From 261c6e8cc6c59b63be3a1597aadec72e9cf5ae72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chet Ramey Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2024 12:19:48 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] next set of documentation fixes: update formatting, make filename formatting consistent, typeset the name readline consistently --- CWRU/CWRU.chlog | 20 + INSTALL | 2 +- POSIX | 435 +- doc/bash.0 | 3989 +++--- doc/bash.1 | 541 +- doc/bash.html | 587 +- doc/bash.info | 517 +- doc/bash.pdf | Bin 429057 -> 431585 bytes doc/bash.ps | 20187 +++++++++++++++--------------- doc/bashref.dvi | Bin 882900 -> 883500 bytes doc/bashref.html | 154 +- doc/bashref.info | 517 +- doc/bashref.log | 40 +- doc/bashref.pdf | Bin 844363 -> 845003 bytes doc/bashref.ps | 2821 ++--- doc/bashref.texi | 107 +- doc/bashref.vr | 6 +- doc/bashref.vrs | 6 +- doc/builtins.0 | 666 +- doc/builtins.ps | 6303 +++++----- doc/rbash.ps | 86 +- doc/version.texi | 4 +- lib/readline/doc/history.dvi | Bin 75220 -> 75220 bytes lib/readline/doc/history.html | 6 +- lib/readline/doc/history.info | 2 +- lib/readline/doc/history.log | 16 +- lib/readline/doc/history.pdf | Bin 206947 -> 206949 bytes lib/readline/doc/history.ps | 6 +- lib/readline/doc/readline.0 | 358 +- lib/readline/doc/readline.3 | 251 +- lib/readline/doc/readline.dvi | Bin 345508 -> 345732 bytes lib/readline/doc/readline.html | 56 +- lib/readline/doc/readline.info | 199 +- lib/readline/doc/readline.pdf | Bin 415435 -> 415633 bytes lib/readline/doc/readline.ps | 1112 +- lib/readline/doc/readline_3.pdf | Bin 88065 -> 89843 bytes lib/readline/doc/rlman.aux | 88 +- lib/readline/doc/rlman.cp | 18 +- lib/readline/doc/rlman.cps | 22 +- lib/readline/doc/rlman.fn | 505 +- lib/readline/doc/rlman.fns | 509 +- lib/readline/doc/rlman.log | 108 +- lib/readline/doc/rlman.toc | 88 +- lib/readline/doc/rlman.vr | 161 +- lib/readline/doc/rlman.vrs | 159 +- lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi | 14 +- lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi | 37 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.aux | 30 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.cp | 14 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.cps | 18 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.dvi | Bin 123000 -> 123220 bytes lib/readline/doc/rluserman.fn | 172 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.fns | 172 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.html | 42 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.info | 99 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.log | 71 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.pdf | Bin 241034 -> 241252 bytes lib/readline/doc/rluserman.ps | 991 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.toc | 30 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vr | 80 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vrs | 88 +- lib/readline/doc/version.texi | 4 +- sig.c | 2 +- 63 files changed, 21845 insertions(+), 20671 deletions(-) diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index 81ac532a..531b3c18 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -10360,3 +10360,23 @@ doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi,lib/readline/doc/readline.3,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi - minor wording updates and typo fixes from G. Branden Robinson + + 10/15 + ----- +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi,lib/readline/doc/readline.3,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi + - wording/formatting updates and typo fixes from + G. Branden Robinson + +doc/bash.1 + - update .FN macro, use it consistently for filenames, like @file{} + +doc/bashref.texi + - make sure to use @dots and @file consistently + +doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/readline.3 + - make sure `readline' is typeset consistently + + 10/18 + ----- +sig.c + - fix minix typo diff --git a/INSTALL b/INSTALL index 31aa6a2b..ecc5fd9c 100644 --- a/INSTALL +++ b/INSTALL @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ you want the object files and executables to go and run the ‘configure’ script from the source directory (*note Basic Installation::). You may need to supply the ‘--srcdir=PATH’ argument to tell ‘configure’ where the source files are. ‘configure’ automatically checks for the source -code in the directory that ‘configure’ is in and in '..'. +code in the directory that ‘configure’ is in and in ‘..’. If you have to use a ‘make’ that does not support the ‘VPATH’ variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the source code diff --git a/POSIX b/POSIX index 94f2e4c9..adb84c14 100644 --- a/POSIX +++ b/POSIX @@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ standard was published in 1992. It was merged with the original IEEE 1003.1 Working Group and is currently maintained by the Austin Group (a joint working group of the IEEE, The Open Group and ISO/IEC SC22/WG15). Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume within the set of documents -that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from +that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from 1992) is now part of the current unified POSIX standard. The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from the command line or by other programs. The standard is freely available on the web at -. +. Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined by the POSIX Shell and Utilities volume. The shell command language has of @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ editing commands were left out due to objections. Although Bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell specification, there are areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the specification. The Bash “posix mode” changes the Bash behavior in these -areas so that it conforms to the standard more closely. +areas so that it conforms more closely to the standard. Starting Bash with the ‘--posix’ command-line option or executing ‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely @@ -59,132 +59,148 @@ The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: 1. Bash ensures that the ‘POSIXLY_CORRECT’ variable is set. - 2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will - re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location. This is also available - with ‘shopt -s checkhash’. + 2. Bash reads and executes the POSIX startup files (‘$ENV’) rather + than the normal Bash files (*note Bash Startup Files::. - 3. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the - command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result - from a ‘$PATH’ search. + 3. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. - 4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job - exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. - - 5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job - is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, - ‘SIGTSTP’. - - 6. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job - notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’ - or newline. Non-interactive shells print status messages after a - foreground job in a list completes. - - 7. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt - before printing the status of a background job that changes status - or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal. - Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job - completes. - - 8. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying - the user of their termination, whether that is via ‘wait’, ‘jobs’, - or interactive shell notification before prompting. - - 9. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. - - 10. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are + 4. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized do not undergo alias expansion. - 11. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command - substitution. The default mode generally defers it, when enabled, - until the command substitution is executed. This means that - command substitution will not expand aliases that are defined after - the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., as part of a - function definition). + 5. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command + substitution. The default (non-posix) mode generally defers it, + when enabled, until the command substitution is executed. This + means that command substitution will not expand aliases that are + defined after the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., + as part of a function definition). - 12. The POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of ‘!’ to the history number - and ‘!!’ to ‘!’ are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed - on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of the setting of the - ‘promptvars’ option. + 6. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a simple command. + When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell + and its completed children. The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the + format of the timing information. - 13. The POSIX startup files are executed (‘$ENV’) rather than the - normal Bash files. + 7. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the next + token begins with a ‘-’. - 14. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a - command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. + 8. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be + used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless + the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. + In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. - 15. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default - value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’). + 9. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word + in a redirection unless the shell is interactive. - 16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the - word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. + 10. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + a redirection. - 17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in - the redirection. - - 18. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s. That is, they may not + 11. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s. That is, they may not contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid - name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. + name in a non-interactive shell is a fatal syntax error. - 19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + 12. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + builtins. + + 13. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a + command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. + + 14. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters. + + 15. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the + expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were + double-quoted. + + 16. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it + appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a + here-document that undergoes expansion. That means, for example, + that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it + and the backslash will be removed. + + 17. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter. The + exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the + exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while + evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that + command, but that does not happen until after all of the + assignments and redirections. + + 18. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of + the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note + Tilde Expansion::. + + 19. Command lookup finds POSIX special builtins before shell + functions, including output printed by the ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins. 20. Even if a shell function whose name contains a slash was defined before entering POSIX mode, the shell will not execute a function whose name contains one or more slashes. - 21. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during - command lookup, including output printed by the ‘type’ and - ‘command’ builtins. + 21. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will + re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location. This is also available + with ‘shopt -s checkhash’. - 22. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash - does not print the ‘function’ keyword. + 22. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into + the command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) + result from a ‘$PATH’ search. - 23. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of - the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note - Tilde Expansion::. + 23. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a + job exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. - 24. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When - used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and - its completed children. The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the - format of the timing information. + 24. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a + job is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for + example, ‘SIGTSTP’. - 25. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within - double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be - used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless - the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. - In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. + 25. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job + notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’ + or newline. Non-interactive shells print status messages after a + foreground job in a list completes. - 26. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the - next token begins with a ‘-’. + 26. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt + before printing the status of a background job that changes status + or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal. + Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job + completes. - 27. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a + 27. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying + the user of their termination via the ‘wait’ or ‘jobs’ builtins. + + 28. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when + the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and + ‘$EDITOR’. + + 29. Prompt expansion enables the POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of + ‘!’ to the history number and ‘!!’ to ‘!’, and Bash performs + parameter expansion on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of + the setting of the ‘promptvars’ option. + + 30. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default + value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’). + + 31. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled. - 28. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + 32. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash + does not print the ‘function’ keyword. + + 33. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + expansion results in an invalid expression. + + 34. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. + + 35. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name, and so on. - 29. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal - error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’ - variable, or encounters a variable name argument that is an invalid - identifier, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit. - - 30. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment - statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to - unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope - as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is - further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the - utility shall persist" behavior. - - 31. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 36. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. - 32. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 37. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command, @@ -192,172 +208,157 @@ The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: perform any further processing of the command in which the error occurred"). - 33. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the + 38. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration variable in a ‘for’ statement or the selection variable in a ‘select’ statement is a readonly variable or has an invalid name. - 34. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not + 39. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not found. - 35. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic - expansion results in an invalid expression. - - 36. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. - - 37. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + 40. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins, or in a string processed by the ‘eval’ builtin. - 38. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to - the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters. + 41. Non-interactive shells exit if the ‘export’, ‘readonly’ or ‘unset’ + builtin commands get an argument that is not a valid identifier, + and they are not operating on shell functions. These errors force + an exit because these are special builtins. - 39. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the - expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were - double-quoted. - - 40. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + 42. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. - 41. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take + 43. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as - assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins + assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, declaration commands lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded by ‘command’. - 42. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job + 44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + ‘inherit_errexit’ option, so subshells spawned to execute command + substitutions inherit the value of the ‘-e’ option from the parent + shell. When the ‘inherit_errexit’ option is not enabled, Bash + clears the ‘-e’ option in such subshells. + + 45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’ + option, so numeric arguments to ‘shift’ that exceed the number of + positional parameters will result in an error message. + + 46. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + ‘interactive_comments’ option (*note Comments::). + + 47. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory + for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’. + + 48. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + display them with a leading ‘alias ’ unless the ‘-p’ option is + supplied. + + 49. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job is the current or previous job. - 43. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single - line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix. + 50. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname + constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name supplied as an + argument does not refer to an existing directory, ‘cd’ will fail + instead of falling back to physical mode. - 44. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ - prefix. + 51. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length + of the pathname constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name + supplied as an argument exceeds ‘PATH_MAX’ when canonicalized, ‘cd’ + will attempt to use the supplied directory name. - 45. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output + 52. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options. ‘echo’ displays each + argument after converting escape sequences. + + 53. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output in the format required by POSIX. - 46. If the ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands get an argument - that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell - functions, they return an error. This will cause a non-interactive - shell to exit because these are special builtins. + 54. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an + indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - 47. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading + 55. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’. + + 56. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them. + + 57. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints + an error message and returns failure. + + 58. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single + line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix. + + 59. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ + prefix. + + 60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert + arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, + instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length + modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available. + + 61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file + system with the ‘-P’ option. + + 62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing + ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status + greater than 128. + + 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not + display shell function names and definitions. + + 64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays + variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell + metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. + + 65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when + evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators. + + 66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. + Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain + cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards + compatibility. + + 67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading ‘SIG’. - 48. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use ‘-’ as the first argument. - 49. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions + 69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not just trapped signals. - 50. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory - for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’. - - 51. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the - ‘inherit_errexit’ option, so subshells spawned to execute command - substitutions inherit the value of the ‘-e’ option from the parent - shell. When the ‘inherit_errexit’ option is not enabled, Bash - clears the ‘-e’ option in such subshells. - - 52. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’ - option, so numeric arguments to ‘shift’ that exceed the number of - positional parameters will result in an error message. - - 53. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not - display them with a leading ‘alias ’ unless the ‘-p’ option is - supplied. - - 54. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not - display shell function names and definitions. - - 55. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays - variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell - metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - - 56. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname - constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name supplied as an - argument does not refer to an existing directory, ‘cd’ will fail - instead of falling back to physical mode. - - 57. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length - of the pathname constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name - supplied as an argument exceeds ‘PATH_MAX’ when canonicalized, ‘cd’ - will attempt to use the supplied directory name. - - 58. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as - the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file - system with the ‘-P’ option. - - 59. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an - indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - - 60. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’. - - 61. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them. - - 62. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints - an error message and returns failure. - - 63. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable + 70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’. - 64. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when - the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and - ‘$EDITOR’. - - 65. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to - interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options. Each argument is - displayed, after escape characters are converted. - - 66. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ + 71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ and ‘-f’ options. - 67. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not + 72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal + error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’ + variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit. + + 73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment + statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to + unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope + as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is + further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the + utility shall persist" behavior. + + 74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 68. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap - has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing - ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status - greater than 128. - - 69. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert - arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, - instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length - modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available. - - 70. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it. - 71. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it - appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a - here-document that undergoes expansion. That means, for example, - that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it - and the backslash will be removed. - - 72. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when - processing the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators. - - 73. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. - Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain - cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards - compatibility. - - 74. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter. The - exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the - exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while - evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that - command, but that does not happen until after all of the - assignments and redirections. - There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: @@ -365,11 +366,7 @@ even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: entries if ‘FCEDIT’ is unset, rather than defaulting directly to ‘ed’. ‘fc’ uses ‘ed’ if ‘EDITOR’ is unset. - 2. A non-interactive shell does not exit if a variable assignment - preceding the ‘command’ builtin or another non-special builtin - fails. - - 3. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled + 2. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled for the ‘echo’ builtin to be fully conformant. Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index c9102921..a786994c 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below). ----dduummpp--ppoo--ssttrriinnggss - Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo + Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t "po" (portable object) file format. ----dduummpp--ssttrriinnggss @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how - posix mode affects bash's behavior. + posix mode affects BBaasshh's behavior. ----rreessttrriicctteedd The shell becomes restricted (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). @@ -187,17 +187,17 @@ IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN forming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and - _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to in- - hibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the - name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is - defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and - execute. Since a shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and exe- - cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no - effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not at- - tempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh enters - _p_o_s_i_x mode after the startup files are read. + _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option will inhibit this + behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name sshh, bbaasshh + looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is defined, and + uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. + Since a shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and execute com- + mands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no effect. + A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not attempt to + read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh enters posix + mode after reading the startup files. - When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line + When bbaasshh is started in posix mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and read and execute com- mands from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup @@ -209,30 +209,30 @@ IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as sshh. - The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the ----rrcc-- - ffiillee option will make bbaasshh use a different file instead of _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, - but neither _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally invoke the shell with those options - or allow them to be specified. + The ----nnoorrcc option will inhibit this behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option + will make bbaasshh use a different file instead of _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, but neither + _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally invoke the shell with those options or allow + them to be specified. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, - the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- - pear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set - to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, the + the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- + pear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set + to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS - The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- + The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- ment. bbllaannkk A space or tab. - wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the + wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. Also known as a ttookkeenn. - nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- - scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- + nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- + scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- score. Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr. mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr - A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb nneewwlliinnee ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr @@ -243,204 +243,204 @@ DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS _R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the - first word of a command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below), the third word of a - ccaassee or sseelleecctt command (only iinn is valid), or the third word of a ffoorr + first word of a command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below), the third word of a + ccaassee or sseelleecctt command (only iinn is valid), or the third word of a ffoorr command (only iinn and ddoo are valid): - !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt + !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt tthheenn uunnttiill wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]] SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com- + This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com- mands. SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss - A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- - lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a + A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- + lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a _c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. The first word specifies the command to be executed, - and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar- + and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar- guments to the invoked command. - The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if + The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if the command is terminated by signal _n. PPiippeelliinneess - A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of + A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control operators || or ||&&. The format for a pipeline is: [ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 [ [|||||&&] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ] The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 is connected via a pipe to the standard - input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- - tions specified by the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1(see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is the - pipeline operator, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1's standard error, in addition to its stan- - dard output, is connected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the - pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the - standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirec- + input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- + tions specified by the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1(see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is the + pipeline operator, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1's standard error, in addition to its stan- + dard output, is connected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the + pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the + standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirec- tions specified by _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1. The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, - unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the - pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command - to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- + unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the + pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command + to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- fully. If the reserved word !! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of - that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described - above. If a pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for + that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described + above. If a pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. - If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the - elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when - the pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to - that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it does not - recognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-". - The value of the TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is a format string that specifies - how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of + If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the + elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when + the pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to + that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not + recognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-". + The value of the TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is a format string that specifies + how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT below under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, ttiimmee may appear by itself as the only - word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total + When the shell is in posix mode, ttiimmee may appear by itself as the only + word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEE-- FFOORRMMAATT variable specifies the format of the time information. - Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is - executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a separate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEE-- - CCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi- - ronment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin - (see the description of sshhoopptt below), and job control is not active, + Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is + executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a separate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEE-- + CCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi- + ronment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin + (see the description of sshhoopptt below), and job control is not active, the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process. LLiissttss - A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the + A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators ;;, &&, &&&&, or ||||, and optionally terminated by one of ;;, &&, or <>. Of these list operators, &&&& and |||| have equal precedence, followed by ;; and &&, which have equal precedence. - A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a semicolon to delimit commands. - If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- - cutes the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell. The shell does not - wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. These are - referred to as _a_s_y_n_c_h_r_o_n_o_u_s commands. Commands separated by a ;; are + If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- + cutes the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell. The shell does not + wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. These are + referred to as _a_s_y_n_c_h_r_o_n_o_u_s commands. Commands separated by a ;; are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in - turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command exe- + turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command exe- cuted. - AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by - the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by + the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 &&&& _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status of zero (success). An OR list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit - status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit + status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss - A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a - command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by - one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a + A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a + command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by + one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. - (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONN-- - MMEENNTT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari- - able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's + (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONN-- + MMEENNTT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari- + able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. { _l_i_s_t; } _l_i_s_t is executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t must be - terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a + terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. - Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are _r_e_- - _s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted - to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they - must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell + Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are _r_e_- + _s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted + to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they + must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. ((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)) - The arithmetic _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules - described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of - the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise - the return status is 1. The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same ex- - pansions as if it were within double quotes, but double quote - characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated specially and are re- + The arithmetic _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules + described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of + the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise + the return status is 1. The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same ex- + pansions as if it were within double quotes, but double quote + characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated specially and are re- moved. [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]] Evaluate the conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n and return a sta- - tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com- + tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com- posed of the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESS-- - SSIIOONNSS. The words between the [[[[ and ]]]] do not undergo word - splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex- + SSIIOONNSS. The words between the [[[[ and ]]]] do not undergo word + splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex- pansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on - those words. Conditional operators such as --ff must be unquoted + those words. Conditional operators such as --ff must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. - When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right + When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg, as if the eexxtt-- gglloobb shell option were enabled. The == operator is equivalent to - ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is - performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not - match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the - pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string: + ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is + performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not + match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the + pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string: every character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of having any special pattern matching meaning. - An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same - precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the + An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same + precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular ex- - pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _r_e_g_c_o_m_p and - _r_e_g_e_x_e_c interfaces usually described in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return - value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. + pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _r_e_g_c_o_m_p and + _r_e_g_e_x_e_c interfaces usually described in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return + value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the condi- tional expression's return value is 2. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell - option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the + option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is - matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a + If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is + matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces the entire - pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in - regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern + pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in + regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings between brackets. - The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. - Anchor the pattern using the ^^ and $$ regular expression opera- + The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. + Anchor the pattern using the ^^ and $$ regular expression opera- tors to force it to match the entire string. - The array variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH records which parts of the - string matched the pattern. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with - index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire - regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex- + The array variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH records which parts of the + string matched the pattern. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with + index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire + regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex- pressions within the regular expression are saved in the remain- - ing BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH indices. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with in- - dex _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthe- - sized subexpression. BBaasshh sets BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in the global - scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected + ing BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH indices. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with in- + dex _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthe- + sized subexpression. BBaasshh sets BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in the global + scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected results. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: (( _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. !! _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n True if _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is false. @@ -450,72 +450,72 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR True if either _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 or _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 is true. The &&&& and |||| operators do not evaluate _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 if the value - of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn [ _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee - First, expand The list of words following iinn, generating a list - of items. Then, the variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of - this list in turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn + First, expand The list of words following iinn, generating a list + of items. Then, the variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of + this list in turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each po- - sitional parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The re- - turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe- + sitional parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The re- + turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe- cutes. If the expansion of the items following iinn results in an - empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is + empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee First, evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 according to the - rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. Then, re- + rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. Then, re- peatedly evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 until it eval- - uates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero value, - execute _l_i_s_t and evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3. If - any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. - The return value is the exit status of the last command in _l_i_s_t - that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in- + uates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero value, + execute _l_i_s_t and evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3. If + any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. + The return value is the exit status of the last command in _l_i_s_t + that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in- valid. - Use the bbrreeaakk and ccoonnttiinnuuee builtins (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + Use the bbrreeaakk and ccoonnttiinnuuee builtins (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) to control loop execution. sseelleecctt _n_a_m_e [ iinn _w_o_r_d ] ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee - First, expand the list of words following iinn, generating a list - of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er- - ror, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, - print the positional parameters (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). sseelleecctt - then displays the PPSS33 prompt and reads a line from the standard + First, expand the list of words following iinn, generating a list + of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er- + ror, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, + print the positional parameters (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). sseelleecctt + then displays the PPSS33 prompt and reads a line from the standard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of - the displayed words, then sseelleecctt sets the value of _n_a_m_e to that - word. If the line is empty, sseelleecctt displays the words and - prompt again. If EOF is read, sseelleecctt completes and returns 1. - Any other value sets _n_a_m_e to null. The line read is saved in - the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each selection + the displayed words, then sseelleecctt sets the value of _n_a_m_e to that + word. If the line is empty, sseelleecctt displays the words and + prompt again. If EOF is read, sseelleecctt completes and returns 1. + Any other value sets _n_a_m_e to null. The line read is saved in + the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each selection until a bbrreeaakk command is executed. The exit status of sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t, or zero if no commands were executed. ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against - each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the - matching rules described under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. A pat- - tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and - the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _w_o_r_d is ex- - panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the + matching rules described under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. A pat- + tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and + the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _w_o_r_d is ex- + panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution - and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded using - tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic + and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded using + tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote - removal. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match - is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac- + removal. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match + is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac- ters. A _c_l_a_u_s_e is a pattern list and an associated _l_i_s_t. When a match is found, ccaassee executes the corresponding _l_i_s_t. If - the ;;;; operator terminates the case clause, the ccaassee command + the ;;;; operator terminates the case clause, the ccaassee command completes after the first match. Using ;;&& in place of ;;;; causes - execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next + execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next pattern list. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the shell to test - the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any - associated _l_i_s_t if the match succeeds. continuing the case + the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any + associated _l_i_s_t if the match succeeds. continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. @@ -523,19 +523,19 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR the last _l_i_s_t executed. iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii - The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn - _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in - turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn + The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn + _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in + turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn _l_i_s_t is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the eellssee - _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- + _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee uunnttiill _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee - The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long + The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of - zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, ex- + zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, ex- cept that the test is negated: _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the @@ -543,143 +543,143 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR CCoopprroocceesssseess A _c_o_p_r_o_c_e_s_s is a shell command preceded by the ccoopprroocc reserved word. A - coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command - had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe + coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command + had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe established between the executing shell and the coprocess. The syntax for a coprocess is: ccoopprroocc [_N_A_M_E] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s] - This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. _c_o_m_m_a_n_d may be either a simple - command or a compound command (see above). _N_A_M_E is a shell variable + This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. _c_o_m_m_a_n_d may be either a simple + command or a compound command (see above). _N_A_M_E is a shell variable name. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the default name is CCOOPPRROOCC. The recommended form to use for a coprocess is ccoopprroocc _N_A_M_E { _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s]; } - This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess - always being named CCOOPPRROOCC, and it is simpler to use and more complete + This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess + always being named CCOOPPRROOCC, and it is simpler to use and more complete than the other compound commands. - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a compound command, _N_A_M_E is optional. The word following - ccoopprroocc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: - it is interpreted as _N_A_M_E if it is not a reserved word that introduces - a compound command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a simple command, _N_A_M_E is not al- - lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _N_A_M_E and the first word of + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a compound command, _N_A_M_E is optional. The word following + ccoopprroocc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: + it is interpreted as _N_A_M_E if it is not a reserved word that introduces + a compound command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a simple command, _N_A_M_E is not al- + lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _N_A_M_E and the first word of the simple command. - When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable - (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the executing shell. - The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file de- - scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned + When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable + (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the executing shell. + The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file de- + scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is as- - signed to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections + signed to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). The file descriptors - can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using - standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command - and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in + can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using + standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command + and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in subshells. - The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail- - able as the value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin may be + The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail- + able as the value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. - Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc - command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc + command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss - A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and - executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. + A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and + executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. Shell functions are declared as follows: _f_n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] ffuunnccttiioonn _f_n_a_m_e [()] _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] This defines a function named _f_n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn - is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the - parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- - pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). - That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but + is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the + parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- + pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). + That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not sup- plied, the braces are recommended. _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed - whenever _f_n_a_m_e is specified as the name of a simple command. - When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _f_n_a_m_e must be a valid shell _n_a_m_e and may not - be the name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. In default - mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does + whenever _f_n_a_m_e is specified as the name of a simple command. + When in posix mode, _f_n_a_m_e must be a valid shell _n_a_m_e and may not + be the name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. In default + mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain $$. - Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is + Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is defined are performed when the function is executed. - The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error - occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When - executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last + The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error + occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When + executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr-- - aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## introduces a comment. + aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## introduces a comment. A word begins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or - after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining - characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without - the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The + after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining + characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without + the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is enabled by default in interactive shells. QQUUOOTTIINNGG - _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or - words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment + _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or + words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. - Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special + Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. - When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- + When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must be quoted to prevent history expansion. There are four quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single quotes, double quotes, and dollar-single quotes. - A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the - literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special - meaning it has, with the exception of . If a \\ pair - appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\ is - treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input + A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the + literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special + meaning it has, with the exception of . If a \\ pair + appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\ is + treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). - Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of + Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. - Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of - all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, - when history expansion is enabled, !!. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, - the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history - expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special - meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- - ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, + Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of + all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, + when history expansion is enabled, !!. When the shell is in posix mode, + the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history + expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special + meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- + ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, or <>. Backslashes preceding characters without a special mean- ing are left unmodified. - A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with + A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an - !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back- + !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back- slash preceding the !! is not removed. - The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double + The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). - Character sequences of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated as a special - variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _s_t_r_i_n_g, with back- - slash-escaped characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g replaced as specified by the ANSI C - standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol- + Character sequences of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated as a special + variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _s_t_r_i_n_g, with back- + slash-escaped characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g replaced as specified by the ANSI C + standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol- lows: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -694,88 +694,88 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG \\'' single quote \\"" double quote \\?? question mark - \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three octal digits). - \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits). - \\uu_H_H_H_H The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits). \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits). \\cc_x A control-_x character. - The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not + The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. TTrraannssllaattiinngg SSttrriinnggss A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") will cause - the string to be translated according to the current locale. The _g_e_t_- - _t_e_x_t infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the - LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS, TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINNDDIIRR, and TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINN shell variables. If the - current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, if there are no translations available, + the string to be translated according to the current locale. The _g_e_t_- + _t_e_x_t infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the + LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS, TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINNDDIIRR, and TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINN shell variables. If the + current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, if there are no translations available, or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and the - string is treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form - of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by default, + string is treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form + of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not it is translated and replaced. If the nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaa-- - ttiioonn option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, translated strings are - single-quoted instead of double-quoted. See the description of sshhoopptt + ttiioonn option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, translated strings are + single-quoted instead of double-quoted. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS. PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS - A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- - ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraa-- + A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- + ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraa-- mmeetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a - _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the - ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). + _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the + ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). The eexxppoorrtt and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins assign specific attributes. A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is - a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using + a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] - If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All - _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- + If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All + _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $$((((...)))) expansion is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting and path- - name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap- + name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap- pear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and - llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, - these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of + llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When in posix mode, + these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. - In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator will append to or add to - the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n + the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements. When += is applied to a variable for which the iinntteeggeerr attribute has been set, the variable's current value and _v_a_l_u_e are each evaluated as arithmetic ex- - pressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's + pressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an expression. When += is applied to an array variable using compound as- - signment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it + signment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at - one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or - added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap- - plied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to + one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or + added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap- + plied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to the variable's value. A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to - the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree - and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- - able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever - the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at- - tributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute - itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified - by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within + the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree + and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- + able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever + the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at- + tributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute + itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified + by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu- - ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a + ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first argument, running declare -n ref=$1 @@ -784,206 +784,206 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assign- ments to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was - passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref - attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a - name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, + passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref + attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a + name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff - attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables - and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn - option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the - name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by + attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables + and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn + option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the + name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, + A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from - the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using - the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to - with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily + the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using + the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to + with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). Without braces, a digit following $ can only refer to one of the first nine po- - sitional parameters ($$11--$$99) or the special parameter $$00 (see the next + sitional parameters ($$11--$$99) or the special parameter $$00 (see the next section). SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may + The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parame- ters are denoted by one of the following characters. - ** ($$**) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. - When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional - parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word - expansions are performed, those words are subject to further - word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc- - curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the - value of each parameter separated by the first character of the + ** ($$**) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word + expansions are performed, those words are subject to further + word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc- + curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the + value of each parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS variable. That is, ""$$**"" is equivalent to ""$$11_c$$22_c......"", where - _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If + _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. - @@ ($$@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + @@ ($$@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each - positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double - quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts + positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double + quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts where word splitting is not performed, such as the value portion - of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with + of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with each positional parameter separated by a space. When the expan- - sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per- - formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, + sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per- + formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, ""$$@@"" is equivalent to ""$$11"" ""$$22"" ...... If the double-quoted expan- - sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter + sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the expansion of the beginning part of the origi- nal word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the expansion of the last part of the original word. When there - are no positional parameters, ""$$@@"" and $$@@ expand to nothing + are no positional parameters, ""$$@@"" and $$@@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). ## ($$##) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. - ?? ($$??) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed + ?? ($$??) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed command. -- ($$--) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invo- - cation, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell + cation, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the --ii option). - $$ ($$$$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it + $$ ($$$$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it expands to the process ID of the parent shell, not the subshell. - !! ($$!!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed + !! ($$!!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). - 00 ($$00) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is - set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of - commands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is + 00 ($$00) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is + set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of + commands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument - after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, + after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argu- ment zero. SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess The shell sets following variables: - __ ($$__, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on + __ ($$__, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on context. At shell startup, __ is set to the pathname used to in- - voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the - environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the - last argument to the previous simple command executed in the - foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path- - name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en- - vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $$__ ex- + voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the + environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the + last argument to the previous simple command executed in the + foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path- + name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en- + vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $$__ ex- pands to the name of the mail file currently being checked. - BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of + BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of bbaasshh. BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the + appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. BBAASSHHPPIIDD - Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This - differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells - that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to - BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- + Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This + differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to + BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. - Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, - unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases from - the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses its special + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. + Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, + unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases from + the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC - An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number - of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or - script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. - When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed + of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or + script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. + When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg op- - tion to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the + tion to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this vari- - able when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, may result in inconsistent val- + able when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, may result in inconsistent val- ues. Assignments to BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV - An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- rent bbaasshh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last - subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe- - cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. - The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode + cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. + The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this variable when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, - may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV + may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 - When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell script (identical to $$00; see the description of special parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 assigns the - same value to $$00. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it loses its special + same value to $$00. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh builtin. Adding elements to this array makes them appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements currently does not - remove command names from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is un- + remove command names from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is un- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be - executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result + Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be + executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time - of the trap. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD is unset, it loses its special + of the trap. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN__SSTTRRIINNGG The command argument to the --cc invocation option. BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO - An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source - files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked. + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked. $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}} is the line number in the source file ($${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}) where $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or - $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- - tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number. Assign- + $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- + tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number. Assign- ments to BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH - A colon-separated list of directories in which the eennaabbllee com- + A colon-separated list of directories in which the eennaabbllee com- mand. looks for dynamically loadable builtins. BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS - Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value - returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. - If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to EEPPOOCCHHSSEECC-- - OONNDDSS. If BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special prop- + Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value + returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. + If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to EEPPOOCCHHSSEECC-- + OONNDDSS. If BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special prop- erties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH - An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary - operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index - 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex- + An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary + operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index + 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex- pression. The element with index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE - An array variable whose members are the source filenames where - the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array + An array variable whose members are the source filenames where + the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array variable are defined. The shell function $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} is de- - fined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}. Assignments to BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE have no ef- + fined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}. Assignments to BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE have no ef- fect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL - Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment - when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- - tial value is 0. If BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL is unset, it loses its spe- + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- + tial value is 0. If BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL is unset, it loses its spe- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__TTRRAAPPSSIIGG - Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being - executed during its execution. See the description of ttrraapp un- - der SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below for information about signal + Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being + executed during its execution. See the description of ttrraapp un- + der SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below for information about signal numbers and trap execution. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO A readonly array variable whose members hold version information - for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array + for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). @@ -992,96 +992,96 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN - Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of + Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of bbaasshh (e.g., 5.2.37(3)-release). CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current + An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur- - rent completion function. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- - ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE - The current command line. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- - ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT - The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- - ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is - at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is - equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- - ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE - Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted - completion that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, - for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- - sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- - tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or - _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + rent completion function. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE + The current command line. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT + The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- + ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is + at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is + equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted + completion that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, + for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- + sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- + tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or + _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word - separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- - ual words in the current command line. The line is split into - words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as de- - scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- + ual words in the current command line. The line is split into + words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as de- + scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func- + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file - descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess + CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file + descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above). DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- - tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack - in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning + tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack + in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- - ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must + ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari- - able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is un- + able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is un- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating- point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses + EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE - An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- - tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". - This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. - Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re- + tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re- set. - This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. - Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in + This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. + Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For in- - stance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The + stance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor- mation. - GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect. - If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHIISSTTCCMMDD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current @@ -1091,46 +1091,46 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE Automatically set to the name of the current host. HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type - of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- dependent. - LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a - decimal number representing the current sequential line number - (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a - script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system - type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. MMAAPPFFIILLEE - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied. OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. - OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- - tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- dent. PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit - status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed - foreground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed + foreground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). - PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- only. PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. - RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random - integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM ini- - tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the - random number generator with the same constant value will pro- - duce the same sequence of values. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses + RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random + integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM ini- + tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the + random number generator with the same constant value will pro- + duce the same sequence of values. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT - Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was de- + Any numeric argument given to a rreeaaddlliinnee command that was de- fined using "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) when it was invoked. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE @@ -1138,138 +1138,139 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the rreeaaddlliinnee - line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The characters between the insertion point and the mark are often called the _r_e_g_i_o_n. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when no arguments are supplied. SSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to - SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the - number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. - The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time + of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time are always determined by querying the system clock at one-second - resolution. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special proper- + resolution. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. SSRRAANNDDOOMM - Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit + Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number. The random number generator is not linear - on systems that support _/_d_e_v_/_u_r_a_n_d_o_m or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m(3), so each + on systems that support _/_d_e_v_/_u_r_a_n_d_o_m or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m(3), so each returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. - The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to + The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this variable have no effect. If SSRRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. - The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a + The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT - The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See - SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a dec- - imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding - to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or - set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the - default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a - value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the - shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level - to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid - values correspond to the compatibility levels described below - under SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are - valid values that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and - set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also + imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding + to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or + set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the + default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a + value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the + shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level + to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid + values correspond to the compatibility levels described below + under SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are + valid values that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and + set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also a valid value. BBAASSHH__EENNVV - If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, - its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com- - mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com- - mands from the script. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com- + mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com- + mands from the script. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expan- - sion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used + sion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD - If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, - bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when "set -x" is en- - abled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed - when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting - BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace - output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when "set -x" is en- + abled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed + when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. - CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated list of directories where the shell looks for directories speci- - fied as arguments to the ccdd command. A sample value is + fied as arguments to the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX - Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to - remember. BBaasshh will not allow this value to be decreased below - a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- - rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. BBaasshh will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. CCOOLLUUMMNNSS - Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal - width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions - generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- - pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- ray element contains one possible completion. - EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell - starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. - EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN - above) when an interactive shell is invoked in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e. + EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode. EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) - defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search - using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- - terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) + defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search + using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- + terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path- - names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. - Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the - executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern + names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. + Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the + executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. FFIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- - fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the + fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT - If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum - function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will cause the current command to abort. GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file - names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name - matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the - patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file + names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name + matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the + patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell op- tion. GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT - Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The - value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- - der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is - unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the - historical behavior of sorting by name. + Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The + value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- + der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is + unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the + historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico- + graphic order as determined by the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable. If set, a valid value begins with an optional _+, which is ig- nored, or _-, which reverses the sort order from ascending to de- @@ -1285,215 +1286,215 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS order by modification time (newest first). The _n_u_m_e_r_i_c specifier treats names consisting solely of digits - as numbers and sorts them using the numeric value (so "2" will - sort before "10", for example). When using _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, names con- - taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are + as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" will + sort before "10", for example). When using _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, names con- + taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior. - A sort specifier of _n_o_s_o_r_t disables sorting completely; the re- - sults are returned in the order they are read from the file sys- - tem, and any leading _+ or _- is ignored. + A sort specifier of _n_o_s_o_r_t disables sorting completely; bbaasshh re- + turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys- + tem, ignoring any leading _-. - If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a - value of _+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _- - sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores + If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a + value of _+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _- + sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores the historical sorting behavior. HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL - A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are - saved on the history list. If the list of values includes - _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not - saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes + _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not + saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines matching the previous history entry not to be saved. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line - to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. - Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is - unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the + to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. + Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is + unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value - of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line - compound command are not tested, and are added to the history - regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL if the first line of the - command was saved. If the first line was not saved, the second + of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line + compound command are not tested, and are added to the history + regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL if the first line of the + command was saved. If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved either. HHIISSTTFFIILLEE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- - TTOORRYY below). BBaasshh assigns a default value of _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. - If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com- + TTOORRYY below). BBaasshh assigns a default value of _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. + If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com- mand history when it exits. HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When - this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- - cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of - lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of + lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits or by - the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is - truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values - less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default + the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is + truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values + less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command - lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line - matches one of the patterns in the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE, it is - not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the - beginning of the line and must match the complete line (bbaasshh - will not implicitly append a "**"). Each pattern is tested - against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line + matches one of the patterns in the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE, it is + not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the + beginning of the line and must match the complete line (bbaasshh + will not implicitly append a "**"). Each pattern is tested + against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char- acters, "&&" matches the previous history line. A backslash will - escape the "&&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a + escape the "&&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound - command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless - of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If the first line was not saved, + command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless + of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved ei- - ther. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb + ther. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - The number of commands to remember in the command history (see - HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in + The number of commands to remember in the command history (see + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every - command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). - The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any + command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). + The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated - with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If - this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his- - tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This - uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps + with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If + this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his- + tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This + uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE - Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s + Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. - The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while - the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at- - tempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of - the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has - no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to - read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- + The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while + the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at- + tempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of + the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has + no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to + read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting af- - ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd builtin command. Word splitting is described above under EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN. The default value is "". IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of - consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first - characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable - is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null, - the default value is 10. If it is unset, EEOOFF signifies the end + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null, + the default value is 10. If it is unset, EEOOFF signifies the end of input to the shell. IINNPPUUTTRRCC - The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- fault of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). IINNSSIIDDEE__EEMMAACCSS - If this variable appears in the environment when the shell - starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell - buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of + If this variable appears in the environment when the shell + starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of TTEERRMM. - LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. - LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - This variable determines the collation order used when sorting - the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior - of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE - This variable determines the interpretation of characters and - the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS - This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC - This variable determines the locale category used for number + This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLCC__TTIIMMEE - This variable determines the locale category used for data and + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time formatting. - LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column - length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. MMAAIILL If the value is set to a file or directory name and the MMAAIILLPPAATTHH - variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of + variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK - Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- - fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the - shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this - variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- + fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may - be specified by separating the filename from the message with a - "?". When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + "?". When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- - able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by - the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. - PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of - directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD - EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory - name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or - trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is "/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin". PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT - If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the - shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if - the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set - while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables posix mode, as if the command "set -o posix" had been executed. When the shell enters - _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it sets this variable if it was not already set. + posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set. PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set - element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary - prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is + If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set + element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary + prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is used as a command to execute instead. PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM - If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding - the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. - PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and + PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and before the command is executed. - PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is + PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is "\s-\v\$ ". - PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as + PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is "> ". PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). - PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the + PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an ex- ecution trace. The first character of the expanded value of PPSS44 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is "+ ". - SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it - is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full + SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it + is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- - ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the - ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- - duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or - other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- + ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the + ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- + duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or + other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the brackets denote optional portions. %%%% A literal %%. %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. @@ -1501,77 +1502,76 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. - The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number + The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes - no decimal point or fraction to be output. ttiimmee will print at - most six digits after the decimal point; values of _p greater - than 6 are changed to 6. If _p is not specified, ttiimmee prints + no decimal point or fraction to be output. ttiimmee will print at + most six digits after the decimal point; values of _p greater + than 6 are changed to 6. If _p is not specified, ttiimmee prints three digits after the decimal point. - The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of - the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not + The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not the fraction is included. - If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value - $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, - bbaasshh does not display any timing information. A trailing new- + If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, + bbaasshh does not display any timing information. A trailing new- line is added when the format string is displayed. - TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, the rreeaadd builtin uses the - value as its default timeout. The sseelleecctt command terminates if - input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming - from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter- - preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af- - ter issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting - for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not + TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, the rreeaadd builtin uses the + value as its default timeout. The sseelleecctt command terminates if + input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming + from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter- + preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af- + ter issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting + for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arrive. - TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. aauuttoo__rreessuummee This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and - job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist- - ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as - candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is - no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning - with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac- - cessed job. The _n_a_m_e of a stopped job, in this context, is the - command line used to start it, as displayed by jjoobbss. If set to - the value _e_x_a_c_t, the word must match the name of a stopped job - exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the word needs to match a sub- - string of the name of a stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value pro- + job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist- + ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as + candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is + no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning + with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac- + cessed job. The _n_a_m_e of a stopped job, in this context, is the + command line used to start it, as displayed by jjoobbss. If set to + the value _e_x_a_c_t, the word must match the name of a stopped job + exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the word needs to match a sub- + string of the name of a stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value pro- vides functionality analogous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB - CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _p_r_e_f_i_x), the - word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides + CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _p_r_e_f_i_x), the + word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. hhiissttcchhaarrss - The two or three characters which control history expansion and + The two or three characters which control history expansion and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). The first character - is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals - the start of a history expansion, normally "!!". The second - character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as - shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- - tuting one string for another in the command, when it appears as - the first character on the line. The default is "^^". The op- - tional third character is the character which indicates that the - remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first char- - acter of a word, normally "##". The history comment character - causes history substitution to be skipped for the remaining - words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell - parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. + is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which begins a + history expansion, normally "!!". The second character is the + _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, normally "^^". When it appears as + the first character on the line, history substitution repeats + the previous command, replacing one string with another. The + optional third character is the character which indicates that + the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first + character of a word, normally "##". The history comment charac- + ter disables history substitution for the remaining words on the + line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat + the rest of the line as a comment. AArrrraayyss - BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. - Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will - explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of - an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- - tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will + explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref- erenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. - An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or - equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa + equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. @@ -1581,104 +1581,104 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form _n_a_m_e=((value_1 - ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e may be of the form [_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. - Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each - _v_a_l_u_e in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be- + ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e may be of the form [_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. + Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each + _v_a_l_u_e in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be- low under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN, but _v_a_l_u_es that are valid variable assignments in- - cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and + cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and word splitting, as with individual variable assignments. - When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub- - script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of - the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement + When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub- + script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of + the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assign- - ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is - required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al- - ternating keys and values: _n_a_m_e=(( _k_e_y_1 _v_a_l_u_e_1 _k_e_y_2 _v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). These - are treated identically to _n_a_m_e=(( [_k_e_y_1]=_v_a_l_u_e_1 [_k_e_y_2]=_v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). - The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in- - terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When - using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final + ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is + required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al- + ternating keys and values: _n_a_m_e=(( _k_e_y_1 _v_a_l_u_e_1 _k_e_y_2 _v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). These + are treated identically to _n_a_m_e=(( [_k_e_y_1]=_v_a_l_u_e_1 [_k_e_y_2]=_v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). + The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in- + terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When + using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final missing value is treated like the empty string. - This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array - elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax in- + This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array + elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax in- troduced above. - When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is subscripted by a nega- + When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is subscripted by a nega- tive number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than - the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end + the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. - The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning using + The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax; see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS above. - An array element is referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces - are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t + An array element is referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces + are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e, unless noted in the - description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ - only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou- - ble-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each - array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special vari- - able, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a separate word. + description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ + only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou- + ble-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each + array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special vari- + able, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a separate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to nothing. If the - double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the - first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of - the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined - with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is - analogous to the expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppee-- + double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the + first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of + the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined + with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is + analogous to the expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppee-- cciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss above). - ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If + ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar- ray. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of an indexed array eval- - uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one - greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count - back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last + uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one + greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count + back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref- - erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable + erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid, and bbaasshh will create an array if nec- essary. - An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. - It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the - values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the + values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in array variable _n_a_m_e. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes. The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] un- - sets the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- - ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted - as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable - does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- - moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] behaves differently de- - pending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or associative array when _s_u_b_- + sets the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- + ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted + as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable + does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- + moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] behaves differently de- + pending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or associative array when _s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an associative array, this unsets the el- - ement with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset re- + ement with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset re- moves all of the elements but does not remove the array itself. - When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- - mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- - scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname - expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- + mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- + scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname + expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired (e.g., unset 'a[4]'). - The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to - specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- - ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd - builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- + ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd + builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array - values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other - builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., mmaappffiillee); see the - descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro- + values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other + builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., mmaappffiillee); see the + descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro- vides a number of builtin array variables. EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN @@ -1688,65 +1688,65 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN _m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, and _q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l. The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter - and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution - (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion; + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution + (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion; and quote removal. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- - able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as - tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as + tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- stitution. - _Q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l is always performed last. It removes quote characters - present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other + _Q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l is always performed last. It removes quote characters + present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other expansions, unless they have been quoted themselves. - Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- - crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a - single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- + crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a + single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- pansions of ""$$@@"" and ""$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}"", and, in most cases, $$** and $${{_n_a_m_e[[**]]}} as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn - _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a + _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a common prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty. This mechanism - is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the filenames generated need not - exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _p_r_e_- - _a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se- - quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional - _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within - the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting + is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the filenames generated need not + exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _p_r_e_- + _a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se- + quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional + _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within + the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. - Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For ex- ample, a{{d,c,b}}e expands into "ade ace abe". - A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are - either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is + A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are + either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each - number between _x and _y, inclusive. If the supplied integers are pre- - fixed with _0, each term will have the same width, zero-padding if nec- - essary. When either _x or _y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to - force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero- + number between _x and _y, inclusive. If the supplied integers are pre- + fixed with _0, each term will have the same width, zero-padding if nec- + essary. When either _x or _y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to + force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero- padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression ex- - pands to each character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, + pands to each character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, using the default C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same - type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used - as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 + type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used + as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- - acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is - strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to + acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is + strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. - A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex- pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered - part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- + part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing }}. @@ -1757,67 +1757,67 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} - Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical - versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially - when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. - BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. - For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in - the output. BBaasshh outputs that word as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after brace expan- - sion. Start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical + versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially + when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. + BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. + For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in + the output. BBaasshh outputs that word as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after brace expan- + sion. Start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) for strict sshh compatibility. TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn - If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~~"), all of the - characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if - there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of - the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the - tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. - If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the + If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~~"), all of the + characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if + there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of + the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the + tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. + If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the tilde expands - to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other- - wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated + to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other- + wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. - If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- + If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a "~-", the shell sub- - stitutes the value of the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set. If the - characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number - _N, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced + stitutes the value of the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set. If the + characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number + _N, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the characters following the - tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following + tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a leading "+" or "-", tilde expansion assumes "+". - The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so - the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan- + The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so + the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan- sion. - If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde- + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde- prefix is unchanged. - BBaasshh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme- - diately following a :: or the first ==, and performs tilde expansion in - these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- - signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- + BBaasshh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme- + diately following a :: or the first ==, and performs tilde expansion in + these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- + signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- panded value. - BBaasshh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions + BBaasshh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of variable assignments (as described above under PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) when they - appear as arguments to simple commands. BBaasshh does not do this, except - for the _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands listed above, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e. + appear as arguments to simple commands. BBaasshh does not do this, except + for the _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands listed above, when in posix mode. PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn The "$$" character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, - or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded - may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the - variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. - When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}}" not + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}}" not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em- - bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- + bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- sion. The basic form of parameter expansion is @@ -1825,124 +1825,124 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} which substitutes the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The braces are required when - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as - part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell parameter as described + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as + part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference (AArrrraayyss). - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of indirection. BBaasshh uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the new _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in - the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject - to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and - arithmetic expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in + the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject + to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete indirect expansion, for compatibility. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The - exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to + exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented be- - low (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. + low (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} - UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} - AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the ex- - pansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, and the expansion is + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the ex- + pansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, and the expansion is the final value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned in this way. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} - DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, the shell writes the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that ef- fect if _w_o_r_d is not present) to the standard error and, if it is - not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An interactive + not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An interactive shell does not exit, but does not execute the command associated - with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is sub- + with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is sub- stituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} - UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is - substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not used. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} - SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- - _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ - or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- - scribed below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ + or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- + scribed below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). - If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value - of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- - sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note - that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at + of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- + sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note + that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expansion. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- - ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative - to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- + ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative + to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter (or 0 if - there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error + there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_- - _m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one + _m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un- defined results. - Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- - ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- - fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- + fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} - NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the - IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears - within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} - LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to - the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is - not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. - When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. Substitutes the length in characters of the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value - substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- - _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- - tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that - number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- - mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the - end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. Substitutes the length in characters of the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value + substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- + tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that + number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- + mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the + end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- ment. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} @@ -1950,15 +1950,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of - the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern - (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case) - deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation - is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan- - sion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable - subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is ap- - plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern + (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case) + deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation + is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan- + sion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable + subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is ap- + plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} @@ -1966,15 +1966,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion - of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- - pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern - (the "%%" case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal - operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion + of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- + pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern + (the "%%" case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal + operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} @@ -1982,127 +1982,127 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//##_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//%%_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern just as in pathname expansion and matched against the ex- - panded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in the ex- - panded value is replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g undergoes tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan- + tern just as in pathname expansion and matched against the ex- + panded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in the ex- + panded value is replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan- sion, command and process substitution, and quote removal. - In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If + In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If there are two slashes separating _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r and _p_a_t_t_e_r_n (the sec- - ond form above), all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with - _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by ## (the third form above), it - must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. - If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by %% (the fourth form above), it must + ond form above), all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by ## (the third form above), it + must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by %% (the fourth form above), it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. - If the expansion of _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are + If the expansion of _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // following _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. - If the ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, - any unquoted instances of && in _s_t_r_i_n_g are replaced with the + If the ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, + any unquoted instances of && in _s_t_r_i_n_g are replaced with the matching portion of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. Quoting any part of _s_t_r_i_n_g inhibits replacement in the expansion - of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in - shell variables. Backslash will escape && in _s_t_r_i_n_g; the back- - slash is removed in order to permit a literal && in the replace- - ment string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; - \\\\ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users - should take care if _s_t_r_i_n_g is double-quoted to avoid unwanted - interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since - backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern - substitution performs the check for unquoted && after expanding + of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in + shell variables. Backslash will escape && in _s_t_r_i_n_g; the back- + slash is removed in order to permit a literal && in the replace- + ment string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; + \\\\ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users + should take care if _s_t_r_i_n_g is double-quoted to avoid unwanted + interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since + backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern + substitution performs the check for unquoted && after expanding _s_t_r_i_n_g; shell programmers should quote any occurrences of && they want to be taken literally in the replacement and ensure any in- stances of && they want to be replaced are unquoted. - Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding + Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding the replacement string quote the expanded characters, while dou- - ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not, - since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take + ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not, + since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take any enclosing double quotes into account. - If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- + If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to - each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re- - sultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted - with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each mem- - ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re- + sultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted + with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each mem- + ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} - CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- - betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. Each character in - the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, - if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern + the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, + if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. - The ^^ operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to + The ^^ operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; the ,, operator converts matching uppercase letters to - lowercase. The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched char- - acter in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and + lowercase. The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched char- + acter in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_- - _t_e_r_n is omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every + _t_e_r_n is omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is ap- + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is ap- plied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is - the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- + the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- scripted with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied - to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the + to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r} PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn. The expansion is either a transforma- - tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a + tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a single letter: - UU The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper- + UU The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper- case. - uu The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + uu The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the first character converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic. - LL The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower- + LL The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower- case. - QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r quoted in a format that can be reused as input. - EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the + EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the $$''...'' quoting mechanism. PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). - AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment - statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will + AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will recreate _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value. - KK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _p_a_r_a_- - _m_e_t_e_r, except that it prints the values of indexed and - associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value + KK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _p_a_r_a_- + _m_e_t_e_r, except that it prints the values of indexed and + associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs (see AArrrraayyss above). The keys and values are quoted in a format that can be reused as input. - aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- + aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes. - kk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val- - ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words + kk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val- + ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. - The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname expansion as described below. CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn @@ -2116,46 +2116,46 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ- ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are - not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- - mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but + not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- + mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). - With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains - its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first - backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu- - tion. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains + its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first + backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu- + tion. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. There is an alternate form of command substitution: $${{_c _c_o_m_m_a_n_d;;}} - which executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in the current execution environment and cap- + which executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in the current execution environment and cap- tures its output, again with trailing newlines removed. The character _c following the open brace must be a space, tab, newline, - or ||, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word - may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon). + or ||, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word + may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon). BBaasshh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in - the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved + the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved word would usually require. Any side effects of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d take effect immediately in the current exe- - cution environment and persist in the current environment after the + cution environment and persist in the current environment after the command completes (e.g., the eexxiitt builtin will exit the shell). - This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an - unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell - function is executing, and the rreettuurrnn builtin forces _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to com- - plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the + This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an + unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell + function is executing, and the rreettuurrnn builtin forces _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to com- + plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the caller. - If the first character following the open brace is a ||, the construct - expands to the value of the RREEPPLLYY shell variable after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d exe- - cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output - of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d remains the same as in the calling shell. BBaasshh creates RREE-- + If the first character following the open brace is a ||, the construct + expands to the value of the RREEPPLLYY shell variable after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d exe- + cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output + of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d remains the same as in the calling shell. BBaasshh creates RREE-- PPLLYY as an initially-unset local variable when _c_o_m_m_a_n_d executes, and re- - stores RREEPPLLYY to the value it had before the command substitution after + stores RREEPPLLYY to the value it had before the command substitution after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d completes, as with any local variable. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted @@ -2170,117 +2170,117 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- - ble quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated - specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo para- - meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. - The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- + ble quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated + specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo para- + meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. + The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. - The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message - to standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitu- + to standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitu- tion, and does not execute the command associated with the expansion. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn - _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred - to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The - process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred + to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The + process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com- mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will provide input for - _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, reading the file will obtain the - output of _l_i_s_t. No space may appear between the << or >> and the left + _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, reading the file will obtain the + output of _l_i_s_t. No space may appear between the << or >> and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirec- tion. - Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes + Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. - When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with - parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg - The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. - The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the - results of the other expansions into words using these characters as + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + results of the other expansions into words using these characters as field terminators. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly <><><>, the de- - fault, then sequences of ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee at the beginning and - end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any se- - quence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end delimits words. + fault, then sequences of ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee at the beginning and + end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any se- + quence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end delimits words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then sequences of the white- - space characters ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee present in the value of IIFFSS - (an IIFFSS whitespace character) are ignored at the beginning and end of - the word. Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with - any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence + space characters ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee present in the value of IIFFSS + (an IIFFSS whitespace character) are ignored at the beginning and end of + the word. Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with + any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. - If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. If IIFFSS is un- - set, word splitting behaves as if it contained the default value of + If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. If IIFFSS is un- + set, word splitting behaves as if it contained the default value of <><><>. - Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parame- ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument re- sults and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. When - a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is - non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word "-d''" be- + a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is + non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word "-d''" be- comes "-d" after word splitting and null argument removal. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn - After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans - each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with a sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below) subject to the value of the GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell vari- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below) subject to the value of the GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell vari- able. - If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is - not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is - set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb - shell option is set, and no matches are found, bbaasshh prints an error - message and does not execute the command. If the shell option nnooccaassee-- - gglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of + If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is + not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is + set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb + shell option is set, and no matches are found, bbaasshh prints an error + message and does not execute the command. If the shell option nnooccaassee-- + gglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character "." at the - start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex- - plicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. In order to match - the filenames "." and "..", the pattern must begin with "." (for exam- - ple, ".?"), even if ddoottgglloobb is set. If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss shell option - is enabled, the filenames "." and ".." never match, even if the pattern - begins with a ".". When not matching pathnames, the "." character is - not treated specially. + start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex- + plicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. In order to match + the filenames _. and _._., the pattern must begin with "." (for example, + ".?"), even if ddoottgglloobb is set. If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss shell option is en- + abled, the filenames _. and _._. never match, even if the pattern begins + with a ".". When not matching pathnames, the "." character is not + treated specially. - When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched + When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it - can be matched by a special pattern character as described below under + can be matched by a special pattern character as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. - See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a - description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, gglloobbsskkiippddoottss, ffaaiillgglloobb, and + See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a + description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, gglloobbsskkiippddoottss, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. - The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file - names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file - name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed - from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- - ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to - case. The filenames "." and ".." are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is - set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has - the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other filenames - beginning with a "." will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring - filenames beginning with a ".", make ".*" one of the patterns in GGLLOO-- + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- + ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to + case. The filenames _. and _._. are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set + and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the + effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other filenames be- + ginning with a "." will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring + filenames beginning with a ".", make ".*" one of the patterns in GGLLOO-- BBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell op- tion. @@ -2291,46 +2291,46 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern - characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not - occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the - escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: - ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the - gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a - pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a - single pattern will match all files and zero or more di- - rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two - adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the + gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a + pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a + single pattern will match all files and zero or more di- + rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two + adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- ries. ?? Matches any single character. - [[...]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of - characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- - _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- + [[...]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of + characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- + _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating se- - quence and character set, matches. If the first charac- + quence and character set, matches. If the first charac- ter following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any character not - within the range matches. A -- may be matched by includ- - ing it as the first or last character in the set. A ]] - may be matched by including it as the first character in + within the range matches. A -- may be matched by includ- + ing it as the first or last character in the set. A ]] + may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The sorting order of characters in range expressions, and - the characters included in the range, are determined by - the current locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or - LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. To obtain the tradi- - tional interpretation of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] - is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], set the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables to CC, or enable the gglloobbaassccii-- + the characters included in the range, are determined by + the current locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or + LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. To obtain the tradi- + tional interpretation of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] + is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], set the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE + or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables to CC, or enable the gglloobbaassccii-- iirraannggeess shell option. - Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that @@ -2338,17 +2338,17 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN and the character _. Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified us- - ing the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with - the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo- + ing the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with + the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo- cale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat- ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. - If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the - shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the + If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the + shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns - separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more + separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following sub-patterns: ??((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) @@ -2363,18 +2363,18 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Matches anything except one of the given patterns. The eexxttgglloobb option changes the behavior of the parser, since the paren- - theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To - ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure - that eexxttgglloobb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat- + theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To + ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure + that eexxttgglloobb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat- terns, including shell functions and command substitutions. When matching filenames, the ddoottgglloobb shell option determines the set of - filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- - names includes all files beginning with ".", but "." and ".." must be - matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is + filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- + names includes all files beginning with ".", but _. and _._. must be + matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning with "." un- less the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ".". If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss - shell option is enabled, the filenames "." and ".." never appear in the + shell option is enabled, the filenames _. and _._. never appear in the set. As above, "." only has a special meaning when matching filenames. Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es- @@ -2868,18 +2868,18 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS sions. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- - maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If - the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, - _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, - is checked. + maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then bbaasshh checks file descriptor _n. + If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, bbaasshh checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, re- + spectively. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, or when the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the << and >> op- - erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the - shell is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the tteesstt command sorts using ASCII order- + When used with [[[[, or when the shell is in posix mode, the << and >> op- + erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the + shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt command sorts using ASCII order- ing. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2918,25 +2918,25 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last ac- + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last ac- cessed. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a - value). If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable name sub- - scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if the array has any set + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + value). If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable name sub- + scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if the array has any set elements. If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an associative array variable name sub- - scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if an element with that + scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if an element with that key is set. --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -2946,8 +2946,8 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- mmaannddss). _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 @@ -2958,124 +2958,124 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive - or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _a_r_g_1 and - _a_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _a_r_g_1 and + _a_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following ex- - pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the + pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the following order. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists - only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements - are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added - to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- + shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists + only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements + are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added + to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a - value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits + value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- - fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- + fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a zero sta- tus. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- lowing actions. