 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 408 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) --.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 420 R .791 -(Such sequences be)5.79 F .791 +(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 5.194(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .494 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G +(gument searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 597.6 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 609.6 Q F0 1.826 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 621.6 R 2.126 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey) +-.1 G 4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 633.6 R +.791(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 (gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F -.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 432 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 -(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15(ve n) --.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) --.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ -y characters into the editing b)144 444 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) --.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 456 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 645.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G +2.831(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15 +(ve n)-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F +(xplic-)-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of insert\ +ing stray characters into the editing b)144 657.6 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E +5.026(.T)-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 669.6 Q(ault, b)-.1 E (ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 -468 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 480 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481 +681.6 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 693.6 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48 (gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1 -(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .48 -(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 492 Q .244 -(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.244 F .245 -(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .322 -(the characters at the be)144 504 R .321 +(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .481 +(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 705.6 Q .245 +(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244 +(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321 +(the characters at the be)144 717.6 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is) --.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 516 R F1 -(comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832 -(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469 -(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 528 R 1.468 -(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F -1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 540 Q F0 .839 -(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 -(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F -(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 552 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 564 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E -(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F0 .421 -(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 576 R .42 -(ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1 -(wa)144 588 S 4.717(ya).1 G 4.717(st)-4.717 G(he)-4.717 E F1(cdspell) -4.717 E F0 2.217(shell option.)4.717 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217 -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255f)4.718 E -(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 600 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(glob\255complete\255w)108 612 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 -624 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F -.791(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 -636 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\ -ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 648 Q -(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .175(The w)144 660 R .176 -(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 -(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 -(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 672 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 -(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 -(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) -144 684 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) -108 696 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 708 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F -.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 -(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F -.872(the line is redra)144 720 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G -.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 -(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(55)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is) +-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 729.6 R F1 +(comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831 +(ginning of the line.)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31) +142.895 E(55)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 56 56 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S -(pansion.).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dump\255functions)108 96 Q F0 .626 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 108 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H -.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar) -5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 120 Q +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.468 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 84 R 1.468 +(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F +1.469(alue of)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin) +144 96 Q F0 .84(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 +(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 108 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 120 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E +(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F0 .42 +(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 132 R .421 +(ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1 +(wa)144 144 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F1(cdspell) +4.718 E F0 2.218(shell option.)4.718 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217 +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255f)4.717 E +(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 156 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(glob\255complete\255w)108 168 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 +180 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F +.792(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 +192 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\ +ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 204 Q +(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 216 R .176 +(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 +(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 228 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 +(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) +144 240 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) +108 252 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 264 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F +.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 +(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F +.872(the line is redra)144 276 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G +.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 +(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 +(ex)144 288 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 300 Q F0 .627 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 312 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar) +5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 324 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) -2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 132 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 -.763(Print all of the settable readline v)144 144 R .762 -(ariables and their v)-.25 F .762(alues to the readline output stream.) --.25 F .762(If a nu-)5.762 F .108(meric ar)144 156 R .108 -(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .109 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 168 Q -(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 180 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593 -(Print all of the readline k)144 192 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 -(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G -3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 204 Q +2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 336 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 +.762(Print all of the settable readline v)144 348 R .762 +(ariables and their v)-.25 F .763(alues to the readline output stream.) +-.25 F .763(If a nu-)5.763 F .109(meric ar)144 360 R .109 +(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .108 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.608 E(putr)144 372 Q +(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 384 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 +(Print all of the readline k)144 396 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G +3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 408 Q .528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)144 216 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 228 Q -(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 240 Q +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)144 420 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 432 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 444 Q (ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 256.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108 -268.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 460.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 +472.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 (gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F -F2(compspec)108 280.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329 -(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) +F2(compspec)108 484.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 +(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 -F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the) --.25 F(programmable completion f)108 292.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .498 -(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 309.6 R .498 -(If the command w)5.498 F .497 -(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .233(the be)108 -321.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 +F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the) +-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 496.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497 +(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 513.6 R .497 +(If the command w)5.497 F .498 +(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 +525.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 (ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) -2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .234(If a comp-) -5.234 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ -used to generate the list of possible completions)108 333.6 R .822 -(for the w)108 345.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F -.823(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ -ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 357.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\ +2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-) +5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ +used to generate the list of possible completions)108 537.6 R .823 +(for the w)108 549.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F +.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ +ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 561.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ -rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 369.6 Q .298(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 -(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.298 F 2.799(yc)-.15 -G .299(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.799 F F12.799 E F0 .057 -(option to)108 381.6 R F1(complete)2.557 E F0 .056(is used as the def) +rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 573.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 +(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 +G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F12.798 E F0 .056 +(option to)108 585.6 R F1(complete)2.556 E F0 .056(is used as the def) 2.556 F 2.556(ault. If)-.1 F .056(there is no def)2.556 F .056 (ault compspec,)-.1 F F1(bash)2.556 E F0 .056(attempts alias e)2.556 F -.056(xpansion on)-.15 F .332(the command w)108 393.6 R .332(ord as a \ +.057(xpansion on)-.15 F .333(the command w)108 597.6 R .332(ord as a \ \214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a compspec for the command w)-.1 -F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.833(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.833 E(cessful e)108 -405.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\ -d to generate the list of matching w)108 422.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F -3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 434.4 Q +F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.832(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.832 E(cessful e)108 +609.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\ +d to generate the list of matching w)108 626.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F +3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 638.4 Q (ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463 -(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 451.2 R -.464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F -.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 463.2 R .596 -(When the)5.596 F F13.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .595 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 655.2 R +.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F +.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 667.2 R .595 +(When the)5.595 F F13.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .596 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F -(shell v)108 475.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 492 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G +(shell v)108 679.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 +(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 696 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 (xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F14.084 E F0 1.584 -(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 504 S -.555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554 -(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554 -(shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 516 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 -(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 532.8 Q -.32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F -F12.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321 -(The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the) -108 544.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412 -(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F -.412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091 -(using brace e)108 556.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108 -568.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H -(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 -580.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209 -(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209 -(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 592.8 Q -(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .234 -(After these matches ha)108 609.6 R .534 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .234 -(een generated, an).15 F 2.734(ys)-.15 G .233 -(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.734 F F12.733 E -F0(and)2.733 E F12.733 E F0(op-)2.733 E 4.208(tions is in)108 -621.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.708(d. When).1 F 4.209 -(the command or function is in)6.708 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.209 -(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)6.709 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)6.459 E F4(,)A F3 -(COMP_KEY)108 633.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25 -(va)2.408 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 -(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157 -(Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108 -645.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3 -(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 -(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .347 -(the function or command is in)108 657.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347 -(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.846(\)i)C -2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments) --.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 669.6 R .263 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w) --2.763 F .264(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E .629(the w)108 681.6 -R .629(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 -(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .628 -(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .714(completions ag)108 693.6 R -.714(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ -tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) -108 705.6 Q(An)108 722.4 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437 -(unction speci\214ed with)-2.938 F F12.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437 -(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437 -(he shell f)-2.937 F .437(acilities, including)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(56)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 708 S +.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 +(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 +(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 720 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(56)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 57 57 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2(bu)2.956 G .456 -(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456 -(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457 -(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(COMPREPL)108 96 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E -(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 112.8 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 -F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F1 -2.581 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di) -.1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi) -.4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858(stitution. It) -108 124.8 R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to t\ -he standard output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)5.359 F -(to escape a ne)108 136.8 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .377 -(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 153.6 R -2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.876 -E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 165.6 R -.681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681 -(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682 -(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523 -(the w)108 177.6 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G -(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Ne)108 84 Q .321 +(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F +.32(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the) +108 96 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 +(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F +.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092 +(using brace e)108 108 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 120 +R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) +.15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396 +(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 132 Q +.51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21(rd Splitting).75 F +F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 +(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209 +(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 144 Q +(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .233 +(After these matches ha)108 160.8 R .533 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .233 +(een generated, an).15 F 2.733(ys)-.15 G .234 +(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.733 F F12.734 E +F0(and)2.734 E F12.734 E F0(op-)2.734 E 4.209(tions is in)108 +172.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.709(d. When).1 F 4.208 +(the command or function is in)6.709 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.208 +(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_LINE)6.708 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)6.458 E F3(,)A F2 +(COMP_KEY)108 184.8 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 +(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 +(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158 +(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108 +196.8 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +.986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2 +(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 +(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346 +(the function or command is in)108 208.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 +(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C +2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments) +-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 220.8 R .264 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w) +-2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 232.8 +R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 +(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629 +(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 244.8 R +.715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ +tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) +108 256.8 Q(An)108 273.6 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437 +(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F12.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437 +(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437 +(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 285.6 Q F1 +(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 +-.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 +(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108 +297.6 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 +E(Ne)108 314.4 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08 +(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F12.58 E F0 .081 +(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na) +-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 326.4 +R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standar\ +d output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 +338.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376 +(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 355.2 R +2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.877 +E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 367.2 R +.682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681 +(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681 +(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522 +(the w)108 379.2 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G +(iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523 (may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 189.6 -R(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849 -(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1 -(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 201.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 +-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 391.2 R +(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849 +(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading) +-3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 403.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 (tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 (ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.264 E F1(nocase-)3.264 E(match)108 213.6 Q F0 +3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F1(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 415.2 Q F0 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 -230.4 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586(re\214x and suf).15 -F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F13.087 E F0(and)3.087 E -F13.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) -3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\ -tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 242.4 Q .247 -(If the pre)108 259.2 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) --.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir) -2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F -F1(complete)108 271.2 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E -(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461 -(If the)108 288 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)2.962 -F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 +432 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15 F +.587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F13.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1 +3.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 +F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion c\ +ode as the list of possible completions.)108 444 Q .246(If the pre)108 +460.8 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym) +-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names) +-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete) +108 472.8 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E +(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462 +(If the)108 489.6 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w) +2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 (when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 -F(pletion is attempted and an)108 300 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G -(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56 -(By def)108 316.8 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559 -(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F -.631(of possible completions.)108 328.8 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 -E F1(bash)3.131 E F0 .631 -(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632 -(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 340.8 R -.559(If the)5.559 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) -3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.058 E F0 .558 -(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 352.8 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 -(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F1(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671 +F(pletion is attempted and an)108 501.6 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559 +(By def)108 518.4 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 +(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F +.632(of possible completions.)108 530.4 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1 +E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631 +(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631 +(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 542.4 R +.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) +3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559 +(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 554.4 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672 +(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671 (ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) --.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F13.172 E(default)108 364.8 Q F0 1.207 -(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 +-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F13.171 E(default)108 566.4 Q F0 1.207 +(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F -3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F +3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F (will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 -376.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) +578.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) 2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ -desired, the programmable completion func-)108 393.6 R .633(tions force\ +desired, the programmable completion func-)108 595.2 R .632(tions force\ readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ - to directories, subject)108 405.6 R 2.761(to the v)108 417.6 R 2.761 -(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 -(readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762 -(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 429.6 + to directories, subject)108 607.2 R 2.762(to the v)108 619.2 R 2.762 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 +(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761 +(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 631.2 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E -.191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 -446.4 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172 -(tion with a def)108 458.4 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 -F F1 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp) --.55 G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172 +.19(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 648 +R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172 +(tion with a def)108 660 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F +F1 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp)-.55 +G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172 (cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion sho\ -uld be retried by returning an e)108 470.4 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 -F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compsp\ -ec associated with the command on which completion is)108 482.4 R .666 -(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 494.4 R .665 -(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665 -(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 -506.4 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc) --.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F -.084(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 518.4 Q(uilt dynamicall\ -y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 -E -.15(Fo)108 535.2 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 -(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F -.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F -(the command, the follo)108 547.2 Q(wing def)-.25 E -(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 -E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 564 Q({)108 576 Q 6(.") -144 588 S(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 -E(})108 600 Q -(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 612 Q -/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 640.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371 -(When the)108 652.8 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371 -(option to the)2.871 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 -(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F5 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .305 -(the list of commands pre)108 664.8 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305 -(The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va) -2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .429 -(mands to sa)108 676.8 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429 -(istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F2 -(HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43(commands \(def)2.68 F .43(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F --.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93(d. The).15 F(shell)2.93 E .287 -(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 -688.8 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2(EXP)2.787 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 700.8 -S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565 -(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 -(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F2(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 -(and)3.816 E F2(HISTCONTR)108 712.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F0 .082 -(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) -108 729.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 -E F5(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(57)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +uld be retried by returning an e)108 672 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F +.93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec\ + associated with the command on which completion is)108 684 R .665 +(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 696 R .666 +(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666 +(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .084(restarts from the be)108 +708 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 +G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F .083 +(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 720 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ +ompletion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(57)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 58 58 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .315 -(The \214le named by the v)108 84 R .315(alue of)-.25 F/F1 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315(is truncated, if necessary) -2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G .315 -(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659 -(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 96 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)5.158 E/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 .658 -(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 108 S .142 -(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 -(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142 -(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 120 Q 1.605 -(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604 -(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .15 -(stamps for the follo)108 132 R .15(wing history line.)-.25 F .151 -(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.151 F -.151(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 144 Q F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.559 E(T)-.855 E F0 --.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 -(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F1 -($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.058(lines are)3.309 F .158 -(copied from the history list to)108 156 R F1($HISTFILE)2.658 E F2(.)A -F0 .158(If the)4.658 F F3(histappend)2.658 E F0 .159 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.659 F F3(shopt)108 -168 Q F0(under)2.582 E F1 .082(SHELL B)2.582 F(UIL)-.09 E .082 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082 -(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F -.196(history \214le is o)108 180 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(rwritten. If).15 -F F1(HISTFILE)2.696 E F0 .197(is unset, or if the history \214le is unw\ -ritable, the history is not sa)2.446 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .584 -(If the)108 192 R F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 G -.584(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark) -.25 F .583(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.147(tory comment character)108 204 R -3.647(,s)-.4 G 3.647(ot)-3.647 G(he)-3.647 E 3.647(ym)-.15 G 1.147 -(ay be preserv)-3.647 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.148 -(This uses the history comment)6.148 F 1.377 -(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 216 R -1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G -1.376(he history \214le is)-3.876 F .756 -(truncated to contain no more than)108 228 R F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 -3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 -(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 240 Q +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(Fo)108 84 S +2.636(ri).15 G .137 +(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F +.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F +(the command, the follo)108 96 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 +E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 112.8 Q({)108 124.8 Q 6 +(.")144 136.8 S +(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 +148.8 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 +160.8 Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 189.6 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 +.372(When the)108 201.6 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .372(\255o history)2.872 +F F0 .372(option to the)2.872 F F3(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 +(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF .371(command history)2.871 F F0(,)A .304 +(the list of commands pre)108 213.6 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304 +(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE) +2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .305(riable is used as the number of com-).25 +F .43(mands to sa)108 225.6 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43 +(istory list.)-2.93 F .43(The te)5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5 +(HISTSIZE)2.929 E F0 .429(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa) +-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287 +(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 +237.6 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 249.6 +S 4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565 +(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 +(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 +(and)3.815 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 261.6 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F0 1.184 +(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) +108 278.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)3.685 E F0(\(def)3.435 E(ault)-.1 +E F4(\001/.bash_his-)3.685 E(tory)108 290.4 Q F0 3.774(\). The)B 1.274 +(\214le named by the v)3.774 F 1.274(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)3.774 E +F0 1.273(is truncated, if necessary)3.524 F 3.773(,t)-.65 G 3.773(oc) +-3.773 G 1.273(ontain no more than the)-3.773 F 1.191 +(number of lines speci\214ed by the v)108 302.4 R 1.191(alue of)-.25 F +F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.691 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.691 E F3(HISTFILESIZE)3.691 E F0 +1.192(is unset, or set to null, a)3.691 F .112(non-numeric v)108 314.4 R +.112(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 F .112 +(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .111 +(When the history \214le)5.111 F .275(is read, lines be)108 326.4 R .275 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .276 +(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted)-.25 F .6 +(as timestamps for the follo)108 338.4 R .599(wing history line.)-.25 F +.599(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the)5.599 F +-.25(va)108 350.4 S 1.138(lue of the).25 F F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.638 E(T) +-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.388 G 3.638(riable. When).25 F 3.638(as)3.638 G +1.138(hell with history enabled e)-3.638 F 1.139(xits, the last)-.15 F +F5($HISTSIZE)3.639 E F0 .506(lines are copied from the history list to) +108 362.4 R F5($HISTFILE)3.005 E F6(.)A F0 .505(If the)5.005 F F3 +(histappend)3.005 E F0 .505(shell option is enabled \(see the de-)3.005 +F .599(scription of)108 374.4 R F3(shopt)3.099 E F0(under)3.099 E F5 .6 +(SHELL B)3.099 F(UIL)-.09 E .6(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.85 E .6 +(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le,)-.25 F .047 +(otherwise the history \214le is o)108 386.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.547 +(rwritten. If).15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.547 E F0 .047 +(is unset or null, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the)2.297 F +.598(history is not sa)108 398.4 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.098(d. If).15 F(the) +3.098 E F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.098 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.848 G .598 +(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le,).25 F +(mark)108 410.4 Q .51(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 3.01 +(,s)-.4 G 3.009(ot)-3.01 G(he)-3.009 E 3.009(ym)-.15 G .509 +(ay be preserv)-3.009 F .509(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F .509 +(This uses the)5.509 F .384(history comment character to distinguish ti\ +mestamps from other history lines.)108 422.4 R .385(After sa)5.384 F +.385(ving the history)-.2 F 2.885(,t)-.65 G(he)-2.885 E .381 +(history \214le is truncated to contain no more than)108 434.4 R F5 +(HISTFILESIZE)2.88 E F0 2.88(lines. If)2.63 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)2.88 E F0 +.38(is unset, or set to)2.63 F(null, a non-numeric v)108 446.4 Q (alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E -(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .299 -(The b)108 256.8 R .299(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)2.799 E F0(\(see) -2.799 E F1 .299(SHELL B)2.799 F(UIL)-.09 E .299(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 -(belo)2.549 E .298(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .471(cute a portion of the history list.)108 268.8 R -(The)5.471 E F3(history)2.971 E F0 -.2(bu)2.971 G .472 -(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .002 -(manipulate the history \214le.)108 280.8 R .001 -(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.002 F -.25(va) --.2 G .001(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 292.8 Q -(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 309.6 -R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 +(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .298 +(The b)108 463.2 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)2.798 E F0(\(see) +2.798 E F5 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 +(belo)2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 475.2 R +(The)5.472 E F3(history)2.972 E F0 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471 +(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .001 +(manipulate the history \214le.)108 487.2 R .001 +(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.001 F -.25(va) +-.2 G .002(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 499.2 Q +(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.486(The shell allo)108 516 R +1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 (hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) --3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F1(HISTCONTR)3.986 -E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 321.6 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G -.458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o) --.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F3 -(cmdhist)108 333.6 Q F0 .75 +-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.985 +E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 528 Q F0 -.25(va)3.306 G +1.057(riables are used to cause the shell to sa).25 F 1.357 -.15(ve o) +-.2 H 1.057(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)6.057 E F3 +(cmdhist)108 540 Q F0 .75 (shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 -(the same history entry)108 345.6 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 +(the same history entry)108 552 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 (dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G -1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.576 E F0 -.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 357.6 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 -H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374 -(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319 -(description of the)108 369.6 R F3(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 -(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F -(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318 -(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 -381.6 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 398.4 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE) --.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e) -108 410.4 R .611(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 -F .611(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh)3.111 E F0 5.611(.T)C .611(his section) --5.611 F .871(describes what syntax features are a)108 422.4 R -.25(va) --.2 G 3.371(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F -.87(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F -.949(can be disabled using the)108 434.4 R F3(+H)3.449 E F0 .949 +1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.577 E F0 +.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 564 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +.374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373 +(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318 +(description of the)108 576 R F3(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318 +(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F5 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F +(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .319 +(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 588 +Q F2(HIST)72 604.8 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 +E F0 .611(The shell supports a history e)108 616.8 R .611 +(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61 +(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh)3.11 E F0 5.61(.T)C .61(his section)-5.61 F +.87(describes what syntax features are a)108 628.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 +(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871 +(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F +.95(can be disabled using the)108 640.8 R F3(+H)3.449 E F0 .949 (option to the)3.449 F F3(set)3.449 E F0 -.2(bu)3.449 G .949 -(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 .949(SHELL B)3.449 F(UIL)-.09 E .95 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(be-)3.2 E(lo)108 446.4 Q 2.5 +(iltin command \(see).2 F F5 .949(SHELL B)3.449 F(UIL)-.09 E .949 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(be-)3.199 E(lo)108 652.8 Q 2.5 (w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H (hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E -1.306(History e)108 463.2 R 1.306(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ +1.305(History e)108 669.6 R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ ds from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repea\ -t)-.1 F .209(commands, insert the ar)108 475.2 R .209(guments to a pre) --.18 F .21 +t)-.1 F .21(commands, insert the ar)108 681.6 R .21(guments to a pre) +-.18 F .209 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 -F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 487.