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to re- - member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo- - ries in PPAATTHH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If - the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell - function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it - is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com- - mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the - function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If + member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo- + ries in PPAATTHH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If + the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell + function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it + is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com- + mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the + function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and re- turns an exit status of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of - itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a - text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be + itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a + text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be binaries. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as - if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep- - tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh + if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep- + tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + +o Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin. - +o The current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + +o The current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation. - +o The file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + +o The file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent. +o Current traps set by ttrraapp. @@ -3083,135 +3083,135 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN +o Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment. - +o Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + +o Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment. - +o Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + +o Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett. +o Options enabled by sshhoopptt. +o Shell aliases defined with aalliiaass. - +o Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + +o Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD. - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + +o The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command. +o The current working directory. +o The file creation mode mask. - +o Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + +o Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment. +o Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored. - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. A _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l is a copy of the shell process. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re- - set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- - tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except - possibly in the last element depending on the value of the llaassttppiippee - shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes - made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution + set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- + tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except + possibly in the last element depending on the value of the llaassttppiippee + shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes + made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. - When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, subshells spawned to execute command - substitutions inherit the value of the --ee option from their parent - shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such sub- - shells. See the description of the iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt shell option below + When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command + substitutions inherit the value of the --ee option from their parent + shell. When not in posix mode, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such sub- + shells. See the description of the iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt shell option below for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- fault standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. Oth- - erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- + erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- ing shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- - vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- + vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt, ddee-- - ccllaarree --xx, and uunnsseett commands modify the environment by adding and - deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the - environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of - the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any - executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose - values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunn-- - sseett or eexxppoorrtt --nn commands, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- + ccllaarree --xx, and uunnsseett commands modify the environment by adding and + deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the + environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of + the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any + executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose + values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunn-- + sseett or eexxppoorrtt --nn commands, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- ccllaarree --xx commands. - If any parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS, appear + If any parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS, appear before a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, the variable assignments are part of that com- mand's environment for as long as it executes. These assignment state- - ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as- - signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local + ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as- + signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local to the function and exported to that function's children. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environ- ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a + has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a non-zero exit status indicates failure. - When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of + When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- - turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- + turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins - return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- valid options or missing arguments. The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame- ter $?. - BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- - less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- + less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS - When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores - SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and catches and handles SSIIGGIINNTT (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). - When bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In + When bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ig- nores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. @@ -3220,140 +3220,140 @@ SSIIGGNNAALLSS Non-builtin commands bbaasshh executes have signal handlers set to the val- ues inherited by the shell from its parent, unless ttrraapp sets them to be - ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well. - When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT + ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well. + When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a - result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con- + result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con- trol signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. - The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, - an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or - stopped. The shell sends SSIIGGCCOONNTT to stopped jobs to ensure that they - receive the SSIIGGHHUUPP (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more information about - running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig- - nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or mark it not to receive + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + stopped. The shell sends SSIIGGCCOONNTT to stopped jobs to ensure that they + receive the SSIIGGHHUUPP (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more information about + running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig- + nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or mark it not to receive SSIIGGHHUUPP using ddiissoowwnn --hh. - If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set using sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set using sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. - If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- mand completes. If bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the - wwaaiitt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set, - the wwaaiitt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater + wwaaiitt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set, + the wwaaiitt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the shell executes the trap. - When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground + When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such - as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send + as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in - the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all + the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all processes in that process group. See JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more infor- mation about process groups. - When bbaasshh is running without job control enabled and receives SSIIGGIINNTT - while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground + When bbaasshh is running without job control enabled and receives SSIIGGIINNTT + while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground command terminates and then decides what to do about the SSIIGGIINNTT: 1. If the command terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh concludes that - the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT + the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT (e.g., by running a SSIIGGIINNTT trap or exiting itself); - 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program - handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- - nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- - nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part - of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort + 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program + handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- + nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- + nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part + of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, bbaasshh will - run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped - signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- + run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped + signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- mand to complete, for compatibility. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the ex- - ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later - point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- + ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal dri- ver and bbaasshh. - The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of - currently executing jobs, which the jjoobbss command will display. Each - job has a _j_o_b _n_u_m_b_e_r, which jjoobbss displays between brackets. Job num- - bers start at 1. When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_- + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which the jjoobbss command will display. Each + job has a _j_o_b _n_u_m_b_e_r, which jjoobbss displays between brackets. Job num- + bers start at 1. When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_- _g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of - the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. - To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D, and the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Processes that have - the same process group ID are said to be part of the same _p_r_o_c_e_s_s - _g_r_o_u_p. Members of the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d process group (processes whose + the same process group ID are said to be part of the same _p_r_o_c_e_s_s + _g_r_o_u_p. Members of the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) re- - ceive keyboard-generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. Processes in the - foreground process group are said to be _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d processes. _B_a_c_k_- + ceive keyboard-generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. Processes in the + foreground process group are said to be _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d processes. _B_a_c_k_- _g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the ter- minal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so speci- - fies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal. Background processes - which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" is in effect) the - terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal by the kernel's terminal + fies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal. Background processes + which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" is in effect) the + terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. - If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running stops that process and - returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typi- - cally ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read - input from the terminal, and returns control to bbaasshh. The user then - manipulates the state of this job, using the bbgg command to continue it - in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or - the kkiillll command to kill it. The suspend character takes effect imme- - diately, and has the additional side effect of discarding any pending + returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typi- + cally ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read + input from the terminal, and returns control to bbaasshh. The user then + manipulates the state of this job, using the bbgg command to continue it + in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or + the kkiillll command to kill it. The suspend character takes effect imme- + diately, and has the additional side effect of discarding any pending output and typeahead. To force a background process to stop, or stop a - process that's not associated with the current terminal session, send + process that's not associated with the current terminal session, send it the SSIIGGSSTTOOPP signal using kkiillll. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The %% char- acter introduces a job specification (jobspec). - Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to - using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that - appears in its command line. For example, %%ccee refers to a job whose - command name begins with ccee. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to + Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to + using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that + appears in its command line. For example, %%ccee refers to a job whose + command name begins with ccee. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. - The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b. - A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the - current job. %%-- refers to the _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b. When a job starts in the + The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b. + A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the + current job. %%-- refers to the _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b. When a job starts in the background, a job stops while in the foreground, or a job is resumed in - the background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the cur- - rent job becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates, - the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a single - job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer to that job. In output per- + the background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the cur- + rent job becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates, + the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a single + job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer to that job. In output per- taining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always marked with a ++, and the previous job with a --. - Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is - a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. Similarly, "%1 &" resumes job 1 in the background, equiva- lent to "bg %1". - The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, - bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the - user about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other - output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a - foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next com- - mand in the list. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is en- - abled, bbaasshh reports such changes immediately. BBaasshh executes any trap + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the + user about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other + output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a + foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next com- + mand in the list. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is en- + abled, bbaasshh reports status changes immediately. BBaasshh executes any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD for each child that terminates. When a job terminates and bbaasshh notifies the user about it, bbaasshh removes @@ -3457,33 +3457,43 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE to the sseett builtin. RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn - This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes. Con- - trol keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Similarly, - _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. + This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its notation + for keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means + Control-N. Similarly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means + Meta-X. The Meta key is often labeled "Alt" or "Option". - On keyboards without a _M_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Es- - cape key then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combina- - tion M-C-_x means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the - Control key while pressing the _x key. + On keyboards without a _M_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press and re- + lease the Escape key, then press and release the _x key, in sequence. + This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x means ESC-Con- + trol-_x: press and release the Escape key, then press and hold the Con- + trol key while pressing the _x key, then release both. - On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with - the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy variable to - control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it). On - many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied - key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding + On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with the + eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy variable to + control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On + many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied + key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding paragraph. - If your _M_e_t_a key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you - can make M-_k_e_y key bindings you specify (see RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss be- + If your _M_e_t_a key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you + can make M-_k_e_y key bindings you specify (see RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss be- low) do the same thing by setting the ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx variable. - Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as - a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument - that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that - acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) makes that command act - in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments devi- + RReeaaddlliinnee commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) makes that command act + in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments devi- ates from this are noted below. + The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a saved + cursor position. The text between the point and mark is referred to as + the _r_e_g_i_o_n. RReeaaddlliinnee has the concept of an _a_c_t_i_v_e _r_e_g_i_o_n: when the re- + gion is active, rreeaaddlliinnee redisplay highlights the region using the + value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr variable. The eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rree-- + ggiioonn variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region + to active; those are noted below. + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text into one @@ -3491,11 +3501,11 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn - Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + RReeaaddlliinnee is customized by putting commands in an initialization file (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of the IINNPPUUTTRRCC shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is - _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline - looks for _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, rreeaaddlliinnee + looks for _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the rreeaaddlliinnee library starts up, rreeaaddlliinnee reads the initialization file and sets the key bindings and variables found there, before reading any user input. @@ -3505,7 +3515,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE key bindings and variable settings. The default key-bindings in this section may be changed using key bind- - ing commands in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Programs that use the readline li- + ing commands in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Programs that use the rreeaaddlliinnee li- brary, including bbaasshh, may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing @@ -3514,14 +3524,14 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the rreeaaddlliinnee command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: _D_E_L, _E_S_C, _E_S_C_A_P_E, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _R_U_B_O_U_T(a_d_e_s_t_r_u_c_t_i_v_ebackspace), _S_P_A_C_E, _S_P_C, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + In addition to command names, rreeaaddlliinnee allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). The differ- ence between a macro and a command is that a macro is enclosed in sin- gle or double quotes. @@ -3594,26 +3604,26 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE macro body. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the + BBaasshh will display or modify the current rreeaaddlliinnee key bindings with the bbiinndd builtin command. The --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) will change the editing mode during interactive use. RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess - Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav- + RReeaaddlliinnee has variables that can be used to further customize its behav- ior. A variable may be set in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file with a statement of the form sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e or using the bbiinndd builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + Except where noted, rreeaaddlliinnee variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. - When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values, "on" (case- + When rreeaaddlliinnee reads a variable value, empty or null values, "on" (case- insensitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. - The bbiinndd --VV command lists the current readline variable names and val- + The bbiinndd --VV command lists the current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and val- ues (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The variables and their default values are: @@ -3642,324 +3652,321 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE tained from the terminal's terminfo description. A sample value might be "\e[0m". bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) - Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal - bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to - vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If - set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. + Controls what happens when rreeaaddlliinnee wants to ring the terminal + bell. If set to nnoonnee, rreeaaddlliinnee never rings the bell. If set to + vviissiibbllee, rreeaaddlliinnee uses a visible bell if one is available. If + set to aauuddiibbllee, rreeaaddlliinnee attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee attempts to bind the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to - their readline equivalents. These override the default readline + their rreeaaddlliinnee equivalents. These override the default rreeaaddlliinnee bindings described here. Type "stty -a" at a bbaasshh prompt to see your current terminal settings, including the special control characters (usually cccchhaarrss). bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the + If set to OOnn, when listing completions, rreeaaddlliinnee displays the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ- ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. If there is a color defini- - tion in $$LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com- - pletion-prefix", readline uses this color for the common prefix + tion in $$LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS for the custom suffix ".readline-colored-com- + pletion-prefix", rreeaaddlliinnee uses this color for the common prefix instead of its default. ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- - ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- - tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn (("##")) - The string that the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command inserts. - This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi com- + The string that the rreeaaddlliinnee iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command inserts. + This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi com- mand mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) - The number of screen columns used to display possible matches - when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less - than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 - will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline - treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, rreeaaddlliinnee + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list - of possible completions that is displayed without modification. - When set to a value greater than zero, readline replaces common + The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list + of possible completions that is displayed without modification. + When set to a value greater than zero, rreeaaddlliinnee replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is - greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline - will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise - readline simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means - readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + greater than or equal to the value of this variable, rreeaaddlliinnee + will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise + rreeaaddlliinnee simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means + rreeaaddlliinnee should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters it reads that + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee will convert characters it reads that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting - the character to have the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but - readline will set it to _O_f_f if the locale contains characters + the character to have the meta prefix). The default is _O_n, but + rreeaaddlliinnee will set it to _O_f_f if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This - variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may - change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key + variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may + change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx below. ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion - characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee will inhibit word completion. Completion + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support - it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + it, rreeaaddlliinnee echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) - Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar to + Controls whether rreeaaddlliinnee uses a set of key bindings similar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a - key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes - and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 es- - capes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which - can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode + key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes + and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 es- + capes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which + can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn ((OOnn)) - The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a - saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is - referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. When this variable is set to _O_n, - readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _a_c_- - _t_i_v_e. When the region is active, readline highlights the text - in the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr, - which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand- - out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack- - eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non- - incremental history searches. + When this variable is set to _O_n, rreeaaddlliinnee allows certain com- + mands to designate the region as _a_c_t_i_v_e. When the region is ac- + tive, rreeaaddlliinnee highlights the text in the region using the value + of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr, which defaults to the string + that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active region + shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any matching text + found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline configures the terminal to insert each - paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, - instead of treating each character as if it had been read from - the keyboard. This is called _b_r_a_c_k_e_t_e_d_-_p_a_s_t_e _m_o_d_e; it prevents - readline from executing any editing commands bound to key se- + When set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee configures the terminal to insert each + paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, + instead of treating each character as if it had been read from + the keyboard. This is called _b_r_a_c_k_e_t_e_d_-_p_a_s_t_e _m_o_d_e; it prevents + rreeaaddlliinnee from executing any editing commands bound to key se- quences appearing in the pasted text. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- + When set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee will try to enable the application key- pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the ar- row keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + When set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee will try to enable any meta modifier key the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta - key is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks - for the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can en- - able and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character - (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed + key is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks + for the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can en- + able and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character + (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed (a meta character). eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline performs tilde expansion when it attempts + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee performs tilde expansion when it attempts word completion. ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline modifies its behavior when binding key - sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss above) by + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee modifies its behavior when binding key + sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss above) by converting a key sequence of the form \M-_C or Meta-_C to the two- - character sequence EESSCC_C (adding the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). If - ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx is set to OOffff (the default), readline uses the - value of the ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa variable to determine whether to per- - form this conversion: if ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa is OOnn, readline performs - the conversion described above; if it is OOffff, readline converts + character sequence EESSCC _C (adding the meta prefix). If + ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx is set to OOffff (the default), rreeaaddlliinnee uses the + value of the ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa variable to determine whether to per- + form this conversion: if ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa is OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee performs + the conversion described above; if it is OOffff, rreeaaddlliinnee converts _C to a meta character by setting the eighth bit (0200). hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history - list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, - the number of history entries is not limited. By default, bbaasshh - sets the the maximum number of history entries to the value of - the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE shell variable. Setting _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a non-nu- - meric value will set the maximum number of history entries to + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, bbaasshh + sets the the maximum number of history entries to the value of + the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE shell variable. Setting _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a non-nu- + meric value will set the maximum number of history entries to 500. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) - Setting this variable to OOnn makes readline use a single line for - display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen - line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than - wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically enabled + Setting this variable to OOnn makes rreeaaddlliinnee use a single line for + display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen + line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than + wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it - will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), re- - gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The de- - fault is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale con- - tains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the - eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE lo- - cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes. + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee will enable eight-bit input (that is, it + will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), re- + gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The de- + fault is _O_f_f, but rreeaaddlliinnee will set it to _O_n if the locale con- + tains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the + eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE lo- + cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes. The name mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for iinnppuutt--mmeettaa. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss (("CC--[[CC--JJ")) - The string of characters that should terminate an incremental - search without subsequently executing the character as a com- - mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) - Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names - is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is - equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + Set the current rreeaaddlliinnee keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) - Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when - reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete + Specifies the duration rreeaaddlliinnee will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional - input to complete a longer key sequence). If readline does not - receive any input within the timeout, it will use the shorter - but complete key sequence. The value is specified in millisec- - onds, so a value of 1000 means that readline will wait one sec- - ond for additional input. If this variable is set to a value - less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, readline - will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key se- + input to complete a longer key sequence). If rreeaaddlliinnee does not + receive any input within the timeout, it will use the shorter + but complete key sequence. The value is specified in millisec- + onds, so a value of 1000 means that rreeaaddlliinnee will wait one sec- + ond for additional input. If this variable is set to a value + less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, rreeaaddlliinnee + will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key se- quence to complete. mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline displays history lines that have been + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee displays history lines that have been modified with a preceding asterisk (**). mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- - tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddii-- + tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddii-- rreeccttoorriieess. mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) - This variable, when set to OOnn, forces readline to match files - whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing - filename completion. If set to OOffff, the user must include the + This variable, when set to OOnn, forces rreeaaddlliinnee to match files + whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing + filename completion. If set to OOffff, the user must include the leading "." in the filename to be completed. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the + If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. - The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale - contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the - eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE lo- + The default is _O_f_f, but rreeaaddlliinnee will set it to _O_n if the locale + contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the + eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE lo- cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprreeffeerr--vviissiibbllee--bbeellll See bbeellll--ssttyyllee. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches - sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines - before returning when executing aacccceepptt--lliinnee. By default, his- - tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee will undo all changes to history lines + before returning when executing aacccceepptt--lliinnee. By default, his- + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. sseeaarrcchh--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline performs incremental and non-incremental + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee performs incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion - cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words - which have more than one possible completion without any possi- - ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a - common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in- + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in- stead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- - cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. + If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- + cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_o_d_e_-_s_t_r_i_n_g). sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when - inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when - performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, - readline does not insert characters from the completion that - match characters after point in the word being completed, so + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + rreeaaddlliinnee does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd)))) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt - when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value + when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing - characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se- + control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing + characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se- quence into the mode string. vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing - characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se- + control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing + characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se- quence into the mode string. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by - _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- pletions. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss - Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional - compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings - and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + RReeaaddlliinnee implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives available. - $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- - ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using - readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + rreeaaddlliinnee. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no char- acters are required to isolate it. - mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test - whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be - used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for in- - stance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and - _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether rreeaaddlliinnee is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for in- + stance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if rreeaaddlliinnee is starting out in emacs mode. - tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter- - minal and the portion of the terminal name before the - first --. This allows _x_t_e_r_m to match both _x_t_e_r_m and + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _x_t_e_r_m to match both _x_t_e_r_m and _x_t_e_r_m_-_2_5_6_c_o_l_o_r, for instance. vveerrssiioonn - The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons - against specific readline versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands - to the current readline version. The set of comparison - operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. - The version number supplied on the right side of the op- - erator consists of a major version number, an optional + The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons + against specific rreeaaddlliinnee versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands + to the current rreeaaddlliinnee version. The set of comparison + operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. + The version number supplied on the right side of the op- + erator consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 77..11). - If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 00. The - operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and + If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 00. The + operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and from the version number argument by whitespace. _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n The _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n construct is used to include application- - specific settings. Each program using the readline li- - brary sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + specific settings. Each program using the rreeaaddlliinnee li- + brary sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bbaasshh: $$iiff Bash @@ -3969,12 +3976,12 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e The _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e construct provides simple equality tests for - readline variables and values. The permitted comparison - operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be + rreeaaddlliinnee variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the - operator may be separated from the value on the right - hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables - may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against + operator may be separated from the value on the right + hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables + may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against the values _o_n and _o_f_f. $$eellssee Commands in this branch of the $$iiff directive are executed if the @@ -3984,67 +3991,67 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE command. $$iinncclluuddee - This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands and key bindings from that file. For example, the fol- lowing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c SSeeaarrcchhiinngg - Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + RReeaaddlliinnee provides commands for searching through the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. - Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the - search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- - line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed - so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as - needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing - mode, type CC--rr to search backward in the history for a particular - string. Typing CC--ss searches forward through the history. The charac- - ters present in the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used - to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as- - signed a value, _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. _C_-_g - will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When - the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, rreeaadd-- + lliinnee displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing + mode, type CC--rr to search backward in the history for a particular + string. Typing CC--ss searches forward through the history. The charac- + ters present in the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used + to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as- + signed a value, _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. _C_-_g + will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When + the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. - To find other matching entries in the history list, type CC--rr or CC--ss as - appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for - the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key - sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and exe- - cute that command. For instance, a newline will terminate the search - and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history + To find other matching entries in the history list, type CC--rr or CC--ss as + appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for + the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key + sequence bound to a rreeaaddlliinnee command will terminate the search and exe- + cute that command. For instance, a newline will terminate the search + and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found the current line, and begin editing. - Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two CC--rrs are - typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, - readline uses any remembered search string. + RReeaaddlliinnee remembers the last incremental search string. If two CC--rrs are + typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, + rreeaaddlliinnee uses any remembered search string. - Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to search for matching history entries. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess - The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descriptions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor posi- - tion, and _m_a_r_k refers to a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk com- - mand. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_- - _g_i_o_n. Readline has the concept of an _a_c_t_i_v_e _r_e_g_i_o_n: when the region is - active, readline redisplay uses the value of the aaccttiivvee--rree-- - ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr vvaarriiaabbllee ttoo ddeennoottee tthhee rreeggiioonn.. SSeevveerraall ccoommmmaannddss sseett + tion, and _m_a_r_k refers to a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk com- + mand. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_- + _g_i_o_n. RReeaaddlliinnee has the concept of an _a_c_t_i_v_e _r_e_g_i_o_n: when the region is + active, rreeaaddlliinnee redisplay uses the value of the aaccttiivvee--rree-- + ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr vvaarriiaabbllee ttoo ddeennoottee tthhee rreeggiioonn.. SSeevveerraall ccoommmmaannddss sseett tthhee rreeggiioonn ttoo aaccttiivvee;; tthhoossee aarree nnootteedd bbeellooww.. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--aa)) - Move to the start of the current line. This may also be bound + Move to the start of the current line. This may also be bound to the Home key on some keyboards. eenndd--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--ee)) - Move to the end of the line. This may also be bound to the End + Move to the end of the line. This may also be bound to the End key on some keyboards. ffoorrwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--ff)) Move forward a character. @@ -4054,33 +4061,33 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the - previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired - effect if the current readline line does not take up more than - one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current rreeaaddlliinnee line does not take up more than + one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. nneexxtt--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the - next physical screen line. This will not have the desired ef- - fect if the current readline line does not take up more than one - physical line or if the length of the current readline line is + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + next physical screen line. This will not have the desired ef- + fect if the current rreeaaddlliinnee line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current rreeaaddlliinnee line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. cclleeaarr--ddiissppllaayy ((MM--CC--ll)) - Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback - buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line + Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback + buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur- - rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh + rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -4088,46 +4095,46 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line - is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state - of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables. If the line is a - modified history line, restore the history line to its original + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables. If the line is a + modified history line, restore the history line to its original state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) - Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) - Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) - Accept the current line for execution as if a newline had been - entered, and fetch the next line relative to the current line - from the history for editing. A numeric argument, if supplied, + Accept the current line for execution as if a newline had been + entered, and fetch the next line relative to the current line + from the history for editing. A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line. ffeettcchh--hhiissttoorryy - With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list + With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list and make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) - Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up" - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental - search. This command sets the region to the matched text and - activates the region. - ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) - Search forward starting at the current line and moving "down" + Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up" through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region. + ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) + Search forward starting at the current line and moving "down" + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + search. This command sets the region to the matched text and + activates the region. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line - using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) - Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd @@ -4137,74 +4144,74 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters + Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a - non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key + non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key on some keyboards. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search - string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- cremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters + Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search - string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- cremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) - Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, - insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the - previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in- - serts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once - the argument _n is computed, this uses the history expansion fa- - cilities to extract the _nth word, as if the "!_n" history expan- + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in- + serts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once + the argument _n is computed, this uses the history expansion fa- + cilities to extract the _nth word, as if the "!_n" history expan- sion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) - Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave - exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg - move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or - the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or + the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive - calls determines the direction to move through the history. A - negative argument switches the direction through the history - (back or forward). This uses the history expansion facilities - to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had + calls determines the direction to move through the history. A + negative argument switches the direction through the history + (back or forward). This uses the history expansion facilities + to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee)) - Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This per- + Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This per- forms alias and history expansion, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quot- - ing, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- - metic expansion, command and process substitution, word split- - ting, and quote removal. An explicit argument suppresses com- - mand and process substitution. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for + ing, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- + metic expansion, command and process substitution, word split- + ting, and quote removal. An explicit argument suppresses com- + mand and process substitution. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) - Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXX-- + Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXX-- PPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee - Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee - Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above + Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above for a description of alias expansion. hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xx CC--ee)) - Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, $$EEDD-- IITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt _e_n_d_-_o_f_-_f_i_l_e ((uussuuaallllyy CC--dd)) - The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by _s_t_t_y(1). If this character is read when there are no characters - on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, readline + on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, rreeaaddlliinnee interprets it as the end of input and returns EEOOFF. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the @@ -4212,173 +4219,173 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE above for the effects. This may also be bound to the Delete key on some keyboards. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) - Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric + Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr - Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- sor is deleted. qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) - Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) Insert a tab character. sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ...)) Insert the character typed. bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee--bbeeggiinn - This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" - escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is - assigned by default. It allows readline to insert the pasted - text as a single unit without treating each character as if it - had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are in- - serted as if each one was bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt instead of exe- + This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" + escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is + assigned by default. It allows rreeaaddlliinnee to insert the pasted + text as a single unit without treating each character as if it + had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are in- + serted as if each one was bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt instead of exe- cuting any editing commands. - Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and acti- + Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and acti- vates the region. ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) - Drag the character before point forward over the character at - point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of - the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) - Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. sshheellll--ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--CC--tt)) - Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. - Word boundaries are the same as sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd and + Word boundaries are the same as sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd and sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) - Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) - Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee - Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects - only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call + only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. - In overwrite mode, characters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the - text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Char- - acters bound to bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character be- - fore point with a space. By default, this command is unbound, + In overwrite mode, characters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the + text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Char- + acters bound to bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character be- + fore point with a space. By default, this command is unbound, but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards. KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--kk)) Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. With a - negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the + negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the line. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) Kill backward to the beginning of the current line. With a neg- - ative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the end + ative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the end of the line. uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) - Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, saving + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, saving the killed text on the kill-ring. kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee - Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the - same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. - bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as - those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. - sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--CC--dd)) Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--CC--dd)) + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) - Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- ary, saving the killed text on the kill-ring. uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt - Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash - character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the kill-ring. ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. kkiillll--rreeggiioonn Kill the text in the current region. ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll - Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be + Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked immediately. ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) - Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- + Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ...,, MM----)) - Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt - This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is - followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus - sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the nu- meric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a character that is nei- - ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next - command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially - one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- + ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. CCoommpplleettiinngg ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) - Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh - attempts completion by first checking for any programmable com- - pletions for the command word (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn be- + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh + attempts completion by first checking for any programmable com- + pletions for the command word (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn be- low), otherwise treating the text as a variable (if the text be- gins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname (if - the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases, func- - tions, and builtins) in turn. If none of these produces a + the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases, func- + tions, and builtins) in turn. If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) - List the possible completions of the text before point. When - displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used - for display to the value of ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh, the value - of the shell variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, or the screen width, in that or- + List the possible completions of the text before point. When + displaying completions, rreeaaddlliinnee sets the number of columns used + for display to the value of ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh, the value + of the shell variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, or the screen width, in that or- der. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) - Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss, separated by a space. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee - Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with - a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeat- - edly executing mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible - completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the - list of completions, mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee rings the bell (subject to - the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and restores the original text. An - argument of _n moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; - a negative argument moves backward through the list. This com- + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeat- + edly executing mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + list of completions, mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee rings the bell (subject to + the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and restores the original text. An + argument of _n moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; + a negative argument moves backward through the list. This com- mand is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd - Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list - of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a negative argument. This command is unbound by default. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt - Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning - or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). At the end of the line, + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). At the end of the line, it behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command is unbound by default. ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) @@ -4387,66 +4394,66 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a - command name. Command completion attempts to match the text - against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text against history list entries for possible completion matches. ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd - Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- - pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) - Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and store the definition. ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) - Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. pprriinntt--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo (()) - Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) - Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) - Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). ddoo--lloowweerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--AA,, MM--BB,, MM--_x,, ...)) - If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that + If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The behavior is undefined if _x is already lowercase. pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) @@ -4454,210 +4461,210 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) - Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the - uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<>)) - Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) - Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position + Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position to the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor posi- tion. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) - Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that - character. A negative argument searches for previous occur- + Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that + character. A negative argument searches for previous occur- rences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) - Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of + Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent oc- currences. sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee - Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will - have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, - instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a rreeaaddlliinnee command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) - Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline + Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the rreeaaddlliinnee ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable at the beginning of the current line. If - a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: - if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the - value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, insert the value; otherwise delete the - characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn from the beginning of the line. In - either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been - typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn causes this command + a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: + if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the + value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, insert the value; otherwise delete the + characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn from the beginning of the line. In + either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been + typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be ex- ecuted by the shell. ssppeellll--ccoorrrreecctt--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx ss)) - Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as - a directory or filename, in the same way as the ccddssppeellll shell - option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by + Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as + a directory or filename, in the same way as the ccddssppeellll shell + option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, - with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to + with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, - and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word. - If a numeric argument is supplied, append a ** before pathname + and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word. + If a numeric argument is supplied, append a ** before pathname expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by - gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument is supplied, append a ** before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss - Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- - line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- - put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess - Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to - the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + Print all of the settable rreeaaddlliinnee variables and their values to + the rreeaaddlliinnee output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss - Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output to the readline output stream. If a numeric + Print all of the rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output to the rreeaaddlliinnee output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. eexxeeccuuttee--nnaammeedd--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--xx)) - Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute - the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to - which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is + Read a bindable rreeaaddlliinnee command name from the input and execute + the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to + which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it executes. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - When a user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for - which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using - the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), rreeaaddlliinnee in- + When a user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for + which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), rreeaaddlliinnee in- vokes the programmable completion facilities. - First, bbaasshh identifies the command name. If a compspec has been de- - fined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of - possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty - string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), bbaasshh - uses any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee. If the com- + First, bbaasshh identifies the command name. If a compspec has been de- + fined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of + possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty + string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), bbaasshh + uses any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee. If the com- mand word is a full pathname, bbaasshh searches for a compspec for the full - pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full pathname, bbaasshh - attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. - If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined - with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. If there is no - default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word as - a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word + pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full pathname, bbaasshh + attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. If there is no + default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word as + a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word from any successful expansion. If a compspec is not found, bbaasshh performs its default completion as de- - scribed above under CCoommpplleettiinngg. Otherwise, once a compspec has been + scribed above under CCoommpplleettiinngg. Otherwise, once a compspec has been found, bbaasshh uses it to generate the list of matching words. - First, bbaasshh performs the _a_c_t_i_o_n_s specified by the compspec. Only - matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. + First, bbaasshh performs the _a_c_t_i_o_n_s specified by the compspec. Only + matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name comple- tion, bbaasshh uses the shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE to filter the matches. Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG op- - tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not + tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. BBaasshh uses the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable to fil- ter the matches, but does not use the GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable. - Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to the - --WW option. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS - special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word - is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as + Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to the + --WW option. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word + is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become possible completions. - After these matches have been generated, bbaasshh executes any shell func- + After these matches have been generated, bbaasshh executes any shell func- tion or command specified with the --FF and --CC options. When the command - or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and - CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll - VVaarriiaabblleess. If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and + or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and + CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll + VVaarriiaabblleess. If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD variables are also set. When the function or command is in- - voked, the first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose argu- - ments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being - completed, and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word - being completed on the current command line. There is no filtering of - the generated completions against the word being completed; the func- + voked, the first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose argu- + ments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being + completed, and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word + being completed on the current command line. There is no filtering of + the generated completions against the word being completed; the func- tion or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. - Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use + Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn and ccoommppoopptt builtins - described below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible + described below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable, one per array element. - Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- - ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of - completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be - used to escape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of + Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- + ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of + completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be + used to escape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of possible completions. - After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- - fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- - tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced - with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped - with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. - Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- + fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- + tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced + with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped + with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. + Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- - ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is - enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- + ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- betic characters. Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to rreeaaddlliinnee as the list of possible completions. - If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the - --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was de- + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the + --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was de- fined, bbaasshh attempts directory name completion. - If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec - was defined, bbaasshh attempts directory name completion and adds any + If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec + was defined, bbaasshh attempts directory name completion and adds any matches to the set of possible completions. - By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned - to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The - default bbaasshh completions and the rreeaaddlliinnee default of filename comple- - tion are disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoomm-- - pplleettee when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no - matches, bbaasshh attempts its default completions. If the --oo ddeeffaauulltt op- + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + default bbaasshh completions and the rreeaaddlliinnee default of filename comple- + tion are disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoomm-- + pplleettee when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no + matches, bbaasshh attempts its default completions. If the --oo ddeeffaauulltt op- tion was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, programma- - ble completion will perform readline's default completion if the comp- - spec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no + ble completion will perform rreeaaddlliinnee's default completion if the comp- + spec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. - When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, - the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash - to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to - the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the - setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, + the programmable completion functions force rreeaaddlliinnee to append a slash + to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to + the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess rreeaaddlliinnee variable, regardless of the + setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess rreeaaddlliinnee variable. - There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is - most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- - fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as - completion functions to indicate that completion should be retried by - returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is + most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- + fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as + completion functions to indicate that completion should be retried by + returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is - being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is + being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an - attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of - completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather + attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of + completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once. - For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept - in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de- + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept + in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de- fault completion function would load completions dynamically: _completion_loader() { @@ -4668,162 +4675,162 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE -o bashdefault -o default HHIISSTTOORRYY - When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell + When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously - typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of - commands to save in a history list: the shell saves the text of the + typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of + commands to save in a history list: the shell saves the text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE commands (default 500). The shell stores each command in - the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANN-- - SSIIOONN above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the + the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANN-- + SSIIOONN above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. - On startup, bbaasshh initializes the history list by reading history en- - tries from the the file named by the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable (default - _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). That file is referred to as the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _f_i_l_e. The - history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the - number of history entries specified by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE - variable. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric + On startup, bbaasshh initializes the history list by reading history en- + tries from the the file named by the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable (default + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). That file is referred to as the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _f_i_l_e. The + history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the + number of history entries specified by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE + variable. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not trun- cated. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps - for the following history line. These timestamps are optionally dis- - played depending on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When - present, history timestamps delimit history entries, making multi-line + for the following history line. These timestamps are optionally dis- + played depending on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When + present, history timestamps delimit history entries, making multi-line entries possible. When a shell with history enabled exits, bbaasshh copies the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - entries from the history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell - option is enabled (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN - CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), bbaasshh appends the entries to the history file, other- - wise it overwrites the history file. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, or - if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After - saving the history, bbaasshh truncates the history file to contain no more + entries from the history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell + option is enabled (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN + CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), bbaasshh appends the entries to the history file, other- + wise it overwrites the history file. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, or + if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After + saving the history, bbaasshh truncates the history file to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines as described above. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp - information associated with each history entry to the history file, - marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are preserved + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp + information associated with each history entry to the history file, + marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment character to dis- - tinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above, when using + tinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above, when using HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT, the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries. - The ffcc builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) will list or + The ffcc builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) will list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiissttoorryy builtin can display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. - When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each + When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the history list. - The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables are used to save only a - subset of the commands entered. If the ccmmddhhiisstt shell option is en- - abled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in - the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve - syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option modifies ccmmddhhiisstt by - saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See + subset of the commands entered. If the ccmmddhhiisstt shell option is en- + abled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in + the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve + syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option modifies ccmmddhhiisstt by + saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell options. HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the - history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features + The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the + history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features are available. History expansion is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can - be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL + be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default, but it can be enabled with "set -H". History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input - stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a + stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. - History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is - read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each - line individually. The shell attempts to inform the history expansion + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is + read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each + line individually. The shell attempts to inform the history expansion functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines. - It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which history - list entry to use during substitution. The second is to select por- + It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which history + list entry to use during substitution. The second is to select por- tions of that entry to include into the current one. - The entry selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of + The entry selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- - able to manipulate the selected words. The entry is split into words - in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- - _t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The - _e_v_e_n_t _d_e_s_i_g_n_a_t_o_r selects the event, the optional _w_o_r_d _d_e_s_i_g_n_a_t_o_r se- - lects words from the event, and various optional _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- + able to manipulate the selected words. The entry is split into words + in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- + _t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The + _e_v_e_n_t _d_e_s_i_g_n_a_t_o_r selects the event, the optional _w_o_r_d _d_e_s_i_g_n_a_t_o_r se- + lects words from the event, and various optional _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- able to manipulate the selected words. - History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history ex- - pansion character, which is !! by default. History expansions may ap- + History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history ex- + pansion character, which is !! by default. History expansions may ap- pear anywhere in the input, but do not nest. - Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion - character, but the history expansion character is also treated as + Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion + character, but the history expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double- quoted string. - Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- - lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, - tab, newline, carriage return, ==, and the other shell metacharacters + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, ==, and the other shell metacharacters defined above. There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the _q_u_i_c_k - _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character (described above under hhiissttcchhaarrss) is the first + _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character (described above under hhiissttcchhaarrss) is the first character on the line. It selects the previous history list entry, us- - ing an event designator equivalent to !!!!, and substitutes one string - for another in that entry. It is described below under EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaa-- - ttoorrss. This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the + ing an event designator equivalent to !!!!, and substitutes one string + for another in that entry. It is described below under EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaa-- + ttoorrss. This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the history expansion character. - Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin will modify his- - tory expansion behavior (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin be- + Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin will modify his- + tory expansion behavior (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin be- low).and If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell option is enabled, and rreeaaddlliinnee is be- ing used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee edit- - ing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, and - the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution + ing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, and + the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution is reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for correction. - The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command shows what a history ex- - pansion will do before using it. The --ss option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin - will add commands to the end of the history list without actually exe- + The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command shows what a history ex- + pansion will do before using it. The --ss option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin + will add commands to the end of the history list without actually exe- cuting them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. - The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll - VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- + VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- tory timestamps when writing the history file. EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list. + An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list. The event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning with - the history expansion character and ending with the word designator if - present, or the end of the word. Unless the reference is absolute, + the history expansion character and ending with the word designator if + present, or the end of the word. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list. - !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, - newline, carriage return, =, or, when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, + newline, carriage return, =, or, when the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, (. !!_n Refer to history list entry _n. !!--_n Refer to the current entry minus _n. !!!! Refer to the previous entry. This is a synonym for "!-1". !!_s_t_r_i_n_g - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position - in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be - omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. If - _s_t_r_i_n_g is missing, this uses the string from the most recent + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be + omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. If + _s_t_r_i_n_g is missing, this uses the string from the most recent search; it is an error if there is no previous search string. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ - Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing - _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to "!!:s^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^" + Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to "!!:s^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^" (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below). !!## The entire command line typed so far. @@ -4831,37 +4838,37 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. They are optional; if the word designator isn't supplied, the history expan- sion uses the entire event. A :: separates the event specification from - the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins - with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words are numbered from the beginning of the - line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are in- + the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins + with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words are numbered from the beginning of the + line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are in- serted into the current line separated by single spaces. 00 ((zzeerroo)) The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. _n The _nth word. ^^ The first argument: word 1. - $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex- + $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex- pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. %% The first word matched by the most recent "?_s_t_r_i_n_g?" search, if - the search string begins with a character that is part of a - word. By default, searches begin at the end of each line and - proceed to the beginning, so the first word matched is the one + the search string begins with a character that is part of a + word. By default, searches begin at the end of each line and + proceed to the beginning, so the first word matched is the one closest to the end of the line. _x--_y A range of words; "-_y" abbreviates "0-_y". - ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for "_1_-_$". - It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for "_1_-_$". + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the event; it expands to the empty string in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. If xx is miss- ing, it defaults to 0. - If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event, equivalent to !!!!. MMooddiiffiieerrss - After the optional word designator, the expansion may include a se- - quence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a - ":". These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the his- + After the optional word designator, the expansion may include a se- + quence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a + ":". These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the his- tory event. hh Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. @@ -4870,24 +4877,24 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. - xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at - bbllaannkkss and newlines. The qq and xx modifiers are mutually exclu- + xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at + bbllaannkkss and newlines. The qq and xx modifiers are mutually exclu- sive; expansion uses the last one supplied. ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// - Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event + Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /. - The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of - the event line. A single backslash will quote the delimiter in - _o_l_d and _n_e_w. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced with _o_l_d. A + The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + the event line. A single backslash will quote the delimiter in + _o_l_d and _n_e_w. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced with _o_l_d. A single backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to - the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- - tions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. If + the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- + tions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. If _n_e_w is null, each matching _o_l_d is deleted. && Repeat the previous substitution. gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is - used in conjunction with "::ss" (e.g., "::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//") or "::&&". - If used with "::ss", any delimiter can be used in place of /, and - the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + used in conjunction with "::ss" (e.g., "::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//") or "::&&". + If used with "::ss", any delimiter can be used in place of /, and + the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. GG Apply the following "ss" or "&&" modifier once to each word in the event line. @@ -4896,64 +4903,64 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options - and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- - ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning - with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but - are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning - with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- + ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning + with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but + are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning + with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- tion. :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s and performing any specified redirections. The return status is zero. .. [--pp _p_a_t_h] _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] ssoouurrccee [--pp _p_a_t_h] _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - The .. command (ssoouurrccee) reads and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - in the current shell environment and returns the exit status of + The .. command (ssoouurrccee) reads and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + in the current shell environment and returns the exit status of the last command executed from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, .. searches for it. If the - --pp option is supplied, .. treats _p_a_t_h as a colon-separated list - of directories in which to find _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e; otherwise, .. uses the - entries in PPAATTHH to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. - _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not need to be executable. When bbaasshh is not in - _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it searches the current directory if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not - found in PPAATTHH, but does not search the current directory if --pp + --pp option is supplied, .. treats _p_a_t_h as a colon-separated list + of directories in which to find _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e; otherwise, .. uses the + entries in PPAATTHH to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. + _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not need to be executable. When bbaasshh is not in + posix mode, it searches the current directory if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not + found in PPAATTHH, but does not search the current directory if --pp is supplied. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin com- mand is turned off, .. does not search PPAATTHH. - If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the positional para- - meters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the positional pa- + If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the positional para- + meters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the positional pa- rameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is enabled, .. inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it - is not, any DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the + is not, any DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to .., and .. unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the new value persists after .. completes. The return status is the sta- tus of the last command executed from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e (0 if no commands - are executed), and non-zero if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot + are executed), and non-zero if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - With no arguments or with the --pp option,aalliiaass prints the list of - aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When - arguments are supplied, define an alias for each _n_a_m_e whose - _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word - to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded - during command parsing. For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for - which no _v_a_l_u_e is supplied, print the name and value of the - alias _n_a_m_e. aalliiaass returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given (without + With no arguments or with the --pp option, aalliiaass prints the list + of aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. + When arguments are supplied, define an alias for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded + during command parsing. For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for + which no _v_a_l_u_e is supplied, print the name and value of the + alias _n_a_m_e. aalliiaass returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given (without a corresponding =_v_a_l_u_e) for which no alias has been defined. bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it - had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell uses its notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless - run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control - enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llssvvSSVVXX] @@ -4964,140 +4971,144 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --pp|--PP [_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d] bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d_-_l_i_n_e - Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key - sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro or to a shell command, - or set a rreeaaddlliinnee variable. Each non-option argument is a key - binding or command as it would appear in a rreeaaddlliinnee initializa- - tion file such as _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be - passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": - re-read-init-file'. In the following descriptions, output - available to be re-read is formatted as commands that would ap- + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro or to a shell command, + or set a rreeaaddlliinnee variable. Each non-option argument is a key + binding or command as it would appear in a rreeaaddlliinnee initializa- + tion file such as _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be + passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": + re-read-init-file'. In the following descriptions, output + available to be re-read is formatted as commands that would ap- pear in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file or that would be supplied - as individual arguments to a bbiinndd command. Options, if sup- + as individual arguments to a bbiinndd command. Options, if sup- plied, have the following meanings: --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- - _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, - and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e - is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e + is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- _d_a_r_d. --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. - --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a - way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent - bbiinndd command or in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file. If - arguments remain after option processing, bbiinndd treats - them as readline command names and restricts output to - those names. - --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. If + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent + bbiinndd command or in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file. If arguments remain after option processing, bbiinndd treats - them as readline command names and restricts output to + them as rreeaaddlliinnee command names and restricts output to those names. - --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output in such a way that they can be used + --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. If + arguments remain after option processing, bbiinndd treats + them as rreeaaddlliinnee command names and restricts output to + those names. + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent bbiinndd command or in a rreeaadd-- lliinnee initialization file. - --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. - --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent bbiinndd command or in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file. --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e Read key bindings from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. --qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - Display key sequences that invoke the named rreeaaddlliinnee + Display key sequences that invoke the named rreeaaddlliinnee _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. --uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - Unbind all key sequences bound to the named rreeaaddlliinnee + Unbind all key sequences bound to the named rreeaaddlliinnee _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q[[:: ]]_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is en- tered. The separator between _k_e_y_s_e_q and _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - either whitespace or a colon optionally followed by - whitespace. If the separator is whitespace, _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d must be enclosed in double quotes and rreeaaddlliinnee ex- - pands any of its special backslash-escapes in _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d before saving it. If the separator is a colon, any - enclosing double quotes are optional, and rreeaaddlliinnee does - not expand the command string before saving it. Since - the entire key binding expression must be a single argu- - ment, it should be enclosed in single quotes. When - _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets the RREEAADD-- - LLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line + either whitespace or a colon optionally followed by + whitespace. If the separator is whitespace, _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d must be enclosed in double quotes and rreeaaddlliinnee ex- + pands any of its special backslash-escapes in _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d before saving it. If the separator is a colon, any + enclosing double quotes are optional, and rreeaaddlliinnee does + not expand the command string before saving it. Since + the entire key binding expression must be a single argu- + ment, it should be enclosed in single quotes. When + _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets the RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT and RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK variables - to the current location of the insertion point and the - saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. The - shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to - the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT variable. If there was no argu- - ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command - changes the value of any of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE, RREEAADD-- - LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, or RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK, those new values will be + to the current location of the insertion point and the + saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. The + shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT variable. If there was no argu- + ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command + changes the value of any of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE, RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, or RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. - --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the - associated commands in a format that can be reused as an - argument to a subsequent @code{bind} command. + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as an + argument to a subsequent bbiinndd command. - The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied or an error occurred. bbrreeaakk [_n] - Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, bbrreeaakk exits _n enclosing loops. _n must be >= 1. If _n - is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing + is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Execute the specified shell builtin _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n, passing it - _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when - defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, - retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. - The ccdd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return sta- + Execute the specified shell builtin _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n, passing it + _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when + defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, + retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. + The ccdd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return sta- tus is false if _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). - Without _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source file- - name of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer + Without _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source file- + name of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is supplied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in the cur- - rent execution call stack. This extra information may be used, + rent execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. - The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- - routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. - ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]]] [-@] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, - the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is used as _d_i_r. The vari- - able CCDDPPAATTHH exists, ccdd uses it as a search path: the shell - searches each directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH for _d_i_r. Alternative di- - rectory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, - i.e., ".". If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not - used. + ccdd [--LL] [-@] [_d_i_r] + ccdd --PP [--ee] [-@] [_d_i_r] + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is used as _d_i_r. The vari- + able CCDDPPAATTHH exists, and _d_i_r does not begin with a slash (/), ccdd + uses it as a search path: the shell searches each directory name + in CCDDPPAATTHH for _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are + separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is + the same as the current directory, i.e., ".". The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and before pro- cessing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command). - The --LL option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving + The --LL option forces ccdd to follow symbolic links by resolving the link after processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears - in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing the immediately previous + in _d_i_r, ccdd processes it by removing the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a slash or the beginning of - _d_i_r. + _d_i_r, and verifying that the portion of _d_i_r it has processed to + that point is still a valid directory name after removing the + pathname component. If it is not a valid directory name, ccdd re- + turns a non-zero status. If neither --LL nor --PP is supplied, ccdd + behaves as if --LL had been supplied. - If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and the current working - directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful - directory change, ccdd will return a non-zero status. + If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and ccdd cannot successfully + determine the current working directory after a successful di- + rectory change, it will return a non-zero status. On systems that support it, the --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a file as a directory. @@ -6086,12 +6097,12 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaadd uses rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) to obtain the line. - Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing + RReeaaddlliinnee uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings, but uses - readline's default filename completion. + rreeaaddlliinnee's default filename completion. --EE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaadd uses rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) to obtain the line. - Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing + RReeaaddlliinnee uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings, but uses bash's default completion, including programmable comple- tion. @@ -6205,7 +6216,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS sseett ++oo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot - be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. The + be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- ments remaining after option processing are treated as values @@ -6288,7 +6299,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS iiggnnoorreeeeooff The effect is as if the shell command "IGNOREEOF=10" had been executed (see SShheellll - VVaarriiaabblleess << above). + VVaarriiaabblleess above). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. nnoocclloobbbbeerr @@ -6508,7 +6519,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiirreexxppaanndd If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing filename completion. - This changes the contents of the readline editing + This changes the contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll @@ -6516,9 +6527,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a "." in - the results of pathname expansion. The filenames "." - and ".." must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoott-- - gglloobb is set. + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _. and + _._. must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is + set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- not execute the file specified as an argument to the @@ -6566,7 +6577,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- - ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a de- + ble completions. See SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above for a de- scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- fault. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess @@ -6579,8 +6590,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbsskkiippddoottss If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- - names "." and "..", even if the pattern begins with a - ".". This option is enabled by default. + names _. and _._., even if the pattern begins with a ".". + This option is enabled by default. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- text will match all files and zero or more directories @@ -6614,7 +6625,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt If set, command substitution inherits the value of the eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes @@ -6787,9 +6798,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. - When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, or if the expression is part of + When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the [[[[ command, the << and >> operators sort using the current lo- - cale. If the shell is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the tteesstt and [[ com- + cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt and [[ com- mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- @@ -7252,7 +7263,7 @@ SSEEEE AALLSSOO _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- _t_i_e_s, IEEE -- - http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ + http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/ http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode _s_h(1), _k_s_h(1), _c_s_h(1) _e_m_a_c_s(1), _v_i(1) @@ -7330,4 +7341,4 @@ BBUUGGSS Array variables may not (yet) be exported. -GNU Bash 5.3 2024 October 14 _B_A_S_H(1) +GNU Bash 5.3 2024 October 15 _B_A_S_H(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index a6ab2c80..f34a06e7 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Mon Oct 14 11:41:21 EDT 2024 +.\" Last Change: Tue Oct 15 16:53:49 EDT 2024 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .\" avoid a warning about an undefined register .\" .if !rzY .nr zY 0 .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2024 October 14" "GNU Bash 5.3" +.TH BASH 1 "2024 October 15" "GNU Bash 5.3" .\" .ie \n(.g \{\ .ds ' \(aq @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ .\" \% at the beginning of the string protects the filename from hyphenation. .\" .de FN -\%\fI\|\\$1\|\fP +\%\fI\|\\$1\|\fP\\$2 .. .\" .\" Quotation macro: generate consistent quoted strings that don't rely @@ -185,7 +185,8 @@ builtin below). .TP .B \-\-dump\-po\-strings Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP, but the output is in the GNU \fIgettext\fP -\fBpo\fP (portable object) file format. +.Q po +(portable object) file format. .TP .B \-\-dump\-strings Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP. @@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. Execute commands from .I file instead of the standard personal initialization file -.I \*~/.bashrc +.FN \*~/.bashrc if the shell is interactive (see .SM .B INVOCATION @@ -219,10 +220,10 @@ library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. Do not read either the system-wide startup file .FN /etc/profile or any of the personal initialization files -.IR \*~/.bash_profile , -.IR \*~/.bash_login , +.FN \*~/.bash_profile , +.FN \*~/.bash_login , or -.IR \*~/.profile . +.FN \*~/.profile . By default, .B bash reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see @@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ below). .TP .B \-\-norc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file -.I \*~/.bashrc +.FN \*~/.bashrc if the shell is interactive. This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as .BR sh . @@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ See .SM .B "SEE ALSO" below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects -bash's behavior. +\fBBash\fP's behavior. .TP .B \-\-restricted The shell becomes restricted (see @@ -328,10 +329,15 @@ When .B bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first reads and -executes commands from the file \fI/etc/profile\fP, if that -file exists. -After reading that file, it looks for \fI\*~/.bash_profile\fP, -\fI\*~/.bash_login\fP, and \fI\*~/.profile\fP, in that order, and reads +executes commands from the file +.FN /etc/profile , +if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for +.FN \*~/.bash_profile , +.FN \*~/.bash_login , +and +.FN \*~/.profile , +in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The .B \-\-noprofile @@ -340,18 +346,22 @@ option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell executes the \fBexit\fP builtin command, .B bash -reads and executes commands from the file \fI\*~/.bash_logout\fP, if it -exists. +reads and executes commands from the file +.FN \*~/.bash_logout , +if it exists. .PP When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, .B bash -reads and executes commands from \fI\*~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists. +reads and executes commands from +.FN \*~/.bashrc , +if that file exists. This may be inhibited by using the .B \-\-norc option. The \fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP option causes .B bash -to use \fIfile\fP instead of \fI\*~/.bashrc\fP. +to use \fIfile\fP instead of +.FN \*~/.bashrc . .PP When .B bash @@ -386,13 +396,13 @@ while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from -.I /etc/profile +.FN /etc/profile and -.IR \*~/.profile , +.FN \*~/.profile , in that order. The .B \-\-noprofile -option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +option will inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name .BR sh , .B bash @@ -413,15 +423,11 @@ does not attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as .BR sh , .B bash -enters -.I posix -mode after the startup files are read. +enters posix mode after reading the startup files. .PP When .B bash -is started in -.I posix -mode, as with the +is started in posix mode, as with the .B \-\-posix command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the @@ -439,15 +445,17 @@ or the secure shell daemon \fIsshd\fP. If .B bash determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, -it reads and executes commands from \fI\*~/.bashrc\fP, +it reads and executes commands from +.FN \*~/.bashrc , if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as \fBsh\fP. The .B \-\-norc -option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +option will inhibit this behavior, and the .B \-\-rcfile option will make \fBbash\fP use a different file instead of -\fI\*~/.bashrc\fP, but neither +.FN \*~/.bashrc , +but neither \fIrshd\fP nor \fIsshd\fP generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. .PP @@ -588,7 +596,7 @@ reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when the pipeline terminates. The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. -When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, it does not recognize +When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize \fBtime\fP as a reserved word if the next token begins with a .Q \- . The value of the @@ -601,7 +609,7 @@ information should be displayed; see the description of below under .BR "Shell Variables" . .PP -When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, \fBtime\fP +When the shell is in posix mode, \fBtime\fP may appear by itself as the only word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. @@ -1084,7 +1092,7 @@ If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. \fIcompound\-command\fP is executed whenever \fIfname\fP is specified as the name of a simple command. -When in \fIposix mode\fP, \fIfname\fP must be a valid shell \fIname\fP +When in posix mode, \fIfname\fP must be a valid shell \fIname\fP and may not be the name of one of the POSIX \fIspecial builtins\fP. In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain \fB$\fP. @@ -1171,7 +1179,7 @@ of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of .BR \e , and, when history expansion is enabled, .BR ! . -When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, +When the shell is in posix mode, the \fB!\fP has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. The characters @@ -1367,7 +1375,7 @@ Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the and .B local builtin commands (\fIdeclaration\fP commands). -When in \fIposix mode\fP, these builtins may appear in a command after +When in posix mode, these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the \fBcommand\fP builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. .PP @@ -1563,7 +1571,7 @@ Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke .BR bash , as given by argument zero. .PD -.SS Shell Variables +.SS "Shell Variables" The shell sets following variables: .PP .PD 0 @@ -1921,7 +1929,7 @@ subsequently reset. Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see .IR time (3)) -as a floating point value with micro-second granularity. +as a floating-point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to .SM .B EPOCHREALTIME @@ -2102,7 +2110,7 @@ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP .B READLINE_ARGUMENT -Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was defined using +Any numeric argument given to a \fBreadline\fP command that was defined using .Q "bind \-x" (see .SM @@ -2324,7 +2332,7 @@ Expanded and executed similarly to .SM .B BASH_ENV (see \fBINVOCATION\fP above) -when an interactive shell is invoked in \fIposix mode\fP. +when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode. .TP .B EXECIGNORE A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see \fBPattern Matching\fP) @@ -2382,14 +2390,17 @@ Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort order for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion -uses the historical behavior of sorting by name. +uses the historical behavior of sorting by name, +in ascending lexicographic order as determined by the +.B \%LC_COLLATE +shell variable. .IP If set, a valid value begins with an optional \fI+\fP, which is ignored, or \fI\-\fP, which reverses the sort order from ascending to descending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort specifiers are .IR name , -.IR numeric , +.IR \%numeric , .IR size , .IR mtime , .IR atime , @@ -2407,14 +2418,19 @@ For example, a value of \fI\-mtime\fP sorts the results in descending order by modification time (newest first). .IP The \fInumeric\fP specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as -numbers and sorts them using the numeric value (so "2" will sort before -"10", for example). +numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so +.Q 2 +will sort before +.Q 10 , +for example). When using \fInumeric\fP, names containing non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior. .IP -A sort specifier of \fInosort\fP disables sorting completely; the results -are returned in the order they are read from the file system, -and any leading \fI+\fP or \fI\-\fP is ignored. +A sort specifier of \fInosort\fP disables sorting completely; +.B bash +returns the results +in the order they are read from the file system, +ignoring any leading \fI\-\fP. .IP If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to \fIname\fP, so a value of \fI+\fP is equivalent to the null string, @@ -2462,7 +2478,8 @@ The name of the file in which command history is saved (see .SM .B HISTORY below). -\fBBash\fP assigns a default value of \fI\*~/.bash_history\fP. +\fBBash\fP assigns a default value of +.FN \*~/.bash_history . If \fBHISTFILE\fP is unset or null, the shell does not save the command history when it exits. .TP @@ -2728,13 +2745,13 @@ A common value is .TP .B POSIXLY_CORRECT If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell -enters \fIposix mode\fP before reading the startup files, as if the +enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if the .B \-\-posix invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is -running, \fBbash\fP enables \fIposix mode\fP, as if the command +running, \fBbash\fP enables posix mode, as if the command .Q "set \-o posix" had been executed. -When the shell enters \fIposix mode\fP, it sets this variable if it was +When the shell enters posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set. .TP .B PROMPT_COMMAND @@ -2914,20 +2931,18 @@ and tokenization (see .B "HISTORY EXPANSION" below). The first character is the \fIhistory expansion\fP character, -the character which signals the start of a history -expansion, normally +the character which begins a history expansion, normally .Q \fB!\fP . -The second character is the \fIquick substitution\fP -character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous -command entered, substituting one string for another in the command, -when it appears as the first character on the line. -The default is +The second character is the \fIquick substitution\fP character, normally .Q \fB\*^\fP . +When it appears as the first character on the line, +history substitution repeats the previous command, +replacing one string with another. The optional third character is the character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character of a word, normally .Q \fB#\fP . -The history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped +The history comment character disables history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. @@ -3361,7 +3376,7 @@ of variable assignments (as described above under .BR PARAMETERS ) when they appear as arguments to simple commands. \fBBash\fP does not do this, except for the \fIdeclaration\fP commands listed -above, when in \fIposix mode\fP. +above, when in posix mode. .SS Parameter Expansion The .Q \fB$\fP @@ -3401,7 +3416,8 @@ and \fIparameter\fP is not a \fInameref\fP, it introduces a level of indirection. \fBBash\fP uses the value formed by expanding the rest of \fIparameter\fP as the new \fIparameter\fP; -this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather +this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used +in the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original \fIparameter\fP. This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP. The value is subject to tilde expansion, @@ -4130,9 +4146,9 @@ must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option .B dotglob is set. In order to match the filenames -.Q .\& +.FN .\& and -.Q ..\& , +.FN ..\& , the pattern must begin with .Q .\& (for example, @@ -4143,9 +4159,9 @@ is set. If the .B globskipdots shell option is enabled, the filenames -.Q .\& +.FN .\& and -.Q ..\& +.FN ..\& never match, even if the pattern begins with a .Q .\& . When not matching pathnames, the @@ -4190,9 +4206,9 @@ If the \fBnocaseglob\fP option is set, the matching against the patterns in .B GLOBIGNORE is performed without regard to case. The filenames -.Q .\& +.FN .\& and -.Q ..\& +.FN ..\& are always ignored when .SM .B GLOBIGNORE @@ -4377,9 +4393,9 @@ when \fBdotglob\fP is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files beginning with .Q .\& , but -.Q .\& +.FN .\& and -.Q ..\& +.FN ..\& must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning with @@ -4389,9 +4405,9 @@ unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a If the .B globskipdots shell option is enabled, the filenames -.Q .\& +.FN .\& and -.Q ..\& +.FN ..\& never appear in the set. As above, .Q .\& @@ -5199,19 +5215,23 @@ If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is of the form -\fI/dev/fd/n\fP, then file descriptor \fIn\fP is checked. +.FN /dev/fd/n , +then \fBbash\fP checks file descriptor \fIn\fP. If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of -\fI/dev/stdin\fP, \fI/dev/stdout\fP, or \fI/dev/stderr\fP, file -descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. +.FN \*/dev/stdin , +.FN \*/dev/stdout , +or +.FN \*/dev/stderr , +\fBbash\fP checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively. .PP Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. .PP When used with \fB[[\fP, -or when the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, +or when the shell is in posix mode, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. -When the shell is not in \fIposix mode\fP, +When the shell is not in posix mode, the \fBtest\fP command sorts using ASCII ordering. .PP .PD 0 @@ -5572,18 +5592,18 @@ are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. .PP -When the shell is in -\fIposix mode\fP, +When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of the \fB\-e\fP option from their parent shell. -When not in \fIposix mode\fP, +When not in posix mode, \fBbash\fP clears the \fB\-e\fP option in such subshells. See the description of the \fBinherit_errexit\fP shell option below for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode. .PP If a command is followed by a \fB&\fP and job control is not active, the -default standard input for the command is the empty file \fI/dev/null\fP. +default standard input for the command is the empty file +.FN /dev/null . Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by redirections. .SH ENVIRONMENT @@ -6031,7 +6051,7 @@ option to the builtin command is enabled, .B bash -reports such changes immediately. +reports status changes immediately. \fBBash\fP executes any trap on .SM .B SIGCHLD @@ -6260,28 +6280,35 @@ options to the .B set builtin. .SS "Readline Notation" -This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes. +This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its +notation for keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fP, e.g., C\-n means Control\-N. Similarly, .I meta keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fP, so M\-x means Meta\-X. +The Meta key is often labeled +.Q Alt +or +.Q Option . .PP On keyboards without a .I Meta -key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key -then the +key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, +i.e., press and release the Escape key, +then press and release the .I x -key. +key, in sequence. This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP. -The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP, -or press the Escape key -then hold the Control key while pressing the +The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP: +press and release the Escape key, +then press and hold the Control key while pressing the .I x -key. +key, then release both. .PP -On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with -the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the \fBenable\-meta\-key\fP variable -to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it). +On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with +the eighth bit (0200) set. +You can use the \fBenable\-meta\-key\fP variable +to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding paragraph. @@ -6291,7 +6318,8 @@ you can make M-\fIkey\fP key bindings you specify (see .B "Readline Key Bindings" below) do the same thing by setting the \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP variable. .PP -Readline commands may be given numeric +.B Readline +commands may be given numeric .IR arguments , which normally act as a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. @@ -6301,6 +6329,16 @@ makes that command act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. .PP +The \fIpoint\fP is the current cursor position, and \fImark\fP refers +to a saved cursor position. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP. +\fBReadline\fP has the concept of an \fIactive region\fP: +when the region is active, \fBreadline\fP redisplay +highlights the region using the +value of the \fBactive-region-start-color\fP variable. +The \fBenable\-active\-region\fP variable turns this on and off. +Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below. +.PP When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (\fIyanking\fP). @@ -6310,17 +6348,18 @@ into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. .SS "Readline Initialization" -Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization +.B Readline +is customized by putting commands in an initialization file (the \fIinputrc\fP file). The name of this file is taken from the value of the .SM .B INPUTRC shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is -.IR \*~/.inputrc . -If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for -.IR /etc/inputrc . -When a program which uses the readline library starts up, +.FN \*~/.inputrc . +If that file does not exist or cannot be read, \fBreadline\fP looks for +.FN /etc/inputrc . +When a program which uses the \fBreadline\fP library starts up, \fBreadline\fP reads the initialization file and sets the key bindings and variables found there, before reading any user input. @@ -6335,7 +6374,7 @@ The default key-bindings in this section may be changed using key binding commands in the .I inputrc file. -Programs that use the readline library, including \fBbash\fP, +Programs that use the \fBreadline\fP library, including \fBbash\fP, may add their own commands and bindings. .PP For example, placing @@ -6350,7 +6389,7 @@ C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument .LP into the .I inputrc -would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command +would make M\-C\-u execute the \fBreadline\fP command .IR universal\-argument . .PP Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: @@ -6367,7 +6406,7 @@ Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: and .IR TAB . .PP -In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound +In addition to command names, \fBreadline\fP allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP). The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is enclosed in single or double quotes. @@ -6521,7 +6560,7 @@ Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including \*" and \*'. .PP .B Bash -will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the +will display or modify the current \fBreadline\fP key bindings with the .B bind builtin command. The @@ -6537,7 +6576,7 @@ builtin below) will change the editing mode during interactive use. .SS "Readline Variables" -Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its +\fBReadline\fP has variables that can be used to further customize its behavior. A variable may be set in the .I inputrc @@ -6551,13 +6590,13 @@ or using the \fBbind\fP builtin command (see .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below). .PP -Except where noted, readline variables can take the values +Except where noted, \fBreadline\fP variables can take the values .B On or .B Off (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. -When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values, +When \fBreadline\fP reads a variable value, empty or null values, .Q "on" (case-insensitive), and .Q 1 @@ -6565,7 +6604,7 @@ are equivalent to \fBOn\fP. All other values are equivalent to \fBOff\fP. .PP -The \fBbind \-V\fP command lists the current readline variable names +The \fBbind \-V\fP command lists the current \fBreadline\fP variable names and values (see .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" @@ -6605,37 +6644,37 @@ A sample value might be .Q \ee[0m . .TP .B bell\-style (audible) -Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. -If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell. -If set to \fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. -If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. +Controls what happens when \fBreadline\fP wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to \fBnone\fP, \fBreadline\fP never rings the bell. +If set to \fBvisible\fP, \fBreadline\fP uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to \fBaudible\fP, \fBreadline\fP attempts to ring the terminal's bell. .TP .B bind\-tty\-special\-chars (On) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP attempts to bind the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's -terminal driver to their readline equivalents. -These override the default readline bindings described here. +terminal driver to their \fBreadline\fP equivalents. +These override the default \fBreadline\fP bindings described here. Type .Q "stty \-a" at a \fBbash\fP prompt to see your current terminal settings, including the special control characters (usually \fBcchars\fP). .TP .B blink\-matching\-paren (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. .TP .B colored\-completion\-prefix (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, when listing completions, readline displays the +If set to \fBOn\fP, when listing completions, \fBreadline\fP displays the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP environment variable. If there is a color definition in \fB$LS_COLORS\fP for the custom suffix -.Q readline-colored-completion-prefix , -readline uses this color for +.Q .readline-colored-completion-prefix , +\fBreadline\fP uses this color for the common prefix instead of its default. .TP .B colored\-stats (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays possible completions using different +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP displays possible completions using different colors to indicate their file type. The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP environment variable. @@ -6645,7 +6684,7 @@ environment variable. .TP .BR comment\-begin\ ( \c .Q \fB#\fP \fB)\fP -The string that the readline +The string that the \fBreadline\fP .B insert\-comment command inserts. This command is bound to @@ -6663,11 +6702,12 @@ A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is \-1. .TP .B completion\-ignore\-case (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP performs filename matching and completion in a case\-insensitive fashion. .TP .B completion\-map\-case (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, and \fBcompletion\-ignore\-case\fP is enabled, readline +If set to \fBOn\fP, and \fBcompletion\-ignore\-case\fP is enabled, +.B readline treats hyphens (\fI\-\fP) and underscores (\fI_\fP) as equivalent when performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion. .TP @@ -6675,7 +6715,7 @@ performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion. The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible completions that is displayed without modification. -When set to a value greater than zero, readline +When set to a value greater than zero, \fBreadline\fP replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. .TP @@ -6686,17 +6726,17 @@ generated by the \fBpossible\-completions\fP command. It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, -readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; -otherwise readline simply lists them on the terminal. -A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are +\fBreadline\fP will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; +otherwise \fBreadline\fP simply lists them on the terminal. +A zero value means \fBreadline\fP should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. .TP .B convert\-meta (On) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters it reads +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will convert characters it reads that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character -(converting the character to have the \fImeta prefix\fP). -The default is \fIOn\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOff\fP +(converting the character to have the meta prefix). +The default is \fIOn\fP, but \fBreadline\fP will set it to \fIOff\fP if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and @@ -6705,17 +6745,17 @@ This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP below. .TP .B disable\-completion (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion. +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to \fBself-insert\fP. .TP .B echo\-control\-characters (On) When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it, -readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +\fBreadline\fP echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the keyboard. .TP .B editing\-mode (emacs) -Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar +Controls whether \fBreadline\fP uses a set of key bindings similar to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP. .B editing\-mode can be set to either @@ -6735,32 +6775,30 @@ non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. .TP .B enable\-active\-region (On) -The \fIpoint\fP is the current cursor position, and \fImark\fP refers -to a saved cursor position. -The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP. -When this variable is set to \fIOn\fP, readline allows certain commands +When this variable is set to \fIOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP allows certain commands to designate the region as \fIactive\fP. -When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using +When the region is active, \fBreadline\fP highlights +the text in the region using the value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color\fP, which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. .TP .B enable\-bracketed\-paste (On) -When set to \fBOn\fP, readline configures the terminal to insert each +When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP configures the terminal to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. This is called \fIbracketed\-paste mode\fP; -it prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key +it prevents \fBreadline\fP from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text. .TP .B enable\-keypad (Off) -When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application +When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will try to enable the application keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. .TP .B enable\-meta\-key (On) -When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable any meta modifier +When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will try to enable any meta modifier key the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the @@ -6769,24 +6807,24 @@ character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed (a meta character). .TP .B expand\-tilde (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs tilde expansion when it +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP performs tilde expansion when it attempts word completion. .TP .B force\-meta\-prefix (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline modifies its behavior when binding key +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP modifies its behavior when binding key sequences containing \eM- or Meta- (see \fBKey Bindings\fP above) by converting a key sequence of the form \eM\-\fIC\fP or Meta\-\fIC\fP to the two-character sequence -\fBESC\fP\fIC\fP (adding the \fImeta prefix\fP). +\fBESC\fP \fIC\fP (adding the meta prefix). If .B force\-meta\-prefix is set to \fBOff\fP (the default), -readline uses the value of the +\fBreadline\fP uses the value of the .B convert\-meta variable to determine whether to perform this conversion: if \fBconvert\-meta\fP is \fBOn\fP, -readline performs the conversion described above; -if it is \fBOff\fP, readline converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by +\fBreadline\fP performs the conversion described above; +if it is \fBOff\fP, \fBreadline\fP converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by setting the eighth bit (0200). .TP .B history\-preserve\-point (Off) @@ -6806,17 +6844,17 @@ Setting \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value will set the maximum number of history entries to 500. .TP .B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off) -Setting this variable to \fBOn\fP makes readline use a single line +Setting this variable to \fBOn\fP makes \fBreadline\fP use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1. .TP .B input\-meta (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will enable eight-bit input (that is, it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. -The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP +The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP will set it to \fIOn\fP if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and @@ -6831,7 +6869,7 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters \fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search. .TP .B keymap (emacs) -Set the current readline keymap. +Set the current \fBreadline\fP keymap. The set of valid keymap names is \fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi, vi\-command\fP, and @@ -6844,23 +6882,24 @@ the value of also affects the default keymap. .TP .B keyseq\-timeout (500) -Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when +Specifies the duration \fBreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence). -If readline does not receive any input within the timeout, it will use the -shorter but complete key sequence. +If \fBreadline\fP does not receive any input within the timeout, +it will use the shorter but complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that -readline will wait one second for additional input. +\fBreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a -non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to +non-numeric value, \fBreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. .TP .B mark\-directories (On) If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash appended. .TP .B mark\-modified\-lines (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays history lines that have been modified +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP displays history lines +that have been modified with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP). .TP .B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off) @@ -6868,7 +6907,7 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories have a slash appended, subject to the value of \fBmark\-directories\fP. .TP .B match\-hidden\-files (On) -This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, forces readline to match files whose +This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, forces \fBreadline\fP to match files whose names begin with a .Q . (hidden files) when performing filename completion. @@ -6882,35 +6921,35 @@ list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. .TP .B output\-meta (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. -The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP +The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP will set it to \fIOn\fP if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and its value may change if the locale changes. .TP .B page\-completions (On) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. .TP .B prefer\-visible\-bell See \fBbell\-style\fP. .TP .B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will display completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. .TP .B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will undo all changes to history lines before returning when executing \fBaccept\-line\fP. By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to \fBreadline\fP. .TP .B search\-ignore\-case (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs incremental and non-incremental +If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP performs incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a case\-insensitive fashion. .TP .B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off) @@ -6939,7 +6978,7 @@ The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., \fIemacs\-mode\-string\fP). If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. -If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion +If enabled, \fBreadline\fP does not insert characters from the completion that match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. .TP @@ -6969,7 +7008,8 @@ by \fIstat\fP(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible completions. .PD .SS "Readline Conditional Constructs" -Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +.B Readline +implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. @@ -6980,7 +7020,7 @@ The .B $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using -readline. +\fBreadline\fP. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. @@ -6988,11 +7028,11 @@ unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. .TP .B mode The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test -whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. +whether \fBreadline\fP is in emacs or vi mode. This may be used in conjunction with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in the \fIemacs\-standard\fP and \fIemacs\-ctlx\fP keymaps only if -readline is starting out in emacs mode. +\fBreadline\fP is starting out in emacs mode. .TP .B term The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific @@ -7012,8 +7052,8 @@ for instance. .TP .B version The \fBversion\fP test may be used to perform comparisons against -specific readline versions. -The \fBversion\fP expands to the current readline version. +specific \fBreadline\fP versions. +The \fBversion\fP expands to the current \fBreadline\fP version. The set of comparison operators includes .BR = , (and @@ -7035,7 +7075,7 @@ and from the version number argument by whitespace. .I application The \fIapplication\fP construct is used to include application-specific settings. -Each program using the readline +Each program using the \fBreadline\fP library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for @@ -7055,7 +7095,7 @@ key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP: .RE .TP .I variable -The \fIvariable\fP construct provides simple equality tests for readline +The \fIvariable\fP construct provides simple equality tests for \fBreadline\fP variables and values. The permitted comparison operators are \fI=\fP, \fI==\fP, and \fI!=\fP. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by @@ -7077,7 +7117,8 @@ This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an .B $include This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands and key bindings from that file. -For example, the following directive would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP: +For example, the following directive would read +.FN /etc/inputrc : .PP .RS .nf @@ -7085,8 +7126,8 @@ For example, the following directive would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP: .fi .RE .SS Searching -Readline provides commands for searching through the command history -(see +.B Readline +provides commands for searching through the command history (see .SM .B HISTORY below) @@ -7098,7 +7139,7 @@ and .PP Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the search string. -As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays +As each character of the search string is typed, \fBreadline\fP displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. @@ -7117,16 +7158,17 @@ To find other matching entries in the history list, type \fBC\-r\fP or \fBC\-s\fP as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. -Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate +Any other key sequence bound to a \fBreadline\fP command will terminate the search and execute that command. For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found the current line, and begin editing. .PP -Readline remembers the last incremental search string. +.B Readline +remembers the last incremental search string. If two \fBC\-r\fPs are typed without any intervening characters defining -a new search string, readline uses any remembered search string. +a new search string, \fBreadline\fP uses any remembered search string. .PP Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to search for matching history entries. @@ -7141,8 +7183,9 @@ In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the \fBset\-mark\fP command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP. -Readline has the concept of an \fIactive region\fP: -when the region is active, readline redisplay uses the +.B Readline +has the concept of an \fIactive region\fP: +when the region is active, \fBreadline\fP redisplay uses the value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color variable to denote the region. Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below. @@ -7183,15 +7226,16 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current -readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not -greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. +\fBreadline\fP line does not take up more than one physical line or if +point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. .TP .B next\-screen\-line Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current -readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length -of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt +\fBreadline\fP line does not take up more than one physical line or if +the length of the current \fBreadline\fP line is +not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. .TP .B clear\-display (M\-C\-l) @@ -7392,7 +7436,7 @@ and \fIemacs\fP as the editor, in that order. The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by .IR stty (1). If this character is read when there are no characters -on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, readline +on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, \fBreadline\fP interprets it as the end of input and returns .SM .BR EOF . @@ -7429,8 +7473,8 @@ This function is intended to be bound to the .Q "bracketed paste" escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default. -It allows readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating -each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. +It allows \fBreadline\fP to insert the pasted text as a single unit +without treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are inserted as if each one was bound to \fBself\-insert\fP instead of executing any editing commands. @@ -7603,7 +7647,7 @@ If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion. .TP .B possible\-completions (M\-?) List the possible completions of the text before point. -When displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used +When displaying completions, \fBreadline\fP sets the number of columns used for display to the value of \fBcompletion-display-width\fP, the value of the shell variable .SM @@ -7780,12 +7824,12 @@ CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[. If this sequence is bound to .Q \ee[ , keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect -unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting +unless explicitly bound to a \fBreadline\fP command, instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC\-[. .TP .B insert\-comment (M\-#) -Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline +Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the \fBreadline\fP .B comment\-begin variable at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if @@ -7824,28 +7868,28 @@ pathname expansion. .TP .B dump\-functions Print all of the functions and their key bindings -to the readline output stream. +to the \fBreadline\fP output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an \fIinputrc\fP file. .TP .B dump\-variables -Print all of the settable readline variables and their values -to the readline output stream. +Print all of the settable \fBreadline\fP variables and their values +to the \fBreadline\fP output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an \fIinputrc\fP file. .TP .B dump\-macros -Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the +Print all of the \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output -to the readline output stream. +to the \fBreadline\fP output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an \fIinputrc\fP file. .TP .B execute\-named\-command (M-x) -Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the +Read a bindable \fBreadline\fP command name from the input and execute the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that @@ -8012,15 +8056,15 @@ if the compspec generates no matches, \fBbash\fP attempts its default completions. If the \fB\-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform -readline's default completion +\fBreadline\fP's default completion if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default \fBbash\fP completions) generate no matches. .PP When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, -the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash +the programmable completion functions force \fBreadline\fP to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to -the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP readline variable, regardless -of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable. +the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP \fBreadline\fP variable, regardless +of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP \fBreadline\fP variable. .PP There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion @@ -8096,7 +8140,8 @@ by reading history entries from the the file named by the .SM .B HISTFILE -variable (default \fI\*~/.bash_history\fP). +variable (default +.FN \*~/.bash_history ). That file is referred to as the \fIhistory file\fP. The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of history entries @@ -8588,7 +8633,7 @@ otherwise, \fB\&.\&\fP uses the entries in to find the directory containing .IR filename . \fIfilename\fP does not need to be executable. -When \fBbash\fP is not in \fIposix mode\fP, it searches +When \fBbash\fP is not in posix mode, it searches the current directory if \fIfilename\fP is not found in .SM .BR PATH , @@ -8619,7 +8664,7 @@ is not found or cannot be read. \fBalias\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] .\|.\|.] With no arguments or with the .B \-p -option,\fBalias\fP prints the list of aliases in the form +option, \fBalias\fP prints the list of aliases in the form \fBalias\fP \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP on standard output. When arguments are supplied, define an alias for each \fIname\fP whose \fIvalue\fP is given. @@ -8709,12 +8754,12 @@ that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent \fBbind\fP command or in a \fBreadline\fP initialization file. If arguments remain after option processing, \fBbind\fP treats -them as readline command names and restricts output to those names. +them as \fBreadline\fP command names and restricts output to those names. .TP .B \-P List current \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings. If arguments remain after option processing, \fBbind\fP treats -them as readline command names and restricts output to those names. +them as \fBreadline\fP command names and restricts output to those names. .TP .B \-s Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings @@ -8788,7 +8833,7 @@ those new values will be reflected in the editing state. .B \-X List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a format that can be reused as -an argument to a subsequent @code{bind} command. +an argument to a subsequent \fBbind\fP command. .PD .PP The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied or an @@ -8839,7 +8884,11 @@ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine call or \fIexpr\fP does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. .TP -\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP|[\fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP]]] [\-@] [\fIdir\fP] +.PD 0 +\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP] [\-@] [\fIdir\fP] +.TP +\fBcd\fP \fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP] [\-@] [\fIdir\fP] +.PD Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP. if \fIdir\fP is not supplied, the value of the .SM @@ -8848,7 +8897,9 @@ shell variable is used as \fIdir\fP. The variable .SM .B CDPATH -exists, \fBcd\fP uses it as a search path: +exists, +and \fIdir\fP does not begin with a slash (/), +\fBcd\fP uses it as a search path: the shell searches each directory name in .SM .B CDPATH @@ -8862,19 +8913,14 @@ A null directory name in .B CDPATH is the same as the current directory, i.e., .Q .\& . -If -.I dir -begins with a slash (/), -then -.SM -.B CDPATH -is not used. .IP The .B \-P option causes \fBcd\fP to use the physical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing \fIdir\fP and -before processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP (see also the +before processing instances of +.FN .\|.\& +in \fIdir\fP (see also the .B \-P option to the .B set @@ -8882,19 +8928,35 @@ builtin command). .IP The .B \-L -option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link -after processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP. -If \fI..\fP appears in \fIdir\fP, it is processed by removing the +option forces \fBcd\fP to follow symbolic links by resolving the link +after processing instances of +.FN .\|.\& +in \fIdir\fP. +If +.FN .\|.\& +appears in \fIdir\fP, \fBcd\fP processes it by removing the immediately previous pathname component from \fIdir\fP, back to a slash -or the beginning of \fIdir\fP. +or the beginning of \fIdir\fP, +and verifying that the portion of \fIdir\fP it has processed to +that point is still a valid directory name after removing the pathname +component. +If it is not a valid directory name, \fBcd\fP returns a non-zero status. +If neither +.B \-L +nor +.B \-P +is supplied, +.B cd +behaves as if +.B \-L +had been supplied. .IP If the .B \-e option is supplied with .BR \-P , -and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined -after a successful directory change, \fBcd\fP will return a non-zero -status. +and \fBcd\fP cannot successfully determine the current working directory +after a successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status. .IP On systems that support it, the \fB\-@\fP option presents the extended attributes associated with a file as a directory. @@ -10721,8 +10783,9 @@ If the standard input is coming from a terminal, .ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash\fP(1)) .el above) to obtain the line. -Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously -active) editing settings, but uses readline's default filename completion. +\fBReadline\fP uses the current +(or default, if line editing was not previously active) +editing settings, but uses \fBreadline\fP's default filename completion. .TP .B \-E If the standard input is coming from a terminal, @@ -10734,7 +10797,8 @@ If the standard input is coming from a terminal, .ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash\fP(1)) .el above) to obtain the line. -Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +.B Readline +uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings, but uses bash's default completion, including programmable completion. .TP @@ -10907,7 +10971,7 @@ Without options, display the name and value of each shell variable in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. -In \fIposix mode\fP, only shell variables are listed. +In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated @@ -11071,7 +11135,7 @@ The effect is as if the shell command .QN "IGNOREEOF=10" had been executed (see -.B "Shell Variables"< +.B "Shell Variables" .ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash\fP(1)). .el above). .TP 8 @@ -11515,7 +11579,7 @@ If set, .B bash replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing filename completion. -This changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. +This changes the contents of the \fBreadline\fP editing buffer. If not set, .B bash attempts to preserve what the user typed. @@ -11533,9 +11597,9 @@ includes filenames beginning with a .Q .\& in the results of pathname expansion. The filenames -.Q .\& +.FN .\& and -.Q ..\& +.FN ..\& must always be matched explicitly, even if .B dotglob is set. @@ -11626,8 +11690,7 @@ shell variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possible completions. See -.SM -\fBSHELL VARIABLES\fP +.B "Shell Variables" .ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash\fP(1) .el above for a description of @@ -11653,9 +11716,9 @@ and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. .TP 8 .B globskipdots If set, pathname expansion will never match the filenames -.Q .\& +.FN .\& and -.Q ..\& , +.FN ..\& , even if the pattern begins with a .Q .\& . This option is enabled by default. @@ -11713,7 +11776,7 @@ to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. .B inherit_errexit If set, command substitution inherits the value of the \fBerrexit\fP option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. -This option is enabled when \fIposix mode\fP is enabled. +This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled. .TP 8 .B interactive_comments In an interactive shell, a word beginning with \fB#\fP @@ -12004,11 +12067,11 @@ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. .PD .PP -When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, or if the expression is part +When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the \fB[[\fP command, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort using the current locale. -If the shell is not in \fIposix mode\fP, the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP +If the shell is not in posix mode, the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP commands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. .PP The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments can @@ -12914,7 +12977,7 @@ script. \fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey .TP \fIPortable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, IEEE \(em -http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ +http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/ .TP http://tiswww.case.edu/\*~chet/bash/POSIX \(em a description of posix mode .TP diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index 19b315d2..9491d6b5 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2024 October 14BASH(1) +BASH(1)2024 October 15BASH(1)

Index @@ -216,7 +216,8 @@ builtin below).
Equivalent to -D, but the output is in the GNU gettext -po (portable object) file format. + +(portable object) file format.
--dump-strings
@@ -234,6 +235,7 @@ Execute commands from file instead of the standard personal initialization file + ~/.bashrc if the shell is interactive (see @@ -260,11 +262,14 @@ Do not read either the system-wide startup file /etc/profile or any of the personal initialization files + ~/.bash_profile, + ~/.bash_login, or + ~/.profile. By default, @@ -279,6 +284,7 @@ below).
Do not read and execute the personal initialization file + ~/.bashrc if the shell is interactive. @@ -295,7 +301,7 @@ See below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects -bash's behavior. +Bash's behavior.
--restricted
@@ -412,10 +418,23 @@ When is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the --login option, it first reads and -executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that -file exists. -After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, -~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads +executes commands from the file + +/etc/profile, + +if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for + +~/.bash_profile, + + +~/.bash_login, + +and + +~/.profile, + +in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The --noprofile @@ -427,14 +446,21 @@ When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell executes the exit builtin command, bash -reads and executes commands from the file ~/.bash_logout, if it -exists. +reads and executes commands from the file + +~/.bash_logout, + +if it exists.

When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bash -reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists. +reads and executes commands from + +~/.bashrc, + +if that file exists. This may be inhibited by using the --norc @@ -442,7 +468,10 @@ option. The --rcfile file option causes bash -to use file instead of ~/.bashrc. +to use file instead of + +~/.bashrc. +

When @@ -493,16 +522,18 @@ while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the --login option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from + /etc/profile and + ~/.profile, in that order. The --noprofile -option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +option will inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name sh, @@ -531,19 +562,13 @@ When invoked as bash -enters -posix - -mode after the startup files are read. +enters posix mode after reading the startup files.

When bash -is started in -posix - -mode, as with the +is started in posix mode, as with the --posix command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. @@ -566,17 +591,23 @@ If bash determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, -it reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, +it reads and executes commands from + +~/.bashrc, + if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as sh. The --norc -option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +option will inhibit this behavior, and the --rcfile option will make bash use a different file instead of -~/.bashrc, but neither + +~/.bashrc, + +but neither rshd nor sshd generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.

@@ -769,7 +800,7 @@ reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when the pipeline terminates. The -p option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. -When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize +When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize time as a reserved word if the next token begins with a The value of the @@ -786,7 +817,7 @@ below under

-When the shell is in posix mode, time +When the shell is in posix mode, time may appear by itself as the only word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. @@ -1351,7 +1382,7 @@ If the function reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. compound-command is executed whenever fname is specified as the name of a simple command. -When in posix mode, fname must be a valid shell name +When in posix mode, fname must be a valid shell name and may not be the name of one of the POSIX special builtins. In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain $. @@ -1467,7 +1498,7 @@ of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of and, when history expansion is enabled, !. -When the shell is in posix mode, +When the shell is in posix mode, the ! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. The characters @@ -1736,7 +1767,7 @@ and local builtin commands (declaration commands). -When in posix mode, these builtins may appear in a command after +When in posix mode, these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the command builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.

@@ -2423,7 +2454,7 @@ Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see time(3)) -as a floating point value with micro-second granularity. +as a floating-point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to EPOCHREALTIME @@ -2648,7 +2679,7 @@ subsequently reset.

READLINE_ARGUMENT
-Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was defined using +Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was defined using (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS @@ -2926,7 +2957,7 @@ Expanded and executed similarly to (see INVOCATION above) -when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode. +when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
EXECIGNORE
@@ -2994,7 +3025,11 @@ Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort order for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion -uses the historical behavior of sorting by name. +uses the historical behavior of sorting by name, +in ascending lexicographic order as determined by the +LC_COLLATE + +shell variable.
If set, a valid value begins with an optional +, which is ignored, or -, which reverses the sort order from ascending to descending, @@ -3026,14 +3061,20 @@ For example, a value of -mtime sorts the results in descending order by modification time (newest first).
The numeric specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as -numbers and sorts them using the numeric value (so "2" will sort before -"10", for example). +numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so + +will sort before + +for example). When using numeric, names containing non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior.
-A sort specifier of nosort disables sorting completely; the results -are returned in the order they are read from the file system, -and any leading + or - is ignored. +A sort specifier of nosort disables sorting completely; +bash + +returns the results +in the order they are read from the file system, +ignoring any leading -.
If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to name, so a value of + is equivalent to the null string, @@ -3092,7 +3133,10 @@ The name of the file in which command history is saved (see below). -Bash assigns a default value of ~/.bash_history. +Bash assigns a default value of + +~/.bash_history. + If HISTFILE is unset or null, the shell does not save the command history when it exits.
HISTFILESIZE @@ -3426,14 +3470,14 @@ A common value is
If this variable is in the environment when bash starts, the shell -enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if the +enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if the --posix invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is -running, bash enables posix mode, as if the command +running, bash enables posix mode, as if the command had been executed. -When the shell enters posix mode, it sets this variable if it was +When the shell enters posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set.
PROMPT_COMMAND @@ -3657,20 +3701,18 @@ and tokenization (see below). The first character is the history expansion character, -the character which signals the start of a history -expansion, normally +the character which begins a history expansion, normally -The second character is the quick substitution -character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous -command entered, substituting one string for another in the command, -when it appears as the first character on the line. -The default is +The second character is the quick substitution character, normally +When it appears as the first character on the line, +history substitution repeats the previous command, +replacing one string with another. The optional third character is the character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character of a word, normally -The history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped +The history comment character disables history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. @@ -4215,7 +4257,7 @@ of variable assignments (as described above under when they appear as arguments to simple commands. Bash does not do this, except for the declaration commands listed -above, when in posix mode. +above, when in posix mode.  

Parameter Expansion

@@ -4264,7 +4306,8 @@ and parameter is not a nameref, it introduces a level of indirection. Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of parameter as the new parameter; -this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather +this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used +in the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original parameter. This is known as indirect expansion. The value is subject to tilde expansion, @@ -5142,8 +5185,12 @@ must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option is set. In order to match the filenames +. + and +.., + the pattern must begin with (for example, @@ -5157,8 +5204,12 @@ If the shell option is enabled, the filenames +. + and +.. + never match, even if the pattern begins with a When not matching pathnames, the @@ -5220,8 +5271,12 @@ If the nocaseglob option is set, the matching against the patterns in is performed without regard to case. The filenames +. + and +.. + are always ignored when GLOBIGNORE @@ -5445,8 +5500,12 @@ beginning with but +. + and +.. + must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning with @@ -5458,8 +5517,12 @@ If the shell option is enabled, the filenames +. + and +.. + never appear in the set. As above, @@ -6520,10 +6583,22 @@ If the operating system on which bash is running provides these special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any file argument to one of the primaries is of the form -/dev/fd/n, then file descriptor n is checked. + +/dev/fd/n, + +then bash checks file descriptor n. If the file argument to one of the primaries is one of -/dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, or /dev/stderr, file -descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. + +dev/stdin, + + +dev/stdout, + +or + +dev/stderr, + +bash checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively.

Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic @@ -6531,10 +6606,10 @@ links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.

When used with [[, -or when the shell is in posix mode, +or when the shell is in posix mode, the < and > operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. -When the shell is not in posix mode, +When the shell is not in posix mode, the test command sorts using ASCII ordering.

@@ -6973,11 +7048,10 @@ Changes made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.

-When the shell is in -posix mode, +When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of the -e option from their parent shell. -When not in posix mode, +When not in posix mode, bash clears the -e option in such subshells. See the description of the inherit_errexit shell option below @@ -6985,7 +7059,10 @@ for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode.

If a command is followed by a & and job control is not active, the -default standard input for the command is the empty file /dev/null. +default standard input for the command is the empty file + +/dev/null. + Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by redirections.   @@ -7573,7 +7650,7 @@ builtin command is enabled, bash -reports such changes immediately. +reports status changes immediately. Bash executes any trap on SIGCHLD @@ -7875,34 +7952,41 @@ builtin.  

Readline Notation

-This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes. +This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its +notation for keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-key, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Similarly, meta keys are denoted by M-key, so M-x means Meta-X. +The Meta key is often labeled + +or +

On keyboards without a Meta -key, M-x means ESC x, i.e., press the Escape key -then the +key, M-x means ESC x, +i.e., press and release the Escape key, +then press and release the x -key. +key, in sequence. This makes ESC the meta prefix. -The combination M-C-x means ESC-Control-x, -or press the Escape key -then hold the Control key while pressing the +The combination M-C-x means ESC-Control-x: +press and release the Escape key, +then press and hold the Control key while pressing the x -key. +key, then release both.

-On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with -the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the enable-meta-key variable -to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it). +On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with +the eighth bit (0200) set. +You can use the enable-meta-key variable +to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding paragraph. @@ -7915,7 +7999,9 @@ you can make M-key key bindings you specify (see below) do the same thing by setting the force-meta-prefix variable.

-Readline commands may be given numeric +Readline + +commands may be given numeric arguments, which normally act as a repeat count. @@ -7927,6 +8013,17 @@ Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below.

+The point is the current cursor position, and mark refers +to a saved cursor position. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. +Readline has the concept of an active region: +when the region is active, readline redisplay +highlights the region using the +value of the active-region-start-color variable. +The enable-active-region variable turns this on and off. +Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below. +

+ When a command is described as killing text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (yanking). @@ -7938,7 +8035,9 @@ on the kill ring.  

Readline Initialization

-Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization +Readline + +is customized by putting commands in an initialization file (the inputrc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of the INPUTRC @@ -7946,12 +8045,14 @@ The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is + ~/.inputrc. -If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for +If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for + /etc/inputrc. -When a program which uses the readline library starts up, +When a program which uses the readline library starts up, readline reads the initialization file and sets the key bindings and variables found there, before reading any user input. @@ -7969,7 +8070,7 @@ may be changed using key binding commands in the inputrc file. -Programs that use the readline library, including bash, +Programs that use the readline library, including bash, may add their own commands and bindings.

@@ -7990,7 +8091,7 @@ C-Meta-u: universal-argument into the inputrc -would make M-C-u execute the readline command +would make M-C-u execute the readline command universal-argument.

@@ -8021,7 +8122,7 @@ and

-In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound +In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro). The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is enclosed in single or double quotes. @@ -8240,7 +8341,7 @@ including " Bash -will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the +will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the bind builtin command. @@ -8263,7 +8364,7 @@ will change the editing mode during interactive use.  

Readline Variables

-Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its +Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behavior. A variable may be set in the inputrc @@ -8282,7 +8383,7 @@ or using the bind builtin command (see below).

-Except where noted, readline variables can take the values +Except where noted, readline variables can take the values On or @@ -8290,7 +8391,7 @@ or (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. -When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values, +When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values, (case-insensitive), and @@ -8299,7 +8400,7 @@ All other values are equivalent to Off.

-The bind -V command lists the current readline variable names +The bind -V command lists the current readline variable names and values (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS @@ -8346,17 +8447,17 @@ A sample value might be

bell-style (audible)
-Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. -If set to none, readline never rings the bell. -If set to visible, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. -If set to audible, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. +Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to none, readline never rings the bell. +If set to visible, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to audible, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
bind-tty-special-chars (On)
-If set to On, readline attempts to bind +If set to On, readline attempts to bind the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's -terminal driver to their readline equivalents. -These override the default readline bindings described here. +terminal driver to their readline equivalents. +These override the default readline bindings described here. Type at a bash prompt to see your current terminal settings, @@ -8364,23 +8465,23 @@ including the special control characters (usually cchars).
blink-matching-paren (Off)
-If set to On, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an +If set to On, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
colored-completion-prefix (Off)
-If set to On, when listing completions, readline displays the +If set to On, when listing completions, readline displays the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS environment variable. If there is a color definition in $LS_COLORS for the custom suffix -readline uses this color for +readline uses this color for the common prefix instead of its default.
colored-stats (Off)
-If set to On, readline displays possible completions using different +If set to On, readline displays possible completions using different colors to indicate their file type. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS environment variable. @@ -8391,7 +8492,7 @@ environment variable.
-The string that the readline +The string that the readline insert-comment command inserts. @@ -8414,12 +8515,14 @@ The default value is -1.
completion-ignore-case (Off)
-If set to On, readline performs filename matching and completion +If set to On, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion.
completion-map-case (Off)
-If set to On, and completion-ignore-case is enabled, readline +If set to On, and completion-ignore-case is enabled, +readline + treats hyphens (-) and underscores (_) as equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
completion-prefix-display-length (0) @@ -8428,7 +8531,7 @@ performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion. The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible completions that is displayed without modification. -When set to a value greater than zero, readline +When set to a value greater than zero, readline replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
completion-query-items (100) @@ -8440,18 +8543,18 @@ generated by the possible-completions command. It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, -readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; -otherwise readline simply lists them on the terminal. -A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are +readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; +otherwise readline simply lists them on the terminal. +A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero.
convert-meta (On)
-If set to On, readline will convert characters it reads +If set to On, readline will convert characters it reads that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character -(converting the character to have the meta prefix). -The default is On, but readline will set it to Off +(converting the character to have the meta prefix). +The default is On, but readline will set it to Off if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and @@ -8461,19 +8564,19 @@ This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
disable-completion (Off)
-If set to On, readline will inhibit word completion. +If set to On, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to self-insert.
echo-control-characters (On)
When set to On, on operating systems that indicate they support it, -readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the keyboard.
editing-mode (emacs)
-Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar +Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar to Emacs or vi. editing-mode @@ -8498,12 +8601,10 @@ sequence into the mode string.
enable-active-region (On)
-The point is the current cursor position, and mark refers -to a saved cursor position. -The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. -When this variable is set to On, readline allows certain commands +When this variable is set to On, readline allows certain commands to designate the region as active. -When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using +When the region is active, readline highlights +the text in the region using the value of the active-region-start-color, which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any @@ -8511,22 +8612,22 @@ matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
enable-bracketed-paste (On)
-When set to On, readline configures the terminal to insert each +When set to On, readline configures the terminal to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. This is called bracketed-paste mode; -it prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key +it prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text.
enable-keypad (Off)
-When set to On, readline will try to enable the application +When set to On, readline will try to enable the application keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
enable-meta-key (On)
-When set to On, readline will try to enable any meta modifier +When set to On, readline will try to enable any meta modifier key the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the @@ -8536,27 +8637,27 @@ typed (a meta character).
expand-tilde (Off)
-If set to On, readline performs tilde expansion when it +If set to On, readline performs tilde expansion when it attempts word completion.
force-meta-prefix (Off)
-If set to On, readline modifies its behavior when binding key +If set to On, readline modifies its behavior when binding key sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see Key Bindings above) by converting a key sequence of the form \M-C or Meta-C to the two-character sequence -ESCC (adding the meta prefix). +ESC C (adding the meta prefix). If force-meta-prefix is set to Off (the default), -readline uses the value of the +readline uses the value of the convert-meta variable to determine whether to perform this conversion: if convert-meta is On, -readline performs the conversion described above; -if it is Off, readline converts C to a meta character by +readline performs the conversion described above; +if it is Off, readline converts C to a meta character by setting the eighth bit (0200).
history-preserve-point (Off) @@ -8579,7 +8680,7 @@ the maximum number of history entries to 500.
horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)
-Setting this variable to On makes readline use a single line +Setting this variable to On makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. @@ -8587,10 +8688,10 @@ This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.
input-meta (Off)
-If set to On, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it +If set to On, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. -The default is Off, but readline will set it to On +The default is Off, but readline will set it to On if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and @@ -8607,7 +8708,7 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
keymap (emacs)
-Set the current readline keymap. +Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-command, and @@ -8623,16 +8724,16 @@ also affects the default keymap.
keyseq-timeout (500)
-Specifies the duration readline will wait for a character when +Specifies the duration readline will wait for a character when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence). -If readline does not receive any input within the timeout, it will use the -shorter but complete key sequence. +If readline does not receive any input within the timeout, +it will use the shorter but complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that -readline will wait one second for additional input. +readline will wait one second for additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a -non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to +non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete.
mark-directories (On) @@ -8641,7 +8742,8 @@ If set to On, completed directory names have a slash appended.
mark-modified-lines (Off)
-If set to On, readline displays history lines that have been modified +If set to On, readline displays history lines +that have been modified with a preceding asterisk (*).
mark-symlinked-directories (Off) @@ -8651,7 +8753,7 @@ have a slash appended, subject to the value of mark-directories.
match-hidden-files (On)
-This variable, when set to On, forces readline to match files whose +This variable, when set to On, forces readline to match files whose names begin with a (hidden files) when performing filename completion. @@ -8667,10 +8769,10 @@ the list.
output-meta (Off)
-If set to On, readline will display characters with the +If set to On, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. -The default is Off, but readline will set it to On +The default is Off, but readline will set it to On if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and @@ -8678,7 +8780,7 @@ its value may change if the locale changes.
page-completions (On)
-If set to On, readline uses an internal more-like pager +If set to On, readline uses an internal more-like pager to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
prefer-visible-bell @@ -8687,12 +8789,12 @@ See bell-style.
print-completions-horizontally (Off)
-If set to On, readline will display completions with matches +If set to On, readline will display completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
revert-all-at-newline (Off)
-If set to On, readline will undo all changes to history lines +If set to On, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when executing accept-line. By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across @@ -8700,7 +8802,7 @@ calls to readline.
search-ignore-case (Off)
-If set to On, readline performs incremental and non-incremental +If set to On, readline performs incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.
show-all-if-ambiguous (Off) @@ -8735,7 +8837,7 @@ The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., emacs-mode-string). If set to On, this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. -If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion +If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion that match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd)) @@ -8771,7 +8873,9 @@ completions.  

Readline Conditional Constructs

-Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +Readline + +implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. @@ -8785,7 +8889,7 @@ The construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using -readline. +readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. @@ -8795,11 +8899,11 @@ unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
The mode= form of the $if directive is used to test -whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. +whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be used in conjunction with the set keymap command, for instance, to set bindings in the emacs-standard and emacs-ctlx keymaps only if -readline is starting out in emacs mode. +readline is starting out in emacs mode.
term
@@ -8825,8 +8929,8 @@ for instance.
The version test may be used to perform comparisons against -specific readline versions. -The version expands to the current readline version. +specific readline versions. +The version expands to the current readline version. The set of comparison operators includes =, @@ -8856,7 +8960,7 @@ and from the version number argument by whitespace.
The application construct is used to include application-specific settings. -Each program using the readline +Each program using the readline library sets the application name, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for @@ -8888,7 +8992,7 @@ key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bash:
variable
-The variable construct provides simple equality tests for readline +The variable construct provides simple equality tests for readline variables and values. The permitted comparison operators are =, ==, and !=. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by @@ -8914,7 +9018,10 @@ This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands and key bindings from that file. -For example, the following directive would read /etc/inputrc: +For example, the following directive would read + +/etc/inputrc: +

@@ -8928,8 +9035,9 @@ For example, the following directive would read /  

Searching

-Readline provides commands for searching through the command history -(see +Readline + +provides commands for searching through the command history (see HISTORY @@ -8945,7 +9053,7 @@ and Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the search string. -As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays +As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. @@ -8965,7 +9073,7 @@ To find other matching entries in the history list, type C-r or C-s as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. -Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate +Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. @@ -8973,9 +9081,11 @@ A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found the current line, and begin editing.

-Readline remembers the last incremental search string. +Readline + +remembers the last incremental search string. If two C-rs are typed without any intervening characters defining -a new search string, readline uses any remembered search string. +a new search string, readline uses any remembered search string.

Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting @@ -8994,8 +9104,10 @@ In the following descriptions, point refers to the current cursor position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the set-mark command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. -Readline has the concept of an active region: -when the region is active, readline redisplay uses the +Readline + +has the concept of an active region: +when the region is active, readline redisplay uses the value of the active-region-start-color variable to denote the region. Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below. @@ -9048,16 +9160,17 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current -readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not -greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. +readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if +point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.

next-screen-line
Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current -readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length -of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt +readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if +the length of the current readline line is +not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
clear-display (M-C-l) @@ -9304,7 +9417,7 @@ The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by stty(1). If this character is read when there are no characters -on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, readline +on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. @@ -9349,8 +9462,8 @@ This function is intended to be bound to the escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default. -It allows readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating -each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. +It allows readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit +without treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are inserted as if each one was bound to self-insert instead of executing any editing commands. @@ -9567,7 +9680,7 @@ If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.
List the possible completions of the text before point. -When displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used +When displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used for display to the value of completion-display-width, the value of the shell variable COLUMNS, @@ -9792,13 +9905,13 @@ CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is bound to keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect -unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting +unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
insert-comment (M-#)
-Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline +Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline comment-begin variable at the beginning of the current line. @@ -9844,31 +9957,31 @@ pathname expansion.
Print all of the functions and their key bindings -to the readline output stream. +to the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an inputrc file.
dump-variables
-Print all of the settable readline variables and their values -to the readline output stream. +Print all of the settable readline variables and their values +to the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an inputrc file.
dump-macros
-Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the +Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output -to the readline output stream. +to the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an inputrc file.
execute-named-command (M-x)
-Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the +Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that @@ -10069,16 +10182,16 @@ if the compspec generates no matches, bash attempts its default completions. If the -o default option was supplied to complete when the compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform -readline's default completion +readline's default completion if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bash completions) generate no matches.

When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, -the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash +the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to -the value of the mark-directories readline variable, regardless -of the setting of the mark-symlinked-directories readline variable. +the value of the mark-directories readline variable, regardless +of the setting of the mark-symlinked-directories readline variable.

There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. @@ -10171,7 +10284,10 @@ the file named by the HISTFILE -variable (default ~/.bash_history). +variable (default + +~/.bash_history). + That file is referred to as the history file. The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of history entries @@ -10803,7 +10919,7 @@ to find the directory containing filename. filename does not need to be executable. -When bash is not in posix mode, it searches +When bash is not in posix mode, it searches the current directory if filename is not found in PATH, @@ -10839,7 +10955,7 @@ is not found or cannot be read. With no arguments or with the -p -option,alias prints the list of aliases in the form +option, alias prints the list of aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When arguments are supplied, define an alias for each name whose value is given. @@ -10940,13 +11056,13 @@ that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent bind command or in a readline initialization file. If arguments remain after option processing, bind treats -them as readline command names and restricts output to those names. +them as readline command names and restricts output to those names.

-P
List current readline function names and bindings. If arguments remain after option processing, bind treats -them as readline command names and restricts output to those names. +them as readline command names and restricts output to those names.
-s
@@ -11037,7 +11153,7 @@ those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a format that can be reused as -an argument to a subsequent @code{bind} command. +an argument to a subsequent bind command.

@@ -11095,7 +11211,11 @@ The current frame is frame 0. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. -

cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [-@] [dir]
+
+
+cd [-L] [-@] [dir] +
cd -P [-e] [-@] [dir]
+ Change the current directory to dir. if dir is not supplied, the value of the HOME @@ -11106,7 +11226,9 @@ The variable CDPATH -exists, cd uses it as a search path: +exists, +and dir does not begin with a slash (/), +cd uses it as a search path: the shell searches each directory name in CDPATH @@ -11123,22 +11245,17 @@ A null directory name in is the same as the current directory, i.e., -If -dir - -begins with a slash (/), -then -CDPATH - - -is not used.
The -P option causes cd to use the physical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing dir and -before processing instances of .. in dir (see also the +before processing instances of + +.. + +in dir (see also the -P option to the @@ -11149,11 +11266,36 @@ builtin command). The -L -option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link -after processing instances of .. in dir. -If .. appears in dir, it is processed by removing the +option forces cd to follow symbolic links by resolving the link +after processing instances of + +.. + +in dir. +If + +.. + +appears in dir, cd processes it by removing the immediately previous pathname component from dir, back to a slash -or the beginning of dir. +or the beginning of dir, +and verifying that the portion of dir it has processed to +that point is still a valid directory name after removing the pathname +component. +If it is not a valid directory name, cd returns a non-zero status. +If neither +-L + +nor +-P + +is supplied, +cd + +behaves as if +-L + +had been supplied.
If the -e @@ -11161,9 +11303,8 @@ If the option is supplied with -P, -and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined -after a successful directory change, cd will return a non-zero -status. +and cd cannot successfully determine the current working directory +after a successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status.
On systems that support it, the -@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a file as a directory. @@ -13350,8 +13491,9 @@ If the standard input is coming from a terminal, above) to obtain the line. -Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously -active) editing settings, but uses readline's default filename completion. +Readline uses the current +(or default, if line editing was not previously active) +editing settings, but uses readline's default filename completion.
-E
@@ -13366,7 +13508,9 @@ If the standard input is coming from a terminal, above) to obtain the line. -Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +Readline + +uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings, but uses bash's default completion, including programmable completion.
-i text @@ -13560,7 +13704,7 @@ Without options, display the name and value of each shell variable in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. -In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. +In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated @@ -13775,7 +13919,7 @@ The effect is as if the shell command had been executed (see -Shell Variables< +Shell Variables above). @@ -14352,7 +14496,7 @@ If set, replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing filename completion. -This changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. +This changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not set, bash @@ -14376,8 +14520,12 @@ includes filenames beginning with a in the results of pathname expansion. The filenames +. + and +.. + must always be matched explicitly, even if dotglob @@ -14492,7 +14640,8 @@ shell variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possible completions. See -SHELL VARIABLES +Shell Variables + above for a description of @@ -14526,8 +14675,12 @@ and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
If set, pathname expansion will never match the filenames +. + and +.., + even if the pattern begins with a This option is enabled by default. @@ -14600,7 +14753,7 @@ to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
If set, command substitution inherits the value of the errexit option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. -This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled. +This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled.
interactive_comments
@@ -14940,11 +15093,11 @@ using the rules listed above.

-When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part +When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the [[ command, the < and > operators sort using the current locale. -If the shell is not in posix mode, the test and [ +If the shell is not in posix mode, the test and [ commands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.

@@ -16062,7 +16215,7 @@ script.

The Gnu Readline Library, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
The Gnu History Library, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities, IEEE -
-http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ +http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/
http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX - a description of posix mode
sh(1), ksh(1), csh(1)
emacs(1), vi(1)
@@ -16223,7 +16376,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-
GNU Bash 5.32024 October 14BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.32024 October 15BASH(1)
@@ -16332,7 +16485,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
BUGS
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241012/doc/bash.1.
-Time: 14 October 2024 17:00:24 EDT +This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241015/doc/bash.1.
+Time: 18 October 2024 12:02:45 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index 980573ce..8a51a0ab 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 14 October 2024). +Bash shell (version 5.3, 15 October 2024). - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 14 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 15 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 14 October 2024). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.3, 15 October 2024). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 14 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 15 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -2619,7 +2619,7 @@ set of filenames that are tested: when ‘dotglob’ is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files beginning with ‘.’, but the filenames ‘.’ and ‘..’ must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames -beginning with "." unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ‘.’. +beginning with ‘.’ unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ‘.’. If the ‘globskipdots’ shell option is enabled, the filenames ‘.’ and ‘..’ never appear in the set. As above, ‘.’ only has a special meaning when matching filenames. @@ -2673,7 +2673,7 @@ redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator is ‘>’, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The \fIword\fP following the redirection operator in the following + The WORD following the redirection operator in the following descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word @@ -3407,18 +3407,19 @@ standard. greater than or equal to 1. ‘cd’ - cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [-@] [DIRECTORY] + cd [-L] [-@] [DIRECTORY] + cd -P [-e] [-@] [DIRECTORY] Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is not supplied, the value of the ‘HOME’ shell variable is used as - DIRECTORY. If the shell variable ‘CDPATH’ exists, ‘cd’ uses it as - a search path: ‘cd’ searches each directory name in ‘CDPATH’ for - DIRECTORY, with alternative directory names in ‘CDPATH’ separated - by a colon (‘:’). A null directory name in ‘CDPATH’ means the same - thing as the current directory. If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, - ‘CDPATH’ is not used. + DIRECTORY. If the shell variable ‘CDPATH’ exists, and DIRECTORY + does not begin with a slash, ‘cd’ uses it as a search path: ‘cd’ + searches each directory name in ‘CDPATH’ for DIRECTORY, with + alternative directory names in ‘CDPATH’ separated by a colon (‘:’). + A null directory name in ‘CDPATH’ means the same thing as the + current directory. - The ‘-P’ option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links + The ‘-P’ option means not to follow symbolic links: symbolic links are resolved while ‘cd’ is traversing DIRECTORY and before processing an instance of ‘..’ in DIRECTORY. @@ -3426,13 +3427,16 @@ standard. DIRECTORY are resolved after ‘cd’ processes an instance of ‘..’ in DIRECTORY. - If ‘..’ appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the + If ‘..’ appears in DIRECTORY, ‘cd’ processes it by removing the immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the - beginning of DIRECTORY. + beginning of DIRECTORY, and verifying that the portion of DIRECTORY + it has processed to that point is still a valid directory name + after removing the pathname component. If it is not a valid + directory name, ‘cd’ returns a non-zero status. - If the ‘-e’ option is supplied with ‘-P’ and the current working - directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful - directory change, ‘cd’ will return a non-zero status. + If the ‘-e’ option is supplied with ‘-P’ and ‘cd’ cannot + successfully determine the current working directory after a + successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status. On systems that support it, the ‘-@’ option presents the extended attributes associated with a file as a directory. @@ -5364,9 +5368,9 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional optional shell behavior. completion. ‘noexpand_translation’ - If set, Bash encloses the translated results of $"..." - quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the - string is not translated, this has no effect. + If set, Bash encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting + in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is + not translated, this has no effect. ‘nullglob’ If set, filename expansion patterns which match no files @@ -5840,7 +5844,7 @@ Variables::). ‘EPOCHREALTIME’ Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of - seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with + seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating-point value with micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library function ‘time’ for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to ‘EPOCHREALTIME’ are ignored. If ‘EPOCHREALTIME’ is unset, it loses @@ -5912,12 +5916,15 @@ Variables::). value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort order for the results of filename expansion. If this variable is unset or set to the null string, filename expansion uses the historical - behavior of sorting by name. If set, a valid value begins with an - optional ‘+’, which is ignored, or ‘-’, which reverses the sort - order from ascending to descending, followed by a sort specifier. - The valid sort specifiers are ‘name’, ‘numeric’, ‘size’, ‘mtime’, - ‘atime’, ‘ctime’, and ‘blocks’, which sort the files on name, names - in numeric rather than lexicographic order, file size, modification + behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexicographic order as + determined by the ‘LC_COLLATE’ shell variable. + + If set, a valid value begins with an optional ‘+’, which is + ignored, or ‘-’, which reverses the sort order from ascending to + descending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort + specifiers are ‘name’, ‘numeric’, ‘size’, ‘mtime’, ‘atime’, + ‘ctime’, and ‘blocks’, which sort the files on name, names in + numeric rather than lexicographic order, file size, modification time, access time, inode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the same size), sorting uses the name as a @@ -5927,14 +5934,14 @@ Variables::). order by modification time (newest first). The ‘numeric’ specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as - numbers and sorts them using the numeric value (so "2" will sort + numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" will sort before "10", for example). When using ‘numeric’, names containing non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior. - A sort specifier of ‘nosort’ disables sorting completely; the - results are returned in the order they are read from the file - system, and any leading ‘-’ is ignored. + A sort specifier of ‘nosort’ disables sorting completely; Bash + returns the results in the order they are read from the file + system, ignoring any leading ‘-’. If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to NAME, so a value of ‘+’ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of ‘-’ sorts @@ -5951,17 +5958,16 @@ Variables::). ‘histchars’ Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The - first character is the “history expansion” character, that is, the - character which signifies the start of a history expansion, - normally ‘!’. The second character is the character which - signifies "quick substitution" when seen as the first character on - a line, normally ‘^’. The optional third character is the - character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a - comment when found as the first character of a word, usually ‘#’. - The history comment character causes history substitution to be - skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not - necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as - a comment. + first character is the “history expansion” character, the character + which begins a history expansion, normally ‘!’. The second + character is the character which signifies "quick substitution" + when seen as the first character on a line, normally ‘^’. The + optional third character is the character which indicates that the + remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first + character of a word, usually ‘#’. The history comment character + disables history substitution for the remaining words on the line. + It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of + the line as a comment. ‘HISTCMD’ The history number, or index in the history list, of the current @@ -6577,7 +6583,7 @@ conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the ‘--login’ option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from ‘/etc/profile’ and ‘~/.profile’, in that order. The -‘--noprofile’ option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +‘--noprofile’ option will inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name ‘sh’, Bash looks for the variable ‘ENV’, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the @@ -6588,8 +6594,8 @@ other startup files, the ‘--rcfile’ option has no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name ‘sh’ does not attempt to read any other startup files. - When invoked as ‘sh’, Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files -are read. + When invoked as ‘sh’, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the +startup files. Invoked in POSIX mode ..................... @@ -6609,10 +6615,10 @@ and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually ‘rshd’, or the secure shell daemon ‘sshd’. If Bash determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from ‘~/.bashrc’, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as ‘sh’. -The ‘--norc’ option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the -‘--rcfile’ option will make Bash use a different file instead of -‘~/.bashrc’, but neither ‘rshd’ nor ‘sshd’ generally invoke the shell -with those options or allow them to be specified. +The ‘--norc’ option will inhibit this behavior, and the ‘--rcfile’ +option will make Bash use a different file instead of ‘~/.bashrc’, but +neither ‘rshd’ nor ‘sshd’ generally invoke the shell with those options +or allow them to be specified. Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs ................................................ @@ -6786,10 +6792,10 @@ numeric, and file attribute comparisons. expressions. If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If the FILE argument to one of the -primaries is of the form ‘/dev/fd/N’, then file descriptor N is checked. -If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of ‘/dev/stdin’, -‘/dev/stdout’, or ‘/dev/stderr’, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, -respectively, is checked. +primaries is of the form ‘/dev/fd/N’, then Bash checks file descriptor +N. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of ‘/dev/stdin’, +‘/dev/stdout’, or ‘/dev/stderr’, Bash checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, +respectively. When used with ‘[[’, the ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The ‘test’ command uses ASCII ordering. @@ -6996,9 +7002,9 @@ levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the -parameter expansion syntax. This means you can use .Q x , where \fIx\fP -is a shell variable name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell -will evaluate its value as an expression and use the result. A shell +parameter expansion syntax. This means you can use X, where X is a +shell variable name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell will +evaluate its value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name in an expression. @@ -7662,6 +7668,9 @@ startup files. 27. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying the user of their termination via the ‘wait’ or ‘jobs’ builtins. + It removes the job from the jobs list after notifying the user of + its termination, but the status is still available via ‘wait’, as + long as ‘wait’ is supplied a PID argument. 28. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and @@ -7854,7 +7863,7 @@ startup files. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. 75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list - of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it. + of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: @@ -7997,13 +8006,13 @@ required for bash-5.1 and later versions. like ‘a[@]’. Bash-5.2 will unset an element with key ‘@’ (associative arrays) or remove all the elements without unsetting the array (indexed arrays). - • Arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an + • Arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once. • Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the ‘[[’ conditional command can be expanded more than once. • The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be expanded more than once. - • The expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be + • The expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be expanded more than once. • Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be expanded more than once. @@ -8141,7 +8150,7 @@ about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next command in the list. If the ‘-b’ option to the ‘set’ builtin is enabled, Bash reports -such changes immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Bash executes any +status changes immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Bash executes any trap on ‘SIGCHLD’ for each child process that terminates. When a job terminates and Bash notifies the user about it, Bash @@ -8377,27 +8386,26 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, 8.1 Introduction to Line Editing ================================ -The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent -keystrokes. +The following paragraphs use Emacs style to describe the notation used +to represent keystrokes. The text ‘C-k’ is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character produced when the key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. The text ‘M-k’ is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the -key is pressed (a “meta character”). The Meta key is labeled on -many keyboards. On keyboards with two keys labeled (usually to -either side of the space bar), the on the left side is generally -set to work as a Meta key. The key on the right may also be -configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other -modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters. +key is pressed (a “meta character”), then both are released. The Meta +key is labeled or

The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible completions that is displayed without modification. -When set to a value greater than zero, readline +When set to a value greater than zero, Readline replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.

@@ -11561,7 +11574,7 @@ sequences containing \M- or Meta-Key Bindings in Readline Init File Syntax) by converting a key sequence of the form \M-C or Meta-C to the two-character sequence -ESCC (adding the meta prefix). +ESC C (adding the meta prefix). If force-meta-prefix is set to ‘off’ (the default), Readline uses the value of the convert-meta variable to determine whether to perform this conversion: @@ -11762,7 +11775,7 @@ The default value is ‘off’.

If set to ‘on’, this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It’s only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. -If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion +If enabled, Readline does not insert characters from the completion that match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor @@ -12232,9 +12245,10 @@ position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the set-mark command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. Readline has the concept of an active region: -when the region is active, Readline redisplay uses the -value of the active-region-start-color variable -to denote the region. +when the region is active, +Readline redisplay highlights the region using the +value of the active-region-start-color variable. +The enable-active-region variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.

    @@ -13022,7 +13036,7 @@ This command is unbound by default.

execute-named-command (M-x)
-

Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the +

Read a bindable Readline command name from the input and execute the function to which it’s bound, as if the key sequence to which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that @@ -13144,7 +13158,7 @@ Next:

Programmable Completion Builtins), -\fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities. +Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.

First, Bash identifies the command name. If a compspec has been defined for that command, the @@ -13658,7 +13672,7 @@ the -E option indicates that other supplied options apply to “empty” command completion; and the -I option indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion on the initial word on the line. -These are determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin. +These are determined in the same way as the complete builtin.

If multiple options are supplied, the -D option takes precedence over -E, and both take precedence over -I @@ -14629,7 +14643,7 @@ You may need to supply the --srcdir=PATH argument to tell configure where the source files are. configure automatically checks for the -source code in the directory that configure is in and in ‘..’. +source code in the directory that configure is in and in ...

If you have to use a make that does not support the VPATH variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info index 46b95083..b144b486 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.info +++ b/doc/bashref.info @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 14 October 2024). +Bash shell (version 5.3, 15 October 2024). - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 14 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 15 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 14 October 2024). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.3, 15 October 2024). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 14 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 15 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -2620,7 +2620,7 @@ set of filenames that are tested: when ‘dotglob’ is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files beginning with ‘.’, but the filenames ‘.’ and ‘..’ must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames -beginning with "." unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ‘.’. +beginning with ‘.’ unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ‘.’. If the ‘globskipdots’ shell option is enabled, the filenames ‘.’ and ‘..’ never appear in the set. As above, ‘.’ only has a special meaning when matching filenames. @@ -2674,7 +2674,7 @@ redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator is ‘>’, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The \fIword\fP following the redirection operator in the following + The WORD following the redirection operator in the following descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word @@ -3408,18 +3408,19 @@ standard. greater than or equal to 1. ‘cd’ - cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [-@] [DIRECTORY] + cd [-L] [-@] [DIRECTORY] + cd -P [-e] [-@] [DIRECTORY] Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is not supplied, the value of the ‘HOME’ shell variable is used as - DIRECTORY. If the shell variable ‘CDPATH’ exists, ‘cd’ uses it as - a search path: ‘cd’ searches each directory name in ‘CDPATH’ for - DIRECTORY, with alternative directory names in ‘CDPATH’ separated - by a colon (‘:’). A null directory name in ‘CDPATH’ means the same - thing as the current directory. If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, - ‘CDPATH’ is not used. + DIRECTORY. If the shell variable ‘CDPATH’ exists, and DIRECTORY + does not begin with a slash, ‘cd’ uses it as a search path: ‘cd’ + searches each directory name in ‘CDPATH’ for DIRECTORY, with + alternative directory names in ‘CDPATH’ separated by a colon (‘:’). + A null directory name in ‘CDPATH’ means the same thing as the + current directory. - The ‘-P’ option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links + The ‘-P’ option means not to follow symbolic links: symbolic links are resolved while ‘cd’ is traversing DIRECTORY and before processing an instance of ‘..’ in DIRECTORY. @@ -3427,13 +3428,16 @@ standard. DIRECTORY are resolved after ‘cd’ processes an instance of ‘..’ in DIRECTORY. - If ‘..’ appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the + If ‘..’ appears in DIRECTORY, ‘cd’ processes it by removing the immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the - beginning of DIRECTORY. + beginning of DIRECTORY, and verifying that the portion of DIRECTORY + it has processed to that point is still a valid directory name + after removing the pathname component. If it is not a valid + directory name, ‘cd’ returns a non-zero status. - If the ‘-e’ option is supplied with ‘-P’ and the current working - directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful - directory change, ‘cd’ will return a non-zero status. + If the ‘-e’ option is supplied with ‘-P’ and ‘cd’ cannot + successfully determine the current working directory after a + successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status. On systems that support it, the ‘-@’ option presents the extended attributes associated with a file as a directory. @@ -5365,9 +5369,9 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional optional shell behavior. completion. ‘noexpand_translation’ - If set, Bash encloses the translated results of $"..." - quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the - string is not translated, this has no effect. + If set, Bash encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting + in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is + not translated, this has no effect. ‘nullglob’ If set, filename expansion patterns which match no files @@ -5841,7 +5845,7 @@ Variables::). ‘EPOCHREALTIME’ Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of - seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with + seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating-point value with micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library function ‘time’ for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to ‘EPOCHREALTIME’ are ignored. If ‘EPOCHREALTIME’ is unset, it loses @@ -5913,12 +5917,15 @@ Variables::). value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort order for the results of filename expansion. If this variable is unset or set to the null string, filename expansion uses the historical - behavior of sorting by name. If set, a valid value begins with an - optional ‘+’, which is ignored, or ‘-’, which reverses the sort - order from ascending to descending, followed by a sort specifier. - The valid sort specifiers are ‘name’, ‘numeric’, ‘size’, ‘mtime’, - ‘atime’, ‘ctime’, and ‘blocks’, which sort the files on name, names - in numeric rather than lexicographic order, file size, modification + behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexicographic order as + determined by the ‘LC_COLLATE’ shell variable. + + If set, a valid value begins with an optional ‘+’, which is + ignored, or ‘-’, which reverses the sort order from ascending to + descending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort + specifiers are ‘name’, ‘numeric’, ‘size’, ‘mtime’, ‘atime’, + ‘ctime’, and ‘blocks’, which sort the files on name, names in + numeric rather than lexicographic order, file size, modification time, access time, inode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the same size), sorting uses the name as a @@ -5928,14 +5935,14 @@ Variables::). order by modification time (newest first). The ‘numeric’ specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as - numbers and sorts them using the numeric value (so "2" will sort + numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" will sort before "10", for example). When using ‘numeric’, names containing non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior. - A sort specifier of ‘nosort’ disables sorting completely; the - results are returned in the order they are read from the file - system, and any leading ‘-’ is ignored. + A sort specifier of ‘nosort’ disables sorting completely; Bash + returns the results in the order they are read from the file + system, ignoring any leading ‘-’. If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to NAME, so a value of ‘+’ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of ‘-’ sorts @@ -5952,17 +5959,16 @@ Variables::). ‘histchars’ Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The - first character is the “history expansion” character, that is, the - character which signifies the start of a history expansion, - normally ‘!’. The second character is the character which - signifies "quick substitution" when seen as the first character on - a line, normally ‘^’. The optional third character is the - character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a - comment when found as the first character of a word, usually ‘#’. - The history comment character causes history substitution to be - skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not - necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as - a comment. + first character is the “history expansion” character, the character + which begins a history expansion, normally ‘!’. The second + character is the character which signifies "quick substitution" + when seen as the first character on a line, normally ‘^’. The + optional third character is the character which indicates that the + remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first + character of a word, usually ‘#’. The history comment character + disables history substitution for the remaining words on the line. + It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of + the line as a comment. ‘HISTCMD’ The history number, or index in the history list, of the current @@ -6578,7 +6584,7 @@ conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the ‘--login’ option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from ‘/etc/profile’ and ‘~/.profile’, in that order. The -‘--noprofile’ option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +‘--noprofile’ option will inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name ‘sh’, Bash looks for the variable ‘ENV’, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the @@ -6589,8 +6595,8 @@ other startup files, the ‘--rcfile’ option has no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name ‘sh’ does not attempt to read any other startup files. - When invoked as ‘sh’, Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files -are read. + When invoked as ‘sh’, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the +startup files. Invoked in POSIX mode ..................... @@ -6610,10 +6616,10 @@ and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually ‘rshd’, or the secure shell daemon ‘sshd’. If Bash determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from ‘~/.bashrc’, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as ‘sh’. -The ‘--norc’ option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the -‘--rcfile’ option will make Bash use a different file instead of -‘~/.bashrc’, but neither ‘rshd’ nor ‘sshd’ generally invoke the shell -with those options or allow them to be specified. +The ‘--norc’ option will inhibit this behavior, and the ‘--rcfile’ +option will make Bash use a different file instead of ‘~/.bashrc’, but +neither ‘rshd’ nor ‘sshd’ generally invoke the shell with those options +or allow them to be specified. Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs ................................................ @@ -6787,10 +6793,10 @@ numeric, and file attribute comparisons. expressions. If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If the FILE argument to one of the -primaries is of the form ‘/dev/fd/N’, then file descriptor N is checked. -If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of ‘/dev/stdin’, -‘/dev/stdout’, or ‘/dev/stderr’, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, -respectively, is checked. +primaries is of the form ‘/dev/fd/N’, then Bash checks file descriptor +N. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of ‘/dev/stdin’, +‘/dev/stdout’, or ‘/dev/stderr’, Bash checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, +respectively. When used with ‘[[’, the ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The ‘test’ command uses ASCII ordering. @@ -6997,9 +7003,9 @@ levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the -parameter expansion syntax. This means you can use .Q x , where \fIx\fP -is a shell variable name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell -will evaluate its value as an expression and use the result. A shell +parameter expansion syntax. This means you can use X, where X is a +shell variable name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell will +evaluate its value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name in an expression. @@ -7663,6 +7669,9 @@ startup files. 27. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying the user of their termination via the ‘wait’ or ‘jobs’ builtins. + It removes the job from the jobs list after notifying the user of + its termination, but the status is still available via ‘wait’, as + long as ‘wait’ is supplied a PID argument. 28. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and @@ -7855,7 +7864,7 @@ startup files. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. 75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list - of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it. + of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: @@ -7998,13 +8007,13 @@ required for bash-5.1 and later versions. like ‘a[@]’. Bash-5.2 will unset an element with key ‘@’ (associative arrays) or remove all the elements without unsetting the array (indexed arrays). - • Arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an + • Arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once. • Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the ‘[[’ conditional command can be expanded more than once. • The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be expanded more than once. - • The expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be + • The expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be expanded more than once. • Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be expanded more than once. @@ -8142,7 +8151,7 @@ about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next command in the list. If the ‘-b’ option to the ‘set’ builtin is enabled, Bash reports -such changes immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Bash executes any +status changes immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Bash executes any trap on ‘SIGCHLD’ for each child process that terminates. When a job terminates and Bash notifies the user about it, Bash @@ -8378,27 +8387,26 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interactio 8.1 Introduction to Line Editing ================================ -The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent -keystrokes. +The following paragraphs use Emacs style to describe the notation used +to represent keystrokes. The text ‘C-k’ is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character produced when the key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. The text ‘M-k’ is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the -key is pressed (a “meta character”). The Meta key is labeled on -many keyboards. On keyboards with two keys labeled (usually to -either side of the space bar), the on the left side is generally -set to work as a Meta key. The key on the right may also be -configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other -modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters. +key is pressed (a “meta character”), then both are released. The Meta +key is labeled or