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 -504 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line is \ -read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 516 S .251 +F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 693.6 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108 +710.4 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ +s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 722.4 S .252 (rds, and is performed on each line indi).1 F .251 -(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .252 -(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.252 E(tak)108 528 Q .146 -(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.646(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.646 F .146(\214\ -rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during subs\ -titution.)2.646 F .766(The second is to select portions of that line fo\ -r inclusion into the current one.)108 540 R .767 -(The line selected from the)5.767 F .254(history is the)108 552 R/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)2.754 G(ent).15 E F0 2.753(,a)C .253 -(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-2.753 F F5(wor) -2.753 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.253(.V)C(arious)-6.363 E F5(modi\214er)2.753 E(s) --.1 E F0 .253(are a)2.753 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .538 -(able to manipulate the selected w)108 564 R 3.038(ords. The)-.1 F .538 -(line is brok)3.038 F .538(en into w)-.1 F .539(ords in the same f)-.1 F -.539(ashion as when reading)-.1 F .573(input, so that se)108 576 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F5(metac)3.073 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .572 -(-separated w)B .572(ords surrounded by quotes are considered one w)-.1 -F 3.072(ord. His-)-.1 F .355(tory e)108 588 R .355 -(xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .355 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.855(,w)-.4 G .356(hich is)-2.855 F F3(!) -3.689 E F0 .356(by def)3.689 F(ault.)-.1 E .791(Only backslash \()108 -600 R F3(\\).833 E F0 3.291(\)a).833 G .79 -(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.291 F .79 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.29(,b)-.4 G .79(ut the history e)-3.49 F -(xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\ -tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 612 R -(string.)108 624 Q(Se)108 640.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 -(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 -(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 652.8 T -3.162(ni).25 G 3.162(fi)-3.162 G 3.162(ti)-3.162 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G -.662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) --.25 F F3(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F3 -(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F3(\()3.163 E -F0(will also inhibit e)108 664.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 681.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F3(shopt)2.61 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 -(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E .231(If the)108 693.6 R F3 -(histv)2.731 E(erify)-.1 E F0 .231 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)2.731 F F3(shopt) -2.731 E F0 -.2(bu)2.731 G .231(iltin belo).2 F .231(w\), and)-.25 F F3 --.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 E F0 .232(is be-)2.732 F .449(ing used, hist\ -ory substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 -705.6 R 5.449(.I)-.55 G .448(nstead, the e)-5.449 F .448 -(xpanded line is)-.15 F 2.228(reloaded into the)108 717.6 R F3 -.18(re) -4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228(editing b)4.728 F(uf)-.2 E 2.228 -(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)7.228 E F3 -.18(re)4.728 G -(adline).18 E F0 2.228(is being used, and the)4.728 F F3(histr)108 729.6 -Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 -(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F3 -.18(re) -3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(58)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .251 +(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.251 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(58)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 59 59 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.2(bu)108 84 S --.25(ff).2 G .303(er for correction.).25 F(The)5.303 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF2.803 E F0 .303(option to the)2.803 F F1(history) -2.804 E F0 -.2(bu)2.804 G .304 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(tak)108 84 Q .145 +(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.645(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.645 F .146(\214\ +rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during subs\ +titution.)2.646 F .766(The second is to select portions of that line fo\ +r inclusion into the current one.)108 96 R .766 +(The line selected from the)5.766 F 1.203(history is the)108 108 R/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.703 G(ent).15 E F0 3.703(,a)C 1.203 +(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.703 F F1(wor) +3.703 E(ds)-.37 E F0 6.203(.T)C 1.203(he line is brok)-6.203 F 1.203 +(en into)-.1 F -.1(wo)108 120 S 2.08(rds in the same f).1 F 2.08 +(ashion as when reading input, so that se)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E +F1(metac)4.58 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.08(-separated w)B 2.08 +(ords sur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .245(rounded by quotes are considered one w)108 +132 R 2.746(ord. The)-.1 F F1 -.15(ev)2.746 G .246(ent designator).15 F +F0 .246(selects the e)2.746 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .246(nt, the optional).15 F +F1(wor)2.746 E 2.746(dd)-.37 G(es-)-2.746 E(ignator)108 144 Q F0 .04 +(selects w)2.54 F .04(ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .039 +(nt, and v).15 F .039(arious optional)-.25 F F1(modi\214er)2.539 E(s)-.1 +E F0 .039(are a)2.539 F -.25(va)-.2 G .039 +(ilable to manipulate the selected).25 F -.1(wo)108 156 S(rds.).1 E .574 +(History e)108 172.8 R .574 +(xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .575 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G .575(hich is)-3.075 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.908 E F0 .575(by de-)3.908 F -.1(fa)108 184.8 S 2.5 +(ult. History).1 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may appear an).15 E +(ywhere in the input, b)-.15 E(ut do not nest.)-.2 E .791 +(Only backslash \()108 201.6 R F2(\\).833 E F0 3.291(\)a).833 G .79 +(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.291 F .79 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.29(,b)-.4 G .79(ut the history e)-3.49 F +(xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\ +tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 213.6 R +(string.)108 225.6 Q(Se)108 242.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 +(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 +(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 254.4 T +3.721(ni).25 G 3.721(fi)-3.721 G 3.722(ti)-3.721 G 3.722(su)-3.722 G +1.222(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.722 F 1.222(wline, carriage return,) +-.25 F F2(=)3.722 E F0 3.722(,a)C 1.222 +(nd the other shell metacharacters de\214ned)-3.722 F(abo)108 266.4 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(Se)108 283.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .11 +(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.61 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 +(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E .231(If the)108 295.2 R F2 +(histv)2.731 E(erify)-.1 E F0 .231 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)2.731 F F2(shopt) +2.731 E F0 -.2(bu)2.731 G .231(iltin belo).2 F .231(w\), and)-.25 F F2 +-.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 E F0 .232(is be-)2.732 F .449(ing used, hist\ +ory substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 +307.2 R 5.449(.I)-.55 G .448(nstead, the e)-5.449 F .448 +(xpanded line is)-.15 F 2.228(reloaded into the)108 319.2 R F2 -.18(re) +4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228(editing b)4.728 F(uf)-.2 E 2.228 +(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)7.228 E F2 -.18(re)4.728 G +(adline).18 E F0 2.228(is being used, and the)4.728 F F2(histr)108 331.2 +Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 +(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re) +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 343.2 S -.25(ff).2 G +.303(er for correction.).25 F(The)5.303 E F22.803 E F0 .303 +(option to the)2.803 F F2(history)2.804 E F0 -.2(bu)2.804 G .304 (iltin command may be used to see what a history e).2 F(x-)-.15 E .52 -(pansion will do before using it.)108 96 R(The)5.52 E F13.02 E F0 -.52(option to the)3.02 F F1(history)3.02 E F0 -.2(bu)3.02 G .52 +(pansion will do before using it.)108 355.2 R(The)5.52 E F23.02 E +F0 .52(option to the)3.02 F F2(history)3.02 E F0 -.2(bu)3.02 G .52 (iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F -(end of the history list without actually e)108 108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(end of the history list without actually e)108 367.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 1.108(The shell allo)108 124.8 R +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 1.108(The shell allo)108 384 R 1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F 1.108 (arious characters used by the history e)-.25 F 1.108 -(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .163(scription of)108 136.8 R -F1(histchars)2.663 E F0(abo)2.663 E .463 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 +(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .163(scription of)108 396 R F2 +(histchars)2.663 E F0(abo)2.663 E .463 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 .163(Shell V)2.663 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 2.663(\). The)B .162 (shell uses the history comment character to mark)2.663 F -(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 148.8 Q F1(Ev) -87 165.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .204(An e)108 177.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -.204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the histor\ -y list.).15 F .205(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)108 -189.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot) -.15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F1(!)108 206.4 Q -F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 206.4 R 1.608 -(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F1(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107 +(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 408 Q F2(Ev)87 +424.8 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .066(An e)108 436.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +.067(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the histor\ +y list.).15 F .067(The e)5.067 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .067 +(nt designator consists).15 F .462(of the portion of the w)108 448.8 R +.461(ord be)-.1 F .461(ginning with the history e)-.15 F .461 +(xpansion character and ending with the w)-.15 F .461(ord desig-)-.1 F +.582(nator if present, or the end of the w)108 460.8 R 3.083 +(ord. Unless)-.1 F .583(the reference is absolute, e)3.083 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G .583(nts are relati).15 F .883 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.083(ot).15 G +.583(he current)-3.083 F(position in the history list.)108 472.8 Q F2(!) +108 489.6 Q F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 489.6 R 1.608 +(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107 (,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.607(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F -(\(when the)144 218.4 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0 -(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 230.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 -(Refer to command line)144 230.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 -242.4 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)144 242.4 Q F2(n) -2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1(!!)108 254.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 254.4 Q -(vious command.)-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!) -108 266.4 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preced\ -ing the current position in the history list starting with)144 266.4 R -F2(string)144.34 278.4 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 290.4 Q F2(string)A F1 -([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current \ -position in the history list containing)144 302.4 R F2(string)144.34 -314.4 Q F0 5.496(.T).22 G .496(he trailing)-5.496 F F1(?)2.996 E F0 .496 -(may be omitted if)2.996 F F2(string)3.336 E F0 .497(is follo)3.216 F -.497(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.997(wline. If)-.25 F F2(string) -2.997 E F0(is)2.997 E .391(missing, the string from the most recent sea\ -rch is used; it is an error if there is no pre)144 326.4 R .39 -(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 338.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 -355.4 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .752 -(Quick substitution.)144 362.4 R .752(Repeat the pre)5.752 F .753 -(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.593 E F0(with)3.253 E F2 -(string2)3.593 E F0 5.753(.E).02 G(qui)-5.753 E -.25(va)-.25 G .753 -(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 374.4 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF(^)5 -I F2(string1)-5 I F4(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F4(^)5 I F0 1.48 -.74('' \() --5 L(see).74 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 -386.4 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)144 386.4 Q(ar)-.1 E(.) --.55 E F1 -.75(Wo)87 403.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 415.2 S -1.314(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314 -(ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 -1.313(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation) -.15 F .529(from the w)108 427.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I) --.55 G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 -(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1 -($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F13.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) --3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.53(.W)C(ords)-6.33 E .516 -(are numbered from the be)108 439.2 R .516 -(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .516 -(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.515 G .515(rds are in-) -.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 451.2 -Q F1 2.5(0\()108 468 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 480 Q -2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E -F2(n)108.36 492 Q F0(The)144 492 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^) -108 504 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 504 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 -E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 516 Q F0 .063(The last w)144 516 R 2.563 -(ord. This)-.1 F .063(is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 -F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064 -(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 528 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%) -108 540 Q F0 1.42(The \214rst w)144 540 R 1.42 -(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 F F2(string)A F0 1.419 -(?' search, if the search string be)B 1.419(gins with a)-.15 F -(character that is part of a w)144 552 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 564 Q F1 -A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 564 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2 -(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*) -108 576 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 576 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315 -(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F -F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*) -2.816 E F0 .316(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 588 Q(ord in the e) --.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 -E F1(x*)108 600 Q F0(Abbre)144 600 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.) -A F1<78ad>108 612 Q F0(Abbre)144 612 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0 -(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E -2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F1(x)2.5 E F0(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 -E(If a w)108 628.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E -(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1 -(Modi\214ers)87 645.6 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 657.6 R .184 -(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183 -(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183 -(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 669.6 Q -(These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E -(ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 686.4 Q F0(Remo)144 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H -(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) -108 698.4 Q F0(Remo)144 698.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H -(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) -108 710.4 Q F0(Remo)144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E -(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E -(ving the basename.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E -(59)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(\(when the)144 501.6 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0 +(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 513.6 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to command line)144 +513.6 Q F1(n)2.86 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 525.6 Q F1(n)A F0 +(Refer to the current command minus)144 525.6 Q F1(n)2.86 E F0(.).24 E +F2(!!)108 537.6 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 537.6 Q(vious command.)-.25 E +(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 549.6 Q F1(string) +A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current positi\ +on in the history list starting with)144 549.6 R F1(string)144.34 561.6 +Q F0(.).22 E F2(!?)108 573.6 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to t\ +he most recent command preceding the current position in the history li\ +st containing)144 585.6 R F1(string)144.34 597.6 Q F0 5.496(.T).22 G +.496(he trailing)-5.496 F F2(?)2.996 E F0 .496(may be omitted if)2.996 F +F1(string)3.336 E F0 .497(is follo)3.216 F .497(wed immediately by a ne) +-.25 F 2.997(wline. If)-.25 F F1(string)2.997 E F0(is)2.997 E .391(miss\ +ing, the string from the most recent search is used; it is an error if \ +there is no pre)144 609.6 R .39(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 621.6 Q +/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF<00>108 638.6 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3<00>5 I F1 +(string2)-5 I F3<00>5 I F0 .752(Quick substitution.)144 645.6 R .752 +(Repeat the pre)5.752 F .753(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1) +3.593 E F0(with)3.253 E F1(string2)3.593 E F0 5.753(.E).02 G(qui)-5.753 +E -.25(va)-.25 G .753(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 657.6 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12 +/Times-Roman@0 SF<00>5 I F1(string1)-5 I F4<00>5 I F1(string2)-5 I F4 +<00>5 I F0 1.48 -.74('' \()-5 L(see).74 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo) +2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 669.6 Q F0 +(The entire command line typed so f)144 669.6 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 +-.75(Wo)87 686.4 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 698.4 S 1.314 +(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) +-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.313 +(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F +.41(from the w)108 710.4 R .411(ord designator)-.1 F 5.411(.I)-.55 G +2.911(tm)-5.411 G .411(ay be omitted if the w)-2.911 F .411 +(ord designator be)-.1 F .411(gins with a)-.15 F F2<00>2.911 E F0(,)A F2 +($)2.911 E F0(,)A F2(*)2.911 E F0(,)A F22.911 E F0 2.911(,o)C(r) +-2.911 E F2(%)2.911 E F0 5.411(.W)C(ords)-6.211 E 1.301 +(are numbered from the be)108 722.4 R 1.301 +(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.3 +(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.3 G 1.3(rds are).8 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(59)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 60 60 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(e)108 84 Q F0(Remo)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E -(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 96 Q F0(Print the ne) -144 96 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 108 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)144 108 Q -(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 120 Q F0 .385 -(Quote the substituted w)144 120 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.885 E -F0 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F1 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 84 Q/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(0\()108 100.8 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0 +(The zeroth w)144 112.8 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F +(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)108.36 124.8 Q F0(The)144 124.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 +(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1<00>108 136.8 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 136.8 Q 2.5 +(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 148.8 Q F0 .063 +(The last w)144 148.8 R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063 +(is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 +F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064(ord if there is only)-.1 F +(one w)144 160.8 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)108 172.8 Q F0 1.42 +(The \214rst w)144 172.8 R 1.42(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 F +F2(string)A F0 1.419(?' search, if the search string be)B 1.419 +(gins with a)-.15 F(character that is part of a w)144 184.8 Q(ord.)-.1 E +F2(x)108.77 196.8 Q F1A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 196.8 S(ange of w)-2.5 +E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E +F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 208.8 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 208.8 R .315 +(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F +.315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315 +(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.816 E F0 .316(if there is)2.816 F +(just one w)144 220.8 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 232.8 Q +F0(Abbre)144 232.8 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 +244.8 Q F0(Abbre)144 244.8 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E +(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E 2.5(ord. If) +-.1 F F1(x)2.5 E F0(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 E(If a w) +108 261.6 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 278.4 Q F0 .184 +(After the optional w)108 290.4 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 +G .183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F +.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 302.4 Q +(These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E +(ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 319.2 Q F0(Remo)144 319.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) +108 331.2 Q F0(Remo)144 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) +108 343.2 Q F0(Remo)144 343.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E +(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 355.2 Q F0(Remo)144 355.2 Q .3 -.15 +(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 +367.2 Q F0(Print the ne)144 367.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E +(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 379.2 Q F0 +(Quote the substituted w)144 379.2 Q +(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 391.2 Q F0 .385 +(Quote the substituted w)144 391.2 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.885 +E F0 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F1 (blanks)2.886 E F0 .386(and ne)2.886 F 2.886(wlines. The)-.25 F F1(q) 2.886 E F0(and)2.886 E F1(x)2.886 E F0(modi\214ers are mutually e)144 -132 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G -(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 144 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute) -144 156 Q F2(ne)3.329 E(w)-.15 E F0 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of) -3.279 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469 -(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969(yc)-.15 G .469 -(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .953(delimiter in place of /.)144 -168 R .953 +403.2 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G +(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 415.2 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A +F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 427.2 Q F2(ne)3.329 E(w)-.15 E +F0 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.279 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469 +(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969 +(yc)-.15 G .469(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .953 +(delimiter in place of /.)144 439.2 R .953 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) 5.953 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .954(nt line.).15 F .131 -(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 180 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 E -F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 .131(with a single backslash.)2.941 F .131 +(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 451.2 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 +E F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 .131(with a single backslash.)2.941 F .131 (If & appears in)5.131 F F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 2.631(,i).31 G 2.631 -(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .619(placed by)144 192 R F2 +(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .619(placed by)144 463.2 R F2 (old)3.349 E F0 5.619(.A).77 G .619(single backslash will quote the &.) -2.5 F(If)5.619 E F2(old)3.349 E F0 .619(is null, it is set to the last) -3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.89 E .487(tuted, or)144 204 R 2.987 -(,i)-.4 G 2.987(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op)-2.987 G(re)-2.987 E .486 +3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.89 E .487(tuted, or)144 475.2 R +2.987(,i)-.4 G 2.987(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op)-2.987 G(re)-2.987 E .486 (vious history substitutions took place, the last)-.25 F F2(string)3.326 E F0 .486(in a)3.206 F F1(!?)2.986 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 2.986 -(search. If)5.486 F F2(ne)144.36 216 Q(w)-.15 E F0 +(search. If)5.486 F F2(ne)144.36 487.2 Q(w)-.15 E F0 (is null, each matching)2.81 E F2(old)2.73 E F0(is deleted.)3.27 E F1(&) -108 228 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 228 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g) -108 240 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 240 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) -.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898 -('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 252 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) --.15 E F1(/)A F0 .351('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 2.851('. If)B .351 +108 499.2 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 499.2 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1 +(g)108 511.2 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 511.2 R -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398 +(nt line.).15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A +F0 2.898('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 523.2 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2 +(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 .351('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 2.851('. If)B .351 (used with `)2.851 F F1(:s)A F0 .351(', an)B 2.851(yd)-.15 G .35 (elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.851 F -(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 264 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F1(a)2.5 E F0(may be used as a synon) -2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108 276 Q F0(Apply the follo) -144 276 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C 2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0 -2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 292.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 304.8 -R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ -receded by)-.2 F F1108 316.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F13.077 E F0 -.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E -F0(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E +(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 535.2 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F1(a)2.5 E F0 +(may be used as a synon)2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108 +547.2 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 547.2 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C +2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0 2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E +(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 +SF(SHELL B)72 564 Q(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062 +(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 576 R .062(uiltin command documente\ +d in this section as accepting options preceded by)-.2 F F1108 588 Q +F0(accepts)3.077 E F13.077 E F0 .577 +(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E F0 +(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E F1(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F1([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577 -(iltins do not accept options).2 F .461(and do not treat)108 328.8 R F1 +(iltins do not accept options).2 F .461(and do not treat)108 600 R F1 2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F1(exit) 2.961 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n) -.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A F1(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F1(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.962 G .462(iltins accept and).2 F .261(process ar)108 340.8 R .261 +2.962 G .462(iltins accept and).2 F .261(process ar)108 612 R .261 (guments be)-.18 F .261(ginning with)-.15 F F12.761 E F0 .261 (without requiring)2.761 F F12.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) -5.261 F .26(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .26(guments b)-.18 F .26 (ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar) -108 352.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1 -3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154 -(lid options and require).25 F F13.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 -364.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 382.8 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 394.8 R .452 +108 624 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F13.654 +E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154(lid options and require).25 +F F13.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 636 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 654 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A +(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 666 R .452 (fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) -.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F -2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 406.8 R -(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 423.6 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E -F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 435.6 Q(ce)-.18 E +2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 678 R +(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 694.8 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 706.8 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 -(Read and e)144 447.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 +(Read and e)144 718.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 (\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 -(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.331 -(status of the last command e)144 459.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331 -(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.741 E F0 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F2 -(\214lename)5.741 E F0 1.33(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F -.022(names in)144 471.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.522 G(TH)-.189 -E F0 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.272 F F2 -(\214lename)4.432 E F0 2.522(,b).18 G(ut)-2.722 E F2(\214lename)2.522 E -F0 .023(does not need to be)2.523 F -.15(exe)144 483.6 S 3.861 -(cutable. The).15 F 1.361(\214le searched for in)3.861 F F4 -.666(PA) -3.861 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.361(need not be e)3.611 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.86 -(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.86 E F0 1.36(is not in)3.86 F F2(posix) -3.86 E(mode)144 495.6 Q F0 2.771(,i)C 2.771(ts)-2.771 G .271 -(earches the current directory if no \214le is found in)-2.771 F F4 --.666(PA)2.772 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .272(If the) -4.772 F F1(sour)2.772 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .272(option to the)2.772 F F1 -(shopt)144 507.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.66 G 1.16(iltin command is turned of).2 F -1.159(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)3.659 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.159 -(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.159(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F2(ar)3.659 E -(guments)-.37 E F0 1.159(are supplied,)3.659 F(the)144 519.6 Q 3.691(yb) --.15 G 1.191(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.691 F F2 -(\214lename)3.692 E F0 1.192(is e)3.692 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.692 -(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.192(the positional pa-)3.692 F .82 -(rameters are unchanged.)144 531.6 R .82(If the)5.82 F F13.32 E F0 -.82(option is enabled,)3.32 F F1(.)3.32 E F0 .82(inherits an)3.32 F 3.32 -(yt)-.15 G .82(rap on)-3.32 F F1(DEB)3.32 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.32(;i)C 3.32 -(fi)-3.32 G 3.32(ti)-3.32 G 3.32(sn)-3.32 G(ot,)-3.32 E(an)144 543.6 Q -(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.322 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .822(trap string is sa)3.322 F -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 3.322(da).15 G .822(nd restored around the call to)-3.322 F F1 -(.)3.322 E F0 3.322(,a)C(nd)-3.322 E F1(.)3.322 E F0 .823(unsets the) -3.323 F F1(DEB)3.323 E(UG)-.1 E F0(trap)3.323 E .227(while it e)144 -555.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.727(cutes. If).15 F F12.727 E F0 .227 -(is not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)2.727 F F1(DEB)2.727 E -(UG)-.1 E F0 .227(trap, the ne)2.727 F 2.726(wv)-.25 G .226(alue is) --2.976 F .89(retained when)144 567.6 R F1(.)3.39 E F0 3.39 -(completes. The)3.39 F .891 -(return status is the status of the last command e)3.39 F .891 -(xited within the)-.15 F(script \(0 if no commands are e)144 579.6 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E -F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 596.4 Q F0([)2.5 -E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 608.4 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 -(guments or with the)-.18 F F15.224 E F0 2.724 -(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.224 E -F2(name)144 620.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F -.58(When ar)5.58 F .58 -(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name) -3.08 E F0(whose)144 632.4 Q F2(value)2.509 E F0 .009(is gi)2.509 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F2(value) -2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009 -(ord to be check)-.1 F .008(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 -(tution when the alias is e)144 644.4 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 -(or each)-.15 F F2(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579 -(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .579(is sup-)3.079 -F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 656.4 R 1.314 -(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 -(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E -(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 668.4 Q F1(bg)108 685.2 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 -697.2 R F2(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 -(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F1(&)3.245 E -F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 709.2 Q F0 .672 -(is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) --3.172 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 -(bg)5.671 E F2(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418 -(when job control is disabled or)144 721.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 -(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G -(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F2(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G -(ot)-2.919 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(60)197.335 E 0 -Cg EP +(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 2.755 +(status of the last command e)144 730.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.755 +(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)7.165 E F0 7.755(.I).18 G(f)-7.755 E F2 +(\214lename)7.165 E F0 2.755(does not contain a slash,)5.435 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(60)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 61 61 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(found or w)144 84 -Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bind)108 -100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap) --.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 112.8 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E -F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 124.8 -Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E -F2(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke) -2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A -F2(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .654 +(\214lenames in)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.154 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .654(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.904 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)5.065 E F0 3.155(,b).18 G(ut)-3.355 E F2 +(\214lename)3.155 E F0 .655(does not need)3.155 F 1.363(to be e)144 96 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.863(cutable. 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2.658 (fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E F2 -.1(ke) -180 268.8 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192 +180 530.4 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192 (emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -(vi\255command)180 280.8 Q F0 4.09(,a)C(nd)-4.09 E F2(vi\255insert)4.38 +(vi\255command)180 542.4 Q F0 4.09(,a)C(nd)-4.09 E F2(vi\255insert)4.38 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.589 E F0 1.589(is equi)4.089 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.589 (lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.089 E F0(\()4.089 E F2(vi\255mo)A(ve) --.1 E F0 1.589(is also a syn-)4.089 F(on)180 292.8 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F2 +-.1 E F0 1.589(is also a syn-)4.089 F(on)180 554.4 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F2 (emacs)2.5 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1144 304.8 Q F0 -(List the names of all)180 304.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(functions.)2.5 E F1144 316.8 Q F0(Display)180 316.8 Q F1 -.18(re) +(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F3144 566.4 Q F0 +(List the names of all)180 566.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(functions.)2.5 E F3144 578.4 Q F0(Display)180 578.4 Q F3 -.18(re) 2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E -(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 328.8 -Q F0(List current)180 328.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1144 340.8 Q F0(Display)180 -340.8 Q F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 +(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3144 590.4 +Q F0(List current)180 590.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F3144 602.4 Q F0(Display)180 +602.4 Q F3 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) --.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 352.8 S 2.5(yt).1 G -(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 364.8 Q -F0(Display)180 364.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5 +-.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 614.4 S 2.5(yt).1 G +(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3144 626.4 Q +F0(Display)180 626.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5 (ys)-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo) --.15 G(utput.)-2.5 E F1144 376.8 Q F0(Display)180 376.8 Q F1 -.18 +-.15 G(utput.)-2.5 E F3144 638.4 Q F0(Display)180 638.4 Q F3 -.18 (re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E (alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 388.8 Q F0(List current)180 388.8 Q -F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues.)-.25 E F1144 400.8 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 -412.8 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A -F1144 424.8 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 436.8 Q +(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3144 650.4 Q F0(List current)180 650.4 Q +F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(alues.)-.25 E F3144 662.4 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 +674.4 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A +F3144 686.4 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 698.4 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H -(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 448.8 Q F2(function) -2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 460.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G -(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 472.8 Q -F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 484.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 --.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 -(.)A F1144 496.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 508.8 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 -1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F -(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 520.8 Q F0 1.764(is e) -4.264 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 -(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 532.8 S(adline).18 E -F0 .375(line b)2.875 F(uf)-.2 E .375(fer and the)-.25 F F3 -(READLINE_POINT)2.875 E F0(and)2.625 E F3(READLINE_MARK)2.875 E F0 -.25 -(va)2.625 G .375(riables to the).25 F 1.185 -(current location of the insertion point and the sa)180 544.8 R -.15(ve) --.2 G 3.686(di).15 G 1.186(nsertion point \(the mark\), respec-)-3.686 F -(ti)180 556.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.378(.T)-.65 G .377 -(he shell assigns an)-5.378 F 2.877(yn)-.15 G .377(umeric ar)-2.877 F -.377(gument the user supplied to the)-.18 F F3(READLINE_AR-)2.877 E -(GUMENT)180 568.8 Q F0 -.25(va)3.604 G 3.854(riable. If).25 F 1.354 -(there w)3.854 F 1.354(as no ar)-.1 F 1.354(gument, that v)-.18 F 1.354 -(ariable is not set.)-.25 F 1.355(If the e)6.355 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted) -.15 E .344(command changes the v)180 580.8 R .344(alue of an)-.25 F -2.843(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.843 E F3(READLINE_LINE)2.843 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(,)A F3(READLINE_POINT)2.593 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.593 E F3(READ-)2.843 E -(LINE_MARK)180 592.8 Q F4(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G -(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 -604.8 Q F0 .829(List all k)180 604.8 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 -(equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) -.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 616.8 Q(The return v) -144 633.6 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F1(br)108 650.4 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 -(Exit from within a)144 662.4 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 -(while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 -(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 -(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.554 -E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 674.4 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ - number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 -(xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -686.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)108 703.2 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E -F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 715.2 Q .771 -(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .771(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 -(ar)3.601 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.271(,a).27 G .771(nd return its e)-3.271 -F .77(xit status.)-.15 F .77(This is useful)5.77 F .615 -(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -727.2 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F(GNU Bash 5.3) -72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(61)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(61)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 62 62 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .57(the b)144 84 R -.57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 -F(ay)-.1 E 5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 96 Q -(alse if)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0 -(is not a shell b)2.74 E(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 112.8 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 124.8 R -.254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.254(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 136.8 -Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(function)2.5 E F0(Unbind all k) +180 96 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2 +(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 108 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 +(Remo)180 120 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H +(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(.)A F1144 +132 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1([: ])A F2(shell\255command)A F0 +(Cause)180 144 Q F2(shell\255command)4.345 E F0 1.845(to be e)4.345 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.845(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke) +4.345 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.844(is entered.)4.344 F 1.844(The separator be-) +6.844 F(tween)180 156 Q F2 -.1(ke)3.015 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(and)3.015 E F2 +(shell\255command)3.016 E F0 .516 +(is either whitespace or a colon optionally follo)3.016 F .516(wed by) +-.25 F 3.459(whitespace. If)180 168 R .958(the separator is whitespace,) +3.459 F F2(shell\255command)3.458 E F0 .958(must be enclosed in double) +3.458 F .622(quotes and)180 180 R F1 -.18(re)3.122 G(adline).18 E F0 +-.15(ex)3.122 G .623(pands an).15 F 3.123(yo)-.15 G 3.123(fi)-3.123 G +.623(ts special backslash-escapes in)-3.123 F F2(shell\255command)3.123 +E F0(be-)3.123 E .713(fore sa)180 192 R .713(ving it.)-.2 F .713 +(If the separator is a colon, an)5.713 F 3.213(ye)-.15 G .712 +(nclosing double quotes are optional, and)-3.213 F F1 -.18(re)180 204 S +(adline).18 E F0 .098(does not e)2.598 F .098 +(xpand the command string before sa)-.15 F .099(ving it.)-.2 F .099 +(Since the entire k)5.099 F .399 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(ind-).15 E 2.72(ing e) +180 216 R 2.72(xpression must be a single ar)-.15 F 2.72 +(gument, it should be enclosed in quotes.)-.18 F(When)7.72 E F2 +(shell\255command)180 228 Q F0 .563(is e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563 +(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE) +3.063 E F0 -.25(va)2.813 G .563(riable to the contents).25 F .32(of the) +180 240 R F1 -.18(re)2.82 G(adline).18 E F0 .32(line b)2.82 F(uf)-.2 E +.32(fer and the)-.25 F F3(READLINE_POINT)2.82 E F0(and)2.57 E F3 +(READLINE_MARK)2.82 E F0 -.25(va)2.569 G(riables).25 E .545 +(to the current location of the insertion point and the sa)180 252 R +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.046(di).15 G .546(nsertion point \(the mark\), re-) +-3.046 F(specti)180 264 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.188(.T)-.65 G 2.188 +(he shell assigns an)-7.188 F 4.688(yn)-.15 G 2.188(umeric ar)-4.688 F +2.188(gument the user supplied to the)-.18 F F3(READ-)4.688 E +(LINE_ARGUMENT)180 276 Q F0 -.25(va)2.398 G 2.648(riable. If).25 F .148 +(there w)2.648 F .148(as no ar)-.1 F .148(gument, that v)-.18 F .149 +(ariable is not set.)-.25 F .149(If the e)5.149 F(x-)-.15 E .583 +(ecuted command changes the v)180 288 R .583(alue of an)-.25 F 3.083(yo) +-.15 G(f)-3.083 E F3(READLINE_LINE)3.083 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 +(READLINE_POINT)2.832 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.832 E F3(READLINE_MARK)180 300 Q +F4(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 312 +Q F0 .829(List all k)180 312 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 +(equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) +.