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+(errors,)g(the)g(return)e(status)i(is)g(zero;)630 3810 y(otherwise)e(the)f(return)g(status)g(is)h(non-zero.)150 -3733 y Ft(exit)870 3868 y(exit)47 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 -4004 y Fu(Exit)30 b(the)g(shell,)h(returning)d(a)j(status)f(of)g +3968 y Ft(exit)870 4101 y(exit)47 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 +4235 y Fu(Exit)30 b(the)g(shell,)h(returning)d(a)j(status)f(of)g Fr(n)f Fu(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(paren)m(t.)41 b(If)30 -b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)h(the)630 4114 y(exit)c(status)g(is)g(that)g +b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)h(the)630 4344 y(exit)c(status)g(is)g(that)g (of)g(the)g(last)g(command)f(executed.)41 b(An)m(y)26 -b(trap)h(on)f Ft(EXIT)f Fu(is)i(executed)630 4223 y(b)s(efore)j(the)h -(shell)f(terminates.)150 4385 y Ft(export)870 4521 y(export)46 +b(trap)h(on)f Ft(EXIT)f Fu(is)i(executed)630 4454 y(b)s(efore)j(the)h +(shell)f(terminates.)150 4611 y Ft(export)870 4744 y(export)46 b([-fn])g([-p])h([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(]])630 -4656 y Fu(Mark)34 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k 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b(of)g(all)h(exp)s(orted)f(v)-5 b(ariables)26 -b(on)g(the)g(standard)g(output.)38 b(The)26 b Ft(-p)f -Fu(option)i(displa)m(ys)630 5340 y(output)j(in)g(a)h(form)f(that)h(ma)m -(y)g(b)s(e)e(reused)h(as)h(input.)p eop end +j Ft(export)35 b Fu(displa)m(ys)h(a)h(list)h(of)p eop +end %%Page: 53 59 TeXDict begin 53 58 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(53)630 299 y Ft(export)29 -b Fu(allo)m(ws)k(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)h(a)f(v)-5 -b(ariable)32 b(to)g(b)s(e)e(set)i(at)f(the)g(same)h(time)g(it)f(is)g -(exp)s(orted)630 408 y(or)e(unexp)s(orted)f(b)m(y)g(follo)m(wing)j(the) -e(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(name)f(with)f(=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p -Fu(.)41 b(This)28 b(sets)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 518 -y(of)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(to)g Fr(v)-5 -b(alue)36 b Fu(while)30 b(mo)s(difying)g(the)g(exp)s(ort)h(attribute.) -630 653 y(The)e(return)e(status)j(is)f(zero)h(unless)e(an)h(in)m(v)-5 -b(alid)29 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)f(one)i(of)f(the)g(names)630 -763 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Fu(is)i(set)g(to)g(0,)i(no)d(error)g -(messages)i(will)e(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed,)630 4276 +(messages)i(will)e(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed,)630 4521 y(ev)m(en)31 b(if)f(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)e -Ft(optstring)e Fu(is)i(not)h(a)g(colon.)630 4412 y(If)h +Ft(optstring)e Fu(is)i(not)h(a)g(colon.)630 4657 y(If)h Ft(getopts)e Fu(detects)j(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)32 b(option,)i(it)f (places)g(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(')f(in)m(to)h Fr(name)38 b Fu(and,)32 -b(if)g(not)h(silen)m(t,)630 4521 y(prin)m(ts)e(an)h(error)f(message)i +b(if)g(not)h(silen)m(t,)630 4766 y(prin)m(ts)e(an)h(error)f(message)i (and)e(unsets)g Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(.)42 b(If)31 b Ft(getopts)f -Fu(is)i(silen)m(t,)h(it)f(assigns)g(the)630 4631 y(option)f(c)m +Fu(is)i(silen)m(t,)h(it)f(assigns)g(the)630 4876 y(option)f(c)m (haracter)h(found)d(to)i Ft(OPTARG)e Fu(and)g(do)s(es)h(not)h(prin)m(t) -f(a)h(diagnostic)h(message.)630 4766 y(If)21 b(a)h(required)f(argumen)m +f(a)h(diagnostic)h(message.)630 5011 y(If)21 b(a)h(required)f(argumen)m (t)h(is)g(not)g(found,)g(and)f Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)h(not)h(silen)m(t,)j -(it)d(sets)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(of)630 4876 y Fr(name)32 +(it)d(sets)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(of)630 5121 y Fr(name)32 b Fu(to)27 b(a)g(question)g(mark)f(\(`)p Ft(?)p Fu('\),)j(unsets)d Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(,)g(and)g(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(diagnostic)h(message.)630 -4985 y(If)i Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(silen)m(t,)h(it)f(sets)h(the)f(v)-5 +5230 y(If)i Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(silen)m(t,)h(it)f(sets)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(name)36 b Fu(to)31 b(a)g(colon)h(\(`)p -Ft(:)p Fu('\),)g(and)e(sets)i Ft(OPTARG)630 5095 y Fu(to)f(the)g -(option)g(c)m(haracter)g(found.)630 5230 y Ft(getopts)d -Fu(returns)h(true)h(if)g(an)g(option,)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(or)h(unsp)s -(eci\014ed,)f(is)h(found.)39 b(It)30 b(returns)630 5340 -y(false)h(when)e(it)i(encoun)m(ters)g(the)g(end)e(of)i(options)g(or)f -(if)g(an)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)p eop end +Ft(:)p Fu('\),)g(and)e(sets)i Ft(OPTARG)630 5340 y Fu(to)f(the)g +(option)g(c)m(haracter)g(found.)p eop end %%Page: 54 60 TeXDict begin 54 59 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(54)150 299 y Ft(hash)870 -430 y(hash)47 b([-r])f([-p)h Fj(filename)p Ft(])e([-dt])i([)p -Fj(name)p Ft(])630 562 y Fu(Eac)m(h)37 b(time)h Ft(hash)d +b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(54)630 299 y Ft(getopts)28 +b Fu(returns)h(true)h(if)g(an)g(option,)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(or)h(unsp)s +(eci\014ed,)f(is)h(found.)39 b(It)30 b(returns)630 408 +y(false)h(when)e(it)i(encoun)m(ters)g(the)g(end)e(of)i(options)g(or)f +(if)g(an)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)150 573 y Ft(hash)870 710 +y(hash)47 b([-r])f([-p)h Fj(filename)p Ft(])e([-dt])i([)p +Fj(name)p Ft(])630 847 y Fu(Eac)m(h)37 b(time)h Ft(hash)d Fu(is)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)j(it)d(remem)m(b)s(ers)f(the)h(full)f -(\014lenames)h(of)f(the)h(commands)630 671 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)c(as)i +(\014lenames)h(of)f(the)h(commands)630 956 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)c(as)i Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts,)c(so)g(they)f(need)g(not)g(b)s(e)f(searc)m -(hed)i(for)f(on)g(subsequen)m(t)630 781 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations.)79 +(hed)i(for)f(on)g(subsequen)m(t)630 1066 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations.)79 b(The)41 b(commands)h(are)h(found)e(b)m(y)h(searc)m(hing)i(through)d -(the)i(directories)630 891 y(listed)32 b(in)g Ft($PATH)p +(the)i(directories)630 1176 y(listed)32 b(in)g Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)43 b(An)m(y)32 b(previously-remem)m(b)s(ered)f(\014lename)h(asso)s -(ciated)h(with)e Fr(name)37 b Fu(is)630 1000 y(discarded.)51 +(ciated)h(with)e Fr(name)37 b Fu(is)630 1285 y(discarded.)51 b(The)33 b Ft(-p)g Fu(option)i(inhibits)e(the)h(path)g(searc)m(h,)h (and)e Ft(hash)g Fu(uses)h Fr(\014lename)39 b Fu(as)630 -1110 y(the)31 b(lo)s(cation)h(of)e Fr(name)p Fu(.)630 -1241 y(The)35 b Ft(-r)g Fu(option)h(causes)g(the)g(shell)g(to)h(forget) +1395 y(the)31 b(lo)s(cation)h(of)e Fr(name)p Fu(.)630 +1532 y(The)35 b Ft(-r)g Fu(option)h(causes)g(the)g(shell)g(to)h(forget) f(all)h(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(lo)s(cations.)58 b(Assigning)630 -1351 y(to)31 b(the)f Ft(PATH)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(also)g(clears)g +1641 y(to)31 b(the)f Ft(PATH)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(also)g(clears)g (all)g(hashed)e(\014lenames.)40 b(The)30 b Ft(-d)f Fu(option)h(causes)h -(the)630 1461 y(shell)g(to)g(forget)g(the)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(lo)s -(cation)j(of)f(eac)m(h)g Fr(name)p Fu(.)630 1592 y(If)38 +(the)630 1751 y(shell)g(to)g(forget)g(the)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(lo)s +(cation)j(of)f(eac)m(h)g Fr(name)p Fu(.)630 1888 y(If)38 b(the)h Ft(-t)f Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)g Ft(hash)f Fu(prin)m(ts)g(the)h(full)f(pathname)h(corresp)s(onding)e(to)630 -1702 y(eac)m(h)29 b Fr(name)p Fu(.)40 b(If)28 b(m)m(ultiple)h +1998 y(eac)m(h)29 b Fr(name)p Fu(.)40 b(If)28 b(m)m(ultiple)h Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts)c(are)f(supplied)f(with)h Ft(-t)p -Fu(,)g Ft(hash)f Fu(prin)m(ts)h(eac)m(h)630 1811 y Fr(name)i +Fu(,)g Ft(hash)f Fu(prin)m(ts)h(eac)m(h)630 2107 y Fr(name)i Fu(b)s(efore)24 b(the)h(corresp)s(onding)f(hashed)f(full)i(path.)38 b(The)24 b Ft(-l)g Fu(option)i(displa)m(ys)e(output)630 -1921 y(in)30 b(a)h(format)g(that)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)g -(input.)630 2052 y(If)38 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)g(are)h(giv)m(en,)i(or)d +2217 y(in)30 b(a)h(format)g(that)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)g +(input.)630 2354 y(If)38 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)g(are)h(giv)m(en,)i(or)d (if)h(only)f Ft(-l)g Fu(is)g(supplied,)h Ft(hash)e Fu(prin)m(ts)h -(information)630 2162 y(ab)s(out)d(remem)m(b)s(ered)g(commands.)57 +(information)630 2463 y(ab)s(out)d(remem)m(b)s(ered)g(commands.)57 b(The)35 b Ft(-t)p Fu(,)h Ft(-d)p Fu(,)h(and)e Ft(-p)g -Fu(options)h(\(the)g(options)g(that)630 2271 y(act)28 +Fu(options)h(\(the)g(options)g(that)630 2573 y(act)28 b(on)f(the)h Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts\))c(are)f(m)m(utually)h (exclusiv)m(e.)41 b(Only)26 b(one)i(will)f(b)s(e)g(activ)m(e.)41 -b(If)630 2381 y(more)25 b(than)h(one)f(is)h(supplied,)f +b(If)630 2682 y(more)25 b(than)h(one)f(is)h(supplied,)f Ft(-t)g Fu(has)g(higher)g(priorit)m(y)g(than)g Ft(-p)p -Fu(,)h(and)f(b)s(oth)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(higher)630 2491 y(priorit)m(y)31 -b(than)f Ft(-d)p Fu(.)630 2622 y(The)38 b(return)g(status)h(is)g(zero)h +Fu(,)h(and)f(b)s(oth)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(higher)630 2792 y(priorit)m(y)31 +b(than)f Ft(-d)p Fu(.)630 2929 y(The)38 b(return)g(status)h(is)g(zero)h (unless)e(a)i Fr(name)k Fu(is)39 b(not)g(found)e(or)i(an)g(in)m(v)-5 -b(alid)40 b(option)f(is)630 2732 y(supplied.)150 2885 -y Ft(pwd)870 3017 y(pwd)47 b([-LP])630 3148 y Fu(Prin)m(t)29 +b(alid)40 b(option)f(is)630 3039 y(supplied.)150 3203 +y Ft(pwd)870 3340 y(pwd)47 b([-LP])630 3477 y Fu(Prin)m(t)29 b(the)g(absolute)h(pathname)e(of)h(the)h(curren)m(t)e(w)m(orking)h (directory)-8 b(.)42 b(If)28 b(the)h Ft(-P)f Fu(option)630 -3258 y(is)41 b(supplied,)i(or)f(the)f Ft(-o)30 b(physical)39 +3587 y(is)41 b(supplied,)i(or)f(the)f Ft(-o)30 b(physical)39 b Fu(option)j(to)g(the)f Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.1) -630 3367 y([The)35 b(Set)f(Builtin],)j(page)f(71\))g(is)f(enabled,)h +630 3696 y([The)35 b(Set)f(Builtin],)j(page)f(71\))g(is)f(enabled,)h (the)f(pathname)f(prin)m(ted)g(will)i(not)f(con)m(tain)630 -3477 y(sym)m(b)s(olic)29 b(links.)39 b(If)28 b(the)h +3806 y(sym)m(b)s(olic)29 b(links.)39 b(If)28 b(the)h Ft(-L)e Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied,)e(the)i(pathname)f(prin)m(ted)g(ma)m -(y)h(con)m(tain)630 3587 y(sym)m(b)s(olic)34 b(links.)52 +(y)h(con)m(tain)630 3915 y(sym)m(b)s(olic)34 b(links.)52 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)i(is)f(zero)h(unless)e(an)h(error)f(is)h -(encoun)m(tered)h(while)630 3696 y(determining)30 b(the)g(name)g(of)g +(encoun)m(tered)h(while)630 4025 y(determining)30 b(the)g(name)g(of)g (the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)i(or)f(an)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 -b(option)f(is)g(supplied.)150 3850 y Ft(readonly)870 -3981 y(readonly)46 b([-aAf])g([-p])g([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p -Fj(value)p Ft(]])e(...)630 4113 y Fu(Mark)24 b(eac)m(h)h +b(option)f(is)g(supplied.)150 4189 y Ft(readonly)870 +4326 y(readonly)46 b([-aAf])g([-p])g([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p +Fj(value)p Ft(]])e(...)630 4463 y Fu(Mark)24 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(as)24 b(readonly)-8 b(.)39 b(The)24 b(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(of)g(these)g(names)g(ma)m(y)g(not)g(b)s(e)g(c)m(hanged)g -(b)m(y)630 4222 y(subsequen)m(t)29 b(assignmen)m(t)i(or)f(unset.)41 +(b)m(y)630 4573 y(subsequen)m(t)29 b(assignmen)m(t)i(or)f(unset.)41 b(If)29 b(the)i Ft(-f)e Fu(option)i(is)f(supplied,)f(eac)m(h)i -Fr(name)k Fu(refers)630 4332 y(to)30 b(a)f(shell)g(function.)40 +Fr(name)k Fu(refers)630 4682 y(to)30 b(a)f(shell)g(function.)40 b(The)29 b Ft(-a)f Fu(option)i(means)e(eac)m(h)j Fr(name)j -Fu(refers)28 b(to)i(an)f(indexed)f(arra)m(y)630 4441 +Fu(refers)28 b(to)i(an)f(indexed)f(arra)m(y)630 4792 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)28 b(the)f Ft(-A)e Fu(option)h(means)g(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(refers)26 b(to)g(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 -b(ariable.)630 4551 y(If)35 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)h(supplied,)f +b(ariable.)630 4902 y(If)35 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)h(supplied,)f Ft(-A)f Fu(tak)m(es)i(precedence.)58 b(If)35 b(no)h Fr(name)k -Fu(argumen)m(ts)d(are)630 4661 y(supplied,)44 b(or)f(if)f(the)g +Fu(argumen)m(ts)d(are)630 5011 y(supplied,)44 b(or)f(if)f(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)i(prin)m(t)e(a)h(list)g(of)f(all)h -(readonly)g(names.)630 4770 y(The)32 b(other)g(options)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s +(readonly)g(names.)630 5121 y(The)32 b(other)g(options)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s (e)f(used)f(to)i(restrict)g(the)f(output)g(to)h(a)f(subset)g(of)g(the)g -(set)h(of)630 4880 y(readonly)26 b(names.)40 b(The)25 +(set)h(of)630 5230 y(readonly)26 b(names.)40 b(The)25 b Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(displa)m(ys)h(output)f(in)f(a)i(format)g(that)f -(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(reused)630 4989 y(as)31 b(input.)630 -5121 y Ft(readonly)25 b Fu(allo)m(ws)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)27 -b(of)h(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(to)f(b)s(e)g(set)g(at)h(the)f(same)g -(time)h(the)f(readonly)630 5230 y(attribute)j(is)f(c)m(hanged)g(b)m(y)g -(follo)m(wing)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(name)g(with)g(=)p -Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)40 b(This)28 b(sets)i(the)630 5340 -y(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(to)g -Fr(v)-5 b(alue)36 b Fu(while)30 b(mo)s(difying)g(the)g(readonly)h -(attribute.)p eop end +(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(reused)630 5340 y(as)31 b(input.)p +eop end %%Page: 55 61 TeXDict begin 55 60 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(55)630 299 y(The)31 -b(return)f(status)h(is)h(zero)g(unless)e(an)h(in)m(v)-5 -b(alid)32 b(option)g(is)f(supplied,)f(one)i(of)f(the)h -Fr(name)630 408 y Fu(argumen)m(ts)38 b(is)g(not)g(a)h(v)-5 +b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(55)630 299 y Ft(readonly)25 +b Fu(allo)m(ws)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)h(a)f(v)-5 +b(ariable)28 b(to)f(b)s(e)g(set)g(at)h(the)f(same)g(time)h(the)f +(readonly)630 408 y(attribute)j(is)f(c)m(hanged)g(b)m(y)g(follo)m(wing) +h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(name)g(with)g(=)p Fr(v)-5 +b(alue)p Fu(.)40 b(This)28 b(sets)i(the)630 518 y(v)-5 +b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(to)g +Fr(v)-5 b(alue)36 b Fu(while)30 b(mo)s(difying)g(the)g(readonly)h +(attribute.)630 647 y(The)g(return)f(status)h(is)h(zero)g(unless)e(an)h +(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)32 b(option)g(is)f(supplied,)f(one)i(of)f(the)h +Fr(name)630 757 y Fu(argumen)m(ts)38 b(is)g(not)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)38 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(or)f(function)f(name,)j(or)e -(the)g Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)630 518 y(supplied)29 b(with)h(a)h(name)f -(that)h(is)g(not)f(a)h(shell)g(function.)150 689 y Ft(return)870 -829 y(return)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 969 y Fu(Stop)22 +(the)g Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)630 866 y(supplied)29 b(with)h(a)h(name)f +(that)h(is)g(not)f(a)h(shell)g(function.)150 1014 y Ft(return)870 +1143 y(return)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 1272 y Fu(Stop)22 b(executing)h(a)f(shell)g(function)g(or)f(sourced)h(\014le)g(and)f (return)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)22 b Fr(n)g Fu(to)g(its)g(caller.)630 -1078 y(If)38 b Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)h(the)f(return)e(v)-5 +1382 y(If)38 b Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)h(the)f(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)f(the)g(exit)g(status)g(of)g(the)g(last)h(command)630 -1188 y(executed.)51 b(If)33 b Ft(return)f Fu(is)i(executed)g(b)m(y)g(a) +1491 y(executed.)51 b(If)33 b Ft(return)f Fu(is)i(executed)g(b)m(y)g(a) g(trap)f(handler,)h(the)g(last)g(command)f(used)g(to)630 -1297 y(determine)e(the)g(status)h(is)f(the)g(last)h(command)e(executed) -i(b)s(efore)f(the)g(trap)g(handler.)41 b(If)630 1407 +1601 y(determine)e(the)g(status)h(is)f(the)g(last)h(command)e(executed) +i(b)s(efore)f(the)g(trap)g(handler.)41 b(If)630 1711 y Ft(return)31 b Fu(is)h(executed)h(during)e(a)i Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap,)i(the)g(last)g(command)f(used)g(to)h(determine)630 -1517 y(the)26 b(status)g(is)g(the)g(last)h(command)f(executed)g(b)m(y)g +1820 y(the)26 b(status)g(is)g(the)g(last)h(command)f(executed)g(b)m(y)g (the)g(trap)g(handler)f(b)s(efore)g Ft(return)g Fu(w)m(as)630 -1626 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)630 1766 y(When)f Ft(return)f +1930 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)630 2059 y(When)f Ft(return)f Fu(is)h(used)f(to)i(terminate)g(execution)h(of)e(a)h(script)f(b)s(eing) -g(executed)h(with)f(the)630 1876 y Ft(.)34 b Fu(\()p +g(executed)h(with)f(the)630 2168 y Ft(.)34 b Fu(\()p Ft(source)p Fu(\))g(builtin,)h(it)h(returns)d(either)i Fr(n)f Fu(or)h(the)g(exit)g(status)g(of)g(the)g(last)g(command)630 -1985 y(executed)d(within)f(the)g(script)g(as)g(the)g(exit)h(status)g +2278 y(executed)d(within)f(the)g(script)g(as)g(the)g(exit)h(status)g (of)f(the)g(script.)43 b(If)31 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(supplied,)g(the)630 -2095 y(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(its)f(least)i(signi\014can)m(t)f -(8)g(bits.)630 2235 y(An)m(y)39 b(command)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d(the) +2388 y(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(its)f(least)i(signi\014can)m(t)f +(8)g(bits.)630 2516 y(An)m(y)39 b(command)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d(the) h Ft(RETURN)e Fu(trap)i(is)g(executed)g(b)s(efore)g(execution)630 -2345 y(resumes)30 b(after)h(the)f(function)g(or)h(script.)630 -2485 y(The)39 b(return)f(status)i(is)g(non-zero)g(if)f +2626 y(resumes)30 b(after)h(the)f(function)g(or)h(script.)630 +2755 y(The)39 b(return)f(status)i(is)g(non-zero)g(if)f 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b(a)f(conditional)h(expression)f Fr(expr)48 b Fu(and)41 b(return)g(a)h(status)g(of)g(0)g(\(true\))h(or)f -(1)630 4372 y(\(false\).)g(Eac)m(h)31 b(op)s(erator)f(and)f(op)s(erand) +(1)630 4554 y(\(false\).)g(Eac)m(h)31 b(op)s(erator)f(and)f(op)s(erand) g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(a)i(separate)g(argumen)m(t.)41 b(Expressions)630 -4482 y(are)26 b(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s +4663 y(are)26 b(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s (elo)m(w)h(in)g(Section)h(6.4)h([Bash)e(Conditional)630 -4591 y(Expressions],)35 b(page)h(103.)55 b Ft(test)34 +4773 y(Expressions],)35 b(page)h(103.)55 b Ft(test)34 b Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept)h(an)m(y)f(options,)i(nor)d(do)s(es)g(it)h -(accept)630 4701 y(and)28 b(ignore)g(an)h(argumen)m(t)f(of)h +(accept)630 4882 y(and)28 b(ignore)g(an)h(argumen)m(t)f(of)h Ft(--)e Fu(as)i(signifying)f(the)h(end)e(of)i(options.)40 -b(When)28 b(using)g(the)630 4810 y Ft([)i Fu(form,)g(the)h(last)g +b(When)28 b(using)g(the)630 4992 y Ft([)i 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+b Fu(is)h(unset,)h(it)g(loses)h(its)f(sp)s(ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)g(ev) +m(en)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)150 995 +y Ft(SHELL)240 b Fu(This)24 b(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(expands)e(to)i(the)g(full)f(pathname)g(to)h(the)f -(shell.)39 b(If)25 b(it)g(is)h(not)630 904 y(set)36 b(when)f(the)h -(shell)g(starts,)i(Bash)e(assigns)h(to)f(it)h(the)f(full)f(pathname)h -(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)630 1014 y(user's)30 b(login)h(shell.)150 -1180 y Ft(SHELLOPTS)630 1290 y Fu(A)g(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g -(enabled)f(shell)h(options.)41 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)h -(list)g(is)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)630 1400 y(argumen)m(t)28 -b(for)f(the)h Ft(-o)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)e -Fu(builtin)h(command)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)630 -1509 y(Set)g(Builtin],)h(page)f(71\).)42 b(The)28 b(options)h(app)s -(earing)f(in)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)e Fu(are)j(those)h(rep)s(orted)630 -1619 y(as)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')f(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(set)g(-o)p -Fu('.)40 b(If)29 b(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable)30 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+b(expands)f(to)h(a)g(32-bit)h(pseudo-random)d(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(eac)m +(h)j(time)f(it)g(is)g(ref-)630 2534 y(erenced.)47 b(The)32 +b(random)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(generator)j(is)e(not)h(linear)g(on)f +(systems)h(that)g(supp)s(ort)630 2643 y Ft(/dev/urandom)26 +b Fu(or)k Ft(arc4random)p Fu(,)d(so)j(eac)m(h)g(returned)f(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)f(has)h(no)g(relationship)h(to)630 2753 y(the)39 +b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)e(preceding)i(it.)66 b(The)38 b(random)g(n)m(um)m(b) +s(er)f(generator)j(cannot)g(b)s(e)e(seeded,)630 2862 +y(so)c(assignmen)m(ts)g(to)g(this)f(v)-5 b(ariable)34 +b(ha)m(v)m(e)h(no)e(e\013ect.)51 b(If)33 b Ft(SRANDOM)e +Fu(is)j(unset,)g(it)f(loses)i(its)630 2972 y(sp)s(ecial)c(prop)s +(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g(subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)150 +3120 y Ft(TIMEFORMAT)630 3229 y Fu(The)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 +b(of)f(this)g(parameter)g(is)g(used)f(as)h(a)g(format)h(string)f(sp)s +(ecifying)f(ho)m(w)h(the)g(tim-)630 3339 y(ing)37 b(information)f(for)h +(pip)s(elines)f(pre\014xed)f(with)h(the)h 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begin 97 102 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(97)630 299 y(If)30 @@ -15480,14 +15487,14 @@ y(v)m(ersions)31 b(of)f Ft(sh)g Fu(as)h(closely)h(as)e(p)s(ossible,)g (e)j(login)e(shell,)57 b(or)51 b(as)g(a)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h (shell)f(with)f(the)150 1660 y Ft(--login)31 b Fu(option,)k(it)e (\014rst)g(attempts)h(to)g(read)f(and)g(execute)h(commands)f(from)g -Ft(/etc/profile)d Fu(and)150 1770 y Ft(~/.profile)p Fu(,)d(in)i(that)i -(order.)39 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)c Fu(option)k(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f -(used)g(to)h(inhibit)f(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior.)275 1912 -y(When)d(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(as)e(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(with) -g(the)g(name)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)g(Bash)g(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)g(v)-5 -b(ariable)29 b Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)150 2021 y(expands)g(its)i(v)-5 -b(alue)30 b(if)h(it)f(is)g(de\014ned,)g(and)f(uses)h(the)g(expanded)g -(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(as)h(the)f(name)g(of)g(a)h(\014le)f(to)h(read)150 +Ft(/etc/profile)d Fu(and)150 1770 y Ft(~/.profile)p Fu(,)e(in)i(that)h +(order.)40 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)d Fu(option)k(will)g(inhibit)f +(this)g(b)s(eha)m(vior.)275 1912 y(When)d(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(as)e(an)g +(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(with)g(the)g(name)g Ft(sh)p +Fu(,)g(Bash)g(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 +b Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)150 2021 y(expands)g(its)i(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(if)h(it)f(is)g(de\014ned,)g(and)f(uses)h(the)g(expanded)g(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(as)h(the)f(name)g(of)g(a)h(\014le)f(to)h(read)150 2131 y(and)g(execute.)46 b(Since)32 b(a)g(shell)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h (as)f Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(attempt)h(to)g(read)e(and)g(execute)i (commands)150 2240 y(from)d(an)m(y)h(other)f(startup)g(\014les,)h(the)f @@ -15496,7 +15503,7 @@ y(A)k(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(shell)d(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(with)e(the)h (name)g Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)h(not)g(attempt)g(to)h(read)f(an)m(y)g (other)150 2492 y(startup)30 b(\014les.)275 2634 y(When)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m (ed)h(as)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)e -Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h(the)g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)150 +Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h(reading)g(the)f(startup)g(\014les.)150 2841 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(in)h Fg(posix)g Fk(mo)s(de)150 2988 y Fu(When)28 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)g(as)h(with)g(the)g Ft(--posix)d Fu(command)j(line)g @@ -15515,15 +15522,15 @@ f(run)g(with)g(its)h(standard)g(input)e(connected)j(to)150 (shell)g(daemon)g Ft(sshd)p Fu(.)39 b(If)30 b(Bash)g(determines)g(it)g (is)g(b)s(eing)f(run)150 4000 y(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)34 b(in)e(this)f(fashion,)h(it)g(reads)g(and)f(executes)i(commands)e(from) -g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)f(if)h(that)150 4109 y(\014le)38 -b(exists)h(and)e(is)h(readable.)64 b(It)38 b(will)h(not)f(do)g(this)g -(if)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)f Ft(sh)p Fu(.)63 b(The)38 -b Ft(--norc)e Fu(option)i(ma)m(y)150 4219 y(b)s(e)c(used)g(to)h -(inhibit)g(this)f(b)s(eha)m(vior,)i(and)e(the)h Ft(--rcfile)d -Fu(option)k(will)f(mak)m(e)g(Bash)g(use)f(a)h(di\013eren)m(t)150 -4329 y(\014le)d(instead)h(of)f Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)f(but)g(neither)h -Ft(rshd)f Fu(nor)h Ft(sshd)f Fu(generally)j(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)g(the)e -(shell)h(with)e(those)150 4438 y(options)g(or)f(allo)m(w)i(them)e(to)h +g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)f(if)h(that)150 4109 y(\014le)39 +b(exists)h(and)f(is)g(readable.)68 b(It)39 b(will)g(not)h(do)f(this)g +(if)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(as)e Ft(sh)p Fu(.)67 b(The)38 +b Ft(--norc)g Fu(option)i(will)150 4219 y(inhibit)33 +b(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior,)h(and)e(the)h Ft(--rcfile)d +Fu(option)j(will)h(mak)m(e)f(Bash)g(use)g(a)g(di\013eren)m(t)g(\014le)g +(instead)150 4329 y(of)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)g(but)f(neither)h +Ft(rshd)g Fu(nor)f Ft(sshd)h Fu(generally)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h(the)f +(shell)f(with)g(those)h(options)g(or)150 4438 y(allo)m(w)d(them)e(to)h (b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 4645 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(with)g(unequal)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)e(and)i(real)g Fg(uid/gid)p Fk(s)150 4792 y Fu(If)34 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(with)f(the)h @@ -15700,14 +15707,14 @@ TeXDict begin 104 109 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(104)150 299 y(otherwise)38 b(it)g(will)g(em)m(ulate)g(them)g(in)m(ternally)g(with)f(this)h(b)s (eha)m(vior:)55 b(If)36 b(the)i Fr(\014le)43 b Fu(argumen)m(t)37 -b(to)i(one)150 408 y(of)h(the)g(primaries)f(is)h(of)g(the)g(form)g -Ft(/dev/fd/)p Fj(N)p Fu(,)g(then)f(\014le)h(descriptor)g -Fr(N)49 b Fu(is)40 b(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)71 b(If)40 b(the)g -Fr(\014le)150 518 y Fu(argumen)m(t)29 b(to)f(one)h(of)f(the)h -(primaries)e(is)h(one)h(of)f Ft(/dev/stdin)p Fu(,)e Ft(/dev/stdout)p -Fu(,)g(or)i Ft(/dev/stderr)p Fu(,)e(\014le)150 628 y(descriptor)k(0,)h -(1,)g(or)g(2,)g(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)32 b(is)e(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.) -275 761 y(When)37 b(used)g(with)g Ft([[)p Fu(,)i(the)f(`)p +b(to)i(one)150 408 y(of)d(the)g(primaries)f(is)h(of)g(the)g(form)g +Ft(/dev/fd/)p Fj(N)p Fu(,)f(then)g(Bash)h(c)m(hec)m(ks)h(\014le)f +(descriptor)g Fr(N)p Fu(.)57 b(If)36 b(the)g Fr(\014le)150 +518 y Fu(argumen)m(t)k(to)h(one)f(of)g(the)g(primaries)g(is)g(one)g(of) +g Ft(/dev/stdin)p Fu(,)f Ft(/dev/stdout)p Fu(,)h(or)g +Ft(/dev/stderr)p Fu(,)150 628 y(Bash)31 b(c)m(hec)m(ks)g(\014le)g +(descriptor)f(0,)h(1,)g(or)f(2,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 +b(.)275 761 y(When)37 b(used)g(with)g Ft([[)p Fu(,)i(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')h(op)s(erators)g(sort)g (lexicographically)i(using)d(the)h(curren)m(t)150 871 y(lo)s(cale.)k(The)30 b Ft(test)f Fu(command)i(uses)f(ASCI)s(I)e @@ -15873,15 +15880,15 @@ y(Shell)38 b(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(as)e(op)s (erands;)i(parameter)e(expansion)g(is)f(p)s(erformed)g(b)s(efore)g(the) 150 3866 y(expression)g(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated.)66 b(Within)38 b(an)h(expression,)h(shell)e(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s -(e)f(referenced)g(b)m(y)150 3976 y(name)28 b(without)g(using)g(the)g -(parameter)h(expansion)e(syn)m(tax.)41 b(This)27 b(means)h(y)m(ou)h -(can)f(use)g(.Q)g(x)g(,)g(where)150 4085 y Ft(\\)p Fu(fIx)p -Ft(\\)p Fu(fP)g(is)i(a)g(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(name,)g(in)g(an)g -(arithmetic)h(expression,)f(and)f(the)h(shell)g(will)g(ev)-5 -b(aluate)32 b(its)150 4195 y(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(as)g(an)f(expression)g -(and)g(use)g(the)h(result.)40 b(A)28 b(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 -b(that)g(is)f(n)m(ull)h(or)f(unset)g(ev)-5 b(aluates)30 -b(to)150 4304 y(0)h(when)e(referenced)h(b)m(y)h(name)f(in)g(an)g +(e)f(referenced)g(b)m(y)150 3976 y(name)33 b(without)g(using)f(the)h +(parameter)g(expansion)g(syn)m(tax.)48 b(This)32 b(means)h(y)m(ou)g +(can)g(use)g Fr(x)p Fu(,)g(where)g Fr(x)150 4085 y Fu(is)28 +b(a)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(name,)g(in)f(an)h(arithmetic)g +(expression,)g(and)f(the)h(shell)f(will)h(ev)-5 b(aluate)30 +b(its)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(as)150 4195 y(an)h(expression)h(and)e(use)i +(the)f(result.)41 b(A)31 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 +b(that)f(is)f(n)m(ull)g(or)h(unset)f(ev)-5 b(aluates)32 +b(to)f(0)g(when)150 4304 y(referenced)f(b)m(y)h(name)f(in)g(an)g (expression.)275 4439 y(The)d(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)e(ev)-5 b(aluated)29 b(as)f(an)g(arithmetic)h (expression)f(when)e(it)j(is)e(referenced,)i(or)150 4548 @@ -16660,508 +16667,511 @@ b(Bash)36 b(will)g(not)g(insert)g(a)g(command)f(without)h(the)g (execute)h(bit)f(set)g(in)m(to)h(the)f(command)g(hash)330 408 y(table,)c(ev)m(en)f(if)f(it)h(returns)e(it)i(as)g(a)f(\(last-ditc) m(h\))j(result)d(from)g(a)h Ft($PATH)e Fu(searc)m(h.)154 -545 y(23.)61 b(The)42 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(job)g(con) +555 y(23.)61 b(The)42 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(job)g(con) m(trol)i(co)s(de)e(and)f(builtins)h(when)f(a)h(job)g(exits)h(with)f(a) -330 655 y(non-zero)31 b(status)g(is)f(`Done\(status\)'.)154 -792 y(24.)61 b(The)40 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(job)f(con) +330 664 y(non-zero)31 b(status)g(is)f(`Done\(status\)'.)154 +810 y(24.)61 b(The)40 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(job)f(con) m(trol)h(co)s(de)g(and)f(builtins)f(when)h(a)g(job)g(is)h(stopp)s(ed)e -(is)330 902 y(`Stopp)s(ed\()p Fr(signame)5 b Fu(\)',)31 +(is)330 920 y(`Stopp)s(ed\()p Fr(signame)5 b Fu(\)',)31 b(where)f Fr(signame)36 b Fu(is,)31 b(for)f(example,)h -Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)154 1039 y(25.)61 b(If)35 b(the)h(shell)g(is)g(in)m +Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)154 1066 y(25.)61 b(If)35 b(the)h(shell)g(is)g(in)m (teractiv)m(e,)41 b(Bash)36 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(p)s(erform)f(job)g -(noti\014cations)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(executing)330 1148 +(noti\014cations)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(executing)330 1176 y(commands)44 b(in)h(lists)g(separated)h(b)m(y)e(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(')h(or)g(newline.)84 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)48 -b(shells)d(prin)m(t)g(status)330 1258 y(messages)31 b(after)g(a)g -(foreground)f(job)g(in)g(a)g(list)h(completes.)154 1395 +b(shells)d(prin)m(t)g(status)330 1285 y(messages)31 b(after)g(a)g +(foreground)f(job)g(in)g(a)g(list)h(completes.)154 1431 y(26.)61 b(If)32 b(the)g(shell)g(is)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)i(Bash)e(w)m (aits)g(un)m(til)f(the)h(next)f(prompt)f(b)s(efore)h(prin)m(ting)g(the) -h(status)330 1504 y(of)f(a)g(bac)m(kground)f(job)h(that)g(c)m(hanges)h +h(status)330 1541 y(of)f(a)g(bac)m(kground)f(job)h(that)g(c)m(hanges)h (status)f(or)g(a)g(foreground)f(job)g(that)h(terminates)h(due)e(to)i(a) -330 1614 y(signal.)41 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)d(prin)m(t)f +330 1650 y(signal.)41 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)d(prin)m(t)f (status)g(messages)i(after)e(a)h(foreground)f(job)g(completes.)154 -1751 y(27.)61 b(Bash)38 b(p)s(ermanen)m(tly)g(remo)m(v)m(es)i(jobs)d +1797 y(27.)61 b(Bash)38 b(p)s(ermanen)m(tly)g(remo)m(v)m(es)i(jobs)d (from)h(the)h(jobs)e(table)i(after)g(notifying)g(the)f(user)g(of)g -(their)330 1861 y(termination)31 b(via)g(the)g Ft(wait)e -Fu(or)h Ft(jobs)g Fu(builtins.)154 1998 y(28.)61 b(The)33 -b Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)i(mo)s(de)f(will)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)i(the)e -Ft(vi)g Fu(editor)h(directly)f(when)f(the)i(`)p Ft(v)p -Fu(')f(command)g(is)g(run,)330 2107 y(instead)e(of)f(c)m(hec)m(king)i -Ft($VISUAL)d Fu(and)g Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(.)154 2244 y(29.)61 -b(Prompt)43 b(expansion)g(enables)g(the)h Fm(posix)e +(their)330 1906 y(termination)c(via)g(the)f Ft(wait)f +Fu(or)h Ft(jobs)f Fu(builtins.)49 b(It)33 b(remo)m(v)m(es)i(the)e(job)g +(from)g(the)g(jobs)g(list)g(after)330 2016 y(notifying)g(the)f(user)g +(of)g(its)g(termination,)i(but)e(the)g(status)h(is)f(still)h(a)m(v)-5 +b(ailable)34 b(via)f Ft(wait)p Fu(,)f(as)g(long)330 2125 +y(as)f Ft(wait)e Fu(is)h(supplied)f(a)i Fm(pid)f Fu(argumen)m(t.)154 +2271 y(28.)61 b(The)33 b Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)i(mo)s(de)f(will)g(in)m(v)m +(ok)m(e)i(the)e Ft(vi)g Fu(editor)h(directly)f(when)f(the)i(`)p +Ft(v)p Fu(')f(command)g(is)g(run,)330 2381 y(instead)e(of)f(c)m(hec)m +(king)i Ft($VISUAL)d Fu(and)g Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(.)154 2527 +y(29.)61 b(Prompt)43 b(expansion)g(enables)g(the)h Fm(posix)e Ft(PS1)g Fu(and)h Ft(PS2)f Fu(expansions)h(of)g(`)p Ft(!)p -Fu(')h(to)g(the)f(history)330 2354 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)31 +Fu(')h(to)g(the)f(history)330 2637 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)31 b(and)h(`)p Ft(!!)p Fu(')h(to)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)g(and)f(Bash)h(p)s (erforms)e(parameter)i(expansion)f(on)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)33 -b(of)g Ft(PS1)330 2463 y Fu(and)d Ft(PS2)f Fu(regardless)i(of)f(the)h +b(of)g Ft(PS1)330 2746 y Fu(and)d Ft(PS2)f Fu(regardless)i(of)f(the)h (setting)h(of)e(the)h Ft(promptvars)c Fu(option.)154 -2600 y(30.)61 b(The)29 b(default)g(history)g(\014le)g(is)g +2892 y(30.)61 b(The)29 b(default)g(history)g(\014le)g(is)g Ft(~/.sh_history)d Fu(\(this)j(is)g(the)g(default)h(v)-5 -b(alue)29 b(the)h(shell)f(assigns)g(to)330 2710 y Ft($HISTFILE)p -Fu(\).)154 2847 y(31.)61 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h +b(alue)29 b(the)h(shell)f(assigns)g(to)330 3002 y Ft($HISTFILE)p +Fu(\).)154 3148 y(31.)61 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h (do)s(es)e(not)h(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(history)f(expansion)h(within)f(a)h -(double-quoted)g(string,)330 2956 y(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h -Ft(histexpand)d Fu(option)i(is)h(enabled.)154 3093 y(32.)61 +(double-quoted)g(string,)330 3258 y(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h +Ft(histexpand)d Fu(option)i(is)h(enabled.)154 3404 y(32.)61 b(When)48 b(prin)m(ting)g(shell)h(function)f(de\014nitions)g(\(e.g.,)55 b(b)m(y)48 b Ft(type)p Fu(\),)k(Bash)d(do)s(es)f(not)h(prin)m(t)f(the) -330 3203 y Ft(function)28 b Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)154 3340 +330 3513 y Ft(function)28 b Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)154 3660 y(33.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(exit)h(if)f(a)g(syn)m (tax)g(error)g(in)f(an)h(arithmetic)h(expansion)f(results)f(in)h(an)330 -3450 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(expression.)154 3587 y(34.)61 +3769 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(expression.)154 3915 y(34.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g(a)f(parameter)h -(expansion)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)154 3724 y(35.)61 b(If)24 +(expansion)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)154 4061 y(35.)61 b(If)24 b(a)g Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f(returns)f(an)h(error)g (status,)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(exits.)39 -b(The)24 b(fatal)330 3833 y(errors)30 b(are)h(those)f(listed)h(in)f +b(The)24 b(fatal)330 4171 y(errors)30 b(are)h(those)f(listed)h(in)f (the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard,)h(and)g(include)g(things)g(lik)m(e)i -(passing)e(incorrect)330 3943 y(options,)43 b(redirection)d(errors,)i +(passing)e(incorrect)330 4281 y(options,)43 b(redirection)d(errors,)i (v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(assignmen)m(t)g(errors)e(for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i -(preceding)f(the)330 4052 y(command)30 b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)154 -4189 y(36.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e +(preceding)f(the)330 4390 y(command)30 b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)154 +4536 y(36.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e (an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g -(error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 4299 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m +(error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 4646 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m (ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39 -b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330 4408 y(error)30 +b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330 4756 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g(assign)f(a)h(v)-5 -b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 4545 +b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 4902 y(37.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h (error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e -(o)s(ccurs)330 4655 y(in)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t)g +(o)s(ccurs)330 5011 y(in)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t)g (preceding)e(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g(with)h(an)m(y)f -(other)h(simple)330 4765 y(command.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)23 +(other)h(simple)330 5121 y(command.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)23 b(an)m(y)g(other)g(simple)g(command,)h(the)f(shell)g(ab)s(orts)f -(execution)i(of)f(that)g(command,)330 4874 y(and)44 b(execution)i(con)m +(execution)i(of)f(that)g(command,)330 5230 y(and)44 b(execution)i(con)m (tin)m(ues)g(at)g(the)f(top)g(lev)m(el)h(\()p Ft(")p Fu(the)f(shell)h(shall)f(not)g(p)s(erform)e(an)m(y)i(further)330 -4984 y(pro)s(cessing)30 b(of)h(the)f(command)g(in)g(whic)m(h)h(the)f -(error)g(o)s(ccurred)p Ft(")p Fu(\).)154 5121 y(38.)61 -b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f(an)f(error)h -(status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(in)f(a)g -Ft(for)330 5230 y Fu(statemen)m(t)30 b(or)f(the)g(selection)h(v)-5 -b(ariable)30 b(in)e(a)h Ft(select)e Fu(statemen)m(t)k(is)d(a)h -(readonly)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(or)e(has)330 5340 y(an)i(in)m(v)-5 -b(alid)31 b(name.)p eop end +5340 y(pro)s(cessing)30 b(of)h(the)f(command)g(in)g(whic)m(h)h(the)f +(error)g(o)s(ccurred)p Ft(")p Fu(\).)p eop end %%Page: 117 123 TeXDict begin 117 122 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(117)154 299 y(39.)61 -b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g Fr(\014lename)k -Fu(in)30 b Ft(.)g Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(found.)154 -427 y(40.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)27 b(shells)c(exit)i(if)e(there)h -(is)f(a)h(syn)m(tax)g(error)f(in)g(a)h(script)f(read)g(with)h(the)f -Ft(.)g Fu(or)h Ft(source)330 536 y Fu(builtins,)30 b(or)g(in)g(a)h +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(117)154 299 y(38.)61 +b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f(an)f(error)h +(status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(in)f(a)g +Ft(for)330 408 y Fu(statemen)m(t)30 b(or)f(the)g(selection)h(v)-5 +b(ariable)30 b(in)e(a)h Ft(select)e Fu(statemen)m(t)k(is)d(a)h +(readonly)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(or)e(has)330 518 y(an)i(in)m(v)-5 +b(alid)31 b(name.)154 655 y(39.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 +b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g Fr(\014lename)k Fu(in)30 b Ft(.)g +Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(found.)154 792 y(40.)61 +b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)27 b(shells)c(exit)i(if)e(there)h(is)f(a)h(syn) +m(tax)g(error)f(in)g(a)h(script)f(read)g(with)h(the)f +Ft(.)g Fu(or)h Ft(source)330 902 y Fu(builtins,)30 b(or)g(in)g(a)h (string)g(pro)s(cessed)e(b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(eval)f Fu(builtin.)154 -664 y(41.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(shells)d(exit)g(if)g(the)f +1039 y(41.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(shells)d(exit)g(if)g(the)f Ft(export)p Fu(,)g Ft(readonly)e Fu(or)j Ft(unset)e Fu(builtin)h -(commands)g(get)i(an)330 774 y(argumen)m(t)j(that)f(is)g(not)h(a)f(v)-5 -b(alid)34 b(iden)m(ti\014er,)g(and)e(they)i(are)f(not)g(op)s(erating)h -(on)f(shell)g(functions.)330 883 y(These)d(errors)g(force)h(an)f(exit)h -(b)s(ecause)g(these)g(are)f(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)154 -1011 y(42.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e +(commands)g(get)i(an)330 1148 y(argumen)m(t)j(that)f(is)g(not)h(a)f(v) +-5 b(alid)34 b(iden)m(ti\014er,)g(and)e(they)i(are)f(not)g(op)s +(erating)h(on)f(shell)g(functions.)330 1258 y(These)d(errors)g(force)h +(an)f(exit)h(b)s(ecause)g(these)g(are)f(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)154 +1395 y(42.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s(ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f -(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 1121 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 -1249 y(43.)61 b(The)31 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(es)g(not)h +(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 1504 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 +1641 y(43.)61 b(The)31 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(es)g(not)h (prev)m(en)m(t)f(builtins)g(that)h(tak)m(e)h(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m -(ts)h(as)f(ar-)330 1358 y(gumen)m(ts)40 b(from)e(expanding)h(them)g(as) +(ts)h(as)f(ar-)330 1751 y(gumen)m(ts)40 b(from)e(expanding)h(them)g(as) h(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(ts;)46 b(when)38 b(not)i(in)f -Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)330 1468 y(declaration)29 b(commands)d(lose)i +Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)330 1861 y(declaration)29 b(commands)d(lose)i (their)g(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(t)h(expansion)e(prop)s(erties)f -(when)g(pre-)330 1577 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f Ft(command)p -Fu(.)154 1705 y(44.)61 b(Enabling)21 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(has)g +(when)g(pre-)330 1970 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f Ft(command)p +Fu(.)154 2107 y(44.)61 b(Enabling)21 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(has)g (the)g(e\013ect)i(of)e(setting)i(the)e Ft(inherit_errexit)d -Fu(option,)23 b(so)f(subshells)330 1815 y(spa)m(wned)27 +Fu(option,)23 b(so)f(subshells)330 2217 y(spa)m(wned)27 b(to)i(execute)g(command)e(substitutions)h(inherit)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)g Ft(-e)f Fu(option)h(from)g(the)330 -1924 y(paren)m(t)37 b(shell.)62 b(When)37 b(the)g Ft(inherit_errexit)c +2326 y(paren)m(t)37 b(shell.)62 b(When)37 b(the)g Ft(inherit_errexit)c Fu(option)38 b(is)f(not)h(enabled,)h(Bash)e(clears)h(the)g -Ft(-e)330 2034 y Fu(option)31 b(in)f(suc)m(h)g(subshells.)154 -2162 y(45.)61 b(Enabling)32 b Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(has)g(the)h +Ft(-e)330 2436 y Fu(option)31 b(in)f(suc)m(h)g(subshells.)154 +2573 y(45.)61 b(Enabling)32 b Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(has)g(the)h (e\013ect)g(of)g(setting)g(the)g Ft(shift_verbose)28 -b Fu(option,)34 b(so)e(n)m(umeric)330 2271 y(argumen)m(ts)f(to)g +b Fu(option,)34 b(so)e(n)m(umeric)330 2682 y(argumen)m(ts)f(to)g Ft(shift)f Fu(that)h(exceed)h(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(p)s (ositional)g(parameters)g(will)g(result)g(in)f(an)330 -2381 y(error)g(message.)154 2509 y(46.)61 b(Enabling)29 +2792 y(error)g(message.)154 2929 y(46.)61 b(Enabling)29 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(has)g(the)h(e\013ect)h(of)e(setting)i(the)e Ft(interactive_comments)24 b Fu(option)30 b(\(see)330 -2619 y(Section)h(3.1.3)h([Commen)m(ts],)g(page)f(9\).)154 -2746 y(47.)61 b(The)21 b Ft(.)h Fu(and)f Ft(source)f +3039 y(Section)h(3.1.3)h([Commen)m(ts],)g(page)f(9\).)154 +3176 y(47.)61 b(The)21 b Ft(.)h Fu(and)f Ft(source)f Fu(builtins)h(do)g(not)h(searc)m(h)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(directory)h -(for)g(the)g(\014lename)f(argumen)m(t)330 2856 y(if)30 +(for)g(the)g(\014lename)f(argumen)m(t)330 3285 y(if)30 b(it)h(is)g(not)f(found)f(b)m(y)i(searc)m(hing)g Ft(PATH)p -Fu(.)154 2984 y(48.)61 b(When)43 b(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(builtin)g +Fu(.)154 3422 y(48.)61 b(When)43 b(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(builtin)g (displa)m(ys)i(alias)g(de\014nitions,)i(it)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(displa)m -(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)330 3093 y(leading)31 b(`)p Ft(alias)e +(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)330 3532 y(leading)31 b(`)p Ft(alias)e Fu(')i(unless)f(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied.)154 -3221 y(49.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(bg)g Fu(builtin)g(uses)g(the)h(required)f +3669 y(49.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(bg)g Fu(builtin)g(uses)g(the)h(required)f (format)h(to)g(describ)s(e)f(eac)m(h)i(job)e(placed)h(in)f(the)h(bac)m -(kground,)330 3331 y(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)g(an)g +(kground,)330 3778 y(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)g(an)g (indication)h(of)f(whether)f(the)h(job)g(is)g(the)h(curren)m(t)e(or)h -(previous)g(job.)154 3459 y(50.)61 b(When)35 b(the)h +(previous)g(job.)154 3915 y(50.)61 b(When)35 b(the)h Ft(cd)e Fu(builtin)h(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)g(in)f(logical)j(mo)s(de,)e -(and)f(the)h(pathname)f(constructed)g(from)330 3568 y +(and)f(the)h(pathname)f(constructed)g(from)330 4025 y Ft($PWD)i Fu(and)h(the)h(directory)f(name)h(supplied)e(as)i(an)f (argumen)m(t)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(refer)h(to)g(an)f(existing)330 -3678 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Ft(cd)d Fu(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f +4134 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Ft(cd)d Fu(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f (falling)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f(ph)m(ysical)g(mo)s(de.)154 -3806 y(51.)61 b(When)37 b(the)h Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)g(cannot)h(c)m +4271 y(51.)61 b(When)37 b(the)h Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)g(cannot)h(c)m (hange)h(a)f(directory)g(b)s(ecause)g(the)g(length)g(of)f(the)h -(pathname)330 3915 y(constructed)27 b(from)g Ft($PWD)f +(pathname)330 4381 y(constructed)27 b(from)g Ft($PWD)f Fu(and)h(the)g(directory)h(name)f(supplied)f(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)g -(exceeds)h Ft(PATH_)330 4025 y(MAX)h Fu(when)h(canonicalized,)j +(exceeds)h Ft(PATH_)330 4491 y(MAX)h Fu(when)h(canonicalized,)j Ft(cd)c Fu(will)i(attempt)h(to)f(use)f(the)g(supplied)f(directory)i -(name.)154 4153 y(52.)61 b(When)41 b(the)g Ft(xpg_echo)e +(name.)154 4628 y(52.)61 b(When)41 b(the)g Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(option)i(is)g(enabled,)j(Bash)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)h(to)g(in)m -(terpret)f(an)m(y)h(ar-)330 4262 y(gumen)m(ts)i(to)g +(terpret)f(an)m(y)h(ar-)330 4737 y(gumen)m(ts)i(to)g Ft(echo)e Fu(as)i(options.)81 b Ft(echo)42 b Fu(displa)m(ys)h(eac)m(h)i (argumen)m(t)f(after)g(con)m(v)m(erting)h(escap)s(e)330 -4372 y(sequences.)154 4500 y(53.)61 b(The)38 b Ft(export)f +4847 y(sequences.)154 4984 y(53.)61 b(The)38 b Ft(export)f Fu(and)g Ft(readonly)f Fu(builtin)i(commands)g(displa)m(y)h(their)f -(output)g(in)g(the)h(format)g(re-)330 4609 y(quired)30 -b(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)p Fu(.)154 4737 y(54.)61 b(When)35 +(output)g(in)g(the)h(format)g(re-)330 5093 y(quired)30 +b(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)p Fu(.)154 5230 y(54.)61 b(When)35 b(listing)g(the)g(history)-8 b(,)36 b(the)f Ft(fc)g Fu(builtin)f(do)s (es)g(not)h(include)g(an)f(indication)i(of)f(whether)f(or)330 -4847 y(not)d(a)f(history)h(en)m(try)f(has)g(b)s(een)g(mo)s(di\014ed.) -154 4975 y(55.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(editor)h(used)f(b)m(y)g -Ft(fc)g Fu(is)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)154 5103 y(56.)61 b Ft(fc)30 -b Fu(treats)h(extra)g(argumen)m(ts)g(as)f(an)h(error)f(instead)g(of)h -(ignoring)g(them.)154 5230 y(57.)61 b(If)38 b(there)h(are)g(to)s(o)g -(man)m(y)g(argumen)m(ts)g(supplied)e(to)i Ft(fc)30 b(-s)p -Fu(,)40 b Ft(fc)e Fu(prin)m(ts)g(an)h(error)f(message)i(and)330 -5340 y(returns)29 b(failure.)p eop end +5340 y(not)d(a)f(history)h(en)m(try)f(has)g(b)s(een)g(mo)s(di\014ed.)p +eop end %%Page: 118 124 TeXDict begin 118 123 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(118)154 299 y(58.)61 -b(The)23 b(output)f(of)i(`)p Ft(kill)29 b(-l)p Fu(')23 -b(prin)m(ts)f(all)i(the)g(signal)f(names)g(on)g(a)h(single)g(line,)h -(separated)e(b)m(y)g(spaces,)330 408 y(without)30 b(the)h(`)p -Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154 545 y(59.)61 b(The)30 b -Ft(kill)f Fu(builtin)h(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept)h(signal)f(names)f(with)g -(a)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154 682 y(60.)61 b(The)33 -b Ft(printf)f Fu(builtin)i(uses)f Ft(double)f Fu(\(via)j -Ft(strtod)p Fu(\))d(to)j(con)m(v)m(ert)g(argumen)m(ts)f(corresp)s -(onding)f(to)330 792 y(\015oating)40 b(p)s(oin)m(t)f(con)m(v)m(ersion)h -(sp)s(eci\014ers,)h(instead)e(of)g Ft(long)29 b(double)38 -b Fu(if)h(it's)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)69 b(The)39 b(`)p -Ft(L)p Fu(')330 902 y(length)31 b(mo)s(di\014er)e(forces)i -Ft(printf)e Fu(to)i(use)f Ft(long)f(double)g Fu(if)h(it's)h(a)m(v)-5 -b(ailable.)154 1039 y(61.)61 b(The)36 b Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtin)h(v)m -(eri\014es)h(that)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(it)g(prin)m(ts)e(is)i(the)f -(same)h(as)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)-8 b(,)330 -1148 y(ev)m(en)31 b(if)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(ask)m(ed)h(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h -(the)f(\014le)f(system)h(with)f(the)h Ft(-P)e Fu(option.)154 -1285 y(62.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(in)m -(terrupted)h(b)m(y)g(a)h(signal)f(for)g(whic)m(h)g(a)h(trap)f(has)g(b)s -(een)f(set.)40 b(If)27 b(Bash)330 1395 y(receiv)m(es)41 -b(a)f(trapp)s(ed)e(signal)i(while)f(executing)h Ft(read)p -Fu(,)h(the)e(trap)h(handler)e(executes)i(and)f Ft(read)330 -1504 y Fu(returns)29 b(an)h(exit)i(status)e(greater)i(than)e(128.)154 -1641 y(63.)61 b(When)40 b(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok) -m(ed)h(without)f(options,)j(it)e(do)s(es)f(not)g(displa)m(y)g(shell)g -(function)330 1751 y(names)30 b(and)g(de\014nitions.)154 -1888 y(64.)61 b(When)36 b(the)g Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok) -m(ed)i(without)e(options,)i(it)f(displa)m(ys)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37 -b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(without)330 1998 y(quotes,)26 b(unless)d(they)i -(con)m(tain)g(shell)f(metac)m(haracters,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)f(the)g(result) -g(con)m(tains)i(nonprin)m(ting)330 2107 y(c)m(haracters.)154 -2244 y(65.)61 b(The)26 b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)g(compares)h(strings)g -(using)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale)h(when)e(ev)-5 -b(aluating)29 b(the)e(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)330 2354 -y(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')k(binary)e(op)s(erators.)154 2491 y(66.)61 -b(The)27 b Ft(test)f Fu(builtin's)g Ft(-t)h Fu(unary)f(primary)g -(requires)h(an)g(argumen)m(t.)40 b(Historical)29 b(v)m(ersions)f(of)f -Ft(test)330 2600 y Fu(made)c(the)h(argumen)m(t)g(optional)h(in)e -(certain)h(cases,)i(and)d(Bash)h(attempts)g(to)g(accommo)s(date)h -(those)330 2710 y(for)30 b(bac)m(kw)m(ards)h(compatibilit)m(y)-8 -b(.)154 2847 y(67.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g -(signal)i(names)e(without)g(the)h(leading)g Ft(SIG)p -Fu(.)154 2984 y(68.)61 b(The)39 b Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g -(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)g(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(for)e(a)i(p)s(ossible)e -(signal)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)330 3093 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e -(signal)i(handling)e(to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g -(is,)g(unless)f(that)h(argumen)m(t)330 3203 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(118)154 299 y(55.)61 +b(The)30 b(default)g(editor)h(used)f(b)m(y)g Ft(fc)g +Fu(is)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)154 427 y(56.)61 b Ft(fc)30 b Fu(treats)h(extra)g +(argumen)m(ts)g(as)f(an)h(error)f(instead)g(of)h(ignoring)g(them.)154 +555 y(57.)61 b(If)38 b(there)h(are)g(to)s(o)g(man)m(y)g(argumen)m(ts)g +(supplied)e(to)i Ft(fc)30 b(-s)p Fu(,)40 b Ft(fc)e Fu(prin)m(ts)g(an)h +(error)f(message)i(and)330 664 y(returns)29 b(failure.)154 +792 y(58.)61 b(The)23 b(output)f(of)i(`)p Ft(kill)29 +b(-l)p Fu(')23 b(prin)m(ts)f(all)i(the)g(signal)f(names)g(on)g(a)h +(single)g(line,)h(separated)e(b)m(y)g(spaces,)330 902 +y(without)30 b(the)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154 +1029 y(59.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(kill)f Fu(builtin)h(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept) +h(signal)f(names)f(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154 +1157 y(60.)61 b(The)33 b Ft(printf)f Fu(builtin)i(uses)f +Ft(double)f Fu(\(via)j Ft(strtod)p Fu(\))d(to)j(con)m(v)m(ert)g +(argumen)m(ts)f(corresp)s(onding)f(to)330 1267 y(\015oating)40 +b(p)s(oin)m(t)f(con)m(v)m(ersion)h(sp)s(eci\014ers,)h(instead)e(of)g +Ft(long)29 b(double)38 b Fu(if)h(it's)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)69 +b(The)39 b(`)p Ft(L)p Fu(')330 1377 y(length)31 b(mo)s(di\014er)e +(forces)i Ft(printf)e Fu(to)i(use)f Ft(long)f(double)g +Fu(if)h(it's)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)154 1504 y(61.)61 +b(The)36 b Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtin)h(v)m(eri\014es)h(that)g(the)f(v)-5 +b(alue)37 b(it)g(prin)m(ts)e(is)i(the)f(same)h(as)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f +(directory)-8 b(,)330 1614 y(ev)m(en)31 b(if)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(ask)m +(ed)h(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(\014le)f(system)h(with)f(the)h +Ft(-P)e Fu(option.)154 1742 y(62.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(read)f +Fu(builtin)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(in)m(terrupted)h(b)m(y)g(a)h(signal)f +(for)g(whic)m(h)g(a)h(trap)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(set.)40 +b(If)27 b(Bash)330 1851 y(receiv)m(es)41 b(a)f(trapp)s(ed)e(signal)i +(while)f(executing)h Ft(read)p Fu(,)h(the)e(trap)h(handler)e(executes)i +(and)f Ft(read)330 1961 y Fu(returns)29 b(an)h(exit)i(status)e(greater) +i(than)e(128.)154 2089 y(63.)61 b(When)40 b(the)g Ft(set)f +Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(without)f(options,)j(it)e(do)s(es) +f(not)g(displa)m(y)g(shell)g(function)330 2198 y(names)30 +b(and)g(de\014nitions.)154 2326 y(64.)61 b(When)36 b(the)g +Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(without)e(options,)i(it)f +(displa)m(ys)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(without)330 +2436 y(quotes,)26 b(unless)d(they)i(con)m(tain)g(shell)f(metac)m +(haracters,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)f(the)g(result)g(con)m(tains)i(nonprin)m +(ting)330 2545 y(c)m(haracters.)154 2673 y(65.)61 b(The)26 +b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)g(compares)h(strings)g(using)f(the)h(curren)m(t) +g(lo)s(cale)h(when)e(ev)-5 b(aluating)29 b(the)e(`)p +Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)330 2783 y(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')k(binary)e(op)s(erators.) +154 2911 y(66.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(test)f Fu(builtin's)g +Ft(-t)h Fu(unary)f(primary)g(requires)h(an)g(argumen)m(t.)40 +b(Historical)29 b(v)m(ersions)f(of)f Ft(test)330 3020 +y Fu(made)c(the)h(argumen)m(t)g(optional)h(in)e(certain)h(cases,)i(and) +d(Bash)h(attempts)g(to)g(accommo)s(date)h(those)330 3130 +y(for)30 b(bac)m(kw)m(ards)h(compatibilit)m(y)-8 b(.)154 +3258 y(67.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g(signal)i +(names)e(without)g(the)h(leading)g Ft(SIG)p Fu(.)154 +3386 y(68.)61 b(The)39 b Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g(c)m(hec)m +(k)h(the)g(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(for)e(a)i(p)s(ossible)e(signal)i(sp) +s(eci\014cation)330 3495 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e(signal)i +(handling)e(to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g(is,)g +(unless)f(that)h(argumen)m(t)330 3605 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g (digits)g(and)f(is)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)38 b(If)28 b(users)g(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g(reset)g(the)g(handler)330 -3313 y(for)h(a)g(giv)m(en)h(signal)g(to)f(the)h(original)g(disp)s +3714 y(for)h(a)g(giv)m(en)h(signal)g(to)f(the)h(original)g(disp)s (osition,)f(they)g(should)f(use)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(as)g(the)g(\014rst) -f(argumen)m(t.)154 3450 y(69.)61 b Ft(trap)29 b(-p)24 +f(argumen)m(t.)154 3842 y(69.)61 b Ft(trap)29 b(-p)24 b Fu(without)g(argumen)m(ts)g(displa)m(ys)g(signals)g(whose)g(disp)s -(ositions)g(are)g(set)h(to)f(SIG)p 3360 3450 28 4 v 40 -w(DFL)h(and)330 3559 y(those)31 b(that)g(w)m(ere)g(ignored)f(when)g +(ositions)g(are)g(set)h(to)f(SIG)p 3360 3842 28 4 v 40 +w(DFL)h(and)330 3952 y(those)31 b(that)g(w)m(ere)g(ignored)f(when)g (the)g(shell)h(started,)g(not)f(just)g(trapp)s(ed)f(signals.)154 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Ft(readonly)e +(it)g(attempts)h(to)330 4664 y(unset)29 b(a)g Ft(readonly)e Fu(or)i Ft(non-unsettable)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)30 b(whic)m(h)f(causes)h -(a)f(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(to)330 4408 y(exit.)154 -4545 y(73.)61 b(When)39 b(ask)m(ed)g(to)g(unset)g(a)g(v)-5 +(a)f(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(to)330 4774 y(exit.)154 +4902 y(73.)61 b(When)39 b(ask)m(ed)g(to)g(unset)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(that)h(app)s(ears)e(in)g(an)h(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m -(t)i(preceding)330 4655 y(the)30 b(command,)f(the)h Ft(unset)e +(t)i(preceding)330 5011 y(the)30 b(command,)f(the)h Ft(unset)e Fu(builtin)h(attempts)i(to)f(unset)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 -b(of)e(the)h(same)g(name)g(in)f(the)330 4765 y(curren)m(t)24 +b(of)e(the)h(same)g(name)g(in)f(the)330 5121 y(curren)m(t)24 b(or)g(previous)g(scop)s(e)g(as)g(w)m(ell.)40 b(This)23 b(implemen)m(ts)i(the)f(required)f Ft(")p Fu(if)h(an)g(assigned)g(v)-5 -b(ariable)330 4874 y(is)34 b(further)e(mo)s(di\014ed)g(b)m(y)i(the)g +b(ariable)330 5230 y(is)34 b(further)e(mo)s(di\014ed)g(b)m(y)i(the)g (utilit)m(y)-8 b(,)36 b(the)e(mo)s(di\014cations)g(made)g(b)m(y)f(the)h -(utilit)m(y)h(shall)f(p)s(ersist)p Ft(")330 4984 y Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior.) -154 5121 y(74.)61 b(The)39 b(arriv)-5 b(al)41 b(of)f -Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(when)h(a)h(trap)g(is)g(set)h(on)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e -Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(in)m(terrupt)g(the)g Ft(wait)330 5230 -y Fu(builtin)c(and)h(cause)g(it)h(to)f(return)f(immediately)-8 -b(.)62 b(The)37 b(trap)f(command)h(is)g(run)e(once)j(for)f(eac)m(h)330 -5340 y(c)m(hild)31 b(that)g(exits.)p eop end +(utilit)m(y)h(shall)f(p)s(ersist)p Ft(")330 5340 y Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior.)p +eop end %%Page: 119 125 TeXDict begin 119 124 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(119)154 299 y(75.)61 -b(Bash)27 b(remo)m(v)m(es)h(an)e(exited)i(bac)m(kground)e(pro)s(cess's) -h(status)g(from)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(suc)m(h)f(statuses)h(after)330 -408 y(the)k Ft(wait)e Fu(builtin)h(is)g(used)g(to)h(obtain)g(it.)275 -576 y(There)j(is)g(other)h Fm(posix)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(that)g(Bash)g -(do)s(es)f(not)h(implemen)m(t)g(b)m(y)g(default)f(ev)m(en)i(when)d(in) -150 686 y Fm(posix)d Fu(mo)s(de.)40 b(Sp)s(eci\014cally:)199 -826 y(1.