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 324 Q(The return v) +144 340.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 +E F1(br)108 357.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 +(Exit from within a)144 369.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 +(while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 +(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 +(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.554 +E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 381.6 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ + number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 +(xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 +393.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(bu)108 410.4 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 422.4 Q .771 +(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .771(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 +(ar)3.601 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.271(,a).27 G .771(nd return its e)-3.271 +F .77(xit status.)-.15 F .77(This is useful)5.77 F .615 +(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 +434.4 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +446.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 458.4 Q(alse if)-.1 +E F2(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 475.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F0(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 487.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 +(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 499.2 Q +(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 (ex)2.825 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.825 E F0 .324 (displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F -.253(subroutine call.)144 148.8 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 +.253(subroutine call.)144 511.2 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .553 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .254 (displays the line number)2.754 F 2.754(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.754 E 1.327(rou\ tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ -ent e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) -144 172.8 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 +ent e)144 523.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) +144 535.2 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 (xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame) -5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 184.8 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 +5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 547.2 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 (alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519 (cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 -(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 196.8 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 559.2 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 576 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 A F0(|[)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]]] [\255@] [)A F2 -(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 225.6 R F2(dir) +(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 588 R F2(dir) 2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C(f)-5.321 E F2(dir)2.821 E F0 .322 -(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.822 E F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is) --.25 F .93(the def)144 237.6 R 3.43(ault. The)-.1 F -.25(va)3.43 G -(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.43 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .929 +(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HOME)2.822 E +F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is)-.25 F .93(the def)144 600 R +3.43(ault. The)-.1 F -.25(va)3.43 G(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.43 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .929 (de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.18 F F2(dir) -3.779 E F0 3.429(:e).73 G(ach)-3.429 E .406(directory name in)144 249.6 -R F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .407(is searched for)2.657 -F F2(dir)2.907 E F0 5.407(.A)C(lternati)-5.407 E .707 -.15(ve d)-.25 H +3.779 E F0 3.429(:e).73 G(ach)-3.429 E .406(directory name in)144 612 R +F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .407(is searched for)2.657 F +F2(dir)2.907 E F0 5.407(.A)C(lternati)-5.407 E .707 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .407(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.407(are sepa-)2.657 F .799(rated by a colon \(:\).)144 261.6 R 3.299 -(An)5.799 G .799(ull directory name in)-3.299 F F3(CDP)3.299 E -.855(AT) +.407(are sepa-)2.657 F .799(rated by a colon \(:\).)144 624 R 3.299(An) +5.799 G .799(ull directory name in)-3.299 F F3(CDP)3.299 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F0 .799(is the same as the current directory)3.049 F -3.299(,i)-.65 G(.e.,)-3.299 E -.74(``)144 273.6 S F1(.).74 E F0 -.74('') -C 5.427(.I).74 G(f)-5.427 E F2(dir)3.277 E F0(be)3.657 E .427 +3.299(,i)-.65 G(.e.,)-3.299 E -.74(``)144 636 S F1(.).74 E F0 -.74('')C +5.427(.I).74 G(f)-5.427 E F2(dir)3.277 E F0(be)3.657 E .427 (gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.928 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F0 .428(is not used.)2.678 F(The)5.428 E F12.928 E F0 .428 (option causes)2.928 F F1(cd)2.928 E F0 .428(to use the)2.928 F(ph)144 -285.6 Q .168 +648 Q .168 (ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while tra)-.05 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F2(dir)2.667 E F0 .167(and before processing) -2.667 F 1.225(instances of)144 297.6 R F2(..)3.725 E F0(in)3.725 E F2 -(dir)3.725 E F0 1.225(\(see also the)3.725 F F13.725 E F0 1.225 +2.667 F 1.225(instances of)144 660 R F2(..)3.725 E F0(in)3.725 E F2(dir) +3.725 E F0 1.225(\(see also the)3.725 F F13.725 E F0 1.225 (option to the)3.725 F F1(set)3.725 E F0 -.2(bu)3.725 G 1.225 (iltin command\); the).2 F F13.725 E F0 1.225(option forces)3.725 -F .412(symbolic links to be follo)144 309.6 R .411 +F .412(symbolic links to be follo)144 672 R .411 (wed by resolving the link after processing instances of)-.25 F F2(..) 2.911 E F0(in)2.911 E F2(dir)2.911 E F0 5.411(.I)C(f)-5.411 E F2(..) -2.911 E F0(ap-)2.911 E .34(pears in)144 321.6 R F2(dir)2.84 E F0 2.84 -(,i)C 2.84(ti)-2.84 G 2.841(sp)-2.84 G .341(rocessed by remo)-2.841 F -.341(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .341(vious pathname component from) --.25 F F2(dir)2.841 E F0(,)A .176(back to a slash or the be)144 333.6 R -.176(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G -(he)-2.676 E F12.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied with)2.675 F F1 +2.911 E F0(ap-)2.911 E .34(pears in)144 684 R F2(dir)2.84 E F0 2.84(,i)C +2.84(ti)-2.84 G 2.841(sp)-2.84 G .341(rocessed by remo)-2.841 F .341 +(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .341(vious pathname component from)-.25 +F F2(dir)2.841 E F0(,)A .176(back to a slash or the be)144 696 R .176 +(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G(he) +-2.676 E F12.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied with)2.675 F F1 2.675 E F0 2.675(,a)C .175(nd the current w)-2.675 F(ork-)-.1 E .341(ing directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful\ - directory change,)144 345.6 R F1(cd)2.841 E F0 .341(will return)2.841 F -.357(an unsuccessful status.)144 357.6 R .357 + directory change,)144 708 R F1(cd)2.841 E F0 .341(will return)2.841 F +.357(an unsuccessful status.)144 720 R .357 (On systems that support it, the)5.357 F F12.856 E F0 .356 (option presents the e)2.856 F .356(xtended attrib)-.15 F(utes)-.2 E -.069(associated with a \214le as a directory)144 369.6 R 5.069(.A)-.65 G -2.569(na)-5.069 G -.18(rg)-2.569 G .069(ument of).18 F F12.569 E F0 -.07(is con)2.57 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .07(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)2.57 E F0 -.07(before the direc-)2.32 F .307(tory change is attempted.)144 381.6 R -.306(If a non-empty directory name from)5.307 F F3(CDP)2.806 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F0 .306(is used, or if)2.556 F F12.806 E F0 .306 -(is the \214rst)2.806 F(ar)144 393.6 Q .116(gument, and the directory c\ -hange is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.616(ww) --.25 G .116(orking direc-)-2.716 F .15 -(tory is written to the standard output.)144 405.6 R .15 -(If the directory change is successful,)5.15 F F1(cd)2.65 E F0 .15 -(sets the v)2.65 F .15(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)144 417.6 Q F0(en)2.957 -E .457(vironment v)-.4 F .457(ariable to the ne)-.25 F 2.958(wd)-.25 G -.458(irectory name, and sets the)-2.958 F F1(OLDPWD)2.958 E F0(en)2.958 -E .458(vironment v)-.4 F(ari-)-.25 E .126(able to the v)144 429.6 R .126 -(alue of the current w)-.25 F .126(orking directory before the change.) --.1 F .125(The return v)5.125 F .125(alue is true if the)-.25 F -(directory w)144 441.6 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E -(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1(command)108 458.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0 -(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 -470.4 Q F2(command)2.764 E F0(with)3.334 E F2(ar)2.894 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -.065(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.834 F .065(Only b) -5.065 F .065(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 -482.4 R F3 -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502 -(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2 -(command)3.201 E F0(is)3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 494.4 R -.399(ault v)-.1 F .399(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -.4(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F -(If)5.4 E .175(either the)144 506.4 R F12.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1 -2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2 -(command)2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F12.674 E -F0 .174(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 518.4 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F -.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 -F F1144 530.4 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 -(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F12.749 E F0(or) -2.749 E F12.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 542.4 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 -(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 -(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2 -(command)144.2 554.4 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 -(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 566.4 S -(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F1 -(compgen)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F2(option)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(])A .012 -(Generate possible completion matches for)144 595.2 R F2(wor)2.513 E(d) --.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E F0 .013 -(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E 1.217 -(accepted by the)144 607.2 R F1(complete)3.717 E F0 -.2(bu)3.717 G 1.217 -(iltin with the e).2 F 1.217(xceptions of)-.15 F F13.716 E F0(,)A -F13.716 E F0(,)A F13.716 E F0(,)A F13.716 E F0 3.716 -(,a)C(nd)-3.716 E F13.716 E F0 3.716(,a)C 1.216(nd write the) --3.716 F .504(matches to the standard output.)144 619.2 R .505(If the) -5.504 F F13.005 E F0 .505(option is supplied,)3.005 F F1(compgen) -3.005 E F0 .505(stores the generated com-)3.005 F 1.087 -(pletions into the inde)144 631.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.587(da).15 G 1.087 -(rray v)-3.587 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)3.587 E F0 1.086 -(instead of writing them to the standard output.)3.586 F .194 -(When using the)144 643.2 R F12.694 E F0(or)2.694 E F12.694 -E F0 .195(options, the v)2.695 F .195(arious shell v)-.25 F .195 -(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 655.2 S -(cilities, while a).1 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15 -(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 E .352 -(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 679.2 R .352 -(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ -em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -691.2 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 703.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 727.2 Q -(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(62)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(62)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 63 63 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(complete)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 -(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(action)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 -96 Q F1A F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 108 Q F1A F2 -(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E 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F3(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 +(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F3 +(command)144.2 268.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 280.8 S +(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F3(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F1 +(compgen)108 297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F3(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F3(option)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(wor)-2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(])A .012 +(Generate possible completion matches for)144 309.6 R F3(wor)2.513 E(d) +-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F3(option)2.513 E F0 .013 +(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E 1.217 +(accepted by the)144 321.6 R F1(complete)3.717 E F0 -.2(bu)3.717 G 1.217 +(iltin with the e).2 F 1.217(xceptions of)-.15 F F13.716 E F0(,)A +F13.716 E F0(,)A F13.716 E F0(,)A F13.716 E F0 3.716 +(,a)C(nd)-3.716 E F13.716 E F0 3.716(,a)C 1.216(nd write the) +-3.716 F .504(matches to the standard output.)144 333.6 R .505(If the) +5.504 F F13.005 E F0 .505(option is supplied,)3.005 F F1(compgen) +3.005 E F0 .505(stores the generated com-)3.005 F 1.087 +(pletions into the inde)144 345.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.587(da).15 G 1.087 +(rray v)-3.587 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(varname)3.587 E F0 1.086 +(instead of writing them to the standard output.)3.586 F .194 +(When using the)144 357.6 R F12.694 E F0(or)2.694 E F12.694 +E F0 .195(options, the v)2.695 F .195(arious shell v)-.25 F .195 +(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 369.6 S +(cilities, while a).1 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15 +(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 E .352 +(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 393.6 R .352 +(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ +em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 +405.6 R(If)5.02 E F3(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 417.6 Q F3(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 441.6 Q +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 +(complete)108 458.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F3(comp-option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1-2.5 E F3(action)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 470.4 Q F1A F3 +(globpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F3(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F3(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F3 +(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 482.4 Q F1A F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F3(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F3(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3 +(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 494.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DEI) +A F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .634(Specify ho)144 506.4 R +3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634(uments to each).18 F F3(name)3.134 +E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 F .633(If the)5.634 F F13.133 +E F0 .633(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139 +(options are supplied, e)144 518.4 R .139 (xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .14 (ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144 -156 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name) -2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2 +530.4 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F3(name) +2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F3 (name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.207 -(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 168 R(The)6.207 E F1 -3.707 E F0 1.208(option indicates that other supplied options) -3.708 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 180 R(`def)-.74 E +(are supplied, all completion 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-(ef)-5.375 E 2.876 -(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) -224 468 Q F1(dir)184 480 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ -etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 492 Q F1(\214lenames)184 -504 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 516 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ -\214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.636 E -.134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 528 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 -(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 -(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 540 R .45 -(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 552 Q F1 -(fullquote)184 564 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 576 S -(ll readline to quote all the completed w).7 E(ords e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -(re not \214lenames.)-2.5 E F1(noquote)184 588 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 588 S -.814(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 -F 3.314(ya)-.15 G .815(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F -(\214lenames is the def)224 600 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 612 Q F0 --.7(Te)224 612 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\ -ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 624 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 624 S -.22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 -F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 636 Q F1 -(plusdirs)184 648 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 648 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 -(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F -.584(completion is attempted and an)224 660 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 -(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 672 -Q F1144 684 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 696 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 -(may be one of the follo)2.5 E -(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 -708 Q F0(Alias names.)224 708 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(63)197.335 E 0 -Cg EP +674.4 R .152(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144 +686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .555 +(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 710.4 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 +(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 +(guments to the)-.18 F F13.056 E F0(,)A F13.056 E F0 3.056 +(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F13.056 E F0 2.742(options \(and, if necessary) +144 722.4 R 5.242(,t)-.65 G(he)-5.242 E F15.242 E F0(and)5.241 E +F15.241 E F0 2.741 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from)5.241 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(63)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 64 64 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(arrayv)184 84 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 96 Q(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 -(binding)184 108 Q(Readline)224 108 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G -(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 120 S(iltin).2 E F0 -(Names of shell b)224 120 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 132 -Q F0(Command names.)224 144 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 156 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 168 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 180 -Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 192 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 -204 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 204 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 -216 Q F0(Names of e)224 216 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S +(pansion before the).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 +108 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 120 Q F2 +(comp-option)2.79 E F0 .291(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291 +(ral aspects of the compspec').15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291 +(vior be)-.2 F .291(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.) +184 132 Q F2(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 +144 Q F0 .281(Perform the rest of the def)224 156 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) +2.781 E F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F +(matches.)224 168 Q F1(default)184 180 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')224 180 +R 5.375(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.375 E 2.876 +(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) +224 192 Q F1(dir)184 204 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ +etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 216 Q F1(\214lenames)184 +228 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 240 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ +\214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.636 E +.134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 252 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 +(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 +(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 264 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 276 Q F1 +(fullquote)184 288 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 300 S +(ll readline to quote all the completed w).7 E(ords e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G +(re not \214lenames.)-2.5 E F1(noquote)184 312 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 312 S +.814(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 +F 3.314(ya)-.15 G .815(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F +(\214lenames is the def)224 324 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 336 Q F0 +-.7(Te)224 336 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\ +ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 348 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 348 S +.22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 +F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 360 Q F1 +(plusdirs)184 372 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 372 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 +(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F +.584(completion is attempted and an)224 384 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 396 +Q F1144 408 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 420 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 +(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 +432 Q F0(Alias names.)224 432 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 444 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 456 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 468 Q(Readline)224 468 Q F0 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 480 S(iltin) +.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 480 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 492 +Q F0(Command names.)224 504 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 516 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 528 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 540 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 552 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +564 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 564 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +576 Q F0(Names of e)224 576 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) -.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 -228 Q F0(File names.)224 228 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 240 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 252 -Q F1(gr)184 264 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 264 Q +588 Q F0(File names.)224 588 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 600 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 612 +Q F1(gr)184 624 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 624 Q (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 -276 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 288 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 300 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 312 -Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 324 Q F0 -(Job names, if job control is acti)224 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 336 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 348 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) --.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 -360 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 360 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 372 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 372 -Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 384 -Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 384 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 -E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 -(shopt)184 396 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 396 Q F1 -(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 408 Q F0 -(Signal names.)224 408 Q F1(stopped)184 420 Q F0 -(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 420 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(.).15 E F1(user)184 432 Q F0(User names.)224 432 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 444 S -(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 444 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 456 Q/F3 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 468 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 -(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5 -(completions. Ar)184 480 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F1 -2.5 E F0(option.)2.5 E F1144 492 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .114 -(The shell function)184 504 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 516 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1 -($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817 -(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 -(are being completed, the second ar)184 528 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 -($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 540 R .103 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w) --2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 552 R -.102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the) --.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 564 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1144 576 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 588 R -1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F -1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 600 Q -F1144 612 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 624 Q(e\214x)-.37 E -F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 -(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 636 Q F1144 648 Q F3(suf)2.5 E -<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 648 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 -(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 660 Q F3(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 672 Q F3(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 -(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 -(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .981 -(each resultant w)184 684 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell) --.15 F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F3(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 -E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F(pro)184 696 Q .765 -(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .766 -(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 -(va)184 708 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F2(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F0 1.964 -(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) -6.465 F(match the w)184 720 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(64)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +636 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 648 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 660 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 672 +Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 684 Q F0 +(Job names, if job control is acti)224 684 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 696 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 708 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(64)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 65 65 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat) -184 96 Q F0 .455(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956 -(xpansion. It)-.15 F .456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F -1.596(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 108 R -1.596(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 120 Q F2 -(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 -G .704(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!) -3.204 E F0(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 -G .705(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 132 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +SF(running)184 84 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 +84 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 96 Q(vice)-.1 E F0 +(Service names.)224 96 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0 +(.)A F1(setopt)184 108 Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 108 S(lid ar)1.11 E +(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(shopt)184 120 Q F0 +(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 120 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 132 Q F0(Signal names.)224 132 Q F1 +(stopped)184 144 Q F0(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 +144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(user)184 156 Q F0(User names.)224 156 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 168 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 168 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 180 Q/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 192 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5 +(completions. Ar)184 204 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F1 +2.5 E F0(option.)2.5 E F1144 216 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .114 +(The shell function)184 228 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 240 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817 +(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 252 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 264 R .103 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w) +-2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 276 R +.102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the) +-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 288 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 +E(ariable.)-.25 E F1144 300 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007 +(The pathname e)184 312 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 +E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-) +-.15 F(tions.)184 324 Q F1144 336 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) +184 348 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 +(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 360 Q F1144 372 Q F2(suf)2.5 E +<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 372 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 +(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 384 Q F2(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 396 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 +(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .981 +(each resultant w)184 408 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell) +-.15 F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F2(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 +E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F(pro)184 420 Q .765 +(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .766 +(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 +(va)184 432 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F3(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F0 1.964 +(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) +6.465 F(match the w)184 444 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1144 456 +Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 468 Q F0 .455 +(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F +.456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 480 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 492 Q F2(\214lterpat) +3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 +(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 +(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 504 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .461(The return v)144 148.8 R .461 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .461(The return v)144 520.8 R .461 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .46 (lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.96 E F0(,) A F12.96 E F0(,)A F12.96 E F0(,)A F12.96 E F0(,)A(or) -144 160.8 Q F12.985 E F0 .485(is supplied without a)2.985 F F2 +144 532.8 Q F12.985 E F0 .485(is supplied without a)2.985 F F2 (name)2.985 E F0(ar)2.986 E .486(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F .786 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H .486(ompletion speci\214ca-).15 F .164 -(tion for a)144 172.8 R F2(name)2.664 E F0 .164 +(tion for a)144 544.8 R F2(name)2.664 E F0 .164 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.664 F .164 (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214ca-)-.15 F -(tion.)144 184.8 Q F1(compopt)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 +(tion.)144 556.8 Q F1(compopt)108 573.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 (option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2 (option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447 -(Modify completion options for each)144 213.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447 +(Modify completion options for each)144 585.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447 (according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 .447 (s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 -(completion if no)144 225.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(completion if no)144 597.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 (re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 237.6 Q F2(name) +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 609.6 Q F2(name) 3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 249.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 621.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) 2.678 G .178(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he) -5.178 E F12.678 E F0 .178 (option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F -1.227(the `)144 261.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.227(the `)144 633.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.727 F 2.039(completion has pre)144 273.6 R 2.039 +no)-3.727 F 2.039(completion has pre)144 645.6 R 2.039 (viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F14.538 E F0 2.038 (option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.538 -(should apply to `)144 285.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.038('c)-.74 G 1.539 +(should apply to `)144 657.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.038('c)-.74 G 1.539 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.) --4.038 F(The)144 297.6 Q F13.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that ot\ +-4.038 F(The)144 669.6 Q F13.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that ot\ her supplied options should apply to completion on the initial non-)3.02 -F .867(assignment w)144 309.6 R .868 +F .867(assignment w)144 681.6 R .868 (ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F1(;)3.368 E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.368(,w)C .868(hich is usually com-) --3.368 F(mand name completion.)144 321.6 Q .432(The return v)144 345.6 R +-3.368 F(mand name completion.)144 693.6 Q .432(The return v)144 717.6 R .431(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F -(tions for a)144 357.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(tions for a)144 729.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 374.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .85(Resume the ne)144 386.4 R .85 -(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)3.35 G(r).25 E F0(,)A -F1(while)3.351 E F0(,)A F1(until)3.351 E F0 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F1 -(select)3.351 E F0 3.351(loop. If)3.351 F F2(n)3.711 E F0 .851 -(is speci\214ed, re-)3.591 F .204(sume at the)144 398.4 R F2(n)2.704 E -F0 .204(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.564 E F0 .204(must be)2.944 F/F3 10 -/Symbol SF2.704 E F0 2.703(1. If)2.704 F F2(n)3.063 E F0 .203 -(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.943 F 1.183 -(the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 410.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G(l').15 E 3.683('l)-.74 G 1.183(oop\) is resumed.)-3.683 F 1.184 -(The return v)6.184 F 1.184(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 -1.184(is not)3.684 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 422.4 Q F1(declar) -108 439.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 451.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 -2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 -2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 463.2 R 1.265 -(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F -3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265 -(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v) --3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 475.2 S 3.46(riables. The).25 -F F13.46 E F0 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96 -(utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.82 E F0 5.96(.W).18 -G(hen)-5.96 E F13.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 487.2 Q F2 -(name)2.775 E F0(ar)2.775 E .275 -(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F12.775 E F0(and) -2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .274(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When) -5.274 E F12.774 E F0 .274(is supplied)2.774 F(without)144 499.2 Q -F2(name)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289(guments, it will display the attrib) --.18 F 1.289(utes and v)-.2 F 1.29(alues of all v)-.25 F 1.29 -(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.29(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 511.2 Q .38 -(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F .38 -(If no other options are supplied with)5.38 F F12.88 E F0(,)A F1 -(declar)2.88 E(e)-.18 E F0(will)2.88 E 1.106(display the attrib)144 -523.2 R 1.106(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606 -(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.606 E F0 1.107 -(option will restrict the display to)3.606 F .3(shell functions.)144 -535.2 R(The)5.3 E F12.8 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display of \ -function de\214nitions; only the function name)2.8 F 1.54(and attrib)144 -547.2 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F F1(extdeb)4.04 E -(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F F1(shopt)4.04 E -F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648 -(name and line number where each)144 559.2 R F2(name)3.148 E F0 .648 -(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.148 F(The)5.648 E F13.148 E -F0 .648(option implies)3.148 F F1144 571.2 Q F0 5.836(.T)C(he) --5.836 E F13.336 E F0 .836(option forces v)3.336 F .837 -(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.337(nw).15 G(hen)-3.337 E F1(de-)3.337 E(clar)144 583.2 Q -(e)-.18 E F0 .819(is e)3.319 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .819 -(cuted in a shell function.).15 F .818 -(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.818 E F13.318 E -F0 .818(option causes local)3.318 F -.25(va)144 595.2 S .693 -(riables to inherit the attrib).25 F .693(utes \(e)-.2 F .693(xcept the) --.15 F F2(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .694(ute\) and v)-.2 -F .694(alue of an)-.25 F 3.194(ye)-.15 G .694(xisting v)-3.344 F -(ariable)-.25 E .82(with the same)144 607.2 R F2(name)3.32 E F0 .82 -(at a surrounding scope.)3.32 F .82(If there is no e)5.82 F .82 -(xisting v)-.15 F .82(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .82(ariable is)-.25 F -.379(initially unset.)144 619.2 R .379(The follo)5.379 F .379 -(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .38 -(ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 631.2 Q(ute or to gi) --.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1144 -643.2 Q F0(Each)180 643.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E -F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 655.2 Q F0(Each)180 -655.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 667.2 Q F0(Use function names only)180 -667.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 679.2 Q F0 .558(The v)180 679.2 R .558 -(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 691.2 Q F0(abo) -2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) --2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 703.2 Q -F0 .909(When the v)180 703.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 -(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 715.2 R -(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(65)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(65)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 66 66 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0(Gi)180 84 Q 1.62 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.82 E F0(the)3.82 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E -F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 -F(ariable.)-.25 E .477(That other v)180 96 R .478 -(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F .478(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)2.978 -E F0 5.478(.A)C .478(ll references, assignments, and at-)-5.478 F(trib) -180 108 Q .782(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)3.282 E F0 3.282(,e) -C .782(xcept those using or changing the)-3.432 F F13.281 E F0 -(attrib)3.281 E .781(ute itself, are)-.2 F .808(performed on the v)180 -120 R .808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55 -('s v)D 3.308(alue. The).3 F .809(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809 -(ute cannot be)-.2 F(applied to array v)180 132 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1 -144 144 Q F0(Mak)180 144 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)3.655 E F0 3.655(sr)C -(eadonly)-3.655 E 6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154 -(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F 1.154 -(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 156 Q -F1144 168 Q F0(Gi)180 168 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 -(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E -2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 -E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0 -(traps from the calling shell.)180 180 Q(The trace attrib)5 E -(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 192 -Q F0 .91(When the v)180 192 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 -(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 204 R(lo) -2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 -216 Q F0(Mark)180 216 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +SF(continue)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .85 +(Resume the ne)144 96 R .85(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25 +(fo)3.35 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)3.351 E F0(,)A F1(until)3.351 E F0 +3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F1(select)3.351 E F0 3.351(loop. If)3.351 F F2(n) +3.711 E F0 .851(is speci\214ed, re-)3.591 F .204(sume at the)144 108 R +F2(n)2.704 E F0 .204(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.564 E F0 .204(must be) +2.944 F/F3 10/Symbol SF2.704 E F0 2.703(1. If)2.704 F F2(n)3.063 E +F0 .203(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.943 F 1.183 +(the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 120 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(l').15 E 3.683('l)-.74 G 1.183(oop\) is resumed.)-3.683 F 1.184 +(The return v)6.184 F 1.184(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 +1.184(is not)3.684 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 132 Q F1(declar)108 +148.8 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..]) +-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5 +(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 +2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 172.8 R 1.265 +(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F +3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265 +(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v) +-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 184.8 S 3.46(riables. The).25 +F F13.46 E F0 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96 +(utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.82 E F0 5.96(.W).18 +G(hen)-5.96 E F13.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 196.8 Q F2 +(name)2.775 E F0(ar)2.775 E .275 +(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F12.775 E F0(and) +2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .274(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When) +5.274 E F12.774 E F0 .274(is supplied)2.774 F(without)144 208.8 Q +F2(name)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289(guments, it will display the attrib) +-.18 F 1.289(utes and v)-.2 F 1.29(alues of all v)-.25 F 1.29 +(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.29(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 220.8 Q .38 +(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F .38 +(If no other options are supplied with)5.38 F F12.88 E F0(,)A F1 +(declar)2.88 E(e)-.18 E F0(will)2.88 E 1.106(display the attrib)144 +232.8 R 1.106(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606 +(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.606 E F0 1.107 +(option will restrict the display to)3.606 F .3(shell functions.)144 +244.8 R(The)5.3 E F12.8 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display of \ +function de\214nitions; only the function name)2.8 F 1.54(and attrib)144 +256.8 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F F1(extdeb)4.04 E +(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F F1(shopt)4.04 E +F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648 +(name and line number where each)144 268.8 R F2(name)3.148 E F0 .648 +(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.148 F(The)5.648 E F13.148 E +F0 .648(option implies)3.148 F F1144 280.8 Q F0 5.836(.T)C(he) +-5.836 E F13.336 E F0 .836(option forces v)3.336 F .837 +(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.337(nw).15 G(hen)-3.337 E F1(de-)3.337 E(clar)144 292.8 Q +(e)-.18 E F0 .819(is e)3.319 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .819 +(cuted in a shell function.).15 F .818 +(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.818 E F13.318 E +F0 .818(option causes local)3.318 F -.25(va)144 304.8 S .693 +(riables to inherit the attrib).25 F .693(utes \(e)-.2 F .693(xcept the) +-.15 F F2(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .694(ute\) and v)-.2 +F .694(alue of an)-.25 F 3.194(ye)-.15 G .694(xisting v)-3.344 F +(ariable)-.25 E .82(with the same)144 316.8 R F2(name)3.32 E F0 .82 +(at a surrounding scope.)3.32 F .82(If there is no e)5.82 F .82 +(xisting v)-.15 F .82(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .82(ariable is)-.25 F +.379(initially unset.)144 328.8 R .379(The follo)5.379 F .379 +(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .38 +(ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 340.8 Q(ute or to gi) +-.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1144 +352.8 Q F0(Each)180 352.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E +F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 364.8 Q F0(Each)180 +364.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 376.8 Q F0(Use function names only)180 +376.8 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 388.8 Q F0 .558(The v)180 388.8 R .558 +(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 400.8 Q F0(abo) +2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) +-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 412.8 Q +F0 .909(When the v)180 412.8 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 +G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 424.8 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 436.8 +Q F0(Gi)180 436.8 Q 1.62 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.82 E F0 +(the)3.82 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E .477 +(That other v)180 448.8 R .478(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F .478 +(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)2.978 E F0 5.478(.A)C .478 +(ll references, assignments, and at-)-5.478 F(trib)180 460.8 Q .782 +(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)3.282 E F0 3.282(,e)C .782 +(xcept those using or changing the)-3.432 F F13.281 E F0(attrib) +3.281 E .781(ute itself, are)-.2 F .808(performed on the v)180 472.8 R +.808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D +3.308(alue. The).3 F .809(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809(ute cannot be)-.2 +F(applied to array v)180 484.8 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 496.8 Q F0 +(Mak)180 496.8 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)3.655 E F0 3.655(sr)C(eadonly)-3.655 E +6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F +1.154(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 +508.8 Q F1144 520.8 Q F0(Gi)180 520.8 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach) +.15 E F2(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib) +2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1 +(DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 532.8 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 +544.8 Q F0 .91(When the v)180 544.8 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 +F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 +F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 556.8 +R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1 +144 568.8 Q F0(Mark)180 568.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E (xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .143 -(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 232.8 R 2.643(ft)-.25 G .143 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 585.6 R 2.643(ft)-.25 G .143 (he attrib)-2.643 F .143(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .144 (xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.644 E F0(and)2.644 E F1(+A)2.644 E F0 -.144(may not)2.644 F .579(be used to destro)144 244.8 R 3.079(ya)-.1 G +.144(may not)2.644 F .579(be used to destro)144 597.6 R 3.079(ya)-.1 G .579(rray v)-3.079 F .579(ariables and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.079 E F0 .579 (will not remo)3.079 F .879 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .579(he readonly attrib).15 -F 3.079(ute. When)-.2 F .578(used in a)3.078 F(function,)144 256.8 Q F1 +F 3.079(ute. When)-.2 F .578(used in a)3.078 F(function,)144 609.6 Q F1 (declar)3.543 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.543 E F1(typeset)3.543 E F0(mak)3.543 E 3.543(ee)-.1 G(ach)-3.543 E F2(name)3.543 E F0 1.043 (local, as with the)3.543 F F1(local)3.544 E F0 1.044 (command, unless the)3.544 F F13.544 E F0 1.205 -(option is supplied.)144 268.8 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205 +(option is supplied.)144 621.6 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205 (ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.205(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.705 (,t)C 1.205(he v)-3.705 F 1.205(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.205 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)144 280.8 Q F0 5.217(.W)C .217 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)144 633.6 Q F0 5.217(.W)C .217 (hen using)-5.217 F F12.717 E F0(or)2.717 E F12.717 E F0 .217(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)2.717 F .218 -(ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 292.8 R .882 +(ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 645.6 R .882 (utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.382(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.382 G .882 (ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .882(The return v)5.882 F .882 -(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 304.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .365(lid optio\ +(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 657.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .365(lid optio\ n is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using).25 F -/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .366(\255f foo=bar)2.866 F F0 2.866(,a)C 2.866(na) --2.866 G(t-)-2.866 E .549(tempt is made to assign a v)144 316.8 R .549 +/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .366(\255f foo=bar)2.866 F F0 2.866(,a)C 2.866(na) +-2.866 G(t-)-2.866 E .549(tempt is made to assign a v)144 669.6 R .549 (alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .548 (ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .548(alue to an)-.25 F -1.748(array v)144 328.8 R 1.748 +1.748(array v)144 681.6 R 1.748 (ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)4.249 E F0(abo)4.249 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.749(\), one of the).15 F -F2(names)144 340.8 Q F0 .359(is not a v)2.859 F .359(alid shell v)-.25 F +F2(names)144 693.6 Q F0 .359(is not a v)2.859 F .359(alid shell v)-.25 F .359(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.859(fr)-.25 G -.359(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.212(only v)144 352.8 R 1.213 +.359(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.212(only v)144 705.6 R 1.213 (ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 3.713(fa)-.25 G 1.213 (rray status for an array v)-3.713 F 1.213(ariable, or an attempt is) --.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 364.8 Q(xistent function with)-.15 E -F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 381.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][) -C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 393.6 S .329 -(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) -.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 405.6 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 417.6 Q -F0 .928(command; the)3.428 F F1(popd)3.428 E F0 .928(command remo)3.428 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 -(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 429.6 S -(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1144 441.6 Q F0 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 441.6 Q -F1144 453.6 Q F0 .881 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 453.6 R .882 -(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -465.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 477.6 Q F0 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 477.6 Q F1 -144 489.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ -pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 489.6 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772 -(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 501.6 Q F1(+)144 513.6 Q F2(n)A F0 -1.564(Displays the)180 513.6 R F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1 -(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 525.6 Q F1144 537.6 Q F2 -(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 537.6 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F -F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 549.6 Q .257(The return v)144 -566.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 -(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 578.4 Q F1(diso)108 595.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 -(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 607.2 S .122 -(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) -4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H -2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .121(is not present, and)2.932 -F .096(neither the)144 619.2 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F -F12.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E -.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 -2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) -.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 631.2 Q F0 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.086(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F -.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .585 -(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 643.2 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 -(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 -3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 655.2 R F1 -3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F2(jobspec)5.599 E F0 -(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 667.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 -(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E -F1(echo)108 684 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 696 R F2(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 -(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308 -(error occurs.)144 708 R(If)5.308 E F12.808 E F0 .308 -(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 -F .307(If the)5.308 F F12.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.348(pretation of the follo)144 -720 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) -6.348 E F13.849 E F0 1.349(option disables the)3.849 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(66)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 717.6 Q(xistent function with)-.15 E +F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(66) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 67 67 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.055 -(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.554 -(ya)-.15 G 1.054(re interpreted by def)-3.554 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 96 Q -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(xpg_echo)3.458 E F0 .959 -(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.458 -F F1(echo)3.459 E F0 -.15(ex)3.459 G(pands).15 E .716 -(these escape characters by def)144 108 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.716 E F0 -.716(does not interpret)3.216 F F13.216 E F0 .715 -(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.715 E F0 -(interprets the follo)144 120 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 -132 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 132 Q F1(\\b)144 144 Q F0(backspace)180 144 -Q F1(\\c)144 156 Q F0(suppress further output)180 156 Q F1(\\e)144 168 Q -(\\E)144 180 Q F0(an escape character)180 180 Q F1(\\f)144 192 Q F0 -(form feed)180 192 Q F1(\\n)144 204 Q F0(ne)180 204 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine) --2.5 E F1(\\r)144 216 Q F0(carriage return)180 216 Q F1(\\t)144 228 Q F0 -(horizontal tab)180 228 Q F1(\\v)144 240 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 240 S -(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 252 Q F0(backslash)180 252 Q F1(\\0)144 -264 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v) -180 264 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 -(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 276 Q F2(HH)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 276 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E -(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 288 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 -1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 300 R 1.507 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F1 2.5(][)C +-2.5 E F2(n)A F1(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 96 S .329 +(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) +.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 108 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 120 Q +F0 .928(command; the)3.428 F F1(popd)3.428 E F0 .928(command remo)3.428 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 +(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 132 S +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1144 144 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 144 Q F1 +144 156 Q F0 .881 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 156 R .882 +(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 +168 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 180 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 180 Q F1 +144 192 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pr\ +e\214xing each entry with its inde)180 192 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772(nt) +-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 204 Q F1(+)144 216 Q F2(n)A F0 1.564 +(Displays the)180 216 R F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 228 Q F1144 240 Q F2(n)A +F0 1.194(Displays the)180 240 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F +F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 252 Q .257(The return v)144 +268.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) +.15 F(tory stack.)144 280.8 Q F1(diso)108 297.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 +(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 309.6 S .122 +(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) +4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H +2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .121(is not present, and)2.932 +F .096(neither the)144 321.6 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F +F12.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E +.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 +2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) +.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 333.6 Q F0 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.086(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F +.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .585 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 345.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 +(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 +3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 357.6 R F1 +3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F2(jobspec)5.599 E F0 +(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F +1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 369.6 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 +(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E +F1(echo)108 386.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 398.4 R F2(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308 +(error occurs.)144 410.4 R(If)5.308 E F12.808 E F0 .308 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 +F .307(If the)5.308 F F12.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E .197(pretation of the follo)144 +422.4 R .198(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +5.198 E F12.698 E F0 .198(option disables the in-)2.698 F .067 +(terpretation of these escape characters, e)144 434.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.567(no).15 G 2.567(ns)-2.567 G .067(ystems where the)-2.567 F 2.567 +(ya)-.15 G .067(re interpreted by def)-2.567 F 2.567(ault. The)-.1 F F1 +(xpg_echo)144 446.4 Q F0 .681 +(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.18 F +F1(echo)3.181 E F0 .681(interprets an)3.181 F(y)-.15 E .94 +(options and e)144 458.4 R .94(xpands these escape characters by def) +-.15 F(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.94 E F0 .94(does not interpret)3.44 F F1 +3.44 E F0 .94(to mean the)3.44 F(end of options.)144 470.4 Q F1 +(echo)5 E F0(interprets the follo)2.5 E(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1 +(\\a)144 482.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 482.4 Q F1(\\b)144 494.4 Q F0 +(backspace)180 494.4 Q F1(\\c)144 506.4 Q F0(suppress further output)180 +506.4 Q F1(\\e)144 518.4 Q(\\E)144 530.4 Q F0(an escape character)180 +530.4 Q F1(\\f)144 542.4 Q F0(form feed)180 542.4 Q F1(\\n)144 554.4 Q +F0(ne)180 554.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 566.4 Q F0 +(carriage return)180 566.4 Q F1(\\t)144 578.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 +578.4 Q F1(\\v)144 590.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 590.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F1 +(\\\\)144 602.4 Q F0(backslash)180 602.4 Q F1(\\0)144 614.4 Q F2(nnn)A +F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 614.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 +E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1 +(\\x)144 626.4 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 626.4 Q +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 +(\\u)144 638.4 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.506 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 650.4 R 1.507 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 312 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 324 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 336 R .547 +4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 662.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 674.4 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 686.4 R .547 (alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.047 E(HHH)180 348 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F1(enable)108 364.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 376.8 R -.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 -(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834 -(the same name as a shell b)144 388.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989 -(the shell normally searches for b)144 400.8 R .989 -(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .99 -(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F .649 -(abled; otherwise,)144 412.8 R F2(names)3.148 E F0 .648(are enabled.) -3.148 F -.15(Fo)5.648 G 3.148(re).15 G .648(xample, to use the)-3.298 F -F1(test)3.148 E F0 .648(binary found via the)3.148 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(TH)-.189 E F0(in-)2.898 E .538(stead of the shell b) -144 424.8 R .538(uiltin v)-.2 F .538(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 -SF .538(enable -n test)3.038 F F0 5.538(.T)C(he)-5.538 E F13.038 E -F0 .539(option means to load the ne)3.038 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 436.8 S -1.365(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.225 E F0 1.365(from shared object) -4.045 F F2(\214lename)5.775 E F0 3.865(,o).18 G 3.865(ns)-3.865 G 1.365 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-3.865 F .606(Bash will use the v) -144 448.8 R .606(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)3.106 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 -E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -.25(va)3.106 G .606 -(riable as a colon-separated list of).25 F .549 -(directories in which to search for)144 460.8 R F2(\214lename)3.049 E F0 -5.549(.T)C .549(he def)-5.549 F .548(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 F -(The)5.548 E F13.048 E F0 .548(option will)3.048 F .546 -(delete a b)144 472.8 R .546(uiltin pre)-.2 F .546(viously loaded with) --.25 F F13.046 E F0 5.547(.I)C 3.047(fn)-5.547 G(o)-3.047 E F2 -(name)3.047 E F0(ar)3.047 E .547(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.547(n, or if the).15 F F13.047 E F0 .547(option is)3.047 F .546 -(supplied, a list of shell b)144 484.8 R .545(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F --.4(Wi)5.545 G .545(th no other option ar).4 F .545 -(guments, the list consists of all)-.18 F .695(enabled shell b)144 496.8 -R 3.195(uiltins. If)-.2 F F13.195 E F0 .695 -(is supplied, only disabled b)3.195 F .695(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)5.695 E F13.195 E F0 .695(is supplied, the)3.195 F .262 -(list printed includes all b)144 508.8 R .261 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F -(If)5.261 E F12.761 E F0 .261(is sup-)2.761 F .268 -(plied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 520.8 R F2(special) -2.768 E F0 -.2(bu)2.768 G 2.768(iltins. If).2 F .269 -(no options are supplied and a)2.768 F F2(name)2.769 E F0 .285 -(is not a shell b)144 532.8 R(uiltin,)-.2 E F1(enable)2.784 E F0 .284 -(will attempt to load)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 .284 -(from a shared object named)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 2.784(,a)C 2.784 -(si)-2.784 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G(he)-2.784 E 1.41(command were)144 544.8 R -F4 1.41(enable \255f)3.91 F F2 1.41(name name)3.91 F F0 6.41(.T)3.91 G -1.41(he return v)-6.41 F 1.41(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F2(name)4.27 E -F0 1.41(is not a shell)4.09 F -.2(bu)144 556.8 S -(iltin or there is an error loading a ne).2 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G -(uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 573.6 T(l).15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 585.6 Q F2(ar)3.171 -E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 -(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 -(This command is then read)5.67 F .478(and e)144 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.478(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .478 -(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .479(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 -(ev a)2.979 H(l).15 E F0 5.479(.I)C 2.979(ft)-5.479 G .479(here are no) --2.979 F F2(ar)3.309 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 609.6 Q -(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 -(exec)108 626.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 638.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 -(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 -(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 650.4 R .176 -(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G -(he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 -(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 -(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 662.4 R .48(gument passed to) --.18 F F2(command)3.18 E F0 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F2(lo) -3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F12.98 E F0 -.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 674.4 Q F0 .638 -(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 -(vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 -(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) -3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 686.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 -1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 698.4 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F -.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 -(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 -F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 710.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 -(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 722.4 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0 --.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287 -(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak) --2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,) -.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(67)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +3.047 E(HHH)180 698.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(67) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 68 68 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(and the return status is 0.)144 84 Q(If there is a redirection error)5 -E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(exit) -108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .096 -(Cause the shell to e)144 100.8 R .096(xit with a status of)-.15 F F2(n) -2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095(is omitted, the e) -2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 -112.8 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E -F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E -F1(export)108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name) --2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 141.6 Q -F0 .256(The supplied)144 153.6 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(enable)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 96 R +.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 +(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834 +(the same name as a shell b)144 108 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 120 R .989 +(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .99 +(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F .649 +(abled; otherwise,)144 132 R F2(names)3.148 E F0 .648(are enabled.)3.148 +F -.15(Fo)5.648 G 3.148(re).15 G .648(xample, to use the)-3.298 F F1 +(test)3.148 E F0 .648(binary found via the)3.148 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +-.666(PA)3.148 G(TH)-.189 E F0(in-)2.898 E .538(stead of the shell b)144 +144 R .538(uiltin v)-.2 F .538(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +.538(enable -n test)3.038 F F0 5.538(.T)C(he)-5.538 E F13.038 E F0 +.539(option means to load the ne)3.038 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 156 S 1.365 +(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.225 E F0 1.365(from shared object)4.045 F +F2(\214lename)5.775 E F0 3.865(,o).18 G 3.865(ns)-3.865 G 1.365 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-3.865 F F1(Bash)144 168 Q F0 .52 +(will use the v)3.02 F .52(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)3.02 G(SH_LO).3 +E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -.25(va)3.02 G .52 +(riable as a colon-separated list of).25 F .549 +(directories in which to search for)144 180 R F2(\214lename)3.049 E F0 +5.549(.T)C .549(he def)-5.549 F .548(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 F +(The)5.548 E F13.048 E F0 .548(option will)3.048 F .546 +(delete a b)144 192 R .546(uiltin pre)-.2 F .546(viously loaded with) +-.25 F F13.046 E F0 5.547(.I)C 3.047(fn)-5.547 G(o)-3.047 E F2 +(name)3.047 E F0(ar)3.047 E .547(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.547(n, or if the).15 F F13.047 E F0 .547(option is)3.047 F .546 +(supplied, a list of shell b)144 204 R .545(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F +-.4(Wi)5.545 G .545(th no other option ar).4 F .545 +(guments, the list consists of all)-.18 F .695(enabled shell b)144 216 R +3.195(uiltins. If)-.2 F F13.195 E F0 .695 +(is supplied, only disabled b)3.195 F .695(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F +(If)5.695 E F13.195 E F0 .695(is supplied, the)3.195 F .262 +(list printed includes all b)144 228 R .261 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F +(If)5.261 E F12.761 E F0 .261(is sup-)2.761 F .268 +(plied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 240 R F2(special)2.768 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.768 G 2.768(iltins. If).2 F .269 +(no options are supplied and a)2.768 F F2(name)2.769 E F0 .285 +(is not a shell b)144 252 R(uiltin,)-.2 E F1(enable)2.784 E F0 .284 +(will attempt to load)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 .284 +(from a shared object named)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 2.784(,a)C 2.784 +(si)-2.784 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G(he)-2.784 E 1.41(command were)144 264 R +F4 1.41(enable \255f)3.91 F F2 1.41(name name)3.91 F F0 6.41(.T)3.91 G +1.41(he return v)-6.41 F 1.41(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F2(name)4.27 E +F0 1.41(is not a shell)4.09 F -.2(bu)144 276 S +(iltin or there is an error loading a ne).2 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G +(uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 292.8 T(l).15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 304.8 Q F2(ar)3.171 +E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 +(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 +(This command is then read)5.67 F .478(and e)144 316.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.478(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .478 +(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .479(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 +(ev a)2.979 H(l).15 E F0 5.479(.I)C 2.979(ft)-5.479 G .479(here are no) +-2.979 F F2(ar)3.309 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 328.8 Q +(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 +(exec)108 345.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 357.6 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 +(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 369.6 R .176 +(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G +(he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 +(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 381.6 R .48(gument passed to) +-.18 F F2(command)3.18 E F0 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F2(lo) +3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F12.98 E F0 +.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 393.6 Q F0 .638 +(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +(vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 405.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 +1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) +.15 F(non-interacti)144 417.6 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F +.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 +(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 +F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 429.6 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 +(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 441.6 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287 +(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak) +-2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,) +.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 453.6 Q +(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 470.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 470.4 R .096(xit with a status of) +-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 +(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 482.4 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 +E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E +F1(export)108 499.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name) +-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 511.2 Q +F0 .256(The supplied)144 523.2 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 (vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627 -(commands. If)144 165.6 R(the)2.627 E F12.627 E F0 .127 +(commands. If)144 535.2 R(the)2.627 E F12.627 E F0 .127 (option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1 -144 177.6 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F +144 547.2 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 -2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 189.6 S +2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 559.2 S 1.447(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 (rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G 1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 201.6 S .741(lue of the v) +-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 571.2 S .741(lue of the v) .25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 (export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 (xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) -.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 213.6 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 +.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 583.2 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 (is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 -(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 225.6 Q F1(false)108 242.4 Q F0 -(Does nothing, returns a non-zero status.)144 242.4 Q F1(fc)108 259.2 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 595.2 Q F1(false)108 612 Q F0 +(Does nothing, returns a non-zero status.)144 612 Q F1(fc)108 628.8 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5 (][)C F2<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1 -(fc \255s)108 271.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 +(fc \255s)108 640.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 -(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 283.2 R F2<8c72> +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 652.8 R F2<8c72> 4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 (from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 -295.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +664.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 307.2 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 +144 676.8 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071 -(is used as an of)144 319.2 R .071 +(is used as an of)144 688.8 R .071 (fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071(When listing, a) 5.071 F F2<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)2.571 E F2(last)2.571 E F0 .071 (of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25 G(-).25 E .653 -(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 331.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G .653 +(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 700.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .653 (lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F F1(fc)3.153 E F0 .653 -(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 343.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242 +(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 712.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242 (lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.742(lid. If).25 F F2(last)2.832 E F0 .242 (is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F -.092(ing \(so that)144 355.2 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .092(fc \255l \25510) -2.592 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.592 F F2<8c72> -4.503 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.593(otherwise. If)3.273 F F2<8c72>4.503 E(st)-.1 E -F0 .093(is not speci-)3.273 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 367.2 Q -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 391.2 -Q F12.522 E F0 .022 -(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E -F12.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 403.2 R .438(If the) -5.438 F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 -(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.335(the editor gi)144 415.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E -F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 -(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 -F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 427.2 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E -F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 -F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 -(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .006(ther v)144 439.2 R .006 -(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F .005 -(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)5.005 F -(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 451.2 Q .788(In the second form,)144 475.2 R F2 -(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 -(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789 -E(mand)144 487.2 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72> -2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171 -(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0 -2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 499.2 Q F4 7.165 -(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 -(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r) -3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F -(mand.)144 511.2 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 -535.2 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 -(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 547.2 -R .454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 -(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 -(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted or f).15 F .787 -(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 -(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -571.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 -(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 583.2 Q -(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 600 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 -612 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 -(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 -(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 -1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 624 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G .616 -(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 -(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 636 Q .363 -(ground, or f)-.15 F .363(ailure if run when job control is disabled or) --.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F -F2(jobspec)145.74 648 Q F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E -(as started without job control.)-.1 E F1(getopts)108 664.8 Q F2 -(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -F1(getopts)144 676.8 Q F0 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 -(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 688.8 R .149 -(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 700.8 Q .578 -(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 -(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 712.8 R .636 -(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) -3.136 E F0 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .635(xt op-)-.15 F 1.332 -(tion in the shell v)144 724.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)4.192 E F0 3.832 -(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.832 E F2(name)4.192 E F0 1.332 -(if it does not e)4.012 F 1.332(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.833(xo)-.15 -G 3.833(ft)-3.833 G 1.333(he ne)-3.833 F(xt)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(68)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +1.563(ing \(so that)144 724.8 R F4 1.563(fc \255l \25510)4.063 F F0 +1.563(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)4.063 F F2<8c72>5.974 E(st) +-.1 E F0 4.064(otherwise. If)4.744 F F2<8c72>5.974 E(st)-.1 E F0 1.564 +(is not)4.744 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(68) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 69 69 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(ar)144 84 Q .085 -(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F1 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(OPTIND) -4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 -(or a shell script is in)144 96 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 -(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument) --.18 E .804(into the v)144 108 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 -E F2(.)A F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F1(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 -.803(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 -(reset between multiple calls to)144 120 R F3(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 -(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F -2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 132 Q -2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 156 R F3(getopts)4.543 -E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F1(OPTIND)144 168 Q F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(speci\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 84 Q +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 108 Q +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.522 E F0 .022 +(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E +F12.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 120 R .438(If the)5.438 +F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E +.335(the editor gi)144 132 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335 +(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 +.334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 144 R .63 +(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G +.631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F3(EDIT)3.131 E +(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631(is not set.)2.881 F +.631(If nei-)5.631 F .006(ther v)144 156 R .006(ariable is set,)-.25 F +F2(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F .005 +(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)5.005 F +(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 168 Q .788(In the second form,)144 192 R F2 +(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 +(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789 +E(mand)144 204 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72> +2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .171 +(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0 2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E +(typing)144 216 Q F4 7.165(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165 +(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 +E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r)3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F(mand.)144 228 Q .142 +(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 252 R .142 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 264 R +.454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 +(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted or f).15 F .787 +(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F +.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 +(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 +288 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 +(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 300 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E +(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 316.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) +144 328.8 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 +(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 +(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 +1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 340.8 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G +.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 352.8 Q +.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 +(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 364.8 Q +F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 +(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E +F1(getopts)108 381.6 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 393.6 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 +(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 405.6 R .149 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 417.6 Q .578 +(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 +(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636 +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 429.6 R .636 +(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) +3.136 E F0 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .635(xt op-)-.15 F .029 +(tion in the shell v)144 441.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.889 E F0 2.529 +(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.529 E F2(name)2.889 E F0 .029(if it does not e) +2.709 F .03(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 2.53(xo)-.15 G 2.53(ft)-2.53 G .03 +(he ne)-2.53 F .03(xt ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .066 +(ment to be processed into the v)144 453.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTIND) +2.566 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)4.566 E F0 .065 +(is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a)2.315 F .885 +(shell script is in)144 465.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. When) +.1 F .885(an option requires an ar)3.385 F(gument,)-.18 E F1(getopts) +3.385 E F0 .885(places that ar)3.385 F .885(gument into)-.18 F .567 +(the v)144 477.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.067 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0 +.566(The shell does not reset)5.067 F F3(OPTIND)3.066 E F0 .566 +(automatically; it must be manually reset)2.816 F .389 +(between multiple calls to)144 489.6 R F1(getopts)2.889 E F0 .389 +(within the same shell in)2.889 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .39(cation if a ne).2 F +2.89(ws)-.25 G .39(et of parameters is to)-2.89 F(be used.)144 501.6 Q +2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 525.6 R F1(getopts) +4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 537.6 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G -(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(name)2.5 E F0(is set to ?.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 192 Q F0 .485 +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 561.6 Q F0 .485 (normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485 -(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F4(ar)3.315 E -(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 204 Q F3(getopts)2.5 E F0 -(parses those instead.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 228 Q F0 .345 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F2(ar)3.315 E +(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 573.6 Q F1(getopts)2.5 E +F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 597.6 Q F0 .345 (can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F -.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F4(optstring)3.075 E F0 .345 -(is a colon,)3.065 F F4(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.668 -(porting is used.)144 240 R 1.668 +.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F2(optstring)3.075 E F0 .345 +(is a colon,)3.065 F F2(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.668 +(porting is used.)144 609.6 R 1.668 (In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.668 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.669(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 252 -R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) --.25 E F1(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F -(will be displayed, e)144 264 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 -G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F4(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.) -2.72 E .666(If an in)144 288 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,) -.25 F F3(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F4(name)3.527 E -F0 .667(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4 -(and unsets)144 300 R F1(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F2(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F3 -(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 -(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F1(OPT)2.899 -E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 -312 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 336 R 1.241(gument is not found, and) --.18 F F3(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \() -3.741 F F3(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242 -(laced in)-3.742 F F4(name)144.36 348 Q F0(,).18 E F1(OPT)2.714 E(ARG) --.81 E F0 .213(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F -(If)5.213 E F3(getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713 -F F3(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 360 Q F4(name)2.86 E F0(and) -2.68 E F1(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.) -2.25 E F3(getopts)144 384 Q F0 .902 -(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) -3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 396 Q F3(hash)108 412.8 -Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F4(\214lename)2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F3(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F4(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 -(Each time)144 424.8 R F3(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 -G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F4(name) -3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 436.8 R F3($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 448.8 -R F32.743 E F0 .243 -(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F4 -(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F .276 -(of the command.)144 460.8 R(The)5.276 E F32.776 E F0 .276 -(option causes the shell to for)2.776 F .276 -(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F .276(Assigning to)5.276 F(the)144 -472.8 Q F3 -.74(PA)3.245 G(TH)-.21 E F0 -.25(va)3.245 G .745 -(riable also clears all hashed \214lenames.).25 F(The)5.745 E F3 -3.245 E F0 .745(option causes the shell to for)3.245 F .745(get the)-.18 -F .526(remembered location of each)144 484.8 R F4(name)3.027 E F0 5.527 -(.I)C 3.027(ft)-5.527 G(he)-3.027 E F33.027 E F0 .527 -(option is supplied, the full pathname to which each)3.027 F F4(name)144 -496.8 Q F0 .073(corresponds is printed.)2.573 F .073(If multiple)5.073 F -F4(name)2.573 E F0(ar)2.573 E .073(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F3 -2.572 E F0 2.572(,t)C(he)-2.572 E F4(name)2.572 E F0 .072 -(is printed)2.572 F .135(before the hashed full pathname.)144 508.8 R -(The)5.135 E F32.635 E F0 .135 -(option causes output to be displayed in a format that may)2.635 F .3 -(be reused as input.)144 520.8 R .3(If no ar)5.3 F .3(guments are gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .3(n, or if only).15 F F32.8 E F0 .3 -(is supplied, information about remem-)2.8 F .465 -(bered commands is printed.)144 532.8 R .465 -(The return status is true unless a)5.465 F F4(name)3.326 E F0 .466 -(is not found or an in)3.146 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466(lid op-).25 F -(tion is supplied.)144 544.8 Q F3(help)108 561.