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(fc)f Fu(builtin)h(c)m(hec)m(ks)i +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(119)154 299 y(74.)61 +b(The)39 b(arriv)-5 b(al)41 b(of)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(when)h(a)h(trap)g +(is)g(set)h(on)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(in)m(terrupt)g(the)g +Ft(wait)330 408 y Fu(builtin)c(and)h(cause)g(it)h(to)f(return)f +(immediately)-8 b(.)62 b(The)37 b(trap)f(command)h(is)g(run)e(once)j +(for)f(eac)m(h)330 518 y(c)m(hild)31 b(that)g(exits.)154 +648 y(75.)61 b(Bash)27 b(remo)m(v)m(es)h(an)e(exited)i(bac)m(kground)e +(pro)s(cess's)h(status)g(from)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(suc)m(h)f(statuses)h +(after)330 758 y(the)k Ft(wait)e Fu(builtin)h(returns)f(it.)275 +908 y(There)34 b(is)g(other)h Fm(posix)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(that)g +(Bash)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(implemen)m(t)g(b)m(y)g(default)f(ev)m(en)i +(when)d(in)150 1018 y 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y(one)f(curren)m(t)f(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el)f +b(is)g(only)150 2477 y(one)f(curren)m(t)f(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el)f ({)f(eac)m(h)h(option)f(is)g(m)m(utually)g(exclusiv)m(e.)41 -b(The)28 b(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el)150 2307 y(is)39 +b(The)28 b(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el)150 2587 y(is)39 b(in)m(tended)g(to)h(allo)m(w)g(users)e(to)i(select)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)e (from)f(previous)h(v)m(ersions)g(that)h(is)f(incompatible)150 -2417 y(with)d(new)m(er)g(v)m(ersions)g(while)g(they)g(migrate)h +2697 y(with)d(new)m(er)g(v)m(ersions)g(while)g(they)g(migrate)h (scripts)f(to)h(use)f(curren)m(t)f(features)i(and)e(b)s(eha)m(vior.)58 -b(It's)150 2526 y(in)m(tended)30 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(temp)s(orary)f -(solution.)275 2667 y(This)k(section)j(do)s(es)e(not)h(men)m(tion)g(b)s +b(It's)150 2806 y(in)m(tended)30 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(temp)s(orary)f +(solution.)275 2936 y(This)k(section)j(do)s(es)e(not)h(men)m(tion)g(b)s (eha)m(vior)g(that)g(is)f(standard)g(for)g(a)h(particular)g(v)m(ersion) -g(\(e.g.,)150 2776 y(setting)d Ft(compat32)c Fu(means)i(that)h(quoting) +g(\(e.g.,)150 3046 y(setting)d Ft(compat32)c Fu(means)i(that)h(quoting) g(the)g(righ)m(t)g(hand)e(side)h(of)h(the)f(regexp)h(matc)m(hing)h(op)s -(erator)150 2886 y(quotes)42 b(sp)s(ecial)f(regexp)h(c)m(haracters)g +(erator)150 3155 y(quotes)42 b(sp)s(ecial)f(regexp)h(c)m(haracters)g (in)f(the)g(w)m(ord,)j(whic)m(h)c(is)i(default)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(in)g -(bash-3.2)h(and)150 2995 y(subsequen)m(t)30 b(v)m(ersions\).)275 -3135 y(If)f(a)h(user)f(enables,)h(sa)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b +(bash-3.2)h(and)150 3265 y(subsequen)m(t)30 b(v)m(ersions\).)275 +3395 y(If)f(a)h(user)f(enables,)h(sa)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b Ft(compat32)p Fu(,)d(it)i(ma)m(y)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)g -(of)g(other)g(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(els)150 3245 y(up)23 +(of)g(other)g(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(els)150 3505 y(up)23 b(to)h(and)f(including)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m (el.)41 b(The)23 b(idea)h(is)g(that)g(eac)m(h)h(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev) -m(el)150 3355 y(con)m(trols)35 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(that)g(c)m(hanged)g +m(el)150 3614 y(con)m(trols)35 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(that)g(c)m(hanged)g (in)f(that)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g(Bash,)h(but)e(that)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)g -(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)150 3464 y(presen)m(t)f(in)g(earlier)g +(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)150 3724 y(presen)m(t)f(in)g(earlier)g (v)m(ersions.)52 b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(instance,)g(the)f(c)m(hange)h(to)g -(use)f(lo)s(cale-based)h(comparisons)f(with)150 3574 +(use)f(lo)s(cale-based)h(comparisons)f(with)150 3833 y(the)e Ft([[)f Fu(command)g(came)h(in)g(bash-4.1,)h(and)d(earlier)j(v) m(ersions)f(used)f(ASCI)s(I-based)f(comparisons,)i(so)150 -3683 y(enabling)27 b Ft(compat32)e Fu(will)i(enable)g(ASCI)s(I-based)e +3943 y(enabling)27 b Ft(compat32)e Fu(will)i(enable)g(ASCI)s(I-based)e (comparisons)i(as)g(w)m(ell.)41 b(That)26 b(gran)m(ularit)m(y)i(ma)m(y) -g(not)150 3793 y(b)s(e)i(su\016cien)m(t)i(for)f(all)g(uses,)g(and)g(as) +g(not)150 4053 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+(than)g(bash-5.0.)275 5230 y(The)24 b(follo)m(wing)i(table)g(describ)s (es)e(the)i(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(c)m(hanges)h(con)m(trolled)g(b)m(y)f(eac)m -(h)h(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(el)150 5121 y(setting.)43 +(h)h(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(el)150 5340 y(setting.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)39 b Fu(tag)32 b(is)f(used)f(as)h (shorthand)e(for)h(setting)i(the)f(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(to)g -Fr(NN)150 5230 y Fu(using)37 b(one)h(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(mec)m -(hanisms.)63 b(F)-8 b(or)39 b(v)m(ersions)f(prior)f(to)h(bash-5.0,)j -(the)d(compatibilit)m(y)150 5340 y(lev)m(el)d(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(set)i -(using)e(the)i(corresp)s(onding)e Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)41 -b Fu(shopt)33 b(option.)50 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(bash-4.3)f(and)g(later)p -eop end +Fr(NN)p eop end %%Page: 120 126 TeXDict begin 120 125 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(120)150 299 y(v)m(ersions,)40 +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(120)150 299 y(using)37 +b(one)h(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(mec)m(hanisms.)63 b(F)-8 +b(or)39 b(v)m(ersions)f(prior)f(to)h(bash-5.0,)j(the)d(compatibilit)m +(y)150 408 y(lev)m(el)d(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(set)i(using)e(the)i(corresp)s +(onding)e Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)41 b Fu(shopt)33 b(option.)50 +b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(bash-4.3)f(and)g(later)150 518 y(v)m(ersions,)40 b(the)e Ft(BASH_COMPAT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(is)e(preferred,)i(and)e (it)i(is)f(required)f(for)g(bash-5.1)i(and)e(later)150 -408 y(v)m(ersions.)150 556 y Ft(compat31)705 685 y Fq(\017)60 +628 y(v)m(ersions.)150 787 y Ft(compat31)705 922 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Quoting)32 b(the)f(rhs)g(of)g(the)h Ft([[)e Fu(command's)i(regexp) f(matc)m(hing)i(op)s(erator)f(\(=)p Ft(~)p Fu(\))f(has)810 -794 y(no)f(sp)s(ecial)h(e\013ect)150 942 y Ft(compat40)705 -1071 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)32 b(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p +1031 y(no)f(sp)s(ecial)h(e\013ect)150 1191 y Ft(compat40)705 +1325 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)32 b(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(to)g(the)f 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y(a)h(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)g(\(this)h +(is)f Fm(posix)g Fu(in)m(terpretation)i(267\).)705 2192 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)36 b(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de,)j(the)e(parser)g (requires)g(that)h(an)f(ev)m(en)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(single)h -(quotes)810 2024 y(o)s(ccur)28 b(in)g(the)h Fr(w)m(ord)i +(quotes)810 2301 y(o)s(ccur)28 b(in)g(the)h Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(p)s(ortion)d(of)h(a)g(double-quoted)f($)p Fi({)6 b Fu(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b Fi(})29 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)810 -2133 y(and)34 b(treats)h(them)f(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(,)37 +2411 y(and)34 b(treats)h(them)f(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(,)37 b(so)e(that)g(c)m(haracters)g(within)f(the)h(single)g(quotes)g(are)810 -2243 y(considered)30 b(quoted)h(\(this)f(is)h Fm(posix)e -Fu(in)m(terpretation)j(221\).)150 2391 y Ft(compat42)705 -2519 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45 b(replacemen)m(t)i(string)f(in)f +2521 y(considered)30 b(quoted)h(\(this)f(is)h Fm(posix)e +Fu(in)m(terpretation)j(221\).)150 2680 y Ft(compat42)705 +2814 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45 b(replacemen)m(t)i(string)f(in)f 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b(later)h(v)m(ersions,)h(single)f(quotes)g(are)g(not)f(sp)s -(ecial)810 3196 y(within)30 b(double-quoted)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions.)150 -3344 y Ft(compat43)705 3472 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(W)-8 b(ord)32 +(ecial)810 3497 y(within)30 b(double-quoted)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions.)150 +3656 y Ft(compat43)705 3791 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(W)-8 b(ord)32 b(expansion)g(errors)g(are)g(considered)g(non-fatal)h(errors)e(that)i -(cause)f(the)g(cur-)810 3582 y(ren)m(t)c(command)g(to)h(fail,)h(ev)m +(cause)f(the)g(cur-)810 3900 y(ren)m(t)c(command)g(to)h(fail,)h(ev)m (en)f(in)e(p)s(osix)h(mo)s(de)g(\(the)g(default)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(is)g -(to)h(mak)m(e)810 3691 y(them)h(fatal)i(errors)e(that)h(cause)g(the)f -(shell)h(to)g(exit\).)705 3820 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(When)36 +(to)h(mak)m(e)810 4010 y(them)h(fatal)i(errors)e(that)h(cause)g(the)f +(shell)h(to)g(exit\).)705 4144 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(When)36 b(executing)h(a)f(shell)g(function,)h(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)h -(\(while/un)m(til/etc.\))61 b(is)36 b(not)810 3930 y(reset,)e(so)g +(\(while/un)m(til/etc.\))61 b(is)36 b(not)810 4254 y(reset,)e(so)g Ft(break)d Fu(or)i Ft(continue)e Fu(in)h(that)i(function)f(will)g -(break)g(or)g(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(lo)s(ops)810 4039 y(in)h(the)g(calling)h +(break)g(or)g(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(lo)s(ops)810 4364 y(in)h(the)g(calling)h (con)m(text.)57 b(Bash-4.4)37 b(and)d(later)i(reset)g(the)f(lo)s(op)g -(state)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)810 4149 y(this.)150 4296 -y Ft(compat44)705 4425 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38 b(shell)g(sets)g(up)g +(state)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)810 4473 y(this.)150 4633 +y Ft(compat44)705 4767 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38 b(shell)g(sets)g(up)g (the)g(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(used)g(b)m(y)g Ft(BASH_ARGV)d -Fu(and)j Ft(BASH_ARGC)d Fu(so)k(they)810 4535 y(can)26 +Fu(and)j Ft(BASH_ARGC)d Fu(so)k(they)810 4877 y(can)26 b(expand)f(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(ev)m(en)h -(if)e(extended)h(debugging)810 4644 y(mo)s(de)k(is)g(not)h(enabled.)705 -4773 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(A)38 b(subshell)f(inherits)g(lo)s(ops)h(from)f +(if)e(extended)h(debugging)810 4986 y(mo)s(de)k(is)g(not)h(enabled.)705 +5121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(A)38 b(subshell)f(inherits)g(lo)s(ops)h(from)f (its)h(paren)m(t)g(con)m(text,)k(so)c Ft(break)e Fu(or)i -Ft(continue)810 4883 y Fu(will)d(cause)g(the)f(subshell)f(to)i(exit.)54 +Ft(continue)810 5230 y Fu(will)d(cause)g(the)f(subshell)f(to)i(exit.)54 b(Bash-5.0)36 b(and)d(later)j(reset)f(the)f(lo)s(op)h(state)g(to)810 -4992 y(prev)m(en)m(t)c(the)g(exit.)705 5121 y Fq(\017)60 -b Fu(V)-8 b(ariable)27 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(builtins)g(lik)m -(e)i Ft(export)d Fu(and)i Ft(readonly)d Fu(that)j(set)810 -5230 y(attributes)37 b(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(to)g(a\013ect)g(v)-5 -b(ariables)37 b(with)g(the)f(same)h(name)g(in)g(the)f(calling)810 -5340 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)31 b(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h(shell)g(is)f(not)h -(in)f(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de.)p eop end +5340 y(prev)m(en)m(t)c(the)g(exit.)p eop end %%Page: 121 127 TeXDict begin 121 126 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(121)150 299 y Ft(compat50)28 -b(\(set)h(using)g(BASH_COMPAT\))705 408 y Fq(\017)60 -b Fu(Bash-5.1)29 b(c)m(hanged)g(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)g Ft($RANDOM)e -Fu(is)i(generated)h(to)f(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(sligh)m(tly)h(more)810 -518 y(randomness.)39 b(If)30 b(the)f(shell)h(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m -(el)f(is)f(set)g(to)h(50)f(or)g(lo)m(w)m(er,)h(it)f(rev)m(erts)810 -628 y(to)e(the)g(metho)s(d)f(from)g(bash-5.0)h(and)f(previous)g(v)m -(ersions,)i(so)e(seeding)h(the)g(random)810 737 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 -b(generator)j(b)m(y)e(assigning)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 -b(to)g Ft(RANDOM)e Fu(will)i(pro)s(duce)e(the)i(same)810 -847 y(sequence)31 b(as)f(in)g(bash-5.0.)705 980 y Fq(\017)60 -b Fu(If)22 b(the)g(command)g(hash)f(table)i(is)f(empt)m(y)-8 -b(,)25 b(Bash)d(v)m(ersions)g(prior)g(to)h(bash-5.1)f(prin)m(ted)810 -1089 y(an)29 b(informational)i(message)g(to)f(that)g(e\013ect,)h(ev)m -(en)g(when)d(pro)s(ducing)g(output)h(that)810 1199 y(can)40 -b(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)69 b(Bash-5.1)42 b(suppresses)c(that)j -(message)g(when)e(the)i Ft(-l)810 1309 y Fu(option)31 -b(is)f(supplied.)150 1465 y Ft(compat51)e(\(set)h(using)g -(BASH_COMPAT\))705 1575 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38 b Ft(unset)g -Fu(builtin)g(will)h(unset)f(the)h(arra)m(y)g Ft(a)g Fu(giv)m(en)g(an)g -(argumen)m(t)g(lik)m(e)h(`)p Ft(a[@])p Fu('.)810 1684 -y(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(unset)f(an)g(elemen)m(t)i(with)e(k)m(ey)i(`)p -Ft(@)p Fu(')e(\(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)k(arra)m(ys\))d(or)f(remo)m(v)m(e)810 -1794 y(all)h(the)g(elemen)m(ts)h(without)e(unsetting)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g -(\(indexed)f(arra)m(ys\).)705 1927 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)34 -b(commands)f(\()g(\(\(...\)\))51 b(\))e(and)32 b(the)h(expressions)g -(in)g(an)g(arithmetic)h(for)810 2037 y(statemen)m(t)e(can)f(b)s(e)f -(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once.)705 2170 y Fq(\017)60 -b Fu(Expressions)20 b(used)f(as)i(argumen)m(ts)g(to)g(arithmetic)h(op)s -(erators)f(in)f(the)h Ft([[)f Fu(conditional)810 2279 -y(command)30 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once.)705 -2412 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)31 b(expressions)g(in)h(substring)e -(parameter)i(brace)g(expansion)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 -2522 y(more)g(than)f(once.)705 2655 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)36 -b(expressions)h(in)f(the)h($\(\()h(...)60 b(\)\))g(w)m(ord)36 -b(expansion)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)g(more)810 2765 -y(than)30 b(once.)705 2898 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)33 -b(expressions)f(used)g(as)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)i(subscripts)e(can)i(b)s -(e)f(expanded)810 3007 y(more)f(than)f(once.)705 3140 -y Fq(\017)60 b Ft(test)29 b(-v)p Fu(,)35 b(when)f(giv)m(en)h(an)g -(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(`)p Ft(A[@])p Fu(',)h(where)f Fr(A)h -Fu(is)f(an)h(existing)g(asso-)810 3250 y(ciativ)m(e)h(arra)m(y)-8 -b(,)37 b(will)d(return)f(true)g(if)h(the)h(arra)m(y)f(has)g(an)m(y)g -(set)g(elemen)m(ts.)53 b(Bash-5.2)810 3360 y(will)31 -b(lo)s(ok)g(for)f(and)g(rep)s(ort)f(on)i(a)f(k)m(ey)i(named)d(`)p -Ft(@)p Fu('.)705 3493 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)40 b($)p -Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7 b Fu([:]=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)5 b -Fi(})42 b Fu(w)m(ord)e(expansion)f(will)i(return)d Fr(v)-5 -b(alue)p Fu(,)43 b(b)s(efore)d(an)m(y)810 3602 y(v)-5 -b(ariable-sp)s(eci\014c)34 b(transformations)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)e -(p)s(erformed)f(\(e.g.,)36 b(con)m(v)m(erting)e(to)810 -3712 y(lo)m(w)m(ercase\).)43 b(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(return)e(the)i +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(121)705 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(V)-8 b(ariable)27 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(builtins)g(lik)m +(e)i Ft(export)d Fu(and)i Ft(readonly)d Fu(that)j(set)810 +408 y(attributes)37 b(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(to)g(a\013ect)g(v)-5 +b(ariables)37 b(with)g(the)f(same)h(name)g(in)g(the)f(calling)810 +518 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)31 b(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h(shell)g(is)f(not)h +(in)f(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de.)150 686 y Ft(compat50)f(\(set)h(using)g +(BASH_COMPAT\))705 796 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash-5.1)29 +b(c)m(hanged)g(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)g Ft($RANDOM)e Fu(is)i(generated)h(to)f +(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(sligh)m(tly)h(more)810 905 y(randomness.)39 +b(If)30 b(the)f(shell)h(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(is)f(set)g(to)h +(50)f(or)g(lo)m(w)m(er,)h(it)f(rev)m(erts)810 1015 y(to)e(the)g(metho)s +(d)f(from)g(bash-5.0)h(and)f(previous)g(v)m(ersions,)i(so)e(seeding)h +(the)g(random)810 1124 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 b(generator)j(b)m(y)e +(assigning)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(to)g Ft(RANDOM)e Fu(will)i(pro)s +(duce)e(the)i(same)810 1234 y(sequence)31 b(as)f(in)g(bash-5.0.)705 +1373 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(If)22 b(the)g(command)g(hash)f(table)i(is)f +(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)25 b(Bash)d(v)m(ersions)g(prior)g(to)h(bash-5.1)f +(prin)m(ted)810 1482 y(an)29 b(informational)i(message)g(to)f(that)g +(e\013ect,)h(ev)m(en)g(when)d(pro)s(ducing)g(output)h(that)810 +1592 y(can)40 b(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)69 b(Bash-5.1)42 +b(suppresses)c(that)j(message)g(when)e(the)i Ft(-l)810 +1702 y Fu(option)31 b(is)f(supplied.)150 1870 y Ft(compat51)e(\(set)h +(using)g(BASH_COMPAT\))705 1979 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38 +b Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)g(will)h(unset)f(the)h(arra)m(y)g +Ft(a)g Fu(giv)m(en)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(lik)m(e)h(`)p +Ft(a[@])p Fu('.)810 2089 y(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(unset)f(an)g(elemen)m +(t)i(with)e(k)m(ey)i(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')e(\(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)k(arra)m +(ys\))d(or)f(remo)m(v)m(e)810 2198 y(all)h(the)g(elemen)m(ts)h(without) +e(unsetting)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(\(indexed)f(arra)m(ys\).)705 +2337 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)31 b(commands)f(\()h(\(\()6 +b(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b(\)\))31 b(\))g(and)f(the)g(expressions)g(in)g(an)h +(arithmetic)g(for)810 2447 y(statemen)m(t)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(expanded)f +(more)i(than)f(once.)705 2586 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Expressions)20 +b(used)f(as)i(argumen)m(ts)g(to)g(arithmetic)h(op)s(erators)f(in)f(the) +h Ft([[)f Fu(conditional)810 2695 y(command)30 b(can)h(b)s(e)f +(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once.)705 2834 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(The)31 b(expressions)g(in)h(substring)e(parameter)i(brace)g +(expansion)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 2944 y(more)g(than)f(once.)705 +3082 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35 b(expressions)g(in)g(the)h($\(\()42 +b(.)22 b(.)g(.)47 b(\)\))36 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(can)f(b)s(e)g +(expanded)g(more)810 3192 y(than)30 b(once.)705 3331 +y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)33 b(expressions)f(used)g(as)h(indexed)e +(arra)m(y)i(subscripts)e(can)i(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 3440 +y(more)f(than)f(once.)705 3579 y Fq(\017)60 b Ft(test)29 +b(-v)p Fu(,)35 b(when)f(giv)m(en)h(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(`)p +Ft(A[@])p Fu(',)h(where)f Fr(A)h Fu(is)f(an)h(existing)g(asso-)810 +3689 y(ciativ)m(e)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)37 b(will)d(return)f(true)g(if)h +(the)h(arra)m(y)f(has)g(an)m(y)g(set)g(elemen)m(ts.)53 +b(Bash-5.2)810 3798 y(will)31 b(lo)s(ok)g(for)f(and)g(rep)s(ort)f(on)i +(a)f(k)m(ey)i(named)d(`)p Ft(@)p Fu('.)705 3937 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(the)40 b($)p Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7 b Fu([:]=)p Fr(v)-5 +b(alue)5 b Fi(})42 b Fu(w)m(ord)e(expansion)f(will)i(return)d +Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)43 b(b)s(efore)d(an)m(y)810 4047 +y(v)-5 b(ariable-sp)s(eci\014c)34 b(transformations)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s +(een)e(p)s(erformed)f(\(e.g.,)36 b(con)m(v)m(erting)e(to)810 +4156 y(lo)m(w)m(ercase\).)43 b(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(return)e(the)i (\014nal)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(assigned)f(to)i(the)e(v)-5 -b(ariable.)705 3845 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)40 b(command)f +b(ariable.)705 4295 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)40 b(command)f (substitutions)f(will)i(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g(as)f(if)g(extended)g -(globbing)h(\(see)810 3954 y(Section)e(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f +(globbing)h(\(see)810 4405 y(Section)e(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f (Builtin],)j(page)f(76\))g(is)f(enabled,)i(so)e(that)g(parsing)g(a)810 -4064 y(command)24 b(substitution)g(con)m(taining)h(an)f(extglob)i +4514 y(command)24 b(substitution)g(con)m(taining)h(an)f(extglob)i (pattern)e(\(sa)m(y)-8 b(,)27 b(as)d(part)g(of)g(a)h(shell)810 -4174 y(function\))30 b(will)h(not)g(fail.)41 b(This)30 +4624 y(function\))30 b(will)h(not)g(fail.)41 b(This)30 b(assumes)g(the)h(in)m(ten)m(t)g(is)g(to)g(enable)g(extglob)g(b)s -(efore)810 4283 y(the)i(command)f(is)g(executed)h(and)f(w)m(ord)g +(efore)810 4734 y(the)i(command)f(is)g(executed)h(and)f(w)m(ord)g (expansions)g(are)h(p)s(erformed.)45 b(It)33 b(will)f(fail)810 -4393 y(at)42 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(time)g(if)f(extglob)i(hasn't)e(b)s -(een)g(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(time)g(the)810 4502 y(command)30 -b(is)h(executed.)150 4659 y Ft(compat52)d(\(set)h(using)g -(BASH_COMPAT\))705 4769 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)23 b Ft(test)g +4843 y(at)42 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(time)g(if)f(extglob)i(hasn't)e(b)s +(een)g(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(time)g(the)810 4953 y(command)30 +b(is)h(executed.)150 5121 y Ft(compat52)d(\(set)h(using)g +(BASH_COMPAT\))705 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)23 b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)g(uses)h(its)g(historical)h(algorithm)g(to)f(parse)g(paren)m -(thesized)g(sub)s(ex-)810 4878 y(pressions)30 b(when)f(giv)m(en)i -(\014v)m(e)g(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts.)705 5011 y Fq(\017)60 -b Fu(If)25 b(the)h Ft(-p)f Fu(or)h Ft(-P)f Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)e -(to)j(the)f Ft(bind)e Fu(builtin,)i Ft(bind)f Fu(treats)i(an)m(y)f -(argu-)810 5121 y(men)m(ts)h(remaining)g(after)h(option)f(pro)s -(cessing)g(as)g(bindable)f(command)h(names,)h(and)810 -5230 y(displa)m(ys)k(an)m(y)f(k)m(ey)i(sequences)f(b)s(ound)d(to)j -(those)g(commands,)g(instead)g(of)g(treating)810 5340 -y(the)f(argumen)m(ts)f(as)h(k)m(ey)g(sequences)g(to)g(bind.)p -eop end +(thesized)g(sub)s(ex-)810 5340 y(pressions)30 b(when)f(giv)m(en)i +(\014v)m(e)g(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts.)p eop end %%Page: 122 128 TeXDict begin 122 127 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(122)705 299 y Fq(\017)60 -b Fu(In)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(will)h(notify)g(the)f(user)g(of)h -(completed)g(jobs)f(while)g(sourcing)h(a)810 408 y(script.)i(New)m(er) -31 b(v)m(ersions)f(defer)g(noti\014cation)i(un)m(til)f(script)f -(execution)i(completes.)p eop end +b Fu(If)25 b(the)h Ft(-p)f Fu(or)h Ft(-P)f Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)e +(to)j(the)f Ft(bind)e Fu(builtin,)i Ft(bind)f Fu(treats)i(an)m(y)f +(argu-)810 408 y(men)m(ts)h(remaining)g(after)h(option)f(pro)s(cessing) +g(as)g(bindable)f(command)h(names,)h(and)810 518 y(displa)m(ys)k(an)m +(y)f(k)m(ey)i(sequences)f(b)s(ound)d(to)j(those)g(commands,)g(instead)g +(of)g(treating)810 628 y(the)f(argumen)m(ts)f(as)h(k)m(ey)g(sequences)g +(to)g(bind.)705 762 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)m(teractiv)m(e)41 +b(shells)d(will)h(notify)g(the)f(user)g(of)h(completed)g(jobs)f(while)g +(sourcing)h(a)810 872 y(script.)i(New)m(er)31 b(v)m(ersions)f(defer)g +(noti\014cation)i(un)m(til)f(script)f(execution)i(completes.)p +eop end %%Page: 123 129 TeXDict begin 123 128 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(123)150 299 y Fp(7)80 b(Job)54 b(Con)l(trol)150 551 y Fu(This)25 @@ -17293,27 +17303,27 @@ b(,)32 b(`)p Ft(\0451)e(&)p Fu(')i(resumes)150 1805 y(job)e(1)h(in)f (the)g(bac)m(kground,)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(`)p Ft(bg)f(\0451)p Fu('.)275 1955 y(The)g(shell)i(learns)f(immediately)i (whenev)m(er)e(a)h(job)f(c)m(hanges)h(state.)45 b(Normally)-8 -b(,)33 b(Bash)e(w)m(aits)i(un)m(til)150 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y(appropriate)j(c)m(haracter.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(RET)f Fu(k)m(ey)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(lab)s(eled)h Ft(Return)d Fu(or)j Ft(Enter)d Fu(on)j(some)g(k)m(eyb)s(oards.)150 -4961 y Fs(8.2)68 b(Readline)47 b(In)l(teraction)150 5121 +5071 y Fs(8.2)68 b(Readline)47 b(In)l(teraction)150 5230 y Fu(Often)32 b(during)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(session)e(y)m(ou)g(t) m(yp)s(e)g(in)f(a)h(long)g(line)g(of)f(text,)j(only)d(to)i(notice)g -(that)f(the)150 5230 y(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)g(on)g(the)g(line)h(is)g +(that)f(the)150 5340 y(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)g(on)g(the)g(line)h(is)g (missp)s(elled.)46 b(The)32 b(Readline)h(library)f(giv)m(es)h(y)m(ou)g -(a)g(set)g(of)f(commands)g(for)150 5340 y(manipulating)e(the)g(text)h -(as)f(y)m(ou)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(it)g(in,)g(allo)m(wing)h(y)m(ou)f(to)h -(just)e(\014x)g(y)m(our)h(t)m(yp)s(o,)g(and)g(not)g(forcing)p -eop end +(a)g(set)g(of)f(commands)g(for)p eop end %%Page: 129 135 TeXDict begin 129 134 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 -b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(129)150 299 y(y)m(ou)28 -b(to)h(ret)m(yp)s(e)g(the)f(ma)5 b(jorit)m(y)29 b(of)f(the)h(line.)40 -b(Using)28 b(these)h(editing)g(commands,)f(y)m(ou)h(mo)m(v)m(e)g(the)g -(cursor)150 408 y(to)35 b(the)f(place)i(that)e(needs)g(correction,)j -(and)d(delete)h(or)f(insert)h(the)f(text)h(of)g(the)f(corrections.)54 -b(Then,)150 518 y(when)24 b(y)m(ou)h(are)g(satis\014ed)g(with)g(the)g -(line,)i(y)m(ou)e(simply)f(press)g Ft(RET)p Fu(.)39 b(Y)-8 -b(ou)25 b(do)g(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(at)h(the)h(end)150 -628 y(of)33 b(the)h(line)g(to)g(press)e Ft(RET)p Fu(;)i(the)g(en)m -(tire)g(line)f(is)h(accepted)g(regardless)g(of)f(the)h(lo)s(cation)h -(of)e(the)h(cursor)150 737 y(within)c(the)g(line.)150 -935 y Fk(8.2.1)63 b(Readline)40 b(Bare)h(Essen)m(tials)150 -1082 y Fu(In)31 b(order)h(to)h(en)m(ter)g(c)m(haracters)g(in)m(to)g +b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(129)150 299 y(manipulating)30 +b(the)g(text)h(as)f(y)m(ou)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(it)g(in,)g(allo)m(wing)h(y)m +(ou)f(to)h(just)e(\014x)g(y)m(our)h(t)m(yp)s(o,)g(and)g(not)g(forcing) +150 408 y(y)m(ou)e(to)h(ret)m(yp)s(e)g(the)f(ma)5 b(jorit)m(y)29 +b(of)f(the)h(line.)40 b(Using)28 b(these)h(editing)g(commands,)f(y)m +(ou)h(mo)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(cursor)150 518 y(to)35 b(the)f(place)i(that)e +(needs)g(correction,)j(and)d(delete)h(or)f(insert)h(the)f(text)h(of)g +(the)f(corrections.)54 b(Then,)150 628 y(when)24 b(y)m(ou)h(are)g +(satis\014ed)g(with)g(the)g(line,)i(y)m(ou)e(simply)f(press)g +Ft(RET)p Fu(.)39 b(Y)-8 b(ou)25 b(do)g(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)g(b)s(e)e +(at)h(the)h(end)150 737 y(of)33 b(the)h(line)g(to)g(press)e +Ft(RET)p Fu(;)i(the)g(en)m(tire)g(line)f(is)h(accepted)g(regardless)g +(of)f(the)h(lo)s(cation)h(of)e(the)h(cursor)150 847 y(within)c(the)g +(line.)150 1048 y Fk(8.2.1)63 b(Readline)40 b(Bare)h(Essen)m(tials)150 +1195 y Fu(In)31 b(order)h(to)h(en)m(ter)g(c)m(haracters)g(in)m(to)g (the)g(line,)g(simply)e(t)m(yp)s(e)i(them.)46 b(The)31 -b(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(c)m(haracter)i(app)s(ears)150 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b(Afterw)m(ards,)31 +1769 y(then)f(correct)i(y)m(our)e(mistak)m(e.)42 b(Afterw)m(ards,)31 b(y)m(ou)f(can)h(mo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(cursor)g(to)h(the)g(righ)m(t)g -(with)f Fj(C-f)p Fu(.)275 1787 y(When)i(y)m(ou)h(add)f(text)h(in)f(the) +(with)f Fj(C-f)p Fu(.)275 1905 y(When)i(y)m(ou)h(add)f(text)h(in)f(the) h(middle)f(of)h(a)g(line,)h(y)m(ou)e(will)h(notice)h(that)f(c)m -(haracters)h(to)g(the)e(righ)m(t)150 1897 y(of)d(the)g(cursor)f(are)h +(haracters)h(to)g(the)e(righ)m(t)150 2014 y(of)d(the)g(cursor)f(are)h (`pushed)e(o)m(v)m(er')j(to)g(mak)m(e)f(ro)s(om)g(for)f(the)h(text)h (that)f(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(inserted.)40 b(Lik)m(ewise,)150 -2007 y(when)d(y)m(ou)g(delete)i(text)g(b)s(ehind)c(the)j(cursor,)h(c)m +2124 y(when)d(y)m(ou)g(delete)i(text)g(b)s(ehind)c(the)j(cursor,)h(c)m (haracters)g(to)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(of)g(the)g(cursor)e(are)i(`pulled) -150 2116 y(bac)m(k')k(to)f(\014ll)g(in)f(the)h(blank)f(space)i(created) +150 2234 y(bac)m(k')k(to)f(\014ll)g(in)f(the)h(blank)f(space)i(created) 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+(more)f(rapidly)g(within)g(the)g(line.)150 4857 y Fj(C-a)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f(line.)150 -4867 y Fj(C-e)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h -(line.)150 5024 y Fj(M-f)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m +5018 y Fj(C-e)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h +(line.)150 5179 y Fj(M-f)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m (ord,)f(where)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(comp)s(osed)g(of)h(letters)h(and)d -(digits.)150 5182 y Fj(M-b)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(a) -g(w)m(ord.)150 5340 y Fj(C-l)336 b Fu(Clear)31 b(the)f(screen,)h -(reprin)m(ting)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(at)g(the)f(top.)p -eop end +(digits.)150 5340 y Fj(M-b)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(a) +g(w)m(ord.)p eop end %%Page: 130 136 TeXDict begin 130 135 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 -b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(130)275 299 y(Notice)26 -b(ho)m(w)f Fj(C-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m(haracter,)j -(while)d Fj(M-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m(ord.)39 -b(It)24 b(is)h(a)g(lo)s(ose)150 408 y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)32 +b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(130)150 299 y Fj(C-l)336 +b Fu(Clear)31 b(the)f(screen,)h(reprin)m(ting)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f +(line)h(at)g(the)f(top.)275 460 y(Notice)c(ho)m(w)f Fj(C-f)e +Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m(haracter,)j(while)d +Fj(M-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m(ord.)39 +b(It)24 b(is)h(a)g(lo)s(ose)150 569 y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)32 b(that)f(con)m(trol)g(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)g(c)m (haracters)h(while)f(meta)h(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)150 -518 y(w)m(ords.)150 729 y Fk(8.2.3)63 b(Readline)40 b(Killing)i -(Commands)150 876 y Fr(Killing)35 b Fu(text)28 b(means)e(to)h(delete)h +679 y(w)m(ords.)150 879 y Fk(8.2.3)63 b(Readline)40 b(Killing)i +(Commands)150 1026 y Fr(Killing)35 b Fu(text)28 b(means)e(to)h(delete)h (the)f(text)g(from)g(the)f(line,)i(but)e(to)h(sa)m(v)m(e)h(it)g(a)m(w)m -(a)m(y)g(for)e(later)i(use,)f(usually)150 986 y(b)m(y)g +(a)m(y)g(for)e(later)i(use,)f(usually)150 1136 y(b)m(y)g Fr(y)m(anking)35 b Fu(\(re-inserting\))28 b(it)g(bac)m(k)f(in)m(to)h (the)f(line.)40 b(\(`Cut')27 b(and)g(`paste')h(are)f(more)g(recen)m(t)h -(jargon)f(for)150 1095 y(`kill')32 b(and)d(`y)m(ank'.\))275 -1242 y(If)g(the)i(description)f(for)g(a)h(command)f(sa)m(ys)g(that)h +(jargon)f(for)150 1245 y(`kill')32 b(and)d(`y)m(ank'.\))275 +1381 y(If)g(the)i(description)f(for)g(a)h(command)f(sa)m(ys)g(that)h (it)g(`kills')g(text,)h(then)e(y)m(ou)g(can)h(b)s(e)e(sure)h(that)h(y)m -(ou)150 1352 y(can)g(get)g(the)g(text)g(bac)m(k)g(in)f(a)h(di\013eren)m -(t)g(\(or)g(the)f(same\))h(place)h(later.)275 1498 y(When)23 +(ou)150 1490 y(can)g(get)g(the)g(text)g(bac)m(k)g(in)f(a)h(di\013eren)m +(t)g(\(or)g(the)f(same\))h(place)h(later.)275 1626 y(When)23 b(y)m(ou)g(use)g(a)h(kill)g(command,)g(the)g(text)g(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i (in)e(a)g Fr(kill-ring)p Fu(.)39 b(An)m(y)24 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h -(consecutiv)m(e)150 1608 y(kills)31 b(sa)m(v)m(e)i(all)f(of)f(the)g +(consecutiv)m(e)150 1735 y(kills)31 b(sa)m(v)m(e)i(all)f(of)f(the)g (killed)h(text)g(together,)g(so)g(that)f(when)f(y)m(ou)h(y)m(ank)h(it)f -(bac)m(k,)h(y)m(ou)g(get)g(it)f(all.)43 b(The)150 1717 +(bac)m(k,)h(y)m(ou)g(get)g(it)f(all.)43 b(The)150 1845 y(kill)33 b(ring)f(is)g(not)h(line)g(sp)s(eci\014c;)g(the)g(text)g (that)g(y)m(ou)g(killed)f(on)h(a)f(previously)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(line)f -(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 1827 y(to)31 b(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)h(bac) +(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 1954 y(to)31 b(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)h(bac) m(k)g(later,)h(when)d(y)m(ou)i(are)g(t)m(yping)f(another)h(line.)275 -1973 y(Here)f(is)h(the)f(list)h(of)g(commands)f(for)g(killing)h(text.) -150 2151 y Fj(C-k)336 b Fu(Kill)31 b(the)f(text)i(from)e(the)g(curren)m +2090 y(Here)f(is)h(the)f(list)h(of)g(commands)f(for)g(killing)h(text.) +150 2251 y Fj(C-k)336 b Fu(Kill)31 b(the)f(text)i(from)e(the)g(curren)m (t)g(cursor)g(p)s(osition)h(to)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150 -2322 y Fj(M-d)336 b Fu(Kill)27 b(from)f(the)g(cursor)g(to)h(the)f(end)g +2411 y Fj(M-d)336 b Fu(Kill)27 b(from)f(the)g(cursor)g(to)h(the)f(end)g (of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(w)m(ord,)h(or,)h(if)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(w)m -(ords,)g(to)g(the)630 2432 y(end)j(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41 +(ords,)g(to)g(the)630 2521 y(end)j(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41 b(W)-8 b(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)i(the)g(same)f(as)h(those)g(used) -f(b)m(y)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 2603 y Fj(M-DEL)240 b Fu(Kill)34 +f(b)m(y)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 2681 y Fj(M-DEL)240 b Fu(Kill)34 b(from)f(the)g(cursor)g(to)h(the)g(start)g(of)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(w)m (ord,)h(or,)h(if)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(w)m(ords,)g(to)630 -2713 y(the)28 b(start)g(of)g(the)g(previous)f(w)m(ord.)39 +2790 y(the)28 b(start)g(of)g(the)g(previous)f(w)m(ord.)39 b(W)-8 b(ord)28 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)i(the)g(same)g(as)g(those)g(used) -f(b)m(y)630 2822 y Fj(M-b)p Fu(.)150 2994 y Fj(C-w)336 +f(b)m(y)630 2900 y Fj(M-b)p Fu(.)150 3060 y Fj(C-w)336 b Fu(Kill)35 b(from)g(the)g(cursor)f(to)i(the)f(previous)g(whitespace.) 55 b(This)34 b(is)h(di\013eren)m(t)h(than)e Fj(M-DEL)630 -3103 y Fu(b)s(ecause)c(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(oundaries)f(di\013er.)275 -3281 y(Here)42 b(is)f(ho)m(w)h(to)g Fr(y)m(ank)47 b Fu(the)42 +3170 y Fu(b)s(ecause)c(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(oundaries)f(di\013er.)275 +3331 y(Here)42 b(is)f(ho)m(w)h(to)g Fr(y)m(ank)47 b Fu(the)42 b(text)g(bac)m(k)h(in)m(to)f(the)g(line.)74 b(Y)-8 b(anking)43 -b(means)e(to)h(cop)m(y)h(the)e(most-)150 3390 y(recen)m(tly-killed)33 +b(means)e(to)h(cop)m(y)h(the)e(most-)150 3440 y(recen)m(tly-killed)33 b(text)e(from)f(the)g(kill)i(bu\013er)d(in)m(to)i(the)g(line)g(at)g -(the)f(curren)m(t)g(cursor)g(p)s(osition.)150 3568 y +(the)f(curren)m(t)g(cursor)g(p)s(osition.)150 3601 y Fj(C-y)336 b Fu(Y)-8 b(ank)31 b(the)f(most)h(recen)m(tly)h(killed)f (text)g(bac)m(k)g(in)m(to)h(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h(the)f(cursor.)150 -3739 y Fj(M-y)336 b Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h +3762 y Fj(M-y)336 b Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h (the)f(new)g(top.)54 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h -(the)g(prior)630 3849 y(command)30 b(is)h Fj(C-y)e Fu(or)h -Fj(M-y)p Fu(.)150 4060 y Fk(8.2.4)63 b(Readline)40 b(Argumen)m(ts)150 -4207 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ou)40 b(can)f(pass)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f +(the)g(prior)630 3871 y(command)30 b(is)h Fj(C-y)e Fu(or)h +Fj(M-y)p Fu(.)150 4071 y Fk(8.2.4)63 b(Readline)40 b(Argumen)m(ts)150 +4218 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ou)40 b(can)f(pass)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f (Readline)h(commands.)67 b(Sometimes)39 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h(acts)150 -4317 y(as)g(a)h(rep)s(eat)f(coun)m(t,)j(other)e(times)f(it)h(is)f(the)g +4328 y(as)g(a)h(rep)s(eat)f(coun)m(t,)j(other)e(times)f(it)h(is)f(the)g Fl(sign)47 b Fu(of)41 b(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(that)h(is)f(signi\014can)m -(t.)71 b(If)40 b(y)m(ou)150 4426 y(pass)33 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)i(argumen) +(t.)71 b(If)40 b(y)m(ou)150 4437 y(pass)33 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)i(argumen) m(t)e(to)g(a)g(command)f(whic)m(h)g(normally)h(acts)g(in)f(a)h(forw)m -(ard)f(direction,)i(that)150 4536 y(command)g(will)h(act)g(in)f(a)h +(ard)f(direction,)i(that)150 4547 y(command)g(will)h(act)g(in)f(a)h (bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(direction.)57 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h(to)f(kill)g -(text)g(bac)m(k)g(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)150 4646 y(the)31 +(text)g(bac)m(k)g(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)150 4657 y(the)31 b(line,)g(y)m(ou)f(migh)m(t)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(M--)f(C-k)p Fu('.)275 4792 y(The)d(general)i(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)e(pass)g(n)m(umeric)g (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(a)f(command)g(is)g(to)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(meta)i @@ -17857,9 +17866,9 @@ b(.)59 b(The)35 b(name)i(of)f(this)g(\014le)g(is)g(tak)m(en)h(from)f b Ft(INPUTRC)p Fu(.)56 b(If)150 3980 y(that)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)f(unset,)h(the)f(default)h(is)f Ft(~/.inputrc)p Fu(.)52 b(If)35 b(that)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)e(not)i(exist)g(or)f(cannot)h -(b)s(e)150 4090 y(read,)31 b(readline)f(lo)s(oks)h(for)f -Ft(/etc/inputrc)p Fu(.)38 b(The)30 b Ft(bind)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g -(can)h(also)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(set)150 4199 y(Readline)g(k)m +(b)s(e)150 4090 y(read,)29 b(Readline)f(lo)s(oks)h(for)f +Ft(/etc/inputrc)p Fu(.)36 b(The)28 b Ft(bind)e Fu(builtin)i(command)g +(can)g(also)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)g(set)150 4199 y(Readline)j(k)m (eybindings)f(and)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)41 b(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g ([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(59.)275 4328 y(When)h(a)g(program)g(whic)m (h)g(uses)g(the)h(Readline)f(library)g(starts)h(up,)f(Readline)h(reads) @@ -17975,22 +17984,22 @@ b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 1614 y Ft(colored-completion-prefi)o(x) (completions,)h(Readline)f(displa)m(ys)g(the)f(com-)1110 1833 y(mon)c(pre\014x)f(of)i(the)f(set)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f (completions)h(using)f(a)h(di\013eren)m(t)g(color.)1110 -1943 y(The)f(color)h(de\014nitions)f(are)h(tak)m(en)g(from)f(the)g(v)-5 -b(alue)26 b(of)g(the)f Ft(LS_COLORS)e Fu(en-)1110 2052 -y(vironmen)m(t)34 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)50 b(If)33 b(there)h(is)g(a)f -(color)i(de\014nition)e(in)g Ft(LS_COLORS)e Fu(for)1110 -2162 y(the)22 b(custom)g(su\016x)f(`)p Ft(readline-colored-complet)o -(ion)o(-pre)o(fix)p Fu(',)c(Read-)1110 2271 y(line)24 -b(uses)e(this)i(color)g(for)f(the)h(common)f(pre\014x)f(instead)i(of)f -(its)h(default.)38 b(The)1110 2381 y(default)31 b(is)f(`)p -Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 2545 y Ft(colored-stats)1110 2655 -y Fu(If)c(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(displa)m(ys)g(p)s -(ossible)f(completions)h(using)f(di\013eren)m(t)1110 -2765 y(colors)40 b(to)g(indicate)g(their)f(\014le)h(t)m(yp)s(e.)67 -b(The)38 b(color)j(de\014nitions)d(are)i(tak)m(en)1110 -2874 y(from)24 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)g(the)g Ft(LS_COLORS)d -Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)j(v)-5 b(ariable.)40 b(The)24 b(default)1110 -2984 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3148 y Ft(comment-begin)1110 +1943 y(The)39 b(color)i(de\014nitions)f(are)g(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g +(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)g(the)g Ft(LS_COLORS)1110 2052 y +Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)65 b(If)38 b(there)h(is)f(a)h +(color)g(de\014nition)f(in)g Ft(LS_COLORS)1110 2162 y +Fu(for)j(the)h(custom)f(su\016x)g(`)p Ft(.readline-colored-complet)o +(ion)o(-pre)o(fix)o Fu(',)1110 2271 y(Readline)e(uses)g(this)f(color)i +(for)f(the)g(common)g(pre\014x)f(instead)h(of)g(its)g(de-)1110 +2381 y(fault.)i(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p +Fu('.)630 2545 y Ft(colored-stats)1110 2655 y Fu(If)26 +b(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(displa)m(ys)g(p)s(ossible)f +(completions)h(using)f(di\013eren)m(t)1110 2765 y(colors)40 +b(to)g(indicate)g(their)f(\014le)h(t)m(yp)s(e.)67 b(The)38 +b(color)j(de\014nitions)d(are)i(tak)m(en)1110 2874 y(from)24 +b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)g(the)g Ft(LS_COLORS)d Fu(en)m(vironmen)m +(t)j(v)-5 b(ariable.)40 b(The)24 b(default)1110 2984 +y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3148 y Ft(comment-begin)1110 3258 y Fu(The)72 b(string)g(to)h(insert)f(at)i(the)e(b)s(eginning)g(of) g(the)h(line)g(b)m(y)f(the)1110 3367 y Ft(insert-comment)26 b Fu(command.)41 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 @@ -18021,8 +18030,8 @@ b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 5121 y Ft(completion-prefix-displa)o (without)f(mo)s(di\014cation.)40 b(When)p eop end %%Page: 134 140 TeXDict begin 134 139 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 -b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(134)1110 299 y(set)29 -b(to)h(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(greater)g(than)e(zero,)j(readline)e +b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(134)1110 299 y(set)26 +b(to)h(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(greater)h(than)e(zero,)j(Readline)e (replaces)h(common)f(pre\014xes)1110 408 y(longer)46 b(than)f(this)h(v)-5 b(alue)46 b(with)f(an)h(ellipsis)g(when)e(displa)m (ying)i(p)s(ossible)1110 518 y(completions.)630 682 y @@ -18153,21 +18162,21 @@ f(binding)g(k)m(ey)h(se-)1110 4463 y(quences)22 b(con)m(taining)i Fj(\\M-)e Fu(or)h Ft(Meta-)e Fu(\(see)i Ft(Key)29 b(Bindings)21 b Fu(in)h(Section)h(8.3.1)1110 4573 y([Readline)k(Init)f(File)i(Syn)m (tax],)g(page)f(131\))h(b)m(y)e(con)m(v)m(erting)i(a)e(k)m(ey)i -(sequence)1110 4682 y(of)34 b(the)g(form)f Fj(\\M-)p -Fr(C)41 b Fu(or)34 b Ft(Meta-)p Fr(C)39 b Fu(to)c(the)f(t)m(w)m(o-c)m -(haracter)j(sequence)d Fj(ESC)p Fr(C)1110 4792 y Fu(\(adding)23 -b(the)h(meta)g(pre\014x\).)38 b(If)23 b Ft(force-meta-prefix)18 -b Fu(is)24 b(set)f(to)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(')f(\(the)1110 -4902 y(default\),)35 b(Readline)f(uses)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)34 -b(of)g(the)g Ft(convert-meta)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(to)1110 -5011 y(determine)d(whether)g(to)h(p)s(erform)e(this)i(con)m(v)m -(ersion:)44 b(if)31 b Ft(convert-meta)d Fu(is)1110 5121 -y(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)23 b(Readline)f(p)s(erforms)e(the)i(con)m(v)m -(ersion)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e;)k(if)d(it)g(is)f(`)p -Ft(off)p Fu(',)1110 5230 y(Readline)33 b(con)m(v)m(erts)h -Fr(C)41 b Fu(to)33 b(a)g(meta)h(c)m(haracter)g(b)m(y)f(setting)g(the)g -(eigh)m(th)h(bit)1110 5340 y(\(0200\).)43 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p -Ft(off)p Fu('.)p eop end +(sequence)1110 4682 y(of)41 b(the)h(form)e Fj(\\M-)p +Fr(C)48 b Fu(or)41 b Ft(Meta-)p Fr(C)48 b Fu(to)41 b(the)h(t)m(w)m(o-c) +m(haracter)i(sequence)e Fj(ESC)1110 4792 y Fr(C)e Fu(\(adding)32 +b(the)g(meta)h(pre\014x\).)46 b(If)32 b Ft(force-meta-prefix)27 +b Fu(is)33 b(set)f(to)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(')1110 4902 y(\(the)25 +b(default\),)i(Readline)e(uses)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)25 +b(of)f(the)h Ft(convert-meta)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)1110 +5011 y(to)30 b(determine)f(whether)f(to)i(p)s(erform)d(this)i(con)m(v)m +(ersion:)41 b(if)29 b Ft(convert-meta)1110 5121 y Fu(is)37 +b(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(Readline)f(p)s(erforms)d(the)j(con)m(v)m(ersion)g +(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e;)42 b(if)37 b(it)h(is)1110 +5230 y(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(',)24 b(Readline)g(con)m(v)m(erts)g +Fr(C)30 b Fu(to)23 b(a)h(meta)f(c)m(haracter)i(b)m(y)d(setting)i(the)f +(eigh)m(th)1110 5340 y(bit)30 b(\(0200\).)44 b(The)29 +b(default)i(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)p eop end %%Page: 136 142 TeXDict begin 136 141 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(136)630 299 y Ft @@ -18364,8 +18373,8 @@ b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3868 y Ft(skip-completed-text)1110 (default)g(completion)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(when)f(in-)1110 4088 y(serting)d(a)h(single)g(matc)m(h)f(in)m(to)h(the)g(line.)40 b(It's)30 b(only)f(activ)m(e)i(when)d(p)s(erform-)1110 -4197 y(ing)35 b(completion)h(in)e(the)h(middle)f(of)h(a)f(w)m(ord.)53 -b(If)35 b(enabled,)g(readline)g(do)s(es)1110 4307 y(not)41 +4197 y(ing)k(completion)i(in)e(the)g(middle)g(of)g(a)h(w)m(ord.)46 +b(If)32 b(enabled,)g(Readline)h(do)s(es)1110 4307 y(not)41 b(insert)f(c)m(haracters)i(from)e(the)h(completion)h(that)f(matc)m(h)g (c)m(haracters)1110 4416 y(after)c(p)s(oin)m(t)g(in)g(the)g(w)m(ord)f (b)s(eing)g(completed,)k(so)d(p)s(ortions)f(of)h(the)g(w)m(ord)1110 @@ -18709,49 +18718,51 @@ TeXDict begin 145 150 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(145)390 299 y Ft(#)47 b(For)g(FTP)390 408 y($if)g(Ftp)390 518 y("\\C-xg":)f("get)g(\\M-?")390 628 y("\\C-xt":)g("put)g(\\M-?")390 737 y("\\M-.":)g(yank-last-arg)390 -847 y($endif)150 1111 y Fs(8.4)68 b(Bindable)45 b(Readline)i(Commands) -150 1270 y Fu(This)32 b(section)h(describ)s(es)f(Readline)h(commands)f +847 y($endif)150 1096 y Fs(8.4)68 b(Bindable)45 b(Readline)i(Commands) +150 1255 y Fu(This)32 b(section)h(describ)s(es)f(Readline)h(commands)f (that)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(b)s(ound)g(to)i(k)m(ey)g(sequences.)48 -b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)150 1380 y(list)40 b(y)m(our)f(k)m(ey)i(bindings)d +b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)150 1365 y(list)40 b(y)m(our)f(k)m(ey)i(bindings)d (b)m(y)h(executing)i Ft(bind)29 b(-P)39 b Fu(or,)j(for)d(a)h(more)g -(terse)g(format,)i(suitable)e(for)f(an)150 1489 y Fr(inputrc)34 +(terse)g(format,)i(suitable)e(for)f(an)150 1474 y Fr(inputrc)34 b Fu(\014le,)29 b Ft(bind)g(-p)p Fu(.)40 b(\(See)30 b(Section)f(4.2)h ([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(59.\))41 b(Command)28 b(names)h(without) -150 1599 y(an)h(accompan)m(ying)i(k)m(ey)f(sequence)g(are)g(un)m(b)s -(ound)d(b)m(y)i(default.)275 1749 y(In)25 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)i +150 1584 y(an)h(accompan)m(ying)i(k)m(ey)f(sequence)g(are)g(un)m(b)s +(ound)d(b)m(y)i(default.)275 1724 y(In)25 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)i (descriptions,)f Fr(p)s(oin)m(t)h Fu(refers)e(to)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g (cursor)g(p)s(osition,)h(and)f Fr(mark)31 b Fu(refers)150 -1859 y(to)24 b(a)g(cursor)f(p)s(osition)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(the)h +1834 y(to)24 b(a)g(cursor)f(p)s(osition)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(the)h Ft(set-mark)d Fu(command.)38 b(The)23 b(text)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)g -(p)s(oin)m(t)f(and)g(mark)150 1968 y(is)31 b(referred)g(to)h(as)f(the)h +(p)s(oin)m(t)f(and)g(mark)150 1943 y(is)31 b(referred)g(to)h(as)f(the)h Fr(region)p Fu(.)44 b(Readline)32 b(has)f(the)h(concept)g(of)f(an)h Fl(active)h(r)-5 b(e)g(gion)7 b Fu(:)44 b(when)30 b(the)h(region)150 -2078 y(is)d(activ)m(e,)i(Readline)f(redispla)m(y)f(uses)f(the)h(v)-5 -b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)g Ft(active-region-start-colo)o(r)22 -b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(to)150 2187 y(denote)j(the)f(region.)42 -b(Sev)m(eral)31 b(commands)f(set)h(the)g(region)g(to)g(activ)m(e;)i -(those)e(are)f(noted)h(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 2402 y Fk(8.4.1)63 -b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Mo)m(ving)150 2582 y -Ft(beginning-of-line)26 b(\(C-a\))630 2691 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)k(to)e(the)g +2053 y(is)k(activ)m(e,)k(Readline)c(redispla)m(y)h(highligh)m(ts)f(the) +h(region)f(using)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)h(the)f +Ft(active-region-)150 2162 y(start-color)26 b Fu(v)-5 +b(ariable.)41 b(The)29 b Ft(enable-active-region)24 b +Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(turns)d(this)j(on)f(and)f(o\013.)41 +b(Sev)m(eral)150 2272 y(commands)30 b(set)h(the)f(region)h(to)h(activ)m +(e;)g(those)f(are)g(noted)g(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 2477 y Fk(8.4.1)63 +b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Mo)m(ving)150 2651 y +Ft(beginning-of-line)26 b(\(C-a\))630 2761 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)k(to)e(the)g (start)g(of)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line.)40 b(This)27 b(ma)m(y)h(also)h -(b)s(e)e(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)g(Home)g(k)m(ey)630 2801 -y(on)i(some)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards.)150 2976 y Ft(end-of-line)c(\(C-e\))630 -3085 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)34 b(to)f(the)f(end)f(of)i(the)f(line.)46 +(b)s(e)e(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)g(Home)g(k)m(ey)630 2871 +y(on)i(some)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards.)150 3035 y Ft(end-of-line)c(\(C-e\))630 +3145 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)34 b(to)f(the)f(end)f(of)i(the)f(line.)46 b(This)31 b(ma)m(y)i(also)g(b)s(e)e(b)s(ound)f(to)j(the)f(End)f(k)m(ey) -i(on)f(some)630 3195 y(k)m(eyb)s(oards.)150 3370 y Ft(forward-char)27 -b(\(C-f\))630 3479 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m(haracter.) -150 3654 y Ft(backward-char)c(\(C-b\))630 3764 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 -b(bac)m(k)g(a)e(c)m(haracter.)150 3939 y Ft(forward-word)d(\(M-f\))630 -4048 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h +i(on)f(some)630 3255 y(k)m(eyb)s(oards.)150 3420 y Ft(forward-char)27 +b(\(C-f\))630 3529 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m(haracter.) +150 3694 y Ft(backward-char)c(\(C-b\))630 3804 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 +b(bac)m(k)g(a)e(c)m(haracter.)150 3969 y Ft(forward-word)d(\(M-f\))630 +4078 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h (next)f(w)m(ord.)41 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)h(comp)s(osed)f(of)g -(letters)i(and)630 4158 y(digits.)150 4333 y Ft(backward-word)27 -b(\(M-b\))630 4442 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)36 b(bac)m(k)e(to)g(the)g(start)g +(letters)i(and)630 4188 y(digits.)150 4353 y Ft(backward-word)27 +b(\(M-b\))630 4462 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)36 b(bac)m(k)e(to)g(the)g(start)g (of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(or)g(previous)g(w)m(ord.)50 -b(W)-8 b(ords)34 b(are)g(comp)s(osed)630 4552 y(of)d(letters)g(and)f -(digits.)150 4727 y Ft(shell-forward-word)25 b(\(M-C-f\))630 -4836 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)30 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)h +b(W)-8 b(ords)34 b(are)g(comp)s(osed)630 4572 y(of)d(letters)g(and)f +(digits.)150 4737 y Ft(shell-forward-word)25 b(\(M-C-f\))630 +4846 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)30 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)h (next)f(w)m(ord.)40 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(are)g(delimited)h(b)m(y)f -(non-quoted)630 4946 y(shell)j(metac)m(haracters.)150 +(non-quoted)630 4956 y(shell)j(metac)m(haracters.)150 5121 y Ft(shell-backward-word)25 b(\(M-C-b\))630 5230 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)37 b(bac)m(k)e(to)h(the)f(start)g(of)g(the)g(curren)m (t)g(or)f(previous)h(w)m(ord.)53 b(W)-8 b(ords)35 b(are)g(delimited)630 @@ -19342,8 +19353,8 @@ b(If)32 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(supplied,)g(the)630 (it)f(can)g(b)s(e)g(made)g(part)f(of)h(an)g Fr(inputrc)37 b Fu(\014le.)630 4698 y(This)30 b(command)g(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound)e(b)m(y) i(default.)150 4902 y Ft(execute-named-command)25 b(\(M-x\))630 -5011 y Fu(Read)j(a)g(bindable)f(readline)h(command)g(name)g(from)f(the) -h(input)f(and)g(execute)j(the)e(func-)630 5121 y(tion)e(to)h(whic)m(h)f +5011 y Fu(Read)g(a)h(bindable)f(Readline)g(command)g(name)h(from)e(the) +i(input)e(and)h(execute)h(the)g(func-)630 5121 y(tion)g(to)h(whic)m(h)f (it's)g(b)s(ound,)f(as)h(if)g(the)g(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(to)h(whic)m(h)e (it)i(w)m(as)f(b)s(ound)e(app)s(eared)630 5230 y(in)37 b(the)h(input.)61 b(If)37 b(this)h(function)f(is)g(supplied)g(with)g(a) @@ -19434,21 +19445,22 @@ b(of)f(the)g(line)g(with)f(the)h(standard)f Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)m(v)m(emen)m (t)j(k)m(eys,)g(mo)m(v)m(e)f(to)f(previous)g(history)f(lines)h(with)150 1502 y(`)p Ft(k)p Fu(')d(and)e(subsequen)m(t)h(lines)h(with)f(`)p Ft(j)p Fu(',)g(and)g(so)h(forth.)150 1749 y Fs(8.6)68 -b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)150 1908 y Fu(When)d(the)g(user)g -(attempts)h(w)m(ord)f(completion)h(for)f(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(a)g -(command)f(for)g(whic)m(h)g(a)150 2018 y(completion)e(sp)s -(eci\014cation)f(\(a)g Fr(compsp)s(ec)6 b Fu(\))41 b(has)f(b)s(een)g -(de\014ned)f(using)h(the)h Ft(complete)d Fu(builtin)i(\(see)150 -2127 y(Section)j(8.7)g([Programmable)g(Completion)g(Builtins],)i(page)e -(158\),)k Ft(\\)p Fu(fBreadline)p Ft(\\)p Fu(fP)42 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(es)i -(the)150 2237 y(programmable)31 b(completion)g(facilities.)275 -2375 y(First,)47 b(Bash)c(iden)m(ti\014es)h(the)f(command)g(name.)80 -b(If)43 b(a)h(compsp)s(ec)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(de\014ned)g(for)h(that)150 -2485 y(command,)27 b(the)g(compsp)s(ec)g(is)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h -(the)f(list)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(for)f(the)f(w)m(ord.)39 -b(If)150 2595 y(the)25 b(command)f(w)m(ord)g(is)h(the)g(empt)m(y)g -(string)f(\(completion)j(attempted)e(at)h(the)e(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(an) -g(empt)m(y)150 2704 y(line\),)38 b(Bash)e(uses)g(an)m(y)g(compsp)s(ec)f +b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)150 1908 y Fu(When)21 +b(the)f(user)g(attempts)i(w)m(ord)f(completion)h(for)e(an)h(argumen)m +(t)g(to)g(a)g(command)g(for)f(whic)m(h)h(a)g(comple-)150 +2018 y(tion)k(sp)s(eci\014cation)g(\(a)h Fr(compsp)s(ec)6 +b Fu(\))24 b(has)g(b)s(een)g(de\014ned)g(using)g(the)g +Ft(complete)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)h(8.7)150 +2127 y([Programmable)31 b(Completion)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(158\),)h +(Readline)e(in)m(v)m(ok)m(es)i(the)f(programmable)f(com-)150 +2237 y(pletion)h(facilities.)275 2375 y(First,)47 b(Bash)c(iden)m +(ti\014es)h(the)f(command)g(name.)80 b(If)43 b(a)h(compsp)s(ec)f(has)g +(b)s(een)f(de\014ned)g(for)h(that)150 2485 y(command,)27 +b(the)g(compsp)s(ec)g(is)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(the)f(list)g(of)g(p)s +(ossible)f(completions)i(for)f(the)f(w)m(ord.)39 b(If)150 +2595 y(the)25 b(command)f(w)m(ord)g(is)h(the)g(empt)m(y)g(string)f +(\(completion)j(attempted)e(at)h(the)e(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(an)g(empt)m +(y)150 2704 y(line\),)38 b(Bash)e(uses)g(an)m(y)g(compsp)s(ec)f (de\014ned)g(with)h(the)g Ft(-E)f Fu(option)h(to)h Ft(complete)p Fu(.)55 b(If)35 b(the)h(command)150 2814 y(w)m(ord)30 b(is)g(a)h(full)f(pathname,)g(Bash)h(searc)m(hes)g(for)f(a)g(compsp)s @@ -19908,13 +19920,12 @@ c(the)g Ft(-I)f Fu(option)h(indicates)h(that)630 2894 y(other)36 b(supplied)f(options)h(should)f(apply)h(to)h(completion)g (on)f(the)g(initial)h(w)m(ord)f(on)g(the)630 3004 y(line.)41 b(These)30 b(are)h(determined)f(in)g(the)h(same)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(as)e(the) -h Ft(\\)p Fu(fBcomplete)p Ft(\\)p Fu(fP)g(builtin.)630 -3134 y(If)k(m)m(ultiple)i(options)f(are)g(supplied,)g(the)g -Ft(-D)g Fu(option)g(tak)m(es)h(precedence)g(o)m(v)m(er)g -Ft(-E)p Fu(,)g(and)630 3243 y(b)s(oth)30 b(tak)m(e)i(precedence)e(o)m -(v)m(er)i Ft(-I)630 3373 y Fu(The)23 b(return)g(v)-5 -b(alue)25 b(is)f(true)g(unless)f(an)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)24 -b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g(an)g(attempt)h(is)f(made)630 +h Ft(complete)d Fu(builtin.)630 3134 y(If)35 b(m)m(ultiple)i(options)f +(are)g(supplied,)g(the)g Ft(-D)g Fu(option)g(tak)m(es)h(precedence)g(o) +m(v)m(er)g Ft(-E)p Fu(,)g(and)630 3243 y(b)s(oth)30 b(tak)m(e)i +(precedence)e(o)m(v)m(er)i Ft(-I)630 3373 y Fu(The)23 +b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(true)g(unless)f(an)h(in)m(v)-5 +b(alid)24 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g(an)g(attempt)h(is)f(made)630 3483 y(to)32 b(mo)s(dify)f(the)g(options)h(for)f(a)h Fr(name)k Fu(for)31 b(whic)m(h)g(no)g(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)f (exists,)630 3593 y(or)e(an)h(output)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs.)150 @@ -20734,8 +20745,8 @@ y(the)43 b Ft(--srcdir=PATH)c Fu(argumen)m(t)k(to)h(tell)g Ft(configure)c Fu(where)i(the)h(source)g(\014les)g(are.)78 b Ft(configure)150 4145 y Fu(automatically)33 b(c)m(hec)m(ks)f(for)e (the)h(source)f(co)s(de)h(in)f(the)h(directory)f(that)h -Ft(configure)d Fu(is)j(in)f(and)f(in)h(`..'