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3 -(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F4(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867 -(Display helpful information about b)144 573.6 R .867(uiltin commands.) --.2 F(If)5.867 E F4(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F3 -(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 -E .223(help on all commands matching)144 585.6 R F4(pattern)3.973 E F0 -2.723(;o).24 G .223(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .224 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 597.6 Q F3 -144 609.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 609.6 Q F4 -(pattern)2.5 E F3144 621.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) -180 621.6 Q F4(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G -(ormat)-2.5 E F3144 633.6 Q F0 -(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 633.6 Q F4(pattern)2.5 -E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 650.4 Q F4 -(pattern)3.75 E F0(.).24 E F3(history [)108 667.2 Q F4(n)A F3(])A -(history \255c)108 679.2 Q(history \255d)108 691.2 Q F4(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F3(history \255d)108 703.2 Q F4(start)2.5 E F0(-)A F4(end)A F0 -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(69)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.669(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 +621.6 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F +(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 +(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 633.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E +F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 657.6 R +-.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667 +(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .667 +(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4(and unsets)144 +669.6 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899 E +F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3 +(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F +(diagnostic message is printed.)144 681.6 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 +705.6 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 +1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742 +(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F F2(name)144.36 +717.6 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.714 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .213 +(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F(If)5.213 E F1 +(getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713 F F1(:).833 E +F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 729.6 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3 +(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(69)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 70 70 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(history \255anrw)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(\214lename)A F0(])A F1(history \255p)108 96 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 -([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 108 -Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A --.4(Wi)144 120 S .752 +SF(getopts)144 84 Q F0 .902 +(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) +3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 96 Q F1(hash)108 112.8 Q +F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name) +-2.5 E F0(])A .858(Each time)144 124.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in) +3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858 +(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name)3.718 E F0 .858 +(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956(the directories in)144 136.8 R +F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An) +5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 148.8 +R F12.743 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F2 +(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F .276 +(of the command.)144 160.8 R(The)5.276 E F12.776 E F0 .276 +(option causes the shell to for)2.776 F .276 +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F .276(Assigning to)5.276 F(the)144 +172.8 Q F1 -.74(PA)3.245 G(TH)-.21 E F0 -.25(va)3.245 G .745 +(riable also clears all hashed \214lenames.).25 F(The)5.745 E F1 +3.245 E F0 .745(option causes the shell to for)3.245 F .745(get the)-.18 +F .526(remembered location of each)144 184.8 R F2(name)3.027 E F0 5.527 +(.I)C 3.027(ft)-5.527 G(he)-3.027 E F13.027 E F0 .527 +(option is supplied, the full pathname to which each)3.027 F F2(name)144 +196.8 Q F0 .073(corresponds is printed.)2.573 F .073(If multiple)5.073 F +F2(name)2.573 E F0(ar)2.573 E .073(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F1 +2.572 E F0 2.572(,t)C(he)-2.572 E F2(name)2.572 E F0 .072 +(is printed)2.572 F .135(before the hashed full pathname.)144 208.8 R +(The)5.135 E F12.635 E F0 .135 +(option causes output to be displayed in a format that may)2.635 F .3 +(be reused as input.)144 220.8 R .3(If no ar)5.3 F .3(guments are gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .3(n, or if only).15 F F12.8 E F0 .3 +(is supplied, information about remem-)2.8 F .465 +(bered commands is printed.)144 232.8 R .465 +(The return status is true unless a)5.465 F F2(name)3.326 E F0 .466 +(is not found or an in)3.146 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466(lid op-).25 F +(tion is supplied.)144 244.8 Q F1(help)108 261.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867 +(Display helpful information about b)144 273.6 R .867(uiltin commands.) +-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1 +(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 +E .223(help on all commands matching)144 285.6 R F2(pattern)3.973 E F0 +2.723(;o).24 G .223(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .224 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 297.6 Q F1 +144 309.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 309.6 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1144 321.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +180 321.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G +(ormat)-2.5 E F1144 333.6 Q F0 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 333.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 +E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 350.4 Q F2 +(pattern)3.75 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 367.2 Q F2(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 379.2 Q(history \255d)108 391.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255d)108 403.2 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0(-)A F2(end)A F1 +(history \255anrw)108 415.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 +(history \255p)108 427.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 439.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 +451.2 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F .752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 132 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 463.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 (lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.881 E(MA)144 144 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.881 E(MA)144 475.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 (is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 (strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 -(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 156 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 487.2 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 168 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +(time stamp and the history line.)144 499.2 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -(not, the v)144 180 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25 -E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 192 Q F0 -(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 192 Q F1 -144 204 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389 -(Delete the history entry at position)180 216 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 -E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne)2.889 -F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.89(,i).15 G 2.89(ti)-2.89 G -2.89(si)-2.89 G .39(nterpreted as relati)-2.89 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599 -(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 228 R -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .598 -(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 240 Q 2.5(,a) +.251(not, the v)144 511.2 R .251(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)2.751 E F0 +.251(is used.)2.501 F(If)5.251 E F2(\214lename)2.751 E F0 .251 +(is not supplied and)2.751 F F3(HISTFILE)2.751 E F0 .251 +(is unset or null, the)2.501 F F1(\255a, \255n, \255r)144 523.2 Q(,)-.92 +E F0(and)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5 +(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. Options,).25 F(if supplied, ha)2.5 E +.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 +535.2 Q F0(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 535.2 +Q F1144 547.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39 +(Delete the history entry at position)180 559.2 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset) +-.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne) +2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti) +-2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G .598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 +571.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 583.2 Q 2.5(,a) -.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -144 252 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F0 1.25 -(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 264 R F2 +144 595.2 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F0 1.25 +(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 607.2 R F2 (start)3.75 E F0(and)3.75 E F2(end)3.75 E F0 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E --.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 276 -Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F2(start) -2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 -E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1144 288 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 288 -R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.065('h)-.74 G .564 -(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.065 F .564 -(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 300 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 +619.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F2 +(start)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0 +(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 +144 631.2 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 631.2 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064 +('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 +(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 643.2 Q (ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E -(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 312 Q -F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ - into the current history list.)180 312 R .773 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 324 R -.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E -(sion.)180 336 Q F1144 348 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ -\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 348 Q F1 -144 360 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 -360 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G -(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 372 Q F0 .625 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 372 R(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) -3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F -2.975(output. Does)180 384 R .475 +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 655.2 +Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\ +le into the current history list.)180 655.2 R .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 667.2 R +.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E +(sion.)180 679.2 Q F1144 691.2 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ +ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 691.2 Q F1 +144 703.2 Q F0 +(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 703.2 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 715.2 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 715.2 R(wing)-.25 E F2 +(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard) +3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 727.2 R .475 (not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) -2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 396 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 408 Q F0 .362 -(Store the)180 408 R F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 -(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 420 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 436.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) --.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 -(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 448.8 R .669 -(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669 -(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 460.8 R .956 -(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955 -(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .832 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 472.8 R .832 -(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.833(.T)-.65 G .833(he return v)-5.833 F -.833(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 484.8 S .168(lid option\ - is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \ -\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.668 E(f-)-.18 E(set) -144 496.8 Q F0 .34(or range is supplied as an ar)2.84 F .34(gument to) --.18 F F12.841 E F0 2.841(,o)C 2.841(rt)-2.841 G .341 -(he history e)-2.841 F .341(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .341 -(gument to)-.18 F F1144 508.8 Q F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs) -108 525.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ]) -2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 537.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E -(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 549.6 Q .3 --.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 561.6 Q F0 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 561.6 Q F1 -144 573.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 573.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 585.6 Q F1 -144 597.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 597.6 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 609.6 Q F0 -(Display only running jobs.)180 609.6 Q F1144 621.6 Q F0 -(Display only stopped jobs.)180 621.6 Q(If)144 638.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 -E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 -(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) --.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 650.4 Q -.25 -(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 667.2 R F1 -2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 -.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) -3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 679.2 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) -2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 -E F1(kill)108 696 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 -2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F12.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(70)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F(GNU Bash 5.3) +72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(70)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 71 71 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(kill \255l)108 84 Q F0(|)A F1A F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .017 -(Send the signal named by)144 96 R F2(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E F2 -(signum)2.857 E F0 .017(to the processes named by)2.837 F F2(pid)3.767 E -F0(or)3.287 E F2(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is) -2.828 E .319(either a case-insensiti)144 108 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.319(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 -.318(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 120 Q F2(signum)3.267 E F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(normal history e) +180 84 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 96 Q F0 .363 +(Store the)180 96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 108 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 124.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 +(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 136.8 R .669 +(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 148.8 R .956 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .833 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 160.8 R .833 +(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.832(.T)-.65 G .832(he return v)-5.832 F +.832(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 172.8 S .168(lid option\ + is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \ +\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.669 E(f-)-.18 E(set) +144 184.8 Q F0 .341(or range is supplied as an ar)2.841 F .341 +(gument to)-.18 F F12.841 E F0 2.841(,o)C 2.84(rt)-2.841 G .34 +(he history e)-2.84 F .34(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .34 +(gument to)-.18 F F1144 196.8 Q F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs) +108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ]) +2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 225.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E +(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 237.6 Q .3 +-.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 249.6 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 249.6 Q F1 +144 261.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) +180 261.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 +F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 273.6 Q F1 +144 285.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 285.6 Q 2.5(sp) +-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 297.6 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)180 297.6 Q F1144 309.6 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 309.6 Q(If)144 326.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554 +E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) +-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 338.4 Q -.25 +(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 355.2 R F1 +2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 +.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) +3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395 +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 367.2 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) +2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 +E F1(kill)108 384 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 +2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F12.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 +(kill \255l)108 396 Q F0(|)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 +E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .017(Send the signal named by) +144 408 R F2(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E F2(signum)2.857 E F0 .017 +(to the processes named by)2.837 F F2(pid)3.767 E F0(or)3.287 E F2 +(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)2.827 E .318 +(either a case-insensiti)144 420 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318 +(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319 +(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 432 Q F2(signum)3.268 E F0 .427(is a signal number)3.247 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F2(sigspec) 3.267 E F0 .427(is not present, then)3.237 F F3(SIGTERM)2.927 E F0 .427 -(is assumed.)2.677 F .428(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .314(gument of)144 132 R -F12.814 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)5.314 +(is assumed.)2.677 F .427(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .313(gument of)144 444 R +F12.813 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)5.314 F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F -F12.814 E F0 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 -(n, the names of).15 F .119(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 144 -R .119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.12 E -F2 -.2(ex)2.62 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.62 E(-)-.2 E .8(gument to)144 -156 R F13.3 E F0 .8 -(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.3 F .799 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 168 R +F12.814 E F0 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(n, the names of).15 F .12(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 456 R +.119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.119 E +F2 -.2(ex)2.619 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.619 E(-)-.2 E .799(gument to) +144 468 R F13.299 E F0 .799 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.299 F .8 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 480 R (The)5.962 E F13.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F13.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 (returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E -(successfully sent, or f)144 180 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 -E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 196.8 Q F2 +(successfully sent, or f)144 492 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 +E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 508.8 Q F2 (ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 -208.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197 -(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196 -(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) -2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 220.8 Q F2(ar) +520.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197 +(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197 +(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) +2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 532.8 Q F2(ar) 2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 -(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 549.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 249.6 S 2.541(re).15 G .041(ach ar) --2.541 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F2 +(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 561.6 S 2.542(re).15 G .042(ach ar) +-2.542 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F2 (name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F2(value)2.832 E -F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F2(option)2.542 E F0 .042(can be)2.542 F -(an)144 261.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653 -(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) -C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652 +F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F2(option)2.542 E F0 .041(can be)2.541 F +(an)144 573.6 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652 +(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) +C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -273.6 Q F2(name)3.281 E F0 .421(to ha)3.101 F .721 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H +585.6 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -(If)5.422 E F2(name)2.922 E F0 .422(is \255, the set)2.922 F .51 -(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 285.6 R F1 -(local)3.009 E F0 .509(is in)3.009 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .509 -(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.281(ing the)144 297.6 R F1(set) -3.781 E F0 -.2(bu)3.781 G 1.281 +(If)5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F .509 +(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 597.6 R F1 +(local)3.01 E F0 .51(is in)3.01 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .51 +(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.282(ing the)144 609.6 R F1(set) +3.782 E F0 -.2(bu)3.782 G 1.281 (iltin inside the function after the call to).2 F F1(local)3.781 E F0 -1.282(are restored to their original v)3.781 F(alues)-.25 E .278 -(when the function returns.)144 309.6 R .278(The restore is ef)5.278 F -.278(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F1(set)2.777 E F0 .277 -(commands were e)2.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .277(cuted to).15 F .69 -(restore the v)144 321.6 R .69 +1.281(are restored to their original v)3.781 F(alues)-.25 E .277 +(when the function returns.)144 621.6 R .277(The restore is ef)5.277 F +.278(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F1(set)2.778 E F0 .278 +(commands were e)2.778 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .278(cuted to).15 F .69 +(restore the v)144 633.6 R .69 (alues that were in place before the function.)-.25 F -.4(Wi)5.69 G .69 (th no operands,).4 F F1(local)3.19 E F0 .69(writes a list of)3.19 F -.567(local v)144 333.6 R .566(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F +.566(local v)144 645.6 R .566(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F .566(It is an error to use)5.566 F F1(local)3.066 E F0 .566 -(when not within a function.)3.066 F(The)5.566 E .425 -(return status is 0 unless)144 345.6 R F1(local)2.925 E F0 .425 +(when not within a function.)3.066 F(The)5.567 E .426 +(return status is 0 unless)144 657.6 R F1(local)2.926 E F0 .425 (is used outside a function, an in)2.925 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2 -(name)3.285 E F0 .426(is supplied, or)3.105 F F2(name)2.926 E F0 .426 -(is a)2.926 F(readonly v)144 357.6 Q(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108 374.4 -Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 374.4 Q F1(map\214le)108 391.2 Q F0([)2.5 E +(name)3.285 E F0 .425(is supplied, or)3.105 F F2(name)2.925 E F0 .425 +(is a)2.925 F(readonly v)144 669.6 Q(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108 686.4 +Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 686.4 Q F1(map\214le)108 703.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][) C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(])A F1 -.18(re)108 403.2 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim) -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 -E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .159 -(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 415.2 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.989 E -(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.658(rf)-2.659 G .158 -(rom \214le descriptor)-2.658 F F2(fd)4.628 E F0 1.248(if the)144 427.2 -R F13.748 E F0 1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 -F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 -E F2(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,) --6.249 F(ha)144 439.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 451.2 Q F0 .911 -(The \214rst character of)180 451.2 R F2(delim)3.411 E F0 .911 -(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.411 F 3.41 -(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 463.2 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 -(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) -2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 475.2 Q F0(Cop)180 475.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 -(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count) -2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 487.2 Q F0(Be)180 -487.2 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 -E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.73 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E -2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 499.2 Q F0 -(Discard the \214rst)180 499.2 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 -144 511.2 Q F0(Remo)180 511.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 -E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E -(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 523.2 Q F0 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 523.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 535.2 Q F0(Ev)180 -535.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 -(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F1144 547.2 -Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 547.2 Q -F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 564 Q F12.967 E F0 .467 -(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 -(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 -(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 576 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G -2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\ -ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 -(as additional ar)144 588 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E -F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 -(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 600 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 616.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 -(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 633.6 Q F0 .797 -(returns successfully unless an in)3.298 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797 -(lid option or option ar).25 F .797(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) -3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F0 .797(is in-)3.297 F -.25(va)144 645.6 S -(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(popd)108 662.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 674.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.091 -(se).15 G .591(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.091 F .592 -(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .665 -(directory listed by)144 686.4 R F1(dirs)3.165 E F0 5.665(.W)C .665 -(ith no ar)-6.065 F(guments,)-.18 E F1(popd)3.165 E F0(remo)3.165 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .664(he top directory from the stack, and) --3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 698.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E -5(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 -H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 710.4 Q F0 .551 -(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 710.4 R .551 -(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(71)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(])A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(71)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 72 72 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(+)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(Remo)180 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 -G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 .14 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F F1 -(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .779 -(from the stack.)180 96 R -.15(Fo)5.779 G 3.279(re).15 G(xample:)-3.429 -E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .779(popd +0)3.279 F F0(remo)3.279 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.279(st).15 G .779(he \214rst directory)-3.279 F(,)-.65 E F3 .78 -(popd +1)3.28 F F0 .78(the sec-)3.28 F(ond.)180 108 Q F1144 120 Q F2 -(n)A F0(Remo)180 120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 -E F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259 -(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F -2.5(zero. F)180 132 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0 -(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 -E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .093 +SF -.18(re)108 84 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1A/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][) +C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(])A .158(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 96 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr) +2.989 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.659(rf)-2.659 G .159 +(rom \214le descriptor)-2.659 F F2(fd)4.629 E F0 1.249(if the)144 108 R +F13.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F +(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249 +(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C +1.248(ptions, if supplied,)-6.248 F(ha)144 120 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 132 Q F0 .91 +(The \214rst character of)180 132 R F2(delim)3.41 E F0 .911 +(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 144 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 156 Q F0(Cop)180 156 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm) +-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E +F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 168 Q F0(Be)180 168 Q +(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) +-.15 E F2(origin)2.73 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5 +(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 180 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)180 180 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 +144 192 Q F0(Remo)180 192 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 E F2 +(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E(wline\) from each line read.) +-.25 E F1144 204 Q F0(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 204 Q +F2(fd)2.5 E F0(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 216 Q F0 +(Ev)180 216 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E +F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F1144 228 Q +F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 228 Q F2 +(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 244.8 Q F12.968 E F0 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 +(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 256.8 R 2.761(xo)-.15 +G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ +igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 +(as additional ar)144 268.8 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E +F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 280.8 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 297.6 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 314.4 Q F0 .797 +(returns successfully unless an in)3.297 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797 +(lid option or option ar).25 F .797(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) +3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F0 .798(is in-)3.298 F -.25(va)144 326.4 S +(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E +F1(popd)108 343.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 355.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.092 +(se).15 G .592(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.092 F .591 +(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .664 +(directory listed by)144 367.2 R F1(dirs)3.164 E F0 5.664(.W)C .664 +(ith no ar)-6.064 F(guments,)-.18 E F1(popd)3.165 E F0(remo)3.165 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .665(he top directory from the stack, and) +-3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 379.2 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E +5(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 +H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 391.2 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 391.2 R .551 +(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 403.2 Q F1(+)144 415.2 Q F2(n)A +F0(Remo)180 415.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E +F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .78 +(from the stack.)180 427.2 R -.15(Fo)5.78 G 3.28(re).15 G(xample:)-3.43 +E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .779(popd +0)3.279 F F0(remo)3.279 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.279(st).15 G .779(he \214rst directory)-3.279 F(,)-.65 E F4 .779 +(popd +1)3.279 F F0 .779(the sec-)3.279 F(ond.)180 439.2 Q F1144 +451.2 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo)180 451.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he) +-3.759 E F2(n)3.759 E F0 1.259 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180 +463.2 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F4(popd -1)2.5 +E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .094 (If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the)144 -148.8 R F2(-n)2.593 E F0 .094(option w)2.594 F .094(as not supplied,)-.1 -F F1(popd)2.594 E F0(uses)2.594 E(the)144 160.8 Q F1(cd)2.697 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.697 G .196 -(iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .196 -(If the)5.196 F F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.1(fa)2.696 G(ils,).1 E F1(popd)2.696 -E F0 .196(returns a non-)2.696 F(zero v)144 172.8 Q(alue.)-.25 E -(Otherwise,)144 189.6 Q F1(popd)2.67 E F0 .17(returns f)2.67 F .17 +480 R F2(-n)2.593 E F0 .093(option w)2.593 F .093(as not supplied,)-.1 F +F1(popd)2.593 E F0(uses)2.593 E(the)144 492 Q F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.696 G .196(iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.) +.2 F .196(If the)5.196 F F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.1(fa)2.696 G(ils,).1 E F1 +(popd)2.697 E F0 .197(returns a non-)2.697 F(zero v)144 504 Q(alue.)-.25 +E(Otherwise,)144 520.8 Q F1(popd)2.671 E F0 .171(returns f)2.671 F .171 (alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .171 -(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.671(,o) --.65 G 2.671(ra)-2.671 G(non-e)144 201.6 Q -(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.556(If the)144 -218.4 R F1(popd)4.056 E F0 1.556(command is successful, bash runs)4.056 -F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.055(wt)-.25 G 1.555 -(he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.055 F -(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 230.4 Q F1(printf)108 247.2 Q F0 +(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.67(,o) +-.65 G 2.67(ra)-2.67 G(non-e)144 532.8 Q +(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.555(If the)144 +549.6 R F1(popd)4.055 E F0 1.555(command is successful, bash runs)4.055 +F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.056(wt)-.25 G 1.556 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.056 F +(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 561.6 Q F1(printf)108 578.4 Q F0 ([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar) -A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .357(Write the formatted)144 259.2 R F2(ar)2.857 -E(guments)-.37 E F0 .357 -(to the standard output under the control of the)2.857 F F2(format)2.858 -E F0 5.358(.T)C(he)-5.358 E F12.858 E F0(op-)2.858 E .714 -(tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 271.2 R(ariable)-.25 +A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .358(Write the formatted)144 590.4 R F2(ar)2.858 +E(guments)-.37 E F0 .358 +(to the standard output under the control of the)2.858 F F2(format)2.857 +E F0 5.357(.T)C(he)-5.357 E F12.857 E F0(op-)2.857 E .714 +(tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 602.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(var)3.214 E F0 .714(rather than being printed to the standard)3.214 -F(output.)144 283.2 Q(The)144 307.2 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(is a ch\ +F(output.)144 614.4 Q(The)144 638.4 Q F2(format)3.018 E F0 .517(is a ch\ aracter string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,\ - which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, character esc\ -ape sequences, which are con)144 319.2 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 + which are)3.018 F .704(simply copied to standard output, character esc\ +ape sequences, which are con)144 650.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704 (rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ -\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 331.2 R .037 -(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 343.2 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 -5.028(.I)C 2.528(na)-5.028 G .027(ddition to the standard)-2.528 F F2 +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 662.4 R .036 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 674.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +5.027(.I)C 2.527(na)-5.027 G .027(ddition to the standard)-2.527 F F2 (printf)2.527 E F0 .027(\(3\) format characters)B F1(csndiouxXeEfFgGaA) -2.527 E F0(,)A F1(printf)2.527 E F0(in-)2.527 E(terprets the follo)144 -355.2 Q(wing additional format speci\214ers:)-.25 E F1(%b)144 367.2 Q F0 -(causes)180 367.2 Q F1(printf)2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096 +2.528 E F0(,)A F1(printf)2.528 E F0(in-)2.528 E(terprets the follo)144 +686.4 Q(wing additional format speci\214ers:)-.25 E F1(%b)144 698.4 Q F0 +(causes)180 698.4 Q F1(printf)2.596 E F0 .096(to e)2.596 F .096 (xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) -2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 379.2 Q(ay as) --.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 391.2 Q F0(causes)180 391.2 Q -F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E -(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F -(input.)180 403.2 Q F1(%q)5.543 E F0(and)3.043 E F1(%Q)3.043 E F0 .544 -(use the)3.043 F F1<240808>3.044 E F0 .544(quoting style if an)3.044 F -3.044(yc)-.15 G .544(haracters in the ar)-3.044 F .544 -(gument string re-)-.18 F 1.286 -(quire it, and backslash quoting otherwise.)180 415.2 R 1.285 -(If the format string uses the)6.285 F F2(printf)3.785 E F0(alternate) -3.785 E(form, these tw)180 427.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G(ormats quote the ar)-2.5 -E(gument string using single quotes.)-.18 E F1(%Q)144 439.2 Q F0(lik)180 -439.2 Q(e)-.1 E F1(%q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 -G(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F0 -(before quoting it.)2.5 E F1(%\()144 451.2 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0 -(causes)180 463.2 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 -(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt) -4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 475.2 R F2 -(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) -2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 -(ger representing the number)-.15 F .292(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -487.2 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F -.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .694 -(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 499.2 R -.693(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar) -3.193 F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 511.2 R -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 -G 2.71<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.71(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F -F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 523.2 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .946(The %b, %\ -q, and %T format speci\214ers all use the \214eld width and precision a\ -r)144 540 R .945(guments from the)-.18 F .338 -(format speci\214cation and write that man)144 552 R 2.838(yb)-.15 G -.338(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.838 F .339 -(xpanded ar)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(gument, which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 -564 Q(The %n format speci\214er accepts a corresponding ar)144 580.8 Q -(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .394 -(The %s and %c format speci\214ers accept an l \(long\) modi\214er)144 -597.6 R 2.893(,w)-.4 G .393(hich forces them to con)-2.893 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .393(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .32 -(gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 609.6 R 2.821 -(ys)-.15 G .321(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F -(of characters, not bytes.)144 621.6 Q(Ar)144 638.4 Q .464(guments to n\ -on-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 650.4 -R 1.259 -(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 662.4 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 679.2 Q F2(format)2.515 E -F0 .015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.515 F F2(ar)2.515 -E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.015(.I)C 2.514(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.514 E F2(format) -2.514 E F0 .014(requires more)2.514 F F2(ar)2.514 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 -691.2 Q F0 .565(than are supplied, the e)3.065 F .566 -(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) -.15 G 3.066(faz)-3.066 G .566(ero v)-3.066 F .566(alue or null string,) --.25 F .542(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 703.2 R .541 -(The return v)5.541 F .541(alue is zero on success, non-zero if an in) --.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .541(lid op-).25 F -(tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.)144 715.2 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(72)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .095(in the)2.595 F(same w)180 710.4 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31) +142.895 E(72)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 73 73 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(pushd)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 -96 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a \ -directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, maki\ -ng the ne)144 108 R 3.14(wt)-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F .089 -(stack the current w)144 120 R .089(orking directory)-.1 F 5.089(.W)-.65 -G .089(ith no ar)-5.489 F(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.589 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.588 G .088(changes the top tw).15 F 2.588(oe)-.1 G .088(lements of) --2.588 F(the directory stack.)144 132 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha) --.18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1 -144 144 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotat\ -ing or adding directories to the)180 144 R -(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 156 Q F1(+)144 168 Q -F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 168 R F2(n)3.768 E F0 -1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267 -(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 180 Q F0 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 192 Q F2(n)A F0 .92 -(Rotates the stack so that the)180 192 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +SF(%q)144 84 Q F0(causes)180 84 Q F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01 +(to output the corresponding)2.51 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.51 E +(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F +(input.)180 96 Q F1(%q)5.544 E F0(and)3.044 E F1(%Q)3.044 E F0 .544 +(use the)3.044 F F1<240808>3.044 E F0 .544(quoting style if an)3.044 F +3.044(yc)-.15 G .543(haracters in the ar)-3.044 F .543 +(gument string re-)-.18 F 1.285 +(quire it, and backslash quoting otherwise.)180 108 R 1.286 +(If the format string uses the)6.285 F F2(printf)3.786 E F0(alternate) +3.786 E(form, these tw)180 120 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G(ormats quote the ar)-2.5 E +(gument string using single quotes.)-.18 E F1(%Q)144 132 Q F0(lik)180 +132 Q(e)-.1 E F1(%q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F0 +(before quoting it.)2.5 E F1(%\()144 144 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0 +(causes)180 156 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 +(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F2(datefmt) +4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 168 R F2 +(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) +2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 +(ger representing the number)-.15 F .293(of seconds since the epoch.)180 +180 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F +.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .693 +(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 192 R .693 +(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.194(d. If).1 F .694(no ar)3.194 +F .694(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 204 R -.15(ve)-.4 G +.21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 G 2.71 +<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.71 +(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1 +(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 216 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .946(The %b, %q, a\ +nd %T format speci\214ers all use the \214eld width and precision ar)144 +232.8 R .946(guments from the)-.18 F .339 +(format speci\214cation and write that man)144 244.8 R 2.838(yb)-.15 G +.338(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.838 F .338 +(xpanded ar)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(gument, which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 +256.8 Q(The %n format speci\214er accepts a corresponding ar)144 273.6 Q +(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .393 +(The %s and %c format speci\214ers accept an l \(long\) modi\214er)144 +290.4 R 2.894(,w)-.4 G .394(hich forces them to con)-2.894 F -.15(ve)-.4 +G .394(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .321 +(gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 302.4 R 2.821 +(ys)-.15 G .32(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F +(of characters, not bytes.)144 314.4 Q(Ar)144 331.2 Q .463(guments to n\ +on-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 +(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 343.2 +R 1.259 +(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) +-.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 355.2 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 372 Q F2(format)2.514 E F0 +.015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.514 F F2(ar)2.515 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 5.015(.I)C 2.515(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.515 E F2(format) +2.515 E F0 .015(requires more)2.515 F F2(ar)2.515 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 +384 Q F0 .566(than are supplied, the e)3.066 F .566 +(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) +.15 G 3.065(faz)-3.066 G .565(ero v)-3.065 F .565(alue or null string,) +-.25 F .541(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 396 R .541 +(The return v)5.541 F .541(alue is zero on success, non-zero if an in) +-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .542(lid op-).25 F +(tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.)144 408 Q F1 +(pushd)108 424.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 436.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +A F0 2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the to\ +p of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 448.8 +R 3.139(wt)-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .088(stack the current w)144 +460.8 R .088(orking directory)-.1 F 5.088(.W)-.65 G .088(ith no ar) +-5.488 F(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.589 E F0 -.15(ex)2.589 G .089 +(changes the top tw).15 F 2.589(oe)-.1 G .089(lements of)-2.589 F +(the directory stack.)144 472.8 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E +.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 +484.8 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotatin\ +g or adding directories to the)180 484.8 R +(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 496.8 Q F1(+)144 +508.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)180 508.8 R F2(n) +3.767 E F0 1.268(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B +1.268(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 520.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 532.8 Q F2(n)A F0 +.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 532.8 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)180 204 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 -E F2(dir)144.35 216 Q F0(Adds)180 216 Q F2(dir)2.85 E F0 -(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .435 -(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 232.8 R F12.935 E -F0 .434(option w)2.934 F .434(as not supplied,)-.1 F F1(pushd)2.934 E F0 -.434(uses the)2.934 F F1(cd)2.934 E F0 -.2(bu)2.934 G .434(iltin to).2 F -(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 244.8 Q(If the)5 E +F F1(dirs)180 544.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 556.8 Q F0(Adds)180 556.8 Q F2(dir)2.85 E F0 +(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .434 +(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 573.6 R F12.934 E +F0 .434(option w)2.934 F .435(as not supplied,)-.1 F F1(pushd)2.935 E F0 +.435(uses the)2.935 F F1(cd)2.935 E F0 -.2(bu)2.935 G .435(iltin to).2 F +(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 585.6 Q(If the)5 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F1(pushd)2.5 E F0 (returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E 1.78(Otherwise, if no ar)144 -261.6 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(pushd)4.28 E F0 1.78 -(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .093 -(When rotating the directory stack,)144 273.6 R F1(pushd)2.593 E F0 .092 -(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-e)2.593 F(x-) --.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 285.6 Q 1.277 -(If the)144 302.4 R F1(pushd)3.777 E F0 1.277 -(command is successful, bash runs)3.777 F F1(dirs)3.777 E F0 1.278 -(to sho)3.778 F 3.778(wt)-.25 G 1.278 -(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.778 F(stack.)144 314.4 Q F1 -(pwd)108 331.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 343.2 R .845 -(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 -(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 -355.2 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 -.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 -(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 -(enabled. If)144 367.2 R(the)3.264 E F13.264 E F0 .763 -(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 -F .763(The return)5.763 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 379.2 R -.25(va) --.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 391.2 Q F1 -.18(re)108 -408 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E -F2(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 -3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 --3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 --3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E -F2(pr)3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(timeout) -3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 420 Q -F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, \ -or from the \214le descriptor)144 432 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516 -(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 444 Q F1 -2.936 E F0 .436(option, split into w)2.936 F .435(ords as described abo) --.1 F .735 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.935 G .435 -(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.935(,a)C .435(nd the \214rst w)-2.935 F .435 -(ord is as-)-.1 F .375(signed to the \214rst)144 456 R F2(name)3.235 E -F0 2.876(,t).18 G .376(he second w)-2.876 F .376(ord to the second)-.1 F -F2(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,a).18 G .376(nd so on.)-2.876 F .376 -(If there are more w)5.376 F(ords)-.1 E .237 -(than names, the remaining w)144 468 R .237(ords and their interv)-.1 F -.237(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)3.096 E F0 -5.236(.I).18 G(f)-5.236 E .874(there are fe)144 480 R .874(wer w)-.25 F -.875(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names ar\ -e assigned)-.1 F .518(empty v)144 492 R 3.018(alues. The)-.25 F .518 -(characters in)3.018 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.018 E F0 .518 -(are used to split the line into w)2.768 F .517 -(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .026(shell uses for e)144 504 R -.026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 --.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.526(\). The)B .026 -(backslash character \()2.526 F F1(\\)A F0 2.527(\)m)C(ay)-2.527 E .489 -(be used to remo)144 516 R .788 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .788 -.15(ny s).15 H -.488(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .488 -(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.488 E -(tions, if supplied, ha)144 528 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 540 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.025(The w) -180 552 R 1.026(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v) --.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(aname)3.856 E F0 3.526(,s).18 G 1.026 -(tarting at 0.)-3.526 F F2(aname)180.33 564 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 -E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E -F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1144 576 Q -F2(delim)2.5 E F0 .281(The \214rst character of)180 588 R F2(delim)2.781 -E F0 .281(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.781 F -2.78(wline. If)-.25 F F2(de-)2.78 E(lim)180 600 Q F0 -(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 -144 612 Q F0 .372 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 612 R F1 -.18(re) -2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218 -(to obtain the line.)180 624 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def) -5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F -(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 636 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G -(diting settings, b)-2.5 E(ut uses readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 -E(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1144 648 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 -E F0(If)180 648 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 -(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 -(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) --.25 F(ing be)180 660 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1144 672 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har) --.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 684 S(ad).18 E F0 .323 -(returns after reading)2.823 F F2(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323 -(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 -(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 696 Q -(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 -E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(73)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +602.4 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(pushd)4.28 E F0 1.78 +(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .092 +(When rotating the directory stack,)144 614.4 R F1(pushd)2.592 E F0 .093 +(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-e)2.592 F(x-) +-.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 626.4 Q 1.278 +(If the)144 643.2 R F1(pushd)3.778 E F0 1.278 +(command is successful, bash runs)3.778 F F1(dirs)3.778 E F0 1.277 +(to sho)3.777 F 3.777(wt)-.25 G 1.277 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.777 F(stack.)144 655.2 Q F1 +(pwd)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 684 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 +696 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181 +(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set) +2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If) +144 708 R(the)3.263 E F13.263 E F0 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 +F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 720 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(73) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 74 74 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 --.18(re)180 96 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F -(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269 -(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 108 R F1 -.18(re)2.775 -G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-) -5.274 F 1.002 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 120 R -F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 132 R .608 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(option is supplied.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)108 100.8 S +(ad).18 E F0([)3.424 E F1(\255Eers)A F0 3.424(][)C F1-3.424 E/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname)3.424 E F0 3.424(][)C F1-3.424 E F2 +(delim)3.424 E F0 3.424(][)C F1-3.424 E F2(te)3.424 E(xt)-.2 E F0 +3.424(][)C F1-3.424 E F2(nc)3.424 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.424 +(][)C F1-3.424 E F2(nc)3.424 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.424(][)C F1 +-3.424 E F2(pr)3.424 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.424(][)C F1-3.424 E +F2(timeout)3.424 E F0 3.425(][)C F1-3.425 E F2(fd)3.425 E F0(])A +([)108 112.8 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the s\ +tandard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 124.8 R F2(fd)3.016 E +F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 136.8 Q +F12.935 E F0 .435(option, split into w)2.935 F .435 +(ords as described abo)-.1 F .735 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75 +(Wo)2.935 G .435(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.935(,a)C .436(nd the \214rst w) +-2.935 F .436(ord is as-)-.1 F .376(signed to the \214rst)144 148.8 R F2 +(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,t).18 G .376(he second w)-2.876 F .376 +(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,a).18 G .376 +(nd so on.)-2.876 F .375(If there are more w)5.376 F(ords)-.1 E .236 +(than names, the remaining w)144 160.8 R .237(ords and their interv)-.1 +F .237(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)3.097 E +F0 5.237(.I).18 G(f)-5.237 E .875(there are fe)144 172.8 R .875(wer w) +-.25 F .875(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\ +ames are assigned)-.1 F .517(empty v)144 184.8 R 3.017(alues. The)-.25 F +.517(characters in)3.017 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.017 E F0 .518 +(are used to split the line into w)2.767 F .518 +(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .027(shell uses for e)144 196.8 R +.026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.526(\). The)B .026 +(backslash character \()2.526 F F1(\\)A F0 2.526(\)m)C(ay)-2.526 E .488 +(be used to remo)144 208.8 R .788 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .788 -.15(ny s).15 H +.488(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .488 +(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.489 E +(tions, if supplied, ha)144 220.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 232.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.026 +(The w)180 244.8 R 1.026 +(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2(aname)3.855 E F0 3.525(,s).18 G 1.025(tarting at 0.)-3.525 F +F2(aname)180.33 256.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1144 268.8 Q F2(delim)2.5 E +F0 .28(The \214rst character of)180 280.8 R F2(delim)2.78 E F0 .281 +(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.78 F 2.781 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(de-)2.781 E(lim)180 292.8 Q F0 +(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 +(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +144 304.8 Q F0 1.762 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 304.8 R F1 -.18 +(re)4.261 G(ad).18 E F0(uses)4.261 E F1 -.18(re)4.261 G(adline).18 E F0 +(\(see)4.261 E F3(READLINE)4.261 E F0(abo)180 316.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.722(\)t).15 G 3.722(oo)-3.722 G 1.222(btain the line.)-3.722 F 1.222 +(Readline uses the current \(or def)6.222 F 1.222 +(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F 1.222(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 328.8 Q +(viously acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b) +-2.5 E(ut uses readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E +(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1144 340.8 Q F0 1.762 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 340.8 R F1 -.18 +(re)4.261 G(ad).18 E F0(uses)4.261 E F1 -.18(re)4.261 G(adline).18 E F0 +(\(see)4.261 E F3(READLINE)4.261 E F0(abo)180 352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.722(\)t).15 G 3.722(oo)-3.722 G 1.222(btain the line.)-3.722 F 1.222 +(Readline uses the current \(or def)6.222 F 1.222 +(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F 1.222(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 364.8 Q .042 +(viously acti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.542(\)e).15 G .042 +(diting settings, b)-2.542 F .042(ut uses bash')-.2 F 2.542(sd)-.55 G +(ef)-2.542 E .042(ault completion, including program-)-.1 F +(mable completion.)180 376.8 Q F1144 388.8 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E +F0(If)180 388.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) +-.25 F(ing be)180 400.8 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1144 412.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 424.8 S(ad).18 E F0 .323 +(returns after reading)2.823 F F2(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323 +(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 +(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 436.8 Q +(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 +E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +144 448.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 460.8 S +(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc) +3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F +1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 472.8 R F1 -.18(re) +2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274 +(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 484.8 +R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc) +3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 496.8 R .608 (The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 -3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 144 S .669 +3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 508.8 S .669 (riable is assigned e).25 F .669 (xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67 -(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1180 156 Q F0(option belo) -2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 168 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display) -180 180 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F -3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161 -(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 192 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5 -(nput. The)-2.5 F +(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1180 520.8 Q F0 +(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 532.8 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 +E F0(Display)180 544.8 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 +(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) +-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 556.8 Q +2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F (prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 -144 204 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -180 204 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) --5.543 F .493(the line.)180 216 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab) --.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E .493 -(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)180 -228 Q F1144 240 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 240 Q +144 568.8 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 568.8 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544 +(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .493(the line.)180 +580.8 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E +.493(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.) +180 592.8 Q F1144 604.8 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 604.8 Q (If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 -144 252 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 264 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 G -(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428 +144 616.8 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 628.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 +G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428 (ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561 -(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 276 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0 -(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number) -3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 288 Q +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 640.8 R F2(timeout)3.061 E +F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 652.8 Q (wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 -300 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 312 R .589 +664.8 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 676.8 R .589 (gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 (times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve) -.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59 -(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 324 S(riable) -.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 -(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 -F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G -(ata.)-2.77 E .227(The e)180 336 R .228(xit status is 0 if input is a) --.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) -.25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.728(rt)-2.728 G .228(he read will re-)-2.728 F -1.225(turn EOF)180 348 R 3.725(,n)-.8 G 1.225(on-zero otherwise.)-3.725 -F 1.225(The e)6.225 F 1.225 -(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E -(ceeded.)180 360 Q F1144 372 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 372 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522 -(If no)144 388.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522 -(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F -.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.187(assigned to the v)144 -400.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186 -(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F1 -.18 -(re)3.686 G(ad).18 E F0 .96 -(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144 -412.8 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707 -(signing to a readonly v)144 424.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in) --.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar) -.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F1144 436.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 -453.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..]) --2.5 E .77(The gi)144 465.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 -.77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 -F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097 -(quent assignment.)144 477.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F13.597 E F0 -1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 -(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 489.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) --.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 -(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) --3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 501.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277 -(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F13.277 E -F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name) -3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 513.6 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 -(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F -.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 525.6 R(The)5.295 E F1 -2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786 -(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 537.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -549.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) --3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) -3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) --5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) -144 561.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) --.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 -(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 573.6 Q F0 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 590.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 602.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 -(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02 -(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596 -(the return status is that of the last command e)144 614.4 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E -F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 626.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267 -(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) --2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .267(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler) -144 638.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52 -E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E -.886(mine the status is the last command e)144 650.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.385 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.385 G 3.385(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.385 H -.1(ke) -.4 G 3.385(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 662.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .627 -(is used outside a function, b)3.127 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.128 E F0(\()5.628 E -F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.128(\)c)C .628(ommand, it)-3.128 F .589 -(causes the shell to stop e)144 674.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589 -(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588 -(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e) -144 686.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F -.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326 -(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445 -(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 698.4 R .444 -(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 -(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 710.4 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E -F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15 -E .75(mand associated with the)144 722.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 -(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 28)148.175 E(74)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 688.8 S +(riable).25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 +.27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately) +2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 +G(ata.)-2.77 E .227(The e)180 700.8 R .228 +(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228 +(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.728 +(rt)-2.728 G .228(he read will re-)-2.728 F 1.225(turn EOF)180 712.8 R +3.725(,n)-.8 G 1.225(on-zero otherwise.)-3.725 F 1.225(The e)6.225 F +1.225(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 +E(ceeded.)180 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(74) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 75 75 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(or script.)144 84 -Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(set)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1 -(set)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o) +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fd)2.5 E F0 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 84 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522 +(If no)144 100.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522 +(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F +.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.187(assigned to the v)144 +112.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186 +(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F1 -.18 +(re)3.686 G(ad).18 E F0 .96 +(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144 +124.8 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707 +(signing to a readonly v)144 136.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in) +-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar) +.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F1144 148.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 +165.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..]) +-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 177.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 +.77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 +F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097 +(quent assignment.)144 189.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F13.597 E F0 +1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 +(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 201.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +-.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 +(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) +-3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) +-.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 213.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277 +(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F13.277 E +F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name) +3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 225.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 +(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F +.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 237.6 R(The)5.295 E F1 +2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786 +(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) +144 249.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +261.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) +3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) +-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) +144 273.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) +-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 285.6 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 302.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 314.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 +(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02 +(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596 +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 326.4 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E +F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 338.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267 +(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) +-2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .267(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler) +144 350.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52 +E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E +.886(mine the status is the last command e)144 362.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.385 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.385 G 3.385(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.385 H -.1(ke) +.4 G 3.385(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 374.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .627 +(is used outside a function, b)3.127 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.128 E F0(\()5.628 E +F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.128(\)c)C .628(ommand, it)-3.128 F .589 +(causes the shell to stop e)144 386.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588 +(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e) +144 398.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326 +(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445 +(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 410.4 R .444 +(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 +(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 422.4 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E +F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15 +E .75(mand associated with the)144 434.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 446.4 Q F1 +(set)108 463.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1 +(set)108 475.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o) -2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 -124.8 S .573(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .573 -(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .574 -(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 -(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 136.8 R 2.613 +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1(set \255o) +108 487.2 Q(set +o)108 499.2 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 499.2 S .573 +(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .573(alue of each shell v) +-.25 F .574(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 +(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 511.2 R 2.613 (ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113 -(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.112 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 148.8 +(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.112 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 523.2 R F0 3.532(,o)C 1.032(nly shell v)-3.532 F 1.032(ariables are listed.) -.25 F 1.032(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)6.032 -F .581(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 160.8 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G +F .581(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 535.2 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.08(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.08 G .58(uments remaining after op-).18 F .16 -(tion processing are treated as v)144 172.8 R .161 +(tion processing are treated as v)144 547.2 R .161 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F -2.661(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.661 E F1($1)2.661 E F0(,)A F1($2)144 184.8 Q F0(,)A +2.661(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.661 E F1($1)2.661 E F0(,)A F1($2)144 559.2 Q F0(,)A F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 196.8 Q -F0 1.378(Each v)184 196.8 R 1.377 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 571.2 Q +F0 1.378(Each v)184 571.2 R 1.377 (ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.377(xport attrib)-.15 F -1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 208.8 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 -E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 220.8 Q F0 .131 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 220.8 R +1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 583.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 +E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 595.2 Q F0 .131 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 595.2 R 2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 232.8 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) --.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 244.8 Q F0 -.088(Exit immediately if a)184 244.8 R F2(pipeline)2.588 E F0 .087 +(primary prompt.)184 607.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 619.2 Q F0 +.088(Exit immediately if a)184 619.2 R F2(pipeline)2.588 E F0 .087 (\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F2 .087(simple command)2.587 F -F0 .087(\), a)B F2(list)2.587 E F0 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 256.8 Q -F2 1.52(compound command)4.02 F F0(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e) -.15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08 -(The shell does not e)184 268.8 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F -.079(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 280.8 -Q 1.654(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(until)4.154 E F0 +F0 .087(\), a)B F2(list)2.587 E F0 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 631.2 Q +F2 1.52(compound command)4.02 F F0(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR) +4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F 1.521 +(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08(The shell does not e)184 643.2 +R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .079 +(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 655.2 Q +1.654(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(until)4.154 E F0 -.1(ke)4.154 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.655 (wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(elif)4.155 E F0(reserv) -4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 292.8 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc) +4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 667.2 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc) -.15 G .582(ommand e)-3.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 (&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .581(list e)3.081 F .581 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .917(the \214nal)184 304.8 R +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .917(the \214nal)184 679.2 R F1(&&)3.417 E F0(or)3.417 E F1(||)3.417 E F0 3.417(,a)C 1.217 -.15(ny c) -3.417 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .918 (ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.418(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.418 E --.25(va)184 316.8 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661 +-.25(va)184 691.2 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661 (rted with).15 F F1(!)3.161 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .66 (ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.112 -(non-zero status because a command f)184 328.8 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F +(non-zero status because a command f)184 703.2 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F F13.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.113 -(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .178(not e)184 340.8 R 2.678 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .178(not e)184 715.2 R 2.678 (xit. A)-.15 F .178(trap on)2.678 F F1(ERR)2.678 E F0 2.678(,i)C 2.678 (fs)-2.678 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 (cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.677(xits. This)-.15 F .177 -(option applies to)2.677 F .617(the shell en)184 352.8 R .617 -(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) --.4 F F3 .618(COMMAND EXE-)3.118 F .643(CUTION ENVIR)184 364.8 R(ONMENT) --.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 -(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .642(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 376.8 -Q .998(If a compound command or shell function e)184 394.8 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .999(cutes in a conte).15 F .999(xt where)-.15 F F13.499 E -F0 .999(is being ig-)3.499 F .089(nored, none of the commands e)184 -406.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .089 -(cuted within the compound command or function body).15 F .502 -(will be af)184 418.8 R .502(fected by the)-.25 F F13.002 E F0 -.502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f)-3.002 E F1 -3.002 E F0 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 F .503 -(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.184(tus. If)184 430.8 R 4.184(ac)4.184 G 1.684 -(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.184 F F14.183 E F0 -1.683(while e)4.183 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.683(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) --.15 E(where)184 442.8 Q F13.153 E F0 .653 -(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.153 F .954 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .954 --.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .654(ect until the compound command).25 F -(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 454.8 Q F1 -144 466.8 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 466.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -144 478.8 Q F0 .988(Remember the location of commands as the)184 -478.8 R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.488(cution. This).15 F .987(is en-)3.487 F -(abled by def)184 490.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1144 502.8 Q F0 .513 -(All ar)184 502.8 R .514 -(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 -F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 514.8 Q F1 -144 526.8 Q F0 .149(Monitor mode.)184 526.8 R .149 -(Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F -.148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .65 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 538.8 R F3 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F -(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .651 -(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .679(process group.)184 550.8 R -.678(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containin\ -g its)5.679 F -.15(ex)184 562.8 S(it status.).15 E F1144 574.8 Q -F0 .652(Read commands b)184 574.8 R .652(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .652(cute them.).15 F .653 -(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 -586.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 -E F1144 598.8 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 610.8 Q F2 -(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 -(allexport)184 622.8 Q F0(Same as)224 634.8 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(braceexpand)184 646.8 Q F0(Same as)224 658.8 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(emacs)184 670.8 Q F0 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 670.8 R 2.589 -(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 682.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G -.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting) -3.45 E F0 2.5(option. 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If)184 402 R -.15(ex)2.89 G .391 +(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391(ariable or parameter)-.25 +F 2.891(,t)-.4 G .391(he shell prints an)-2.891 F +(error message, and, if not interacti)184 414 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e) +.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F1144 426 Q F0 +(Print shell input lines as the)184 426 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E +F1144 438 Q F0 .315(After e)184 438 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 +.315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0 +(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E +F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 450 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) +.25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F +1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo)3.486 E 1.236 +(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 462 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E +(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list, to standard error)-.1 E(.)-.55 +E F1144 474 Q F0 1.206(The shell performs brace e)184 474 R 1.206 +(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F0(abo)3.705 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.705(\). This).15 F 1.205(is on by de-)3.705 F -.1(fa) +184 486 S(ult.).1 E F1144 498 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 498 R F1(bash) +2.713 E F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F +.214(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F -3.054(tors. This)184 156 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +3.054(tors. This)184 510 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 168 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -144 180 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 180 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 +.15 F(tor)184 522 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 534 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 534 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 (rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104 (is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 -F .839(mands e)184 192 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F .839(mands e)184 546 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 204 Q F1 -144 216 Q F0(Enable)184 216 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 558 Q F1 +144 570 Q F0(Enable)184 570 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 (style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531 -F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 228 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 240 Q F0 .96 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 240 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 582 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 594 Q F0 .96 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 594 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 (ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959 (cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 1.452 -(that change the current w)184 252 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452 +(that change the current w)184 606 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452 (.I)-.65 G 3.953(tu)-6.452 G 1.453(ses the ph)-3.953 F 1.453 -(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 264 R(def) +(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 618 R(def) 3.335 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 276 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 -288 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 288 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(mands which change the current directory)184 630 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 +642 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 642 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 300 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 654 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 312 Q F0 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 324 Q -F0 .4(If no ar)184 324 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 666 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 678 Q +F0 .4(If no ar)184 678 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 (his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 336 Q +(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 690 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G (ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -348 Q F0 .797(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 348 R +702 Q F0 .797(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 702 R F2(ar)3.297 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.296(ea)-3.297 G -.796(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.296 F 3.021(rameters. The)184 360 +.796(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.296 F 3.021(rameters. The)184 714 R F13.021 E F0(and)3.022 E F13.022 E F0 .522 (options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no) 3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .522(s, the positional pa-)B -(rameters remain unchanged.)184 372 Q .425(The options are of)144 388.8 -R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 -(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 -(to be turned of)144 400.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 -(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 412.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 -5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 -(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 424.8 Q F1(shift)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 453.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 -.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G -.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 465.6 Q F1($#)2.583 -E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .083 -(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to) -.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06 -(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 477.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 -.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F -(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 -(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 489.6 R -.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 -.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 501.6 Q F1(shopt)108 518.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) --2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 530.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639 -(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E -5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375 -(listed belo)144 542.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H -2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F12.875 E F0 .375 -(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 -F F12.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 2.565(mand. W)144 554.4 R .065 -(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F12.566 E F0 .066 -(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566 -F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 566.4 R F2 -(optnames)2.574 E F0 .074 -(are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105 -(tions. The)144 578.4 R F13.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\ - be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605 -E(options ha)144 590.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 602.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 -602.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 614.4 Q F0 -(Disable \(unset\) each)180 614.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -626.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ -tus indicates whether the)180 626.4 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E -.255(set or unset.)180 638.4 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 -E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G -(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256 -(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 650.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E -F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 662.4 Q F0 -(Restricts the v)180 662.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 -(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 -E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 679.2 R F1 -3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) -3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 -E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .983 -(set or unset, respecti)144 691.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U) --.65 G .983(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.983 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .984 -(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 703.2 S(ult.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 720 -R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(77)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(rameters remain unchanged.)184 726 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(77)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 78 78 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .696 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .425 +(The options are of)144 84 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 +E .425(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 +(to be turned of)144 96 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 108 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa) +-.1 G .066(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 120 Q F1(shift)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 +148.8 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....) +2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G .429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F +(bers)144 160.8 Q F1($#)2.583 E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#) +2.583 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .083(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083 +(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H +.082(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f) +-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 172.8 +R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06 +(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06 +(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144 +(positional parameters are not changed.)144 184.8 R .144 +(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 .143 +(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 196.8 Q F1(shopt)108 213.6 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 225.6 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639 +(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E +5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375 +(listed belo)144 237.6 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F12.875 E F0 .375 +(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 +F F12.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 2.565(mand. W)144 249.6 R .065 +(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F12.566 E F0 .066 +(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566 +F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 261.6 R F2 +(optnames)2.574 E F0 .074 +(are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105 +(tions. The)144 273.6 R F13.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\ + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605 +E(options ha)144 285.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 297.6 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 +297.6 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 309.6 Q F0 +(Disable \(unset\) each)180 309.6 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 +321.6 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)180 321.6 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E +.255(set or unset.)180 333.6 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 +E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G +(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256 +(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 345.6 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 357.6 Q F0 +(Restricts the v)180 357.6 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 374.4 R F1 +3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) +3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 +E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .983 +(set or unset, respecti)144 386.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U) +-.65 G .983(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.983 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .984 +(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 398.4 S(ult.) +.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 +415.2 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) +4.044 F .696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v) -3.196 F .696(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 96 Q(The list of)144 112.8 Q -/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F2 -(array_expand_once)144 130.8 Q F0 1.832 -(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 142.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G -1.832(luation of associati).25 F 2.131 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.831(nd inde) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.331(da).15 G 1.831(rray sub-)-4.331 F .025 -(scripts during arithmetic e)184 154.8 R .025(xpression e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .025(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .025(cuting b).15 -F .025(uiltins that can perform)-.2 F -.25(va)184 166.8 S +144 427.2 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696 +(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 439.2 Q(The list of)144 456 Q F1(shopt) +2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(array_expand_once)144 474 Q F0 1.832 +(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 486 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.832 +(luation of associati).25 F 2.131 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.831(nd inde).15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 4.331(da).15 G 1.831(rray sub-)-4.331 F .025 +(scripts during arithmetic e)184 498 R .025(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va) +-.25 G .025(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .025(cuting b).15 F +.025(uiltins that can perform)-.2 F -.25(va)184 510 S (riable assignments, and while e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting b).15 E -(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F2(assoc_expand_once) -144 178.8 Q F0(Deprecated; a synon)184 190.8 Q(ym for)-.15 E F2 -(array_expand_once)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(autocd)144 202.8 Q F0 .2 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 202.8 R +(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F1(assoc_expand_once) +144 522 Q F0(Deprecated; a synon)184 534 Q(ym for)-.15 E F1 +(array_expand_once)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(autocd)144 546 Q F0 .2 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 546 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 214.8 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(ment to the)184 558 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F2(cdable_v)144 226.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 238.8 R .155 -(gument to the)-.18 F F2(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 +F1(cdable_v)144 570 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 582 R .155 +(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 250.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F2(cdspell)144 262.8 Q F0 +(name of a v)184 594 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 606 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 -262.8 R F2(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 -(corrected. The)184 274.8 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 +606 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 +(corrected. The)184 618 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 (ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 286.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 630 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 (orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F -(the command proceeds.)184 298.8 Q -(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F2(checkhash)144 310.8 Q F0 .736(If set,)184 322.8 R F2(bash)3.236 -E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737 -(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 -334.8 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F2(checkjobs)144 346.8 -Q F0 .449(If set,)184 358.8 R F2(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 +(the command proceeds.)184 642 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 +E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 654 Q F0 .736 +(If set,)184 666 R F1(bash)3.236 E F0 .736 +(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737 +(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 678 +Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 690 Q +F0 .449(If set,)184 702 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 (lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 (topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.661(shell. If)184 370.8 R(an)2.661 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.661(shell. If)184 714 R(an)2.661 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G .161(obs are running, this causes the e)-2.661 F .161 -(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .162(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.473 -(tempted without an interv)184 382.8 R 1.473(ening command \(see)-.15 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.473(JOB CONTR)3.973 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)3.723 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.973(\). The).15 F 1.472(shell al-)3.972 F -.1(wa)184 -394.8 S(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F2(checkwinsize)144 406.8 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 -418.8 R F2(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G -1.09(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 -(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 430.8 Q 3.351(,u)-.65 G -.851(pdates the v)-3.351 F .85(alues of)-.25 F F3(LINES)3.35 E F0(and) -3.1 E F3(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .85 -(This option is enabled by de-)5.35 F -.1(fa)184 442.8 S(ult.).1 E F2 -(cmdhist)144 454.8 Q F0 .172(If set,)184 454.8 R F2(bash)2.672 E F0 .172 -(attempts to sa)2.672 F .472 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .173 -(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) -184 466.8 Q 5.597(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.597 F .597 -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 -(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 478.8 S 1.287(ult, b) -.1 F 1.288(ut only has an ef)-.2 F 1.288 -(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.588 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST)184 490.8 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F4(.)A -F2(compat31)144 502.8 Q(compat32)144 514.8 Q(compat40)144 526.8 Q -(compat41)144 538.8 Q(compat42)144 550.8 Q(compat43)144 562.8 Q -(compat44)144 574.8 Q(compat50)144 586.8 Q F0 .889 -(These control aspects of the shell')184 598.8 R 3.389(sc)-.55 G .889 -(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F3 .889(SHELL COMP)3.389 F -.855(AT) --.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 610.8 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -(complete_fullquote)144 627.6 Q F0 .653(If set,)184 639.6 R F2(bash) -3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames and dire\ -ctory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525(forming completion.)184 651.6 -R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F2(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 -G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F -2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed \214l\ -enames when these)184 663.6 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 -675.6 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.) --.1 F .028(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 687.6 R -1.073(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 -(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 699.6 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 -(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F -6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 -(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 -711.6 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 723.6 Q -(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 -E(78)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .162(xit is at-)-.15 F 2.925 +(tempted without an interv)184 726 R 2.925(ening command \(see)-.15 F/F3 +9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.925(JOB CONTR)5.425 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)5.175 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 5.425(\). The).15 F(shell)5.425 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(78)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 79 79 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(dir)144 84 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .487(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.987 E -F0 .486(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486 -(ord e)-.1 F .486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179 -(ing \214lename completion.)184 108 R .179 -(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F(uf)-.2 E -(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184 120 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 136.8 Q F0 .859(If set,)184 -136.8 R F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(al)184 84 Q -.1 +(wa)-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(checkwinsize)144 96 Q F0 +1.09(If set,)184 108 R F1(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F +3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F +1.09(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 120 Q 3.351(,u)-.65 G +.851(pdates the v)-3.351 F .85(alues of)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(LINES)3.35 E F0(and)3.1 E F2(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F0 .85(This option is enabled by de-)5.35 F -.1(fa)184 132 S(ult.).1 E +F1(cmdhist)144 144 Q F0 .172(If set,)184 144 R F1(bash)2.672 E F0 .172 +(attempts to sa)2.672 F .472 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .173 +(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) +184 156 Q 5.597(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.597 F .597 +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 +(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 168 S 1.287(ult, b).1 +F 1.288(ut only has an ef)-.2 F 1.288 +(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.588 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)184 180 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F3(.)A F1 +(compat31)144 192 Q(compat32)144 204 Q(compat40)144 216 Q(compat41)144 +228 Q(compat42)144 240 Q(compat43)144 252 Q(compat44)144 264 Q(compat50) +144 276 Q F0 .889(These control aspects of the shell')184 288 R 3.389 +(sc)-.55 G .889(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F2 .889(SHELL COMP) +3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 300 Q F0(belo)2.25 E +(w\).)-.25 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 316.8 Q F0 .653(If set,)184 328.8 +R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lename\ +s and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525 +(forming completion.)184 340.8 R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F1(bash)4.024 +E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 +(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ +haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 +352.8 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 364.8 R .028 +(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .028 +(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 376.8 R 1.073 +(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 +(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 +(ev e)184 388.8 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 +400.8 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 412.8 Q +(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 429.6 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .487 +(If set,)184 441.6 R F1(bash)2.987 E F0 .486 +(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F +.486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179(ing \214lename completion.)184 +453.6 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F +(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184 +465.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 482.4 Q F0 .859(If set,)184 +482.4 R F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 (attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 148.8 Q(xist.)-.15 -E F1(dotglob)144 165.6 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 165.6 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 494.4 Q(xist.)-.15 +E F1(dotglob)144 511.2 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 511.2 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665 ('i)-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 177.6 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') +(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 523.2 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') .63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 (must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 (,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0 -(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 194.4 Q F0 .517(If set, a non-interacti) -184 194.4 R .817 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .517(hell will not e).15 F .516 +(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 540 Q F0 .517(If set, a non-interacti)184 +540 R .817 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .517(hell will not e).15 F .516 (xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .516 (cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the)184 -206.4 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 -E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E -F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 223.2 Q F0 .716 -(If set, aliases are e)184 235.2 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F -1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E -/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F -(by def)184 247.2 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(extdeb)144 264 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .17(If set at shell in)184 276 R --.2(vo)-.4 G .17(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.081 -(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 288 R F13.582 -E(ugger)-.2 E F0 3.582(option. If)3.582 F 1.082(set after in)3.582 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G 1.082(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 300 Q +552 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E +.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 568.8 Q F0 .716 +(If set, aliases are e)184 580.8 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F +1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(ALIASES)3.217 E F3(.)A F0 .717 +(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 592.8 Q(ault for interacti) +-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 609.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +.17(If set at shell in)184 621.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17 +(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.081 +(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 633.6 R F1 +3.582 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 3.582(option. If)3.582 F 1.082(set after in)3.582 +F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.082(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 645.6 Q (vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 -316.8 Q F0(The)220 316.8 Q F14.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 +662.4 Q F0(The)220 662.4 Q F14.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 (iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 328.8 -Q(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 345.6 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the) -220 345.6 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v) +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 674.4 +Q(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 691.2 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the) +220 691.2 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v) 4.167 F 1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E -(command is skipped and not e)220 357.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -(3.)184 374.4 Q F0 .841(If the command run by the)220 374.4 R F1(DEB) -3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84 -(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15(exe)220 386.4 S .488 -(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 -(sour)220 398.4 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 415.2 Q F2 -.27(BA)220 415.2 S(SH_ARGC).27 E -F0(and)3.154 E F2 -.27(BA)3.404 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 -(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 427.2 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(5.)184 444 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is e\ -nabled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 444 R -(shells in)220 456 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1 -(\()2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 -(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 -(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 472.8 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comm\ -and substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 472.8 R(in)220 -484.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4 -(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.) -2.5 E F1(extglob)144 501.6 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 501.6 R .4 -(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 513.6 Q -F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 530.4 Q F0 .86(If set,)184 542.4 R -F1($)3.36 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 3.36<0861>C(nd)-3.36 E F1($)3.36 E F0 -(")A F4(string)A F0 3.36("q)C .86(uoting is performed within)-3.36 F F1 -(${)3.36 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)3.36 G .86 -(pansions en-).15 F(closed in double quotes.)184 554.4 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 571.2 Q -F0 .242(If set, patterns which f)184 571.2 R .243 -(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243 -(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 583.2 Q(.) --.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 600 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.937(If set, the suf)184 612 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) --.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) --.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 624 R .32 -(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 -(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948 -(pletions. 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This).15 F(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(huponexit)144 100.8 Q F0(If set,)184 112.8 Q F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 +(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 129.6 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 .22 +(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 141.6 R .219 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .219 +(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 153.6 Q +2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti) +144 170.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 182.4 R +2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E +F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33(ord and all remaining characters on) +-.1 F .967(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 194.4 R 1.267 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F +(enabled by def)184 206.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 223.2 Q F0 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 223.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566 +(,t).15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E +(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 235.2 Q(vironment.) +-.4 E F1(lithist)144 252 Q F0 .655(If set, and the)184 252 R F1(cmdhist) +3.155 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F +(with embedded ne)184 264 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 +(localv)144 280.8 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .421(If set, local v)184 292.8 R +.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 +(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 +304.8 S .174(ists at a pre).15 F .174(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 +(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .173 +(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 316.8 Q +F1(localv)144 333.6 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .328(If set, calling)184 345.6 R +F1(unset)2.828 E F0 .328(on local v)2.828 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F +.329(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .543(quent looku\ +ps \214nd them unset until that function returns. This is identical to \ +the beha)184 357.6 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 369.6 Q +(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 386.4 +Q F0 .486 +(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 +398.4 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 410.4 S(lue may not be changed.) +.25 E F1(mailwar)144 427.2 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that) +184 439.2 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 (is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F --.1(wa)184 108 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E -(`The mail in)-.74 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 -(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1 -(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 124.8 Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 136.8 R F1 --.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324(is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash) -2.824 E F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 148.8 Q -F1(nocaseglob)144 165.6 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 177.6 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 +-.1(wa)184 451.2 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) +-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 468 +Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 480 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324 +(is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 +(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 492 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 508.8 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 520.8 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f) --.25 H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 189.6 S +-.25 H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 532.8 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 206.4 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 -218.4 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 549.6 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 +561.6 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194 (matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H -1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 230.4 R +1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 573.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 -F -.1(wo)184 242.4 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\ +F -.1(wo)184 585.6 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\ possible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 -254.4 Q F1(noexpand_translation)144 271.2 Q F0 1.118(If set,)184 283.2 R +597.6 Q F1(noexpand_translation)144 614.4 Q F0 1.118(If set,)184 626.4 R F1(bash)3.618 E F0 1.117(encloses the translated results of $"..." quot\ -ing in single quotes instead of)3.617 F(double quotes.)184 295.2 Q +ing in single quotes instead of)3.617 F(double quotes.)184 638.4 Q (If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F1 -(nullglob)144 312 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 324 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo) -3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) -3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355 -(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 336 S +(nullglob)144 655.2 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 667.2 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0 +(allo)3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 +-.1(Pa)3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.355(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 679.2 S (pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1 -(patsub_r)144 352.8 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .106(If set,)184 364.8 R F1 -(bash)2.606 E F0 -.15(ex)2.606 G .106(pands occurrences of).15 F F1(&) -2.606 E F0 .105(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to) -2.606 F .527(the te)184 376.8 R .527 +(patsub_r)144 696 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .106(If set,)184 708 R F1(bash) +2.606 E F0 -.15(ex)2.606 G .106(pands occurrences of).15 F F1(&)2.606 E +F0 .105(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F +.527(the te)184 720 R .527 (xt matched by the pattern, as described under)-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.028 G .528(rameter Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.028 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.528(.T).15 G -(his)-5.528 E(option is enabled by def)184 388.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 -405.6 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f)184 -417.6 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676 -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -(are enabled.)184 429.6 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E -F1(pr)144 446.4 Q(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124 -(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 458.4 R F1(bash) -4.624 E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 470.4 Q -3.289(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.289 H(an)3.489 E 3.289(yc)-.15 G .789 -(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.289 F .788 -(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 482.4 R F1(bash)3.973 E -F0 1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F -1.473(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 494.4 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E -F1(pr)144 511.2 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448 -(If set, prompt strings under)184 523.2 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F -1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 -535.2 S .17(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G -.17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F3(PR)2.671 -E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E -(This option is enabled by def)184 547.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 -564 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 -(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 576 R F3 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 588 Q 2.86 -(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 -(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 600 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E -F1(shift_v)144 616.8 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 628.8 R F1 -(shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 -(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 640.8 Q F1(sour) -144 657.6 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 669.6 R F1(.)3.27 E F0 -(\()3.27 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 -F .771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771 -(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F -(\214le supplied as an ar)184 681.6 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F -(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.1(va)144 698.4 S(rr).1 -E(edir_close)-.18 E F0 .74(If set, the shell automatically closes \214l\ -e descriptors assigned using the)184 710.4 R F2({varname})3.24 E F0 -(redi-)3.24 E 2.557(rection syntax \(see)184 722.4 R F3(REDIRECTION) -5.058 E F0(abo)4.808 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.058(\)i).15 G 2.558 -(nstead of lea)-5.058 F 2.558(ving them open when the)-.2 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(81)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(his)-5.528 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(81)192.055 +E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 82 82 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(command completes.)184 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(xpg_echo)144 100.8 Q -F0(If set, the)184 112.8 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E -(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend) -108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A .91(Suspend the e)144 141.6 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .91(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCONT)-.001 E F0 3.409 -(signal. A)3.159 F .909(login shell, or a shell)3.409 F .752 -(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 153.6 R F1 -3.252 E F0 .753(option can be used to o)3.253 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -.753(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 165.6 R .107(T\ +(option is enabled by def)184 84 Q(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr) +144 100.8 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f) +184 112.8 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676 +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E +(are enabled.)184 124.8 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E +F1(pr)144 141.6 Q(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124 +(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 153.6 R F1(bash) +4.624 E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 165.6 Q +3.289(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.289 H(an)3.489 E 3.289(yc)-.15 G .789 +(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.289 F .788 +(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 177.6 R F1(bash)3.973 E +F0 1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F +1.473(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 189.6 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E +F1(pr)144 206.4 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448 +(If set, prompt strings under)184 218.4 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F +1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 +230.4 S .17(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G +.17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.671 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 242.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18 +(re)144 259.2 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) +184 271.2 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 283.2 Q 2.86 +(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 +(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 295.2 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 +E F1(shift_v)144 312 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 324 R F1 +(shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 336 Q F1(sour) +144 352.8 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 364.8 R F1(.)3.27 E F0 +(\()3.27 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 +F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771 +(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F +(\214le supplied as an ar)184 376.8 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.1(va)144 393.6 S(rr).1 +E(edir_close)-.18 E F0 .74(If set, the shell automatically closes \214l\ +e descriptors assigned using the)184 405.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +({varname})3.24 E F0(redi-)3.24 E .423(rection syntax \(see)184 417.6 R +F2(REDIRECTION)2.924 E F0(abo)2.674 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.924(\)i).15 G +.424(nstead of lea)-2.924 F .424(ving them open when the com-)-.2 F +(mand completes.)184 429.6 Q F1(xpg_echo)144 446.4 Q F0 .074 +(If set, the)184 458.4 R F1(echo)2.574 E F0 -.2(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin e) +.2 F .074(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 F 2.574 +(ault. If)-.1 F(the)2.574 E F1(posix)2.573 E F0(shell)2.573 E +(option is also enabled,)184 470.4 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 +(does not interpret an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(ptions.)-2.5 E F1(suspend)108 +487.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A .909(Suspend the e)144 499.2 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .909(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.41(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.41(signal. A)3.16 F .91 +(login shell, or a shell)3.41 F .753 +(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 511.2 R F1 +3.253 E F0 .752(option can be used to o)3.252 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.752(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 523.2 R .107(T\ he return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control \ -is not en-)5.107 F(abled and)144 177.6 Q F12.5 E F0 -(is not supplied.)2.5 E F1(test)108 194.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 206.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 -.877(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 206.4 R .878 -(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 218.4 -S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 +is not en-)5.107 F(abled and)144 535.2 Q F12.5 E F0 +(is not supplied.)2.5 E F1(test)108 552 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) +108 564 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 564 R .877 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 576 S +(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 (ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.36 -(primaries described abo)144 230.4 R 1.66 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -(CONDITION)3.86 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A -F1(test)5.86 E F0 1.361(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.861(yo)-.15 G(p-) --3.861 E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 242.4 Q -(gument of)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 -E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 260.4 R .785 -(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 -(dence. The)144 272.4 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 -(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F -4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 284.4 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 296.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -F0 -.35(Tr)180 296.4 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 -E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 308.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 -.26(Returns the v)180 308.4 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 -E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 320.4 Q F3 -.2 -(ex)144 332.4 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 344.4 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 -E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 356.4 S -(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 -368.4 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 385.2 Q F0(and)2.5 E -F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E -(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 403.2 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 415.2 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 427.2 S -.18 -(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 439.2 Q -(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 451.2 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) -180 463.2 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 -F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 475.2 R .38 -(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 487.2 Q .552 -(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 -(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 -(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 499.2 Q -(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 511.2 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 523.2 R .236 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 -(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 535.2 R 1.155 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F -F4(,)A F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 547.2 R .578(xpression i\ -s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F -(guments)-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 559.2 R(The)6.332 E F13.832 -E F0(and)3.832 E F13.832 E F0 1.333 -(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 571.2 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 -F .558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F -.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F -(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 -583.2 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521 -(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third) -3.021 F(ar)180 595.2 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 -E F0 2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 -(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E -(wise, the e)180 607.2 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 -619.2 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .429(The follo)180 631.2 R .429 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .43 -(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .43(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.93 E F0 2.93(,t)C -.43(he re-)-2.93 F 1.315(sult is the ne)180 643.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.314 -(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 -(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.744 -(ments. the)180 655.2 R(tw)2.744 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 -(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.745(guments. If)-.18 -F .245(the \214rst ar)2.745 F(gument)-.18 E .31(is e)180 667.2 R(xactly) --.15 E F1(\()2.81 E F0 .31(and the fourth ar)2.81 F .31(gument is e)-.18 -F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.809 E F0 2.809(,t)C .309(he result is the tw) --2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .309(gument test of the)-.18 F .183 -(second and third ar)180 679.2 R 2.683(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F .184 -(the e)2.684 F .184(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .184 -(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 -691.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 703.2 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) --2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 715.2 R 1.635 -(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 -(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 -727.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28) -148.175 E(82)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.361 +(primaries described abo)144 588 R 1.661 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +(CONDITION)3.861 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1(test)5.86 E F0 1.36(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.86(yo)-.15 G(p-)-3.86 +E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 600 Q(gument of)-.18 E +F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 618 R .786 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 +(dence. The)144 630 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F +4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F +(used when there are \214v)144 642 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) +-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 654 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 654 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.) +-.1 E F1(\()144 666 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26 +(Returns the v)180 666 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 +5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 678 Q F3 -.2(ex) +144 690 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 702 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F3 +-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 August 31)142.895 E(82)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 83 83 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(When used with)144 -84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(test)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C -(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 100.8 Q F0 -1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)144 100.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 -112.8 Q F1(trap)108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)A F0(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -(The)144 141.6 Q F2(action)3.734 E F0 .903 -(is a command that is read and e)3.644 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .903 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)144 84 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(o)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S +(ue if either).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 112.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E +F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 130.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 142.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 154.8 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 166.8 Q +(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 +E 2.5(2a)144 178.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 190.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 202.8 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 +214.8 Q .553(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 +(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F +.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 226.8 Q +(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 238.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 250.8 R .236 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 +(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 262.8 R 1.155 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F +F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 274.8 R .578(xpression i\ +s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F +(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 286.8 R(The)6.333 E F23.833 +E F0(and)3.833 E F23.832 E F0 1.332 +(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 +(three ar)180 298.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 +F .558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F +.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F +(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 +310.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 +F(ar)180 322.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.985 E F0 +2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 +(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E +(wise, the e)180 334.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 +346.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .43(The follo)180 358.8 R .43 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .429 +(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .429(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.929 E F0 2.929 +(,t)C .429(he re-)-2.929 F 1.314(sult is the ne)180 370.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 +G 1.314(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 +(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.745 +(ments. the)180 382.8 R(tw)2.745 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 +(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.744(guments. If)-.18 +F .244(the \214rst ar)2.744 F(gument)-.18 E .309(is e)180 394.8 R +(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()2.809 E F0 .309(and the fourth ar)2.809 F .309 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.809 E F0 2.809(,t)C .31 +(he result is the tw)-2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .31(gument test of the)-.18 F +.184(second and third ar)180 406.8 R 2.684(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F +.184(the e)2.684 F .183(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.183(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 +418.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 430.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) +-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 442.8 R 1.635 +(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 +(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 +454.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E .269(If the shell is not in)144 472.8 R +F1 .269(posix mode)2.769 F F0 2.769(,w)C .269(hen used with)-2.769 F F2 +(test)2.768 E F0(or)2.768 E F2([)2.768 E F0 2.768(,t)C(he)-2.768 E F2(<) +2.768 E F0(and)2.768 E F2(>)2.768 E F0 .268(operators sort le)2.768 F +(xicographi-)-.15 E .013(cally using ASCII ordering.)144 484.8 R .014 +(When the shell is in)5.013 F F1 .014(posix mode)2.514 F F0 2.514(,t)C +.014(hese operators sort using the current)-2.514 F(locale.)144 496.8 Q +F2(times)108 513.6 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system tim\ +es for the shell and for processes run from the shell.)144 513.6 R +(The return status is 0.)144 525.6 Q F2(trap)108 542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F1(action)A F0(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(The)144 554.4 Q F1(action)3.733 E F0 .903 +(is a command that is read and e)3.643 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .903 (cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.403(ss).15 G -(ignal\(s\))-3.403 E F2(sigspec)3.743 E F0 5.903(.I).31 G(f)-5.903 E F2 -(action)144.33 153.6 Q F0 .105(is absent \(and there is a single)2.845 F -F2(sigspec)2.605 E F0 2.605(\)o)C(r)-2.605 E F12.605 E F0 2.605(,e)C -.106(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original dis-)-2.605 F .627 -(position \(the v)144 165.6 R .626 -(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)-.25 F(If)5.626 E F2(action) +(ignal\(s\))-3.403 E F1(sigspec)3.744 E F0 5.904(.I).31 G(f)-5.904 E F1 +(action)144.33 566.4 Q F0 .106(is absent \(and there is a single)2.846 F +F1(sigspec)2.605 E F0 2.605(\)o)C(r)-2.605 E F22.605 E F0 2.605(,e)C +.105(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original dis-)-2.605 F .626 +(position \(the v)144 578.4 R .626 +(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)-.25 F(If)5.626 E F1(action) 3.456 E F0 .626(is the null string the signal speci-)3.366 F -(\214ed by each)144 177.6 Q F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0 +(\214ed by each)144 590.4 Q F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0 (is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)2.81 E -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 195.6 R .165 -(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(trap)2.665 E F0 .165 +-.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 608.4 R .165 +(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(trap)2.665 E F0 .165 (displays the actions associated with each trapped signal as a set)2.665 -F(of)144 207.6 Q F1(trap)2.57 E F0 .069(commands that can be reused as \ -shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.57 F(If)5.069 -E F12.569 E F0 .473(is gi)144 219.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .473(n, and) -.15 F F2(action)3.303 E F0 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F1(trap) -2.973 E F0 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F2 -(sigspec)3.314 E F0(or)3.284 E(,)-.4 E .364 -(if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 231.6 R -F1(trap)2.864 E F0 .363(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F -.207(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 243.6 R(The) -5.207 E F12.707 E F0 .207(option beha)2.707 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.707 -(ss).15 G(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .208(ut displays only)-2.907 -F 1.553(the actions associated with each)144 255.6 R F2(sigspec)4.052 E -F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F16.552 E F0 1.552 -(requires at least one)4.052 F F2(sigspec)4.052 E F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.) --.18 E(The)144 267.6 Q F12.726 E F0(or)2.726 E F12.727 E F0 -.227(options to)2.727 F F1(trap)2.727 E F0 .227 -(may be used in a subshell en)2.727 F .227 -(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\))-.4 F .993 -(and, as long as the)144 279.6 R 3.493(ya)-.15 G .993(re used before) --3.493 F F1(trap)3.493 E F0 .993(is used to change a signal')3.493 F -3.492(sh)-.55 G .992(andling, will display the)-3.492 F -(state of its parent')144 291.6 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144 -309.6 Q F13.216 E F0 .716(option causes)3.216 F F1(trap)3.216 E F0 +F(of)144 620.4 Q F2(trap)2.569 E F0 .069(commands that can be reused as\ + shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.569 F(If)5.07 +E F22.57 E F0 .474(is gi)144 632.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .474(n, and) +.15 F F1(action)3.303 E F0 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F2(trap) +2.973 E F0 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F1 +(sigspec)3.313 E F0(or)3.283 E(,)-.4 E .363 +(if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 644.4 R +F2(trap)2.864 E F0 .364(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F +.207(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 656.4 R(The) +5.207 E F22.707 E F0 .207(option beha)2.707 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.707 +(ss).15 G(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .207(ut displays only)-2.907 +F 1.552(the actions associated with each)144 668.4 R F1(sigspec)4.052 E +F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F26.552 E F0 1.553 +(requires at least one)4.052 F F1(sigspec)4.053 E F0(ar)4.053 E(gument.) +-.18 E(The)144 680.4 Q F22.727 E F0(or)2.727 E F22.727 E F0 +.227(options to)2.727 F F2(trap)2.727 E F0 .227 +(may be used in a subshell en)2.727 F .226 +(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\))-.4 F .992 +(and, as long as the)144 692.4 R 3.493(ya)-.15 G .993(re used before) +-3.493 F F2(trap)3.493 E F0 .993(is used to change a signal')3.493 F +3.493(sh)-.55 G .993(andling, will display the)-3.493 F +(state of its parent')144 704.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144 +722.4 Q F23.217 E F0 .717(option causes)3.217 F F2(trap)3.217 E F0 .716(to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers.) -3.216 F(Each)5.717 E F2(sigspec)144.34 321.6 Q F0 .709 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.519 F F2(signal.h)A F0 .709 -(>, or a signal number)B 5.708(.S)-.55 G .708(ignal names are case) --5.708 F(insensiti)144 333.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .091(If a)144 -351.6 R F2(sigspec)2.931 E F0(is)2.901 E F3(EXIT)2.591 E F0 .091 -(\(0\) the command)2.341 F F2(action)2.921 E F0 .091(is e)2.831 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .091(cuted on e).15 F .092(xit from the shell.)-.15 F .092 -(If a)5.092 F F2(sigspec)2.932 E F0(is)2.902 E F3(DE-)2.592 E -.09(BU) -144 363.6 S(G).09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.245(the command)3.495 -F F2(action)4.075 E F0 1.245(is e)3.985 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.244 -(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.244(simple command) -3.744 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.744 E F0(command,)3.744 E F2(case)3.744 E F0 -(com-)3.744 E(mand,)144 375.6 Q F2(select)2.696 E F0 .196 -(command, \(\( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic) -2.696 F F2(for)2.697 E F0(command,)2.697 E .394 -(and before the \214rst command e)144 387.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .393 -(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .393(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.893 F F0 -(abo)2.643 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.893(\). Refer).15 F .833 -(to the description of the)144 399.6 R F1(extdeb)3.333 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.833(option to the)3.333 F F1(shopt)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .834 -(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .834(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DE-)3.334 E --.1(BU)144 411.6 S(G).1 E F0 2.694(trap. If)2.694 F(a)2.694 E F2 -(sigspec)3.034 E F0(is)3.004 E F3(RETURN)2.694 E F4(,)A F0 .194 -(the command)2.444 F F2(action)3.024 E F0 .194(is e)2.934 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .193(cuted each time a shell function or).15 F 2.5(as)144 423.6 S -(cript e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with the).15 E F1(.)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 -E F1(sour)2.5 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .284(If a)144 441.6 R F2(sigspec)3.124 E F0(is) -3.094 E F3(ERR)2.784 E F4(,)A F0 .284(the command)2.534 F F2(action) -3.114 E F0 .284(is e)3.024 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .284(cuted whene).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.784(rap).15 G .285(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-2.784 -F .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a\ - non\255zero e)144 453.6 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451 -(the follo)144 465.6 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F3(ERR) -2.951 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 -(cuted if the f).15 F .452(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 -(mand list immediately follo)144 477.6 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) -2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)2.897 E F0 .387 -(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 489.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.778(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778 -(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 -3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 501.6 R -1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) --3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F -F1(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 513.6 Q -(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 -(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E .069(When the shell is not interacti)144 531.6 R --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.569(,s).15 G .07 -(ignals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.) --2.569 F(Interacti)144 543.6 Q .952 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .652 -(hells permit trapping signals ignored on entry).15 F 5.651(.T)-.65 G -.651(rapped signals that are not being ig-)-6.001 F .576 -(nored are reset to their original v)144 555.6 R .576 -(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .577 -(vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 567.6 Q -(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 -G(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(true)108 -584.4 Q F0(Does nothing, returns a 0 status.)144 584.4 Q F1(type)108 -601.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 613.2 S .174 -(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F2(name) -3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F -F1144 625.2 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F1(type)3.215 E F0 -.715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F2(alias)3.545 E F0(,).27 E -F2 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)5.185 E F0 -(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F2 -(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F2(name)144.36 637.2 Q F0 .378 -(is an alias, shell reserv)3.058 F .377(ed w)-.15 F .377 -(ord, function, b)-.1 F .377(uiltin, or e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .377 -(cutable disk \214le, respecti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.377(.I) --.65 G 2.877(ft)-5.377 G(he)-2.877 E F2(name)144.36 649.2 Q F0 .645 -(is not found, then nothing is printed, and)3.325 F F1(type)3.146 E F0 -.646(returns a non-zero e)3.146 F .646(xit status.)-.15 F .646(If the) -5.646 F F13.146 E F0(op-)3.146 E .642(tion is used,)144 661.2 R F1 -(type)3.142 E F0 .642(either returns the name of the e)3.142 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .642(cutable \214le that w).15 F .641(ould be found by searching) --.1 F F1($P)144 673.2 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(if)2.615 E F2(name) -2.975 E F0 .116(were speci\214ed as a command name, or nothing if)2.796 -F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .116(type -t name)2.616 F F0 -.1(wo)2.616 G .116 -(uld not re-).1 F(turn)144 685.2 Q F2(\214le)4.5 E F0 5.09(.T).18 G(he) --5.09 E F12.59 E F0 .09(option forces a)2.59 F F3 -.666(PA)2.59 G -(TH)-.189 E F0 .089(search for each)2.339 F F2(name)2.589 E F0 2.589(,e) -C -.15(ve)-2.839 G 2.589(ni).15 G(f)-2.589 E F5 .089(type -t name)2.589 -F F0 -.1(wo)2.589 G .089(uld not).1 F(return)144 697.2 Q F2(\214le)5.245 -E F0 5.835(.I).18 G 3.336(fac)-5.835 G .836(ommand is hashed,)-3.336 F -F13.336 E F0(and)3.336 E F13.336 E F0 .836 -(print the hashed v)3.336 F .836(alue, which is not necessarily)-.25 F -.033(the \214le that appears \214rst in)144 709.2 R F3 -.666(PA)2.533 G -(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .033(If the)4.533 F F12.533 E F0 .033 -(option is used,)2.533 F F1(type)2.533 E F0 .033 -(prints all of the places that contain)2.533 F 3.55(ac)144 721.2 S 1.05 -(ommand named)-3.55 F F2(name)3.91 E F0 6.051(.T).18 G 1.051 -(his includes aliases, reserv)-6.051 F 1.051(ed w)-.15 F 1.051 -(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F 1.051(uiltins, b)-.2 F 1.051(ut the)-.2 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(83)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +3.216 F(Each)5.716 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(83) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 84 84 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.178 -(path search options \()144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SFA F0(and) -3.678 E F13.678 E F0 3.678(\)c)C 1.177 -(an be supplied to restrict the output to e)-3.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.177(cutable \214les.).15 F F1(type)6.177 E F0 .035 -(does not consult the table of hashed commands when using)144 96 R F1 -2.535 E F0(with)2.535 E F12.535 E F0 2.535(,a)C .036 -(nd only performs a)-2.535 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.536 G(TH) --.189 E F0 .912(search for)144 108 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.412 -E F0 5.912(.T)C(he)-5.912 E F13.412 E F0 .911 -(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.412 F F1 -(command)3.411 E F0 -.2(bu)3.411 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)144 120 Q F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)144.34 84 Q F0 .709 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.518 F F1(signal.h)A F0 .709 +(>, or a signal number)B 5.709(.S)-.55 G .709(ignal names are case) +-5.709 F(insensiti)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .092(If a)144 +114 R F1(sigspec)2.932 E F0(is)2.902 E F2(EXIT)2.592 E F0 .092 +(\(0\) the command)2.342 F F1(action)2.921 E F0 .091(is e)2.831 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .091(cuted on e).15 F .091(xit from the shell.)-.15 F .091 +(If a)5.091 F F1(sigspec)2.931 E F0(is)2.901 E F2(DE-)2.591 E -.09(BU) +144 126 S(G).09 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.244(the command)3.494 F +F1(action)4.074 E F0 1.244(is e)3.984 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.244 +(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 1.245(simple command) +3.744 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.745 E F0(command,)3.745 E F1(case)3.745 E F0 +(com-)3.745 E(mand,)144 138 Q F1(select)2.697 E F0 .196 +(command, \(\( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic) +2.697 F F1(for)2.696 E F0(command,)2.696 E .393 +(and before the \214rst command e)144 150 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .394 +(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F2 .394(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.894 F F0 +(abo)2.644 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.894(\). Refer).15 F .834 +(to the description of the)144 162 R/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)3.334 +E(ug)-.2 E F0 .833(option to the)3.334 F F4(shopt)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.333 G .833(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .833(fect on the)-.25 F F4 +(DE-)3.333 E -.1(BU)144 174 S(G).1 E F0 2.693(trap. If)2.693 F(a)2.693 E +F1(sigspec)3.033 E F0(is)3.003 E F2(RETURN)2.693 E F3(,)A F0 .194 +(the command)2.444 F F1(action)3.024 E F0 .194(is e)2.934 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .194(cuted each time a shell function or).15 F 2.5(as)144 186 S +(cript e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with the).15 E F4(.)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 +E F4(sour)2.5 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .285(If a)144 204 R F1(sigspec)3.125 E F0(is) +3.095 E F2(ERR)2.784 E F3(,)A F0 .284(the command)2.534 F F1(action) +3.114 E F0 .284(is e)3.024 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .284(cuted whene).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.784(rap).15 G .284(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-2.784 +F .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a\ + non\255zero e)144 216 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452 +(the follo)144 228 R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F2(ERR) +2.952 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 +(cuted if the f).15 F .451(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .387 +(mand list immediately follo)144 240 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F4(while)2.887 +E F0(or)2.887 E F4(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)2.898 E F0 .388 +(statement, part)4.848 F .778(of a command e)144 252 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.778(cuted in a).15 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E F0 .778 +(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.277 E F0 +3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 264 R 1.28 +(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78 +F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F4(!) +3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 276 Q(yed by the) +-.15 E F4(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F4A F0 2.5(\)o)C +(ption.)-2.5 E .07(When the shell is not interacti)144 294 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.57(,s).15 G .069 +(ignals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.) +-2.57 F(Interacti)144 306 Q .951 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .651 +(hells permit trapping signals ignored on entry).15 F 5.651(.T)-.65 G +.652(rapped signals that are not being ig-)-6.001 F .577 +(nored are reset to their original v)144 318 R .576 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .576 +(vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 330 Q +(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 +G(lid; otherwise).25 E F4(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F4(true)108 +346.8 Q F0(Does nothing, returns a 0 status.)144 346.8 Q F4(type)108 +363.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 375.6 S .173 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F1(name) +3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F +F4144 387.6 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F4(type)3.215 E F0 +.715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F1(alias)3.545 E F0(,).27 E +F1 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)5.185 E F0 +(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F1 +(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F1(name)144.36 399.6 Q F0 .377 +(is an alias, shell reserv)3.057 F .377(ed w)-.15 F .377 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .377(uiltin, or e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378 +(cutable disk \214le, respecti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.378(.I) +-.65 G 2.878(ft)-5.378 G(he)-2.878 E F1(name)144.36 411.6 Q F0 .646 +(is not found, then nothing is printed, and)3.326 F F4(type)3.146 E F0 +.645(returns a non-zero e)3.146 F .645(xit status.)-.15 F .645(If the) +5.645 F F43.145 E F0(op-)3.145 E .641(tion is used,)144 423.6 R F4 +(type)3.141 E F0 .642(either returns the name of the e)3.141 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .642(cutable \214le that w).15 F .642(ould be found by searching) +-.1 F F4($P)144 435.6 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(if)2.616 E F1(name) +2.976 E F0 .116(were speci\214ed as a command name, or nothing if)2.796 +F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .116(type -t name)2.616 F F0 -.1(wo)2.616 G .115 +(uld not re-).1 F(turn)144 447.6 Q F1(\214le)4.499 E F0 5.089(.T).18 G +(he)-5.089 E F42.589 E F0 .089(option forces a)2.589 F F2 -.666 +(PA)2.589 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .089(search for each)2.339 F F1(name)2.589 E +F0 2.59(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.84 G 2.59(ni).15 G(f)-2.59 E F5 .09 +(type -t name)2.59 F F0 -.1(wo)2.59 G .09(uld not).1 F(return)144 459.6 +Q F1(\214le)5.246 E F0 5.836(.I).18 G 3.336(fac)-5.836 G .836 +(ommand is hashed,)-3.336 F F43.336 E F0(and)3.336 E F43.336 +E F0 .836(print the hashed v)3.336 F .836 +(alue, which is not necessarily)-.25 F .033 +(the \214le that appears \214rst in)144 471.6 R F2 -.666(PA)2.533 G(TH) +-.189 E F3(.)A F0 .033(If the)4.533 F F42.533 E F0 .033 +(option is used,)2.533 F F4(type)2.533 E F0 .033 +(prints all of the places that contain)2.533 F 3.551(ac)144 483.6 S +1.051(ommand named)-3.551 F F1(name)3.911 E F0 6.051(.T).18 G 1.051 +(his includes aliases, reserv)-6.051 F 1.051(ed w)-.15 F 1.051 +(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F 1.05(uiltins, b)-.2 F 1.05(ut the)-.2 F +1.177(path search options \()144 495.6 R F4A F0(and)3.677 E F4 +3.677 E F0 3.677(\)c)C 1.178 +(an be supplied to restrict the output to e)-3.677 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.178(cutable \214les.).15 F F4(type)6.178 E F0 .035 +(does not consult the table of hashed commands when using)144 507.6 R F4 +2.535 E F0(with)2.535 E F42.535 E F0 2.535(,a)C .035 +(nd only performs a)-2.535 F F2 -.666(PA)2.535 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .911 +(search for)144 519.6 R F1(name)3.411 E F0 5.911(.T)C(he)-5.911 E F4 +3.411 E F0 .912 +(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.411 F F4 +(command)3.412 E F0 -.2(bu)3.412 G(iltin.).2 E F4(type)144 531.6 Q F0 (returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E -(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 136.8 -Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HS)A F0(])A F12.5 E(ulimit)108 148.8 Q F0([) -2.5 E F1(\255HS)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4 -E F0([)2.5 E F3(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 160.8 Q .243(vides control o) --.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25 +(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F4(ulimit)108 548.4 +Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255HS)A F0(])A F42.5 E(ulimit)108 560.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F4(\255HS)A F0 2.5(][)C F4(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4 +E F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 572.4 Q .244(vides control o) +-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25 (va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.944(that allo)144 172.8 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F -(The)5.944 E F13.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F13.444 E F0 .943 +.943(that allo)144 584.4 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F +(The)5.943 E F43.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F43.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 +144 596.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 196.8 R .426 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F12.925 E -F0(nor)2.925 E F12.925 E F0 .425 -(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -208.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F3(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 608.4 R .425 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F42.926 E +F0(nor)2.926 E F42.926 E F0 .426 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +620.4 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.742(of the special v)144 220.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1 -(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) -C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F3(limit)2.613 E F0 .023 +.741(of the special v)144 632.4 R(alues)-.25 E F4(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F4 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F4(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .024 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 644.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F1(limit)2.613 E F0 .023 (is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023 -(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985 -(source is printed, unless the)144 244.8 R F13.485 E F0 .984 -(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984 +(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .984 +(source is printed, unless the)144 656.4 R F43.484 E F0 .984 +(option is gi)3.484 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .985 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7 -(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 256.8 +(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 668.4 R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144 -268.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1144 280.8 Q F0 -(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 280.8 Q F1 -144 292.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 292.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer size)-.25 E F1144 304.8 Q F0 -(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 304.8 Q F1144 316.8 -Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 316.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) --2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1144 328.8 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 328.8 Q F1144 -340.8 Q F0 -(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 -340.8 Q F1144 352.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 -352.8 Q F1144 364.8 Q F0 -(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 364.8 Q F1 -144 376.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 376.8 Q -(ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 388.8 Q F0 -(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 388.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 400.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ -e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -180 400.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 412.8 Q F1144 424.8 Q F0 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 424.8 Q F1 -144 436.8 Q F0 -(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 436.8 Q F1 -144 448.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 448.8 -Q F1144 460.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 460.8 Q F1144 -472.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 472.8 Q F1 -144 484.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 484.8 Q -.25 -(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 496.8 Q F0 .47 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 496.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 -(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 -508.8 Q F1144 520.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 -520.8 Q F1144 532.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 -532.8 Q F1144 544.8 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can\ - run before blocking, in microseconds)180 544.8 Q F1144 556.8 Q F0 -(The maximum number of threads)180 556.8 Q(If)144 573.6 Q F3(limit)3.058 -E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F1 -2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F3(limit)2.968 E F0 .468 -(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 -(no option is gi)144 585.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1 -2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 -2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144 -597.6 R F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F -F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;) --3.17 F F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,) -A F1144 609.6 Q F0(,)A F13.736 E F0 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E -F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236 -(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F13.736 E F0(and)3.736 E -F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F .239 -(512-byte increments.)144 621.6 R .238 -(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238 -(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F -(error occurs while setting a ne)144 633.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E -F1(umask)108 650.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F3(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18 -(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 662.4 R F3(mode)3.06 E F0 -5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F3(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18 -(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ -therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 674.4 R F3 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -686.4 Q F3(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 -(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 -(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 698.4 R .547 -(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G -(he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F3 -(mode)144.38 710.4 Q F0 .551 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 -F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 722.4 Q -(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F3(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E -(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 28)148.175 E(84)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +680.4 Q(ws:)-.25 E F4144 692.4 Q F0 +(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 692.4 Q F4 +144 704.4 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 704.4 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size)-.25 E F4144 716.4 Q F0 +(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 716.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2023 August 31)142.895 E(84)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 85 85 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(unalias)108 84 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 96 Q 1.058 -.15 -(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.258 E F0 .758 -(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 F(If)5.758 E F13.258 E -F0 .757(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-)3.258 F(mo)144 108 -Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +SF144 84 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 84 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 +G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1144 96 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 96 Q F1144 108 Q +F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 +108 Q F1144 120 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 120 +Q F1144 132 Q F0 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 132 Q F1 +144 144 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 144 Q(ed into memory) +-.1 E F1144 156 Q F0(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 156 Q +2.5(ys)-.15 G(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 168 Q +F0 .791(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do\ + not allo)180 168 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to) +-.25 F(be set\))180 180 Q F1144 192 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 192 Q F1 +144 204 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues) +180 204 Q F1144 216 Q F0 +(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 216 Q F1144 228 Q +F0(The maximum stack size)180 228 Q F1144 240 Q F0 +(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 240 Q F1144 252 Q +F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 252 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 264 Q F0 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 264 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 276 +Q F1144 288 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 288 Q F1 +144 300 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 300 Q F1 +144 312 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can run before \ +blocking, in microseconds)180 312 Q F1144 324 Q F0 +(The maximum number of threads)180 324 Q(If)144 340.8 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.468(n, and the).15 F F12.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 +F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045 +(no option is gi)144 352.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1 +2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .67(in seconds;)144 +364.8 R F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F +F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;) +-3.17 F F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,) +A F1144 376.8 Q F0(,)A F13.737 E F0 3.737(,a)C(nd)-3.737 E +F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236 +(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F13.736 E F0(and)3.736 E +F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are in)-3.736 F .238 +(512-byte increments.)144 388.8 R .238 +(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.238 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238 +(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F +(error occurs while setting a ne)144 400.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E +F1(umask)108 417.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18 +(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 429.6 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0 +5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F2(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18 +(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ +therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ +pted by)144 441.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +453.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 +(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 +(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 465.6 R .547 +(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G +(he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 +(mode)144.38 477.6 Q F0 .552 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232 +F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 489.6 Q +(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E +(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 +(unalias)108 506.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 518.4 Q 1.057 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +3.257 E F0 .757(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.257 F(If)5.758 E +F13.258 E F0 .758(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-) +3.258 F(mo)144 530.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E (alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 124.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 547.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 (fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 136.8 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0 -3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.303 +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 559.2 S 3.804(re).15 G(ach)-3.804 E F2(name)4.164 E F0 +3.804(,r).18 G(emo)-3.804 E 1.604 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.304 (he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303 -(If the)6.303 F F13.804 E F0 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 148.8 Q F0 .465 -(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 -(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 160.8 R F1 -2.768 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.768 F F2(name)3.129 E F0 +(If the)6.303 F F13.803 E F0 1.303(option is gi)3.803 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.303(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 571.2 Q F0 .464 +(refers to a shell v)3.144 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.965(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) +2.965 G .465(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.769(set. If)144 583.2 R F1 +2.769 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.769 F F2(name)3.129 E F0 .269(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo) -2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144 172.8 R F12.904 E +2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .403(If the)144 595.2 R F12.903 E F0 .404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(is a v) 2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F0 -(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .403(will be unset)2.904 F -.719(rather than the v)144 184.8 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1 -5.719 E F0 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1 -3.22 E F0 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737 -(are supplied, each)144 196.8 R F2(name)3.237 E F0 .737(refers to a v) -3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736 -(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.761(that name, if an)144 -208.8 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.261 F +(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(will be unset)2.904 F +.72(rather than the v)144 607.2 R .72(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1 +5.72 E F0 .72(has no ef)3.22 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1 +3.219 E F0 .719(option is supplied.)3.219 F .719(If no options)5.719 F +.736(are supplied, each)144 619.2 R F2(name)3.236 E F0 .736 +(refers to a v)3.236 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .737 +(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.762(that name, if an)144 +631.2 R 3.062 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.262(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.262 F 1.761(unset v)4.261 F 1.761(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 4.262(df).15 G 1.762(rom the en)-4.262 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.172 -(passed to subsequent commands.)144 220.8 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672 +-.15 G 4.261(df).15 G 1.761(rom the en)-4.261 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.171 +(passed to subsequent commands.)144 643.2 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672 (yo)-.15 G(f)-5.672 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.672 G(SH_ALIASES) -.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A -F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 232.8 S -(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.481 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3 +.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.422 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A +F3 -.27(BA)5.422 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 655.2 S +(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.482 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.482 G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W)11.482 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E -F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.482 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL) -144 244.8 Q(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) +F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.481 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL) +144 667.2 Q(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) 2.67 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)2.67 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)144 -256.8 Q F4(,)A F0(or)4.029 E F3(SRANDOM)4.279 E F0 1.779(are unset, the) -4.029 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.28(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.28 E 4.28(ya)-.15 G -1.78(re subse-)-4.28 F(quently reset.)144 268.8 Q(The e)5 E +679.2 Q F4(,)A F0(or)4.03 E F3(SRANDOM)4.28 E F0 1.779(are unset, the) +4.03 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.279(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.279 E 4.279(ya) +-.15 G 1.779(re subse-)-4.279 F(quently reset.)144 691.2 Q(The e)5 E (xit status is true unless a)-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F1(wait)108 285.6 Q F0([)2.5 E -F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 297.6 S .659(it for each speci\214ed c\ -hild process and return its termination status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id) -3.169 E F0 .658(may be a process)3.928 F .008 -(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 309.6 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .009(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.509(sp)-.55 G .009 -(ipeline are w)-2.509 F .009(aited for)-.1 F 5.009(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.009 E -F2(id)144.01 321.6 Q F0 .442(is not gi)3.712 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E -F1(wait)2.942 E F0 -.1(wa)2.942 G .441 -(its for all running background jobs and the last-e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.441(cuted process substitu-).15 F .597 -(tion, if its process id is the same as)144 333.6 R F1($!)3.098 E F0 -3.098(,a)C .598(nd the return status is zero.)-3.098 F .598(If the)5.598 -F F13.098 E F0 .598(option is supplied,)3.098 F F1(wait)144 345.6 -Q F0 -.1(wa)3.083 G .583(its for a single job from the list of).1 F F2 -(id)3.083 E F0 3.083(so)C 1.383 -.4(r, i)-3.083 H 3.083(fn).4 G(o)-3.083 -E F2(id)3.083 E F0 3.083(sa)C .583(re supplied, an)-3.083 F 3.083(yj) --.15 G .582(ob, to complete and)-3.083 F .403(returns its e)144 357.6 R -.403(xit status.)-.15 F .403(If none of the supplied ar)5.403 F .403 -(guments is a child of the shell, or if no ar)-.18 F(guments)-.18 E .573 -(are supplied and the shell has no unw)144 369.6 R .573 -(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .573(xit status is 127.)-.15 F .572 -(If the)5.573 F F13.072 E F0 .572(option is)3.072 F .39 -(supplied, the process or job identi\214er of the job for which the e) -144 381.6 R .39(xit status is returned is assigned to)-.15 F .905(the v) -144 393.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)3.405 E F0 .905 -(named by the option ar)3.405 F 3.405(gument. The)-.18 F -.25(va)3.405 G -.905(riable will be unset initially).25 F 3.405(,b)-.65 G(efore)-3.405 E -(an)144 405.6 Q 3.89(ya)-.15 G 3.89(ssignment. This)-3.89 F 1.39 -(is useful only when the)3.89 F F13.89 E F0 1.39 -(option is supplied.)3.89 F 1.39(Supplying the)6.39 F F13.89 E F0 -(option,)3.89 E .575(when job control is enabled, forces)144 417.6 R F1 -(wait)3.075 E F0 .575(to w)3.075 F .575(ait for)-.1 F F2(id)3.075 E F0 -.574(to terminate before returning its status, in-)3.075 F .635 -(stead of returning when it changes status.)144 429.6 R(If)5.635 E F2 -(id)3.145 E F0 .635(speci\214es a non-e)3.905 F .635 -(xistent process or job, the return)-.15 F .802(status is 127.)144 441.6 -R(If)5.801 E F1(wait)3.301 E F0 .801(is interrupted by a signal, the re\ -turn status will be greater than 128, as de-)3.301 F .019(scribed under) -144 453.6 R F1(SIGN)2.519 E(ALS)-.2 E F0(abo)2.519 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -5.019(.O).15 G .019(therwise, the return status is the e)-5.019 F .02 -(xit status of the last process or)-.15 F(job w)144 465.6 Q(aited for) --.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL COMP)72 482.4 Q -1.04(AT) --.81 G(IBILITY MODE)1.04 E F0 1.355 -(Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a)108 494.4 R F2 1.355 -(shell compatibility le)3.855 F(vel)-.15 E F0 3.855(,s)C 1.354 -(peci\214ed as a set of options to the shopt)-3.855 F -.2(bu)108 506.4 S -.398(iltin \().2 F F1(compat31)2.898 E F0(,)A F1(compat32)2.898 E F0(,)A -F1(compat40)2.898 E F0(,)A F1(compat41)2.898 E F0 2.898(,a)C .399 -(nd so on\).)-2.898 F .399(There is only one current compatibility)5.399 -F(le)108 518.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.254(l-).15 G 3.254(-e)-3.254 G .754 -(ach option is mutually e)-3.254 F(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.754 -(.T).15 G .754(he compatibility le)-5.754 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.253(li).15 -G 3.253(si)-3.253 G .753(ntended to allo)-3.253 F 3.253(wu)-.25 G .753 -(sers to select be-)-3.253 F(ha)108 530.4 Q 1.083(vior from pre)-.2 F -1.083(vious v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions that is incompatible with ne)-.15 F -1.083(wer v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions while the)-.15 F 3.584(ym)-.15 G 1.084 -(igrate scripts to use)-3.584 F(current features and beha)108 542.4 Q -(vior)-.2 E 2.5(.I)-.55 G(t')-2.5 E 2.5(si)-.55 G -(ntended to be a temporary solution.)-2.5 E 1.457 -(This section does not mention beha)108 559.2 R 1.457 -(vior that is standard for a particular v)-.2 F 1.456 -(ersion \(e.g., setting)-.15 F F1(compat32)3.956 E F0 .886 -(means that quoting the rhs of the re)108 571.2 R(ge)-.15 E .886 -(xp matching operator quotes special re)-.15 F(ge)-.15 E .887 -(xp characters in the w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E(which is def)108 583.2 Q -(ault beha)-.1 E(vior in bash-3.2 and subsequent v)-.2 E(ersions\).)-.15 -E .523(If a user enables, say)108 600 R(,)-.65 E F1(compat32)3.023 E F0 -3.023(,i)C 3.023(tm)-3.023 G .523(ay af)-3.023 F .523(fect the beha)-.25 -F .523(vior of other compatibility le)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .522 -(ls up to and includ-).15 F .259(ing the current compatibility le)108 -612 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.759(l. The).15 F .259 -(idea is that each compatibility le)2.759 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.76(lc).15 G -.26(ontrols beha)-2.76 F .26(vior that changed)-.2 F 1.646(in that v)108 -624 R 1.646(ersion of)-.15 F F1(bash)4.146 E F0 4.146(,b)C 1.646 -(ut that beha)-4.346 F 1.646(vior may ha)-.2 F 1.946 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -1.646(een present in earlier v).15 F 4.146(ersions. F)-.15 F 1.645 -(or instance, the)-.15 F .76 -(change to use locale-based comparisons with the)108 636 R F1([[)3.261 E -F0 .761(command came in bash-4.1, and earlier v)3.261 F .761 -(ersions used)-.15 F 1.905(ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling)108 648 -R F1(compat32)4.405 E F0 1.904 -(will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well.)4.405 F(That)6.904 E .295 -(granularity may not be suf)108 660 R .296 -(\214cient for all uses, and as a result users should emplo)-.25 F 2.796 -(yc)-.1 G .296(ompatibility le)-2.796 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .296(ls care-).15 -F(fully)108 672 Q 5(.R)-.65 G(ead the documentation for a particular fe\ -ature to \214nd out the current beha)-5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .532 -(Bash-4.3 introduced a ne)108 688.8 R 3.032(ws)-.25 G .531(hell v)-3.032 -F(ariable:)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.031 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F4 -(.).855 E F0 .531(The v)5.031 F .531(alue assigned to this v)-.25 F .531 -(ariable \(a decimal)-.25 F -.15(ve)108 700.8 S .107(rsion number lik) -.15 F 2.607(e4)-.1 G .107(.2, or an inte)-2.607 F .107 -(ger corresponding to the)-.15 F F1(compat)2.608 E F2(NN)A F0 .108 -(option, lik)2.608 F 2.608(e4)-.1 G .108(2\) determines the com-)-2.608 -F(patibility le)108 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E .388 -(Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has be)108 729.6 R .388 -(gun deprecating older compatibility le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.887 -(ls. 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