.)275 4280 -y(If)22 b(y)m(ou)i(ha)m(v)m(e)g(to)g(use)f(a)g Ft(make)f +Ft(configure)d Fu(is)j(in)f(and)f(in)h Ft(..)p Fu(.)275 +4280 y(If)22 b(y)m(ou)i(ha)m(v)m(e)g(to)g(use)f(a)g Ft(make)f Fu(that)i(do)s(es)f(not)g(supp)s(ort)e(the)j Ft(VPATH)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)26 b(y)m(ou)d(can)h(compile)g(Bash)150 4389 y(for)33 b(one)h(arc)m(hitecture)h(at)f(a)g(time)g(in)f(the)h @@ -22994,7 +23005,7 @@ b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h g(:)g(:)g(:)35 b Fb(91)150 3808 y Fe(HISTCONTROL)10 b Fc(:)16 b(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)25 b Fb(91)150 3896 y Fe(HISTFILE)18 b Fc(:)d(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h +g(:)25 b Fb(92)150 3896 y Fe(HISTFILE)18 b Fc(:)d(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)32 b Fb(92)150 3984 y Fe(HISTFILESIZE)8 b Fc(:)16 b(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) @@ -23058,7 +23069,7 @@ b Fb(93)2025 1907 y Fe(LC_COLLATE)13 b Fc(:)i(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)27 b Fb(93)2025 1998 y Fe(LC_CTYPE)18 b Fc(:)d(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)33 b Fb(93)2025 2088 +g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)33 b Fb(94)2025 2088 y Fe(LC_MESSAGES)21 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(8,)26 b(94)2025 2178 y Fe(LC_NUMERIC)13 @@ -23183,7 +23194,7 @@ b Fc(:)18 b(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)22 b Fb(138)150 2763 y Fe(SECONDS)g Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)35 b Fb(95)150 +g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)35 b Fb(96)150 2851 y Fe(SHELL)9 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)23 diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi index f5e8d303..acab4523 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.texi +++ b/doc/bashref.texi @@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ There are more details in the gettext documentation. @cindex internationalized scripts @cindex string translations Once you've marked the strings in your script -that you want to translate using $"...", +that you want to translate using $"@dots{}", you create a gettext "template" file using the command @example @@ -2212,7 +2212,8 @@ it introduces a level of indirection. Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of @var{parameter} as the new @var{parameter}; this new parameter is then -expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather +expanded and that value is used +in the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original @var{parameter}. This is known as @code{indirect expansion}. The value is subject to tilde expansion, @@ -2966,11 +2967,11 @@ without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character @samp{.} at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option @code{dotglob} is set. -In order to match the filenames @samp{.} and @samp{..}, +In order to match the filenames @file{.} and @file{..}, the pattern must begin with @samp{.} (for example, @samp{.?}), even if @code{dotglob} is set. If the @code{globskipdots} shell option is enabled, the filenames -@samp{.} and @samp{..} never match, even if the pattern begins +@file{.} and @file{..} never match, even if the pattern begins with a @samp{.}. When not matching filenames, the @samp{.} character is not treated specially. @@ -3125,14 +3126,14 @@ When matching filenames, the @code{dotglob} shell option determines the set of filenames that are tested: when @code{dotglob} is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files beginning with @samp{.}, but the filenames -@samp{.} and @samp{..} must be matched by a +@file{.} and @file{..} must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not -include any filenames beginning with ``.'' unless the pattern +include any filenames beginning with @samp{.} unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a @samp{.}. If the @code{globskipdots} shell option is enabled, the filenames -@samp{.} and @samp{..} +@file{.} and @file{..} never appear in the set. As above, @samp{.} only has a special meaning when matching filenames. @@ -3190,7 +3191,7 @@ If the first character of the redirection operator is @samp{>}, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). -The \fIword\fP following the redirection operator in the following +The @var{word} following the redirection operator in the following descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde expansion, @@ -4069,37 +4070,43 @@ The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1. @item cd @btindex cd @example -cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [-@@] [@var{directory}] +cd [-L] [-@@] [@var{directory}] +cd -P [-e] [-@@] [@var{directory}] @end example Change the current working directory to @var{directory}. If @var{directory} is not supplied, the value of the @env{HOME} shell variable is used as @var{directory}. If the shell variable -@env{CDPATH} exists, @code{cd} uses it as a search path: +@env{CDPATH} exists, +and @var{directory} does not begin with a slash, +@code{cd} uses it as a search path: @code{cd} searches each directory name in @env{CDPATH} for @var{directory}, with alternative directory names in @env{CDPATH} separated by a colon (@samp{:}). A null directory name in @env{CDPATH} means the same thing as the current directory. -If @var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used. -The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links +The @option{-P} option means not to follow symbolic links: symbolic links are resolved while @code{cd} is traversing @var{directory} and before -processing an instance of @samp{..} in @var{directory}. +processing an instance of @file{..} in @var{directory}. By default, or when the @option{-L} option is supplied, symbolic links in @var{directory} are resolved after @code{cd} processes an instance -of @samp{..} in @var{directory}. +of @file{..} in @var{directory}. -If @samp{..} appears in @var{directory}, it is processed by removing the +If @file{..} appears in @var{directory}, @code{cd} processes it by removing the immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning -of @var{directory}. +of @var{directory}, +and verifying that the portion of @var{directory} +it has processed to +that point is still a valid directory name after removing the pathname +component. +If it is not a valid directory name, @code{cd} returns a non-zero status. If the @option{-e} option is supplied with @option{-P} -and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined -after a successful directory change, @code{cd} will return a non-zero -status. +and @code{cd} cannot successfully determine the current working directory +after a successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status. On systems that support it, the @option{-@@} option presents the extended attributes associated with a file as a directory. @@ -6171,7 +6178,7 @@ if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. @item dotglob If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a @samp{.} in the results of filename expansion. -The filenames @samp{.} and @samp{..} must always be matched explicitly, +The filenames @file{.} and @file{..} must always be matched explicitly, even if @code{dotglob} is set. @item execfail @@ -6255,7 +6262,7 @@ and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. @item globskipdots If set, filename expansion will never match the filenames -@samp{.} and @samp{..}, even if the pattern begins with a @samp{.}. +@file{.} and @file{..}, even if the pattern begins with a @samp{.}. This option is enabled by default. @item globstar @@ -6354,7 +6361,7 @@ or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion. @item noexpand_translation If set, Bash -encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting in single quotes +encloses the translated results of $"@dots{}" quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is not translated, this has no effect. @@ -6887,7 +6894,7 @@ when an interactive shell is invoked in @item EPOCHREALTIME Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds -since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with micro-second granularity +since the Unix Epoch as a floating-point value with micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library function @code{time} for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to @env{EPOCHREALTIME} are ignored. @@ -6974,7 +6981,10 @@ Controls how the results of filename expansion are sorted. The value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort order for the results of filename expansion. If this variable is unset or set to the null string, filename expansion -uses the historical behavior of sorting by name. +uses the historical behavior of sorting by name, +in ascending lexicographic order as determined by the +@code{LC_COLLATE} shell variable. + If set, a valid value begins with an optional @samp{+}, which is ignored, or @samp{-}, which reverses the sort order from ascending to descending, followed by a sort specifier. @@ -6998,14 +7008,15 @@ For example, a value of @code{-mtime} sorts the results in descending order by modification time (newest first). The @samp{numeric} specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as -numbers and sorts them using the numeric value (so "2" will sort before -"10", for example). +numbers and sorts them using their numeric value +(so "2" will sort before "10", for example). When using @samp{numeric}, names containing non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior. -A sort specifier of @samp{nosort} disables sorting completely; the results -are returned in the order they are read from the file system, -and any leading @samp{-} is ignored. +A sort specifier of @samp{nosort} disables sorting completely; +Bash returns the results +in the order they are read from the file system, +ignoring any leading @samp{-}. If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to @var{name}, so a value of @samp{+} is equivalent to the null string, @@ -7025,8 +7036,8 @@ subsequently reset. Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick substitution, and tokenization (@pxref{History Interaction}). The first character is the -@dfn{history expansion} character, that is, the character which signifies the -start of a history expansion, normally @samp{!}. +@dfn{history expansion} character, +the character which begins a history expansion, normally @samp{!}. The second character is the character which signifies "quick substitution" when seen as the first character on a line, normally @samp{^}. @@ -7034,7 +7045,7 @@ The optional third character is the character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character of a word, usually @samp{#}. The history -comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the +comment character disables history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. @@ -7723,7 +7734,7 @@ When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the @option{--login} option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from @file{/etc/profile} and @file{~/.profile}, in that order. -The @option{--noprofile} option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +The @option{--noprofile} option will inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name @code{sh}, Bash looks for the variable @env{ENV}, expands its value if it is defined, @@ -7735,8 +7746,8 @@ no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name @code{sh} does not attempt to read any other startup files. -When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after -the startup files are read. +When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after reading +the startup files. @subsubheading Invoked in @sc{posix} mode @@ -7759,7 +7770,7 @@ determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as @code{sh}. -The @option{--norc} option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +The @option{--norc} option will inhibit this behavior, and the @option{--rcfile} option will make Bash use a different file instead of @file{~/.bashrc}, but neither @@ -7970,10 +7981,10 @@ If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is of the form -@file{/dev/fd/@var{N}}, then file descriptor @var{N} is checked. +@file{/dev/fd/@var{N}}, then Bash checks file descriptor @var{N}. If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of -@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file -descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. +@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, +Bash checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively. When used with @code{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. @@ -8202,9 +8213,8 @@ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. -This means you can use -.Q x , -where \fIx\fP is a shell variable name, in an arithmetic expression, +This means you can use @var{x}, +where @var{x} is a shell variable name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell will evaluate its value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced @@ -9019,6 +9029,9 @@ completes. @item Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying the user of their termination via the @code{wait} or @code{jobs} builtins. +It removes the job from the jobs list after notifying the user of its +termination, but the status is still available via @code{wait}, as long +as @code{wait} is supplied a @sc{pid} argument. @item The @code{vi} editing mode will invoke the @code{vi} editor directly when @@ -9266,7 +9279,7 @@ The trap command is run once for each child that exits. @item Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such -statuses after the @code{wait} builtin is used to obtain it. +statuses after the @code{wait} builtin returns it. @end enumerate @@ -9463,7 +9476,7 @@ The @code{unset} builtin will unset the array @code{a} given an argument like Bash-5.2 will unset an element with key @samp{@@} (associative arrays) or remove all the elements without unsetting the array (indexed arrays). @item -Arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for +Arithmetic commands ( ((@dots{})) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once. @item Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the @code{[[} @@ -9472,7 +9485,7 @@ conditional command can be expanded more than once. The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be expanded more than once. @item -The expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be expanded +The expressions in the $(( @dots{} )) word expansion can be expanded more than once. @item Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be @@ -9657,7 +9670,7 @@ though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next command in the list. If the @option{-b} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled, -Bash reports such changes immediately (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +Bash reports status changes immediately (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). Bash executes any trap on @code{SIGCHLD} for each child process that terminates. @@ -10100,7 +10113,7 @@ You may need to supply the @option{--srcdir=PATH} argument to tell @code{configure} where the source files are. @code{configure} automatically checks for the -source code in the directory that @code{configure} is in and in `..'. +source code in the directory that @code{configure} is in and in @file{..}. If you have to use a @code{make} that does not support the @code{VPATH} variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a diff --git a/doc/bashref.vr b/doc/bashref.vr index e49c27b4..7d855e3a 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.vr +++ b/doc/bashref.vr @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ \entry{GROUPS}{91}{\code {GROUPS}} \entry{histchars}{91}{\code {histchars}} \entry{HISTCMD}{91}{\code {HISTCMD}} -\entry{HISTCONTROL}{91}{\code {HISTCONTROL}} +\entry{HISTCONTROL}{92}{\code {HISTCONTROL}} \entry{HISTFILE}{92}{\code {HISTFILE}} \entry{HISTFILESIZE}{92}{\code {HISTFILESIZE}} \entry{HISTIGNORE}{92}{\code {HISTIGNORE}} @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ \entry{LANG}{93}{\code {LANG}} \entry{LC_ALL}{93}{\code {LC_ALL}} \entry{LC_COLLATE}{93}{\code {LC_COLLATE}} -\entry{LC_CTYPE}{93}{\code {LC_CTYPE}} +\entry{LC_CTYPE}{94}{\code {LC_CTYPE}} \entry{LC_MESSAGES}{94}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}} \entry{LC_NUMERIC}{94}{\code {LC_NUMERIC}} \entry{LC_TIME}{94}{\code {LC_TIME}} @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ \entry{READLINE_MARK}{95}{\code {READLINE_MARK}} \entry{READLINE_POINT}{95}{\code {READLINE_POINT}} \entry{REPLY}{95}{\code {REPLY}} -\entry{SECONDS}{95}{\code {SECONDS}} +\entry{SECONDS}{96}{\code {SECONDS}} \entry{SHELL}{96}{\code {SHELL}} \entry{SHELLOPTS}{96}{\code {SHELLOPTS}} \entry{SHLVL}{96}{\code {SHLVL}} diff --git a/doc/bashref.vrs b/doc/bashref.vrs index 14b60b8d..4e677222 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.vrs +++ b/doc/bashref.vrs @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ \initial {H} \entry{\code {histchars}}{91} \entry{\code {HISTCMD}}{91} -\entry{\code {HISTCONTROL}}{91} +\entry{\code {HISTCONTROL}}{92} \entry{\code {HISTFILE}}{92} \entry{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{92} \entry{\code {HISTIGNORE}}{92} @@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ \entry{\code {LANG}}{8, 93} \entry{\code {LC_ALL}}{93} \entry{\code {LC_COLLATE}}{93} -\entry{\code {LC_CTYPE}}{93} +\entry{\code {LC_CTYPE}}{94} \entry{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}{8, 94} \entry{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}{94} \entry{\code {LC_TIME}}{94} @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ \entry{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{138} \initial {S} \entry{\code {search-ignore-case}}{138} -\entry{\code {SECONDS}}{95} +\entry{\code {SECONDS}}{96} \entry{\code {SHELL}}{96} \entry{\code {SHELLOPTS}}{96} \entry{\code {SHLVL}}{96} diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0 index aa14d3bf..f884f65a 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.0 +++ b/doc/builtins.0 @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS of directories in which to find _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e; otherwise, .. uses the entries in PPAATTHH to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not need to be executable. When bbaasshh is not in - _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it searches the current directory if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not + posix mode, it searches the current directory if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found in PPAATTHH, but does not search the current directory if --pp is supplied. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin com- mand is turned off, .. does not search PPAATTHH. @@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - With no arguments or with the --pp option,aalliiaass prints the list of - aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When - arguments are supplied, define an alias for each _n_a_m_e whose + With no arguments or with the --pp option, aalliiaass prints the list + of aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. + When arguments are supplied, define an alias for each _n_a_m_e whose _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded during command parsing. For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for @@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent bbiinndd command or in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file. If arguments remain after option processing, bbiinndd treats - them as readline command names and restricts output to + them as rreeaaddlliinnee command names and restricts output to those names. --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. If arguments remain after option processing, bbiinndd treats - them as readline command names and restricts output to + them as rreeaaddlliinnee command names and restricts output to those names. --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in such a way that they can be used @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS reflected in the editing state. --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a format that can be reused as an - argument to a subsequent @code{bind} command. + argument to a subsequent bbiinndd command. The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied or an error occurred. @@ -191,29 +191,34 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. - ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]]] [-@] [_d_i_r] + ccdd [--LL] [-@] [_d_i_r] + ccdd --PP [--ee] [-@] [_d_i_r] Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is used as _d_i_r. The vari- - able CCDDPPAATTHH exists, ccdd uses it as a search path: the shell - searches each directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH for _d_i_r. Alternative di- - rectory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, - i.e., If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not used. + able CCDDPPAATTHH exists, and _d_i_r does not begin with a slash (/), ccdd + uses it as a search path: the shell searches each directory name + in CCDDPPAATTHH for _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are + separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is + the same as the current directory, i.e., The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and before pro- cessing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command). - The --LL option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving + The --LL option forces ccdd to follow symbolic links by resolving the link after processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears - in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing the immediately previous + in _d_i_r, ccdd processes it by removing the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a slash or the beginning of - _d_i_r. + _d_i_r, and verifying that the portion of _d_i_r it has processed to + that point is still a valid directory name after removing the + pathname component. If it is not a valid directory name, ccdd re- + turns a non-zero status. If neither --LL nor --PP is supplied, ccdd + behaves as if --LL had been supplied. - If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and the current working - directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful - directory change, ccdd will return a non-zero status. + If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and ccdd cannot successfully + determine the current working directory after a successful di- + rectory change, it will return a non-zero status. On systems that support it, the --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a file as a directory. @@ -1196,12 +1201,12 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaadd uses rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE in _b_a_s_h(1)) to obtain the - line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line + line. RReeaaddlliinnee uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings, but - uses readline's default filename completion. + uses rreeaaddlliinnee's default filename completion. --EE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaadd uses rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE in _b_a_s_h(1)) to obtain the - line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line + line. RReeaaddlliinnee uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings, but uses bash's default completion, including programmable completion. @@ -1315,7 +1320,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS sseett ++oo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot - be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. The + be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- ments remaining after option processing are treated as values @@ -1397,7 +1402,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS interactive shells. iiggnnoorreeeeooff The effect is as if the shell command had been - executed (see SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess << in _b_a_s_h(1)). + executed (see SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess in _b_a_s_h(1)). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. nnoocclloobbbbeerr @@ -1617,7 +1622,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiirreexxppaanndd If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing filename completion. - This changes the contents of the readline editing + This changes the contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll @@ -1625,115 +1630,116 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a in the - results of pathname expansion. The filenames and must - always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. + results of pathname expansion. The filenames _. and _._. + must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is + set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess If set, aliases are expanded as described in _b_a_s_h(1) un- - der AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for in- + der AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for in- teractive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell - starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- - ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers + starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- + ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions in _b_a_s_h(1)). - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. - eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features + eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features described in _b_a_s_h(1) under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$_s_t_r_i_n_g and $$_s_t_r_i_n_g quoting is performed within + If set, $$_s_t_r_i_n_g and $$_s_t_r_i_n_g quoting is performed within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- - ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS in _b_a_s_h(1) for a - description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- + ble completions. See SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess in _b_a_s_h(1) for a + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- fault. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg in _b_a_s_h(1)) + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg in _b_a_s_h(1)) behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing - comparisons. That is, pattern matching does not take + comparisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the current locale's collating sequence into account, so - bb will not collate between AA and BB, and upper-case and + bb will not collate between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbsskkiippddoottss - If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- - names and even if the pattern begins with a This option - is enabled by default. + If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- + names _. and _._. even if the pattern begins with a This + option is enabled by default. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex- its, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the user is given - the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu- + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the user is given + the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu- tion. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE in + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE in _b_a_s_h(1)). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt - If set, command substitution inherits the value of the - eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss - In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes - that word and all remaining characters on that line to - be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS + In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes + that word and all remaining characters on that line to + be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS in _b_a_s_h(1)). This option is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt @@ -1742,110 +1748,110 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at- tribute is not inherited. llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett - If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous - function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find + If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function returns. This is identi- - cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the + cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function scope. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h(1)). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, bbaasshh + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, bbaasshh displays the message nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh does not search - PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is at- + PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is at- tempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn in _b_a_s_h(1)). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- - tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn - If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $$... - quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If + If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $$... + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is not translated, this has no effect. nnuullllgglloobb If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files - (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn in _b_a_s_h(1)) expand to nothing + (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn in _b_a_s_h(1)) expand to nothing and are removed, rather than expanding to themselves. ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement - string of pattern substitution to the text matched by - the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn in + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by + the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn in _b_a_s_h(1). This option is enabled by default. pprrooggccoommpp - If set, enable the programmable completion facilities - (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn in _b_a_s_h(1)). This option + If set, enable the programmable completion facilities + (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn in _b_a_s_h(1)). This option is enabled by default. pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass - If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh - treats a command name that doesn't have any completions + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh + treats a command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it - has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- + has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- - moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG in + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- + moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG in _b_a_s_h(1). This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in re- - stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL in _b_a_s_h(1)). The - value may not be changed. This is not reset when the - startup files are executed, allowing the startup files + The shell sets this option if it is started in re- + stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL in _b_a_s_h(1)). The + value may not be changed. This is not reset when the + startup files are executed, allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an - argument when the --pp option is not supplied. This op- + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument when the --pp option is not supplied. This op- tion is enabled by default. vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee - If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors - assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see - RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h(1)) instead of leaving them open + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see + RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h(1)) instead of leaving them open when the command completes. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- - quences by default. If the ppoossiixx shell option is also + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- + quences by default. If the ppoossiixx shell option is also enabled, eecchhoo does not interpret any options. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT - signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, - cannot be suspended; the --ff option will override this and force - the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a - login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is not sup- + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the --ff option will override this and force + the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a + login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is not sup- plied. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- - ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and - operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed - of the primaries described in _b_a_s_h(1) under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESS-- + ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and + operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed + of the primaries described in _b_a_s_h(1) under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESS-- SSIIOONNSS. tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, - listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- pends on the number of arguments; see below. tteesstt uses operator precedence when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override normal operator precedence. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -1862,110 +1868,110 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed in - _b_a_s_h(1) under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed in + _b_a_s_h(1) under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional - operators listed in _b_a_s_h(1) under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESS-- - SSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the - binary test using the first and third arguments as - operands. The --aa and --oo operators are considered binary - operators when there are three arguments. If the first + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + operators listed in _b_a_s_h(1) under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESS-- + SSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the + binary test using the first and third arguments as + operands. The --aa and --oo operators are considered binary + operators when there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, the value is the negation of the two-argu- - ment test using the second and third arguments. If the + ment test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is ex- - actly )), the result is the one-argument test of the sec- + actly )), the result is the one-argument test of the sec- ond argument. Otherwise, the expression is false. 4 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining - arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the fourth argument is exactly )), the result is the two-argu- - ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise, - the expression is parsed and evaluated according to + ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise, + the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. - When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, or if the expression is part of + When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the [[[[ command, the << and >> operators sort using the current lo- - cale. If the shell is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the tteesstt and [[ com- + cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt and [[ com- mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. - The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- - ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that - look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa - and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. - Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to - restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace + The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- + ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that + look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa + and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. + Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to + restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace uses of --aa and --oo with the shell's &&&& and |||| list operators. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llppPP] [[_a_c_t_i_o_n] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] The _a_c_t_i_o_n is a command that is read and executed when the shell - receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and + receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and there is a single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is reset - to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is - the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored + to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is + the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- + If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- ated with each trapped signal as a set of ttrraapp commands that can - be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- - tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp - displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none + be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- + tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp + displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of ttrraapp commands - that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal - dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays - only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- - quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may - be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) - and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a + that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal + dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays + only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- + quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may + be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) + and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps. - The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- - sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined + The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- + sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen- - sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with + sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with no _s_i_g_s_p_e_c arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the - shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every - _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( - arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- - mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the + shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every + _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( + arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- + mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR in _b_a_s_h(1)). Refer to the description of the - eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt in _b_a_s_h(1)) for details of its + eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt in _b_a_s_h(1)) for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is ex- - ecuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the + ecuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins finishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline - (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a - compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the - following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline + (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a + compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the + following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command - following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the - last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if the command's return value is being inverted using !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) option. When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not - being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell - or subshell environment when one is created. The return status + being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell + or subshell environment when one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttrruuee Does nothing, returns a 0 status. @@ -1974,61 +1980,61 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. - If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of - _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, - shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re- - spectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints nothing and + If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of + _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, + shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re- + spectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints nothing and returns a non-zero exit status. - If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the pathname of - the executable file that would be found by searching $$PPAATTHH for - _n_a_m_e or nothing if would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces - a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if would not return _f_i_l_e. If + If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the pathname of + the executable file that would be found by searching $$PPAATTHH for + _n_a_m_e or nothing if would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces + a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if would not return _f_i_l_e. If _n_a_m_e is present in the table of hashed commands, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. - If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that - contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, reserved - words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (--pp - and --PP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable - files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands when + If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that + contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, reserved + words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (--pp + and --PP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable + files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands when using --aa with --pp, and only performs a PPAATTHH search for _n_a_m_e. The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the ccoomm-- - mmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are + mmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] --aa uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] [--bbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPRRTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] - Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control. - The --HH and --SS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is + The --HH and --SS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up - to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- fied, uulliimmiitt sets both the soft and hard limits. The value of _l_i_m_i_t can be a number in the unit specified for the - resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, - which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, - and no limit, respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, uulliimmiitt prints - the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the - --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, - the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the + resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, + which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, + and no limit, respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, uulliimmiitt prints + the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the + --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, + the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as follows: --aa Report all current limits; no limits are set. --bb The maximum socket buffer size. --cc The maximum size of core files created. --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment. --ee The maximum scheduling priority ( - --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. --ii The maximum number of pending signals. --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory. - --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set). @@ -2037,146 +2043,146 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority. --ss The maximum stack size. --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. - --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single user. - --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its children. --xx The maximum number of file locks. --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals. - --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before + --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds. --TT The maximum number of threads. - If _l_i_m_i_t is supplied, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is - the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup- + If _l_i_m_i_t is supplied, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is + the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup- plied, then --ff is assumed. - Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, which is in - seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, which is in units of - 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled - values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in - 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid + Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, which is in + seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, which is in units of + 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled + values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in + 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] - Set the user file-creation mask to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with a + Set the user file-creation mask to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is in- - terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, uummaasskk prints the current value of the mask. The --SS option without a _m_o_d_e argument prints the mask in a symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in - a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero - if the mode was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was + a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero + if the mode was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and non-zero otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is - supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] - For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, - and that variable is removed. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e - refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re- - moved. If the --nn option is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable - with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the - variable it references. --nn has no effect if the --ff option is - supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset. - When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed - from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op- - tions are supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is - no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is - unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of + and that variable is removed. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e + refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re- + moved. If the --nn option is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable + with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the + variable it references. --nn has no effect if the --ff option is + supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset. + When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed + from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op- + tions are supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is + no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is + unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS, BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00, BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS, BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD, BBAASSHH__SSUUBB-- - SSHHEELLLL, BBAASSHHPPIIDD, CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, - EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECC-- - OONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are unset, they lose their special properties, - even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true + SSHHEELLLL, BBAASSHHPPIIDD, CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECC-- + OONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are unset, they lose their special properties, + even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly or may not be unset. wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [--pp _v_a_r_n_a_m_e] [_i_d ...] Wait for each specified child process _i_d and return the termina- - tion status of the last _i_d. Each _i_d may be a process ID _p_i_d or - a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c; if a jobspec is supplied, wwaaiitt + tion status of the last _i_d. Each _i_d may be a process ID _p_i_d or + a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c; if a jobspec is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for all processes in the job. - If no options or _i_ds are supplied, wwaaiitt waits for all running - background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if + If no options or _i_ds are supplied, wwaaiitt waits for all running + background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if its process id is the same as $$!!, and the return status is zero. - If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any one of the + If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any one of the given _i_ds or, if no _i_ds are supplied, any job or process substi- tution, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the - supplied _i_ds is a child of the shell, or if no _i_ds are supplied - and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is + supplied _i_ds is a child of the shell, or if no _i_ds are supplied + and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. - If the --pp option is supplied, wwaaiitt assigns the process or job - identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to - the variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The vari- - able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before - any assignment. This is useful only when used with the --nn op- + If the --pp option is supplied, wwaaiitt assigns the process or job + identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to + the variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The vari- + able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before + any assignment. This is useful only when used with the --nn op- tion. - Supplying the --ff option, when job control is enabled, forces - wwaaiitt to wait for each _i_d to terminate before returning its sta- + Supplying the --ff option, when job control is enabled, forces + wwaaiitt to wait for each _i_d to terminate before returning its sta- tus, instead of returning when it changes status. - If none of the _i_ds specify one of the shell's active child - processes, the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by - a signal, any _v_a_r_n_a_m_e will remain unset, and the return status + If none of the _i_ds specify one of the shell's active child + processes, the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by + a signal, any _v_a_r_n_a_m_e will remain unset, and the return status will be greater than 128, as described under SSIIGGNNAALLSS in _b_a_s_h(1). Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last _i_d. SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE - Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- + Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin (ccoommppaatt3311, ccoommppaatt3322, ccoomm-- - ppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibility + ppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibility level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is - intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that - is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use - current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu- + intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that + is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use + current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu- tion. - This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- - lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the right hand - side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters - in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver- + This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- + lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the right hand + side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters + in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver- sions). - If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other - compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility - level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior - that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been - present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- - based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier + If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other + compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility + level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior + that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been + present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- + based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling ccoommppaatt3322 will enable - ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- - cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility - levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to + ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- + cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility + levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out the current behavior. - Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- + Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte- - ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- + ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- patibility level. Starting with bash-4.4, bbaasshh began deprecating older compatibility lev- els. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. - Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt - option for the previous version. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is the only mechanism to + Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt + option for the previous version. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is the only mechanism to control the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0. - The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each + The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each compatibility level setting. The ccoommppaatt_N_N tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility level to _N_N using one of the following mecha- - nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be - set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and - later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- + nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be + set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and + later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- quired for bash-5.1 and later versions. ccoommppaatt3311 @@ -2184,118 +2190,118 @@ SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE ator (=) has no special effect. ccoommppaatt3322 - +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider + +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering. ccoommppaatt4400 - +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider + +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering. BBaasshh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col- - lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current + lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt4411 - +o In _p_o_s_i_x mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still + +o In _p_o_s_i_x mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre- tation 267). +o In _p_o_s_i_x mode, the parser requires that an even number of - single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- - quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so - that characters within the single quotes are considered + single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- + quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so + that characters within the single quotes are considered quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221). ccoommppaatt4422 +o The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu- - tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- + tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- sions after bash-4.2. - +o In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when - expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter - expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or - other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- - tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not + +o In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when + expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter + expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or + other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- + tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not special within double-quoted word expansions. ccoommppaatt4433 - +o Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors - that cause the current command to fail, even in posix - mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors + +o Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors + that cause the current command to fail, even in posix + mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit). - +o When executing a shell function, the loop state + +o When executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in that function will break or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre- vent this. ccoommppaatt4444 - +o The shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and - BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional - parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en- + +o The shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and + BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional + parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en- abled. - +o A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so - bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. - Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the + +o A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so + bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. + Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit - +o Variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and + +o Variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and rreeaaddoonnllyy that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix mode. ccoommppaatt5500 - +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- - duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil- + +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- + duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil- ity level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method - from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- - dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will + from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- + dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0. - +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior - to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- - fect, even when producing output that can be reused as - input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- + +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior + to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- + fect, even when producing output that can be reused as + input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- tion is supplied. ccoommppaatt5511 - +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- - scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- - ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in + +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- + scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- + ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in previous versions. +o Arithmetic commands ( ((((...)))) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once. - +o Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in - the [[[[ conditional command can be expanded more than + +o Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in + the [[[[ conditional command can be expanded more than once. - +o The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion + +o The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be expanded more than once. +o The expressions in the $$((((...)))) word expansion can be ex- panded more than once. - +o Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts + +o Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be expanded more than once. - +o tteesstt --vv, when given an argument of AA[[@@]], where AA is an + +o tteesstt --vv, when given an argument of AA[[@@]], where AA is an existing associative array, will return true if the array - has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report + has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key named @@. +o The ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[[::]]==_v_a_l_u_e} word expansion will return - _v_a_l_u_e, before any variable-specific transformations have + _v_a_l_u_e, before any variable-specific transformations have been performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2 will return the final value assigned to the variable. - +o Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended + +o Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended globbing (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin above) - is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con- + is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con- taining an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell func- - tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en- - able extglob before the command is executed and word ex- - pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion - time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com- + tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en- + able extglob before the command is executed and word ex- + pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion + time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com- mand is executed. ccoommppaatt5522 - +o The tteesstt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse - parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar- + +o The tteesstt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse + parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar- guments. - +o If the --pp or --PP option is supplied to the bbiinndd builtin, + +o If the --pp or --PP option is supplied to the bbiinndd builtin, bbiinndd treats any arguments remaining after option process- - ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se- - quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the + ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se- + quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the arguments as key sequences to bind. SSEEEE AALLSSOO diff --git a/doc/builtins.ps b/doc/builtins.ps index 8efaa9e9..704dca11 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.ps +++ b/doc/builtins.ps @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.23.0 -%%CreationDate: Thu Apr 4 17:50:31 2024 +%%CreationDate: Thu Oct 17 11:28:25 2024 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Italic %%+ font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Symbol %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.23 0 -%%Pages: 28 +%%Pages: 30 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait @@ -310,103 +310,95 @@ F3(let)2.961 E F1 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F3(shift)2.961 E F1 -.2(bu) (fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) -.15 E F0(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .452(and performing an)3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 273.6 R -(return status is zero.)2.5 E F3(.)108 290.4 Q F0(\214lename)6.666 E F1 -([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A F3(sour)108 302.4 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -(\214lename)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A 1.02 -(Read and e)144 314.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F0 -(\214lename)5.43 E F1 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 -(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.33 -(status of the last command e)144 326.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331 -(cuted from).15 F F0(\214lename)5.741 E F1 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F0 -(\214lename)5.741 E F1 1.331(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F -.023(names in)144 338.4 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.523 G(TH)-.189 -E F1 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.273 F F0 -(\214lename)4.432 E F1 2.522(,b).18 G(ut)-2.722 E F0(\214lename)2.522 E -F1 .022(does not need to be)2.522 F -.15(exe)144 350.4 S 3.86 -(cutable. The).15 F 1.36(\214le searched for in)3.86 F F4 -.666(PA)3.86 -G(TH)-.189 E F1 1.361(need not be e)3.61 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.861 -(cutable. When).15 F F3(bash)3.861 E F1 1.361(is not in)3.861 F F0 -(posix)3.861 E(mode)144 362.4 Q F1 2.772(,i)C 2.772(ts)-2.772 G .272 -(earches the current directory if no \214le is found in)-2.772 F F4 --.666(PA)2.771 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .271(If the) -4.771 F F3(sour)2.771 E(cepath)-.18 E F1 .271(option to the)2.771 F F3 -(shopt)144 374.4 Q F1 -.2(bu)3.659 G 1.159(iltin command is turned of).2 -F 1.159(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)3.659 G(TH)-.189 E F1 1.159 -(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.16(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F0(ar)3.66 E -(guments)-.37 E F1 1.16(are supplied,)3.66 F(the)144 386.4 Q 3.045(yb) --.15 G .544(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.045 F F0(\214lename) -3.044 E F1 .544(is e)3.044 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.044(cuted. Otherwise).15 F -.544(the positional para-)3.044 F .302(meters are unchanged.)144 398.4 R -.302(If the)5.302 F F32.802 E F1 .302(option is enabled,)2.802 F -F3(.)2.802 E F1 .302(inherits an)2.802 F 2.802(yt)-.15 G .302(rap on) --2.802 F F3(DEB)2.802 E(UG)-.1 E F1 2.802(;i)C 2.802(fi)-2.802 G 2.802 -(ti)-2.802 G 2.803(sn)-2.802 G .303(ot, an)-2.803 F(y)-.15 E F3(DEB)144 -410.4 Q(UG)-.1 E F1 .382(trap string is sa)2.882 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.882 -(da).15 G .382(nd restored around the call to)-2.882 F F3(.)2.882 E F1 -2.882(,a)C(nd)-2.882 E F3(.)2.881 E F1 .381(unsets the)2.881 F F3(DEB) -2.881 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .381(trap while)2.881 F .812(it e)144 422.4 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.312(cutes. If).15 F F33.312 E F1 .812 -(is not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)3.312 F F3(DEB)3.312 E -(UG)-.1 E F1 .812(trap, the ne)3.312 F 3.312(wv)-.25 G .813(alue is re-) --3.562 F 1.377(tained when)144 434.4 R F3(.)3.877 E F1 3.877 -(completes. The)3.877 F 1.376 -(return status is the status of the last command e)3.876 F 1.376 -(xited within the)-.15 F(script \(0 if no commands are e)144 446.4 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E -F1(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F3(alias)108 463.2 Q F1([)2.5 -E F3A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C -1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E F3(Alias)144 475.2 Q F1 2.724(with no ar) -5.224 F 2.724(guments or with the)-.18 F F35.224 E F1 2.724 -(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F3(alias)5.225 E -F0(name)144 487.2 Q F1(=)A F0(value)A F1 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F -.58(When ar)5.58 F .58 -(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F0(name) -3.08 E F1(whose)144 499.2 Q F0(value)2.508 E F1 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F0(value) -2.509 E F1 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009 -(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 -(tution when the alias is e)144 511.2 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 -(or each)-.15 F F0(name)3.079 E F1 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579 -(gument list for which no)-.18 F F0(value)3.079 E F1 .578(is sup-)3.078 -F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 523.2 R 1.314 -(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F3(Alias)6.314 E F1 1.314 -(returns true unless a)3.814 F F0(name)3.814 E F1 1.314(is gi)3.814 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E -(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 535.2 Q F3(bg)108 552 Q F1([)2.5 -E F0(jobspec)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .745 -(Resume each suspended job)144 564 R F0(jobspec)3.245 E F1 .745 +(return status is zero.)2.5 E F3(.)108 290.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F3A F0 +(path)2.5 E F1(])A F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E +F1(])A F3(sour)108 302.4 Q(ce)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F3A F0(path)2.5 E +F1(])A F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A(The) +144 314.4 Q F3(.)2.79 E F1 .29(command \()2.79 F F3(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 +2.79(\)r)C .289(eads and e)-2.79 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .289 +(cute commands from).15 F F0(\214lename)4.699 E F1 .289 +(in the current shell en)2.969 F(viron-)-.4 E(ment and returns the e)144 +326.4 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted from).15 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E F1(.).18 E(If)144 343.2 Q F0 +(\214lename)2.662 E F1 .162(does not contain a slash,)2.662 F F3(.)2.662 +E F1 .162(searches for it.)2.662 F .162(If the)5.162 F F32.662 E +F1 .163(option is supplied,)2.663 F F3(.)2.663 E F1(treats)2.663 E F0 +(path)2.663 E F1 .163(as a)2.663 F .598 +(colon-separated list of directories in which to \214nd)144 355.2 R F0 +(\214lename)3.097 E F1 3.097(;o)C(therwise,)-3.097 E F3(.)3.097 E F1 +.597(uses the entries in)3.097 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.097 G +(TH)-.189 E F1 .302(to \214nd the directory containing)144 367.2 R F0 +(\214lename)4.712 E F1(.).18 E F0(\214lename)5.303 E F1 .303 +(does not need to be e)2.803 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.803(cutable. When).15 F +F3(bash)2.803 E F1(is)2.803 E .459 +(not in posix mode, it searches the current directory if)144 379.2 R F0 +(\214lename)2.959 E F1 .459(is not found in)2.959 F F4 -.666(PA)2.959 G +(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -.2(bu)2.708 G 2.958(td).2 G +.458(oes not)-2.958 F .6(search the current directory if)144 391.2 R F3 +3.1 E F1 .6(is supplied.)3.1 F .6(If the)5.6 F F3(sour)3.1 E +(cepath)-.18 E F1 .6(option to the)3.1 F F3(shopt)3.1 E F1 -.2(bu)3.1 G +.6(iltin com-).2 F(mand is turned of)144 403.2 Q(f,)-.25 E F3(.)2.5 E F1 +(does not search)2.5 E F4 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F5(.)A F1 .65(If an) +144 420 R(y)-.15 E F0(ar)3.15 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .649 +(are supplied, the)3.15 F 3.149(yb)-.15 G .649 +(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.149 F F0(\214lename)3.149 E F1 +.649(is e)3.149 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E +(Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.)144 432 Q .498 +(If the)144 448.8 R F32.998 E F1 .498(option is enabled,)2.998 F +F3(.)2.998 E F1 .498(inherits an)2.998 F 2.998(yt)-.15 G .498(rap on) +-2.998 F F3(DEB)2.999 E(UG)-.1 E F1 2.999(;i)C 2.999(fi)-2.999 G 2.999 +(ti)-2.999 G 2.999(sn)-2.999 G .499(ot, an)-2.999 F(y)-.15 E F3(DEB) +2.999 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .499(trap string is)2.999 F(sa)144 460.8 Q -.15(ve) +-.2 G 3.26(da).15 G .76(nd restored around the call to)-3.26 F F3(.)3.26 +E F1 3.26(,a)C(nd)-3.26 E F3(.)3.26 E F1 .76(unsets the)3.26 F F3(DEB) +3.26 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .76(trap while it e)3.26 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.26 +(cutes. If).15 F F33.26 E F1(is)3.26 E 1.076 +(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 472.8 R F3(DEB)3.576 E +(UG)-.1 E F1 1.076(trap, the ne)3.576 F 3.576(wv)-.25 G 1.077 +(alue persists after)-3.826 F F3(.)3.577 E F1(completes.)3.577 E .424 +(The return status is the status of the last command e)144 484.8 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .423(cuted from).15 F F0(\214lename)2.923 E F1 .423 +(\(0 if no commands are)2.923 F -.15(exe)144 496.8 S +(cuted\), and non-zero if).15 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E F1 +(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F3(alias)108 513.6 Q F1([)2.5 E +F3A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C +1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 525.6 S 2.6(th no ar).4 F 2.6 +(guments or with the)-.18 F F35.1 E F1(option,)5.1 E F3(alias) +5.101 E F1 2.601(prints the list of aliases in the form)5.101 F F3 +(alias)5.101 E F0(name)144 537.6 Q F1(=)A F0(value)A F1 1.715 +(on standard output.)4.215 F 1.715(When ar)6.715 F 1.714 +(guments are supplied, de\214ne an alias for each)-.18 F F0(name)4.214 E +F1(whose)144 549.6 Q F0(value)2.508 E F1 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F0(value)2.509 E F1 +.009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009(ord to be check)-.1 F +.009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .027(tution when the alias is e)144 +561.6 R .026(xpanded during command parsing.)-.15 F -.15(Fo)5.026 G +2.526(re).15 G(ach)-2.526 E F0(name)2.526 E F1 .026(in the ar)2.526 F +.026(gument list for)-.18 F .303(which no)144 573.6 R F0(value)2.803 E +F1 .304(is supplied, print the name and v)2.804 F .304 +(alue of the alias)-.25 F F0(name)2.804 E F1(.)A F3(alias)5.304 E F1 +.304(returns true unless a)2.804 F F0(name)144 585.6 Q F1(is gi)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(n\().15 G(without a corresponding =)-2.5 E F0(value)A +F1 2.5(\)f)C(or which no alias has been de\214ned.)-2.5 E F3(bg)108 +602.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(jobspec)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .745 +(Resume each suspended job)144 614.4 R F0(jobspec)3.245 E F1 .745 (in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F3(&)3.244 E -F1 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F0(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 576 Q F1 .671 -(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) --3.171 F F0(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F1 .672(is used.)3.172 F F3 -(bg)5.672 E F0(jobspec)4.912 E F1 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419 -(when job control is disabled or)144 588 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 -(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G -(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F0(jobspec)2.918 E F1 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G -(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 600 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E -F3(bind)108 616.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F3A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 -2.5(][)C F3(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F1(])A F3(bind)108 628.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F3 -A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0 -(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C -F3-2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(])A F3(bind)108 640.8 Q F1 -([)2.5 E F3A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F32.5 E F0 -(\214lename)2.5 E F3(bind)108 652.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F3A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 -G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F32.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1([:])A F0 -(shell\255command)2.5 E F3(bind)108 664.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F3A F0 -.1 -(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F0 -(function\255name)A F3(bind)108 676.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F3A F0 -.1(ke) -2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F0 -.37(re)C -(adline\255command).37 E F3(bind)108 688.8 Q F0 -.37(re)2.5 G -(adline-command-line).37 E F1 .238(Display current)144 700.8 R F3 -.18 -(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 -(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 -(equence to a).15 F F3 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F1 .239(function or) -2.739 F .04(macro, or set a)144 712.8 R F3 -.18(re)2.54 G(adline).18 E -F1 -.25(va)2.54 G 2.54(riable. Each).25 F .039(non-option ar)2.54 F .039 -(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .039(ould appear in a)-.1 F F3 -.18 -(re)144 724.8 S(adline).18 E F1 1.471(initialization \214le such as) -3.971 F F0(.inputr)4.201 E(c)-.37 E F1 3.971(,b).31 G 1.472 -(ut each binding or command must be passed as a)-4.171 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +F1 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F0(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 626.4 Q F1 .949 +(is not present, the shell uses its notion of the)3.759 F F0(curr)3.45 E +.95(ent job)-.37 F F1(.)A F3(bg)5.95 E F0(jobspec)5.19 E F1 .95 +(returns 0 unless run)3.76 F .419(when job control is disabled or)144 +638.4 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 +F 2.918(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F0(jobspec)2.918 E F1 -.1(wa)2.918 +G 2.918(sn).1 G(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 650.4 Q +(as started without job control.)-.1 E F3(bind)108 667.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F3 +A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F3(\255lsvSVX)-2.5 E F1 +(])A F3(bind)108 679.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F3A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E +F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E +F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E +F1(])A F3(bind)108 691.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F3A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 +E F1(])A F32.5 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F3(bind)108 703.2 Q F1([)2.5 +E F3A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F32.5 E F0 -.1(ke) +2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1([:])A F0(shell\255command)2.5 E F1(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(1)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -414,123 +406,129 @@ BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E .872 -(separate ar)144 84 R .872 +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(bind)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G +(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F0 +(function\255name)A F2(bind)108 96 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 +G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F22.5 E F1(|)A F2A F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37 +(re)C(adline\255command).37 E F1(])A F2(bind)108 108 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1 +(:)A F0 -.37(re)C(adline\255command).37 E F2(bind)108 120 Q F0 -.37(re) +2.5 G(adline-command-line).37 E F1 .238(Display current)144 132 R F2 +-.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 +(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 +(equence to a).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F1 .239(function or) +2.739 F .211(macro or to a shell command, or set a)144 144 R F2 -.18(re) +2.711 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.711 G 2.711(riable. Each).25 F .211 +(non-option ar)2.711 F .211(gument is a k)-.18 F .511 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +(ind-).15 E .258(ing or command as it w)144 156 R .259(ould appear in a) +-.1 F F2 -.18(re)2.759 G(adline).18 E F1 .259 +(initialization \214le such as)2.759 F F0(.inputr)2.989 E(c)-.37 E F1 +2.759(,b).31 G .259(ut each bind-)-2.959 F .514 +(ing or command must be passed as a separate ar)144 168 R .514 (gument; e.g., \\C\255x\\C\255r: re\255read\255init\255\214le.)-.18 F -.872(In the follo)5.872 F .872(wing descriptions, output a)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .709 -(able to be re-read is formatted as commands that w)144 96 R .709 -(ould appear in a)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.209 G(adline).18 -E F1 .709(initialization \214le or)3.209 F .108(that w)144 108 R .108 -(ould be supplied as indi)-.1 F .107(vidual ar)-.25 F .107(guments to a) --.18 F F2(bind)2.607 E F1 2.607(command. Options,)2.607 F .107 -(if supplied, ha)2.607 F .407 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E(follo)144 120 Q -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 132 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 -(Use)180 144 Q F0 -.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.658(as the k)5.348 F --.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.659 -(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E F0 -.1(ke) -180 156 S(ymap)-.2 E F1 3.193(names are)5.883 F F0 3.193 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 +.514(In the)5.514 F(follo)144 180 Q .271(wing descriptions, output a) +-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .272 +(ilable to be re-read is formatted as commands that w).25 F .272 +(ould appear)-.1 F .732(in a)144 192 R F2 -.18(re)3.232 G(adline).18 E +F1 .732(initialization \214le or that w)3.232 F .732 +(ould be supplied as indi)-.1 F .732(vidual ar)-.25 F .732(guments to a) +-.18 F F2(bind)3.231 E F1(com-)3.231 E 2.5(mand. Options,)144 204 R +(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:) +-.25 E F2144 216 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(Use)180 228 Q F0 +-.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658 +(map to be af).15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F +(Acceptable)7.659 E F0 -.1(ke)180 240 S(ymap)-.2 E F1 3.193(names are) +5.883 F F0 3.193(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -(vi\255command)180 168 Q F1 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F0(vi\255insert)4.379 +(vi\255command)180 252 Q F1 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F0(vi\255insert)4.379 E F1(.).68 E F0(vi)6.589 E F1 1.589(is equi)4.089 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.589 (lent to).25 F F0(vi\255command)4.089 E F1(\()4.089 E F0(vi\255mo)A(ve) --.1 E F1 1.59(is also a syn-)4.089 F(on)180 180 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F0(emacs) +-.1 E F1 1.59(is also a syn-)4.089 F(on)180 264 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F0(emacs) 2.5 E F1(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F0(emacs\255standar) -2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(.)A F2144 192 Q F1(List the names of all)180 192 -Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(functions.)2.5 E F2144 204 Q F1 -(Display)180 204 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc) --.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2144 216 Q F1(List current)180 216 Q -F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F2 -144 228 Q F1(Display)180 228 Q F2 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F1 --.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155 +2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(.)A F2144 276 Q F1(List the names of all)180 276 +Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(functions.)2.5 E F2144 288 Q F1 +(Display)180 288 Q F2 -.18(re)2.982 G(adline).18 E F1 .481 +(function names and bindings in such a w)2.982 F .481(ay that the)-.1 F +2.981(yc)-.15 G .481(an be used as an)-2.981 F(ar)180 300 Q .192 +(gument to a subsequent)-.18 F F2(bind)2.692 E F1 .192(command or in a) +2.692 F F2 -.18(re)2.692 G(adline).18 E F1 .193(initialization \214le.) +2.693 F .193(If ar)5.193 F(guments)-.18 E 1.524 +(remain after option processing,)180 312 R F2(bind)4.024 E F1 1.523 +(treats them as)4.023 F F2 -.18(re)4.023 G(adline).18 E F1 1.523 +(command names and re-)4.023 F(stricts output to those names.)180 324 Q +F2144 336 Q F1 .173(List current)180 336 R F2 -.18(re)2.673 G +(adline).18 E F1 .173(function names and bindings.)2.673 F .173(If ar) +5.173 F .174(guments remain after option pro-)-.18 F(cessing,)180 348 Q +F2(bind)4.855 E F1 2.354(treats them as)4.855 F F2 -.18(re)4.854 G +(adline).18 E F1 2.354(command names and restricts output to those)4.854 +F(names.)180 360 Q F2144 372 Q F1(Display)180 372 Q F2 -.18(re) +3.655 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155 (equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo)-.15 G -1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 240 S 2.5(yt).1 G(hat the)-2.5 -E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2144 252 Q F1(Display)180 -252 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G +1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 384 S 2.555(yt).1 G .055 +(hat the)-2.555 F 2.555(yc)-.15 G .055(an be used as an ar)-2.555 F .055 +(gument to a subsequent)-.18 F F2(bind)2.555 E F1 .054(command or in a) +2.554 F F2 -.18(re)2.554 G(adline).18 E F1(initialization \214le.)180 +396 Q F2144 408 Q F1(Display)180 408 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 +E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G (equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(utput.)-2.5 E F2144 264 Q F1(Display)180 264 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2144 276 Q F1(List current)180 276 Q F2 --.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues.)-.25 E F2144 288 Q F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1(Read k)180 300 Q -.3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -144 312 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1(Query about which k)180 324 Q -.15 -(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named).1 -E F0(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 336 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1 -(Unbind all k)180 348 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G(ound to the named) --2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 360 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq) --.2 E F1(Remo)180 372 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H +(utput.)-2.5 E F2144 420 Q F1(Display)180 420 Q F2 -.18(re)2.783 G +(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.783 G .283(riable names and v).25 F .283 +(alues in such a w)-.25 F .284(ay that the)-.1 F 2.784(yc)-.15 G .284 +(an be used as an ar)-2.784 F(-)-.2 E(gument to a subsequent)180 432 Q +F2(bind)2.5 E F1(command or in a)2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 +(initialization \214le.)2.5 E F2144 444 Q F1(List current)180 444 +Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 +E(alues.)-.25 E F2144 456 Q F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1(Read k)180 468 +Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 +144 480 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1(Display k)180 492 Q .3 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H(equences that in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(he named).1 E +F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 504 Q +F0(function)2.5 E F1(Unbind all k)180 516 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equences bound to the named).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 528 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1 +(Remo)180 540 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H (urrent binding for).15 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(.)A F2144 -384 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F2([: ])A F0(shell\255command)A F1 -(Cause)180 396 Q F0(shell\255command)4.344 E F1 1.844(to be e)4.344 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.844(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F0 -.1(ke) -4.345 G(yseq)-.2 E F1 1.845(is entered.)4.345 F 1.845(The separator be-) -6.845 F(tween)180 408 Q F0 -.1(ke)3.016 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(and)3.016 E F0 +552 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F2([: ])A F0(shell\255command)A F1 +(Cause)180 564 Q F0(shell\255command)4.345 E F1 1.845(to be e)4.345 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.845(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F0 -.1(ke) +4.345 G(yseq)-.2 E F1 1.844(is entered.)4.344 F 1.844(The separator be-) +6.844 F(tween)180 576 Q F0 -.1(ke)3.015 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(and)3.015 E F0 (shell\255command)3.016 E F1 .516 -(is either whitespace or a colon optionally follo)3.016 F .515(wed by) --.25 F 3.458(whitespace. If)180 420 R .958(the separator is whitespace,) -3.458 F F0(shell\255command)3.458 E F1 .958(must be enclosed in double) -3.458 F .623(quotes and)180 432 R F2 -.18(re)3.123 G(adline).18 E F1 --.15(ex)3.123 G .623(pands an).15 F 3.123(yo)-.15 G 3.123(fi)-3.123 G -.623(ts special backslash-escapes in)-3.123 F F0(shell\255command)3.122 -E F1(be-)3.122 E .712(fore sa)180 444 R .712(ving it.)-.2 F .713 -(If the separator is a colon, an)5.712 F 3.213(ye)-.15 G .713 -(nclosing double quotes are optional, and)-3.213 F F2 -.18(re)180 456 S -(adline).18 E F1 .099(does not e)2.599 F .099 -(xpand the command string before sa)-.15 F .098(ving it.)-.2 F .098 -(Since the entire k)5.098 F .398 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(ind-).15 E 2.72(ing e) -180 468 R 2.72(xpression must be a single ar)-.15 F 2.72 -(gument, it should be enclosed in quotes.)-.18 F(When)7.72 E F0 -(shell\255command)180 480 Q F1 .563(is e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563 +(is either whitespace or a colon optionally follo)3.016 F .516(wed by) +-.25 F 3.459(whitespace. If)180 588 R .958(the separator is whitespace,) +3.459 F F0(shell\255command)3.458 E F1 .958(must be enclosed in double) +3.458 F .622(quotes and)180 600 R F2 -.18(re)3.122 G(adline).18 E F1 +-.15(ex)3.122 G .623(pands an).15 F 3.123(yo)-.15 G 3.123(fi)-3.123 G +.623(ts special backslash-escapes in)-3.123 F F0(shell\255command)3.123 +E F1(be-)3.123 E .713(fore sa)180 612 R .713(ving it.)-.2 F .713 +(If the separator is a colon, an)5.713 F 3.213(ye)-.15 G .712 +(nclosing double quotes are optional, and)-3.213 F F2 -.18(re)180 624 S +(adline).18 E F1 .098(does not e)2.598 F .098 +(xpand the command string before sa)-.15 F .099(ving it.)-.2 F .099 +(Since the entire k)5.099 F .399 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(ind-).15 E .641(ing e) +180 636 R .641(xpression must be a single ar)-.15 F .641 +(gument, it should be enclosed in single quotes.)-.18 F(When)5.64 E F0 +(shell\255command)180 648 Q F1 .563(is e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563 (cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE) -3.063 E F1 -.25(va)2.813 G .563(riable to the contents).25 F .319 -(of the)180 492 R F2 -.18(re)2.82 G(adline).18 E F1 .32(line b)2.82 F -(uf)-.2 E .32(fer and the)-.25 F F3(READLINE_POINT)2.82 E F1(and)2.57 E -F3(READLINE_MARK)2.82 E F1 -.25(va)2.57 G(riables).25 E .546 -(to the current location of the insertion point and the sa)180 504 R --.15(ve)-.2 G 3.045(di).15 G .545(nsertion point \(the mark\), re-) --3.045 F(specti)180 516 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.188(.T)-.65 G 2.188 +3.063 E F1 -.25(va)2.813 G .563(riable to the contents).25 F .32(of the) +180 660 R F2 -.18(re)2.82 G(adline).18 E F1 .32(line b)2.82 F(uf)-.2 E +.32(fer and the)-.25 F F3(READLINE_POINT)2.82 E F1(and)2.57 E F3 +(READLINE_MARK)2.82 E F1 -.25(va)2.569 G(riables).25 E .545 +(to the current location of the insertion point and the sa)180 672 R +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.046(di).15 G .546(nsertion point \(the mark\), re-) +-3.046 F(specti)180 684 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.188(.T)-.65 G 2.188 (he shell assigns an)-7.188 F 4.688(yn)-.15 G 2.188(umeric ar)-4.688 F 2.188(gument the user supplied to the)-.18 F F3(READ-)4.688 E -(LINE_ARGUMENT)180 528 Q F1 -.25(va)2.399 G 2.649(riable. If).25 F .149 -(there w)2.649 F .149(as no ar)-.1 F .149(gument, that v)-.18 F .148 -(ariable is not set.)-.25 F .148(If the e)5.148 F(x-)-.15 E .582 -(ecuted command changes the v)180 540 R .583(alue of an)-.25 F 3.083(yo) +(LINE_ARGUMENT)180 696 Q F1 -.25(va)2.398 G 2.648(riable. 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If)3.132 F F0(n)3.492 E F1 .632(is greater than the number of enclo\ +sing loops, all enclosing loops are e)3.372 F(xited.)-.15 E +(The return v)144 165.6 Q(alue is 0 unless)-.25 E F0(n)2.5 E F1 +(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2 -.2(bu)108 182.4 S(iltin).2 +E F0(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1 +(])A(Ex)144 194.4 Q 1.261(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F(uiltin) +-.2 E F0(shell\255b)3.761 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1 3.761(,p)C 1.261(assing it) +-3.761 F F0(ar)4.091 E(guments)-.37 E F1 3.761(,a).27 G 1.26 +(nd return its e)-3.761 F 1.26(xit status.)-.15 F 1.053(This is useful \ +when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 206.4 +R 1.053(uiltin, retaining the)-.2 F 1.166(functionality of the b)144 +218.4 R 1.166(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)6.166 E F2(cd)3.666 +E F1 -.2(bu)3.666 G 1.165(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay) +-.1 E(.)-.65 E(The return status is f)144 230.4 Q(alse if)-.1 E F0 +(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1(is not a shell b)2.74 E +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(caller)108 247.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F1(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 259.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 (ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.753 E F1(or)2.753 E F2(sour)144 108 Q -(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F0 -.2 -(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F1(,)A F2(caller)2.824 E F1 .324 -(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F -.254(subroutine call.)144 120 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 G -(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 F -F0 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F1(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F1 .253 -(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ -tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ -ent e)144 132 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 -(This e)144 144 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 -(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E -3.019(0. The)144 156 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 -(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 -(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F0 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F1 .52 -(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 168 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 184.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -A F1(|[)A F2A F1([)2.5 E F2A F1(]]] [\255@] [)A F0 -(dir)A F1(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 196.8 R F0(dir) -2.822 E F1 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F0(dir)2.822 E F1 .321 -(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.821 E F1 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is) --.25 F 1.365(the def)144 208.8 R 3.865(ault. The)-.1 F -.25(va)3.865 G -(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.865 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 1.365 -(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.615 F F0(dir) -4.216 E F1 3.866(:t).73 G(he)-3.866 E .91 -(shell searches each directory name in)144 220.8 R F3(CDP)3.41 E -.855 -(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(for)3.16 E F0(dir)3.41 E F1 5.91(.A)C(lternati) --5.91 E 1.209 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .909(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.409 -E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 .764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 -232.8 R 3.264(An)5.764 G .764(ull directory name in)-3.264 F F3(CDP) -3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 .764 -(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 244.8 Q 2.872(,i) --.65 G .372(.e., If)-2.872 F F0(dir)3.222 E F1(be)3.602 E .372 -(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.872 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F1 .372(is not used.)2.622 F(The)5.371 E F22.871 E F1 .371 -(option causes)2.871 F F2(cd)2.871 E F1 .371(to use)2.871 F 1.03(the ph) -144 256.8 R 1.031 -(ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while tra)-.05 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F0(dir)3.531 E F1 1.031(and before pro-)3.531 -F .947(cessing instances of)144 268.8 R F0(..)3.447 E F1(in)3.447 E F0 -(dir)3.447 E F1 .947(\(see also the)3.447 F F23.447 E F1 .947 -(option to the)3.447 F F2(set)3.446 E F1 -.2(bu)3.446 G .946 -(iltin command\); the).2 F F23.446 E F1(option)3.446 E .19 -(forces symbolic links to be follo)144 280.8 R .191 -(wed by resolving the link after processing instances of)-.25 F F0(..) -2.691 E F1(in)2.691 E F0(dir)2.691 E F1 5.191(.I)C(f)-5.191 E F0(..)144 -292.8 Q F1 .322(appears in)2.822 F F0(dir)2.822 E F1 2.822(,i)C 2.822 -(ti)-2.822 G 2.822(sp)-2.822 G .321(rocessed by remo)-2.822 F .321 -(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .321(vious pathname component from)-.25 -F F0(dir)144 304.8 Q F1 3.156(,b)C .656(ack to a slash or the be)-3.156 -F .656(ginning of)-.15 F F0(dir)3.156 E F1 5.656(.I)C 3.156(ft)-5.656 G -(he)-3.156 E F23.156 E F1 .656(option is supplied with)3.156 F F2 -3.156 E F1 3.156(,a)C .656(nd the current)-3.156 F -.1(wo)144 -316.8 S .863(rking directory cannot be successfully determined after a \ -successful directory change,).1 F F2(cd)3.363 E F1(will)3.363 E .338 -(return an unsuccessful status.)144 328.8 R .339 -(On systems that support it, the)5.338 F F22.839 E F1 .339 -(option presents the e)2.839 F .339(xtended at-)-.15 F(trib)144 340.8 Q -.589(utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F 5.589(.A)-.65 G -3.089(na)-5.589 G -.18(rg)-3.089 G .589(ument of).18 F F23.089 E F1 -.588(is con)3.089 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .588(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)3.088 E -F1(before)2.838 E .21(the directory change is attempted.)144 352.8 R -.211(If a non-empty directory name from)5.211 F F3(CDP)2.711 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F1 .211(is used, or if)2.461 F F22.711 E F1(is) -2.711 E .274(the \214rst ar)144 364.8 R .274(gument, and the directory \ -change is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.774(ww) --.25 G(ork-)-2.874 E 1.055 -(ing directory is written to the standard output.)144 376.8 R 1.056 -(If the directory change is successful,)6.056 F F2(cd)3.556 E F1 1.056 -(sets the)3.556 F -.25(va)144 388.8 S .508(lue of the).25 F F2(PWD)3.008 -E F1(en)3.008 E .508(vironment v)-.4 F .508(ariable to the ne)-.25 F -3.008(wd)-.25 G .508(irectory name, and sets the)-3.008 F F2(OLDPWD) -3.008 E F1(en)3.008 E(vi-)-.4 E .112(ronment v)144 400.8 R .112 -(ariable to the v)-.25 F .112(alue of the current w)-.25 F .112 -(orking directory before the change.)-.1 F .112(The return v)5.112 F -(alue)-.25 E(is true if the directory w)144 412.8 Q -(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 -429.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F1(])A F0(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Run)144 441.6 Q F0(command) -2.765 E F1(with)3.335 E F0(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .065 -(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)5.064 -F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 453.6 R -F3 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F23.002 E F1 .502(option is gi) -3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F0(command)3.202 E -F1(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 465.6 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4 -(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .399 -(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) -5.399 E .174(either the)144 477.6 R F22.674 E F1(or)2.674 E F2 -2.674 E F1 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F0 -(command)2.875 E F1 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F22.675 E -F1 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 489.6 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F -.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F0(command)3.617 E F1 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087 -F F2144 501.6 Q F1 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 -(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F22.749 E F1(or) -2.749 E F22.75 E F1 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 513.6 R F0(command)3.705 E F1 -.1 -(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 -(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F0 -(command)144.2 525.6 Q F1 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 -(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.099 E F1 -.2(bu)144 537.6 S -(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F0(command)2.7 E F1(.).77 E F2 -(compgen)108 554.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C -F0(option)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(wor)-2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(])A .013 -(Generate possible completion matches for)144 566.4 R F0(wor)2.513 E(d) --.37 E F1 .013(according to the)2.513 F F0(option)2.513 E F1 .013 -(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E 1.216 -(accepted by the)144 578.4 R F2(complete)3.716 E F1 -.2(bu)3.716 G 1.216 -(iltin with the e).2 F 1.216(xceptions of)-.15 F F23.716 E F1(,)A -F23.717 E F1(,)A F23.717 E F1(,)A F23.717 E F1 3.717 -(,a)C(nd)-3.717 E F23.717 E F1 3.717(,a)C 1.217(nd write the) --3.717 F .505(matches to the standard output.)144 590.4 R .505(If the) -5.505 F F23.005 E F1 .505(option is supplied,)3.005 F F2(compgen) -3.004 E F1 .504(stores the generated com-)3.004 F 1.086 -(pletions into the inde)144 602.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.586(da).15 G 1.086 -(rray v)-3.586 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(varname)3.586 E F1 1.087 -(instead of writing them to the standard output.)3.586 F .195 -(When using the)144 614.4 R F22.695 E F1(or)2.695 E F22.695 -E F1 .195(options, the v)2.695 F .195(arious shell v)-.25 F .194 -(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 626.4 S -(cilities, while a).1 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15 -(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 E .352 -(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 643.2 R .352 -(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ -em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -655.2 R(If)5.02 E F0(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F1 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 667.2 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 684 Q -(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2 -(complete)108 700.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(comp-option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255DEI)-2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(action)2.5 E F1(])A([)144 712.8 Q F2A F0 -(globpat)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 -2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(command)2.5 E F1(])A([)144 724.8 Q F2A F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1 -2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1(])A F0(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(name) -A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27) -141.79 E(3)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.754 E F1(or)2.754 E F2(sour)144 271.2 Q +(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\).).2 E -.4(Wi)144 288 S(thout).4 E F0 +-.2(ex)3.294 G(pr).2 E F1(,)A F2(caller)3.294 E F1 .793(displays the li\ +ne number and source \214lename of the current subroutine call.)3.294 F +.124(If a non-ne)144 300 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .424 -.15(ve i)-.25 H +(nte).15 E .124(ger is supplied as)-.15 F F0 -.2(ex)2.624 G(pr).2 E F1 +(,)A F2(caller)2.624 E F1 .124(displays the line number)2.624 F 2.624 +(,s)-.4 G .124(ubroutine name, and)-2.624 F .743 +(source \214le corresponding to that position in the current e)144 312 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .743(cution call stack.).15 F .742(This e)5.743 F .742 +(xtra informa-)-.15 F(tion may be used, for e)144 324 Q +(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 E(The current frame is frame 0.)5 +E .1(The return v)144 340.8 R .1(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e) +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .101(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F0 -.2(ex) +2.601 G(pr).2 E F1 .101(does not correspond)2.601 F(to a v)144 352.8 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 369.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +A F1 2.5(][)C(\255@] [)-2.5 E F0(dir)A F1(])A F2(cd \255P)108 +381.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C(\255@] [)-2.5 E F0(dir)A F1(])A +.322(Change the current directory to)144 393.6 R F0(dir)2.822 E F1 5.322 +(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F0(dir)2.822 E F1 .321(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F +.321(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.821 E F1 .321 +(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is)-.25 F .74(used as)144 405.6 R F0(dir) +3.24 E F1 5.74(.T)C .74(he v)-5.74 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(CDP)3.24 E -.855 +(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 -.15(ex)2.99 G .74(ists, and).15 F F0(dir)3.24 E +F1 .74(does not be)3.24 F .74(gin with a slash \(/\),)-.15 F F2(cd)3.24 +E F1 .741(uses it as a)3.24 F 1.837 +(search path: the shell searches each directory name in)144 417.6 R F4 +(CDP)4.336 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(for)4.086 E F0(dir)4.336 E F1 +6.836(.A)C(lternati)-6.836 E 2.136 -.15(ve d)-.25 H(irectory).15 E .447 +(names in)144 429.6 R F4(CDP)2.947 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 .447 +(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.697 F 2.948(An)5.448 G .448 +(ull directory name in)-2.948 F F4(CDP)2.948 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E +F1 .448(is the same as)2.698 F(the current directory)144 441.6 Q 2.5(,i) +-.65 G(.e.,)-2.5 E(The)144 458.4 Q F22.915 E F1 .415 +(option causes)2.915 F F2(cd)2.915 E F1 .415(to use the ph)2.915 F .414 +(ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while)-.05 F +(tra)144 470.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F0(dir)2.673 E F1 .173 +(and before processing instances of)2.673 F F0 1.666(..)4.339 G F1(in) +2.673 E F0(dir)2.673 E F1 .174(\(see also the)2.673 F F22.674 E F1 +.174(option to the)2.674 F F2(set)2.674 E F1 -.2(bu)2.674 G(iltin).2 E +(command\).)144 482.4 Q(The)144 499.2 Q F23.039 E F1 .539 +(option forces)3.039 F F2(cd)3.039 E F1 .539(to follo)3.039 F 3.039(ws) +-.25 G .538 +(ymbolic links by resolving the link after processing instances)-3.039 F +(of)144 511.2 Q F0 1.666(..)4.414 G F1(in)2.748 E F0(dir)2.748 E F1 +5.248(.I)C(f)-5.248 E F0 1.666(..)4.414 G F1 .248(appears in)2.748 F F0 +(dir)2.748 E F1(,)A F2(cd)2.748 E F1 .249(processes it by remo)2.749 F +.249(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .249(vious pathname)-.25 F .202 +(component from)144 523.2 R F0(dir)2.702 E F1 2.702(,b)C .202 +(ack to a slash or the be)-2.702 F .202(ginning of)-.15 F F0(dir)2.702 E +F1 2.701(,a)C .201(nd v)-2.701 F .201(erifying that the portion of)-.15 +F F0(dir)2.701 E F1(it)2.701 E .282 +(has processed to that point is still a v)144 535.2 R .282 +(alid directory name after remo)-.25 F .282 +(ving the pathname component.)-.15 F .624(If it is not a v)144 547.2 R +.624(alid directory name,)-.25 F F2(cd)3.124 E F1 .624 +(returns a non-zero status.)3.124 F .623(If neither)5.624 F F2 +3.123 E F1(nor)3.123 E F23.123 E F1 .623(is supplied,)3.123 F F2 +(cd)144 559.2 Q F1(beha)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sa).15 G 2.5(si)-2.5 G +(f)-2.5 E F22.5 E F1(had been supplied.)2.5 E .245(If the)144 576 +R F22.745 E F1 .245(option is supplied with)2.745 F F22.745 +E F1 2.745(,a)C(nd)-2.745 E F2(cd)2.745 E F1 .245 +(cannot successfully determine the current w)2.745 F .245(orking di-)-.1 +F(rectory after a successful directory change, it will return a non-zer\ +o status.)144 588 Q .243(On systems that support it, the)144 604.8 R F2 +2.743 E F1 .242(option presents the e)2.743 F .242(xtended attrib) +-.15 F .242(utes associated with a \214le as)-.2 F 2.5(ad)144 616.8 S +(irectory)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An ar)144 633.6 Q(gument of)-.18 E F22.5 E +F1(is con)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to).15 E F4($OLDPWD)2.5 E F1 +(before attempting the directory change.)2.25 E(If)144 650.4 Q F2(cd)3 E +F1 .5(uses a non-empty directory name from)3 F F4(CDP)3.001 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H,).855 E F1 .501(or if)2.751 F F23.001 E F1 .501 +(is the \214rst ar)3.001 F .501(gument, and the direc-)-.18 F 1.243 +(tory change is successful,)144 662.4 R F2(cd)3.743 E F1 1.243 +(writes the absolute pathname of the ne)3.743 F 3.742(ww)-.25 G 1.242 +(orking directory to the)-3.842 F(standard output.)144 674.4 Q 1.113 +(If the directory change is successful,)144 691.2 R F2(cd)3.613 E F1 +1.113(sets the v)3.613 F 1.113(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PWD)3.613 E F1(en) +3.613 E 1.113(vironment v)-.4 F 1.114(ariable to the)-.25 F(ne)144 703.2 +Q 4.306(wd)-.25 G 1.806(irectory name, and sets the)-4.306 F F2(OLDPWD) +4.306 E F1(en)4.306 E 1.806(vironment v)-.4 F 1.806(ariable to the v) +-.25 F 1.805(alue of the current)-.25 F -.1(wo)144 715.2 S +(rking directory before the change.).1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2023 January 27)141.79 E(3)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete \255pr)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255DEI)A F1 2.5 -(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .633(Specify ho)144 -96 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633(uments to each).18 F F0(name) -3.133 E F1 .633(should be completed.)3.133 F .634(If the)5.634 F F2 -3.134 E F1 .634(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .567 -(options or)144 108 R F0(name)3.067 E F1 3.067(sa)C .567(re supplied, e) --3.067 F .566(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w) --.15 F .566(ay that allo)-.1 F(ws)-.25 E .046 -(them to be reused as input.)144 120 R(The)5.046 E F22.546 E F1 -.046(option remo)2.546 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.547(sac).15 G .047 -(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.547 F F0(name)2.547 E F1 2.547 -(,o)C .847 -.4(r, i)-2.547 H(f).4 E(no)144 132 Q F0(name)2.954 E F1 -2.953(sa)C .453(re supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)-2.953 F -(The)5.453 E F22.953 E F1 .453 -(option indicates that other supplied)2.953 F .687(options and actions \ -should apply to the command completion; that is, completion attempted o\ -n a)144 144 R 1.563(command for which no completion has pre)144 156 R -1.562(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)6.562 E F24.062 E F1 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If)144 136.8 R(the) +2.714 E F22.714 E F1 .214(option is supplied, the search for)2.714 +F F0(command)2.914 E F1 .214(is performed using a def)3.484 F .215 +(ault v)-.1 F .215(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)144 148.8 S(TH)-.189 E F1 +(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.25 E .273 +(If either the)144 165.6 R F22.773 E F1(or)2.773 E F22.773 E +F1 .273(option is supplied,)2.773 F F2(command)2.773 E F1 .273 +(prints a description of)2.773 F F0(command)2.973 E F1 5.273(.T).77 G +(he)-5.273 E F22.773 E F1(op-)2.772 E .436 +(tion displays a single w)144 177.6 R .437 +(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G F0(command)3.237 E F1 2.937(;t).77 G(he)-2.937 E F2 +2.937 E F1(option produces a more v)144 189.6 Q(erbose description.)-.15 +E .632(If the)144 206.4 R F23.131 E F1(or)3.131 E F23.131 E +F1 .631(option is supplied, the e)3.131 F .631(xit status is zero if) +-.15 F F0(command)3.331 E F1 -.1(wa)3.901 G 3.131(sf).1 G .631 +(ound, and non-zero if)-3.131 F 2.809(not. 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-792,90 +785,73 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(command)184 84 Q F1(Command names.)224 96 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(dir)184 108 Q -(ectory)-.18 E F1(Directory names.)224 120 Q(May also be speci\214ed as) -5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(disabled)184 132 Q F1 -(Names of disabled shell b)224 144 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F2(enabled)184 156 Q -F1(Names of enabled shell b)224 156 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F2(export)184 168 Q -F1(Names of e)224 168 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(\214le)184 180 Q -F1(File names.)224 180 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1 -(.)A F2(function)184 192 Q F1(Names of shell functions.)224 204 Q F2(gr) -184 216 Q(oup)-.18 E F1(Group names.)224 216 Q +/Times-Bold@0 SF(bashdefault)184 84 Q F1 .281 +(Perform the rest of the def)224 96 R(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.781 E F1 .281 +(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 108 Q F2 +(default)184 120 Q F1(Use)224 120 Q F2 -.18(re)5.085 G(adline).18 E F1 +3.685 -.55('s d)D(ef).55 E 2.586 +(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) +224 132 Q F2(dir)184 144 Q(names)-.15 E F1(Perform directory name compl\ +etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 156 Q F2(\214lenames)184 +168 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 180 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)4.104 G(adline).18 E F1 +1.604(that the compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an) +4.104 F(y)-.15 E .291(\214lename\255speci\214c processing \(such as add\ +ing a slash to directory names, quot-)224 192 R .904 +(ing special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 204 R +.903(This is intended to be)5.904 F(used with shell functions.)224 216 Q +F2(fullquote)184 228 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 240 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +(adline).18 E F1(to quote all the completed w)2.5 E(ords e)-.1 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G +(re not \214lenames.)-2.5 E F2(noquote)184 252 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 252 S(ll) +.7 E F2 -.18(re)3.096 G(adline).18 E F1 .597 +(not to quote the completed w)3.096 F .597(ords if the)-.1 F 3.097(ya) +-.15 G .597(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.097 F(\214lenames is the def)224 +264 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F2(nosort)184 276 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 276 S(ll).7 E F2 +-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 +(not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically)2.5 E(.) +-.65 E F2(nospace)184 288 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 288 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)2.534 +G(adline).18 E F1 .034(not to append a space \(the def)2.534 F .033 +(ault\) to w)-.1 F .033(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 +300 Q F2(plusdirs)184 312 Q F1 2.542(After generating an)224 312 R 5.042 +(ym)-.15 G 2.542(atches de\214ned by the compspec, attempt directory) +-5.042 F(name completion and add an)224 324 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E F2144 336 Q F0 +(action)2.5 E F1(The)184 348 Q F0(action)2.5 E F1 +(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F2(alias)184 +360 Q F1(Alias names.)224 360 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2 +2.5 E F1(.)A F2(arrayv)184 372 Q(ar)-.1 E F1(Array v)224 384 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F2(binding)184 396 Q(Readline)224 396 Q F1 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F2 -.2(bu)184 408 S(iltin) +.2 E F1(Names of shell b)224 408 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(command)184 420 +Q F1(Command names.)224 432 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 +E F1(.)A F2(dir)184 444 Q(ectory)-.18 E F1(Directory names.)224 456 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(disabled)184 468 +Q F1(Names of disabled shell b)224 480 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F2(enabled)184 +492 Q F1(Names of enabled shell b)224 492 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F2(export)184 +504 Q F1(Names of e)224 504 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(\214le)184 +516 Q F1(File names.)224 516 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2 +2.5 E F1(.)A F2(function)184 528 Q F1(Names of shell functions.)224 540 +Q F2(gr)184 552 Q(oup)-.18 E F1(Group names.)224 552 Q (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(helptopic)184 -228 Q F1(Help topics as accepted by the)224 240 Q F2(help)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(hostname)184 252 Q F1(Hostnames, as tak)224 264 +564 Q F1(Help topics as accepted by the)224 576 Q F2(help)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(hostname)184 588 Q F1(Hostnames, as tak)224 600 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F1(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2(job)184 276 Q F1 -(Job names, if job control is acti)224 276 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ke)184 288 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F1(Shell reserv)224 300 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F1(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2(job)184 612 Q F1 +(Job names, if job control is acti)224 612 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ke)184 624 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F1(Shell reserv)224 636 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) -.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(running)184 -312 Q F1(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 312 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2(ser)184 324 Q(vice)-.1 E F1(Service names.)224 324 -Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(setopt)184 336 -Q F1 -1.11(Va)224 336 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F22.5 +648 Q F1(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 648 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2(ser)184 660 Q(vice)-.1 E F1(Service names.)224 660 +Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(setopt)184 672 +Q F1 -1.11(Va)224 672 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F22.5 E F1(option to the)2.5 E F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2 -(shopt)184 348 Q F1(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 348 Q F2 -(shopt)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(signal)184 360 Q F1 -(Signal names.)224 360 Q F2(stopped)184 372 Q F1 -(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(.).15 E F2(user)184 384 Q F1(User names.)224 384 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(va)184 396 S -(riable).1 E F1(Names of all shell v)224 396 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2144 408 Q F0 -(command)2.5 E(command)184 420 Q F1 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 -(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5 -(completions. Ar)184 432 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F2 -2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E F2144 444 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1 .113 -(The shell function)184 456 R F0(function)2.614 E F1 .114(is e)2.614 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 468 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F2 -($1)A F1 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 -(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 -(are being completed, the second ar)184 480 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F2 -($2)A F1 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 492 R .104 -(gument \()-.18 F F2($3)A F1 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) --2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 504 R -.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) --.25 F F3(COMPREPL)184 516 Q(Y)-.828 E F1(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F2144 528 Q F0(globpat)2.5 E F1 1.008(The pathname e)184 540 R -1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F0(globpat)3.507 E F1 1.007(is e)3.507 F -1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 552 Q -F2144 564 Q F0(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 576 Q(e\214x)-.37 E -F1 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 -(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 588 Q F2144 600 Q F0(suf)2.5 E -<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 600 Q<8c78>-.18 E F1 -(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F2144 612 Q F0(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F1(The)184 624 Q F0(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 1.14 -(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F1 1.139 -(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .98 -(each resultant w)184 636 R .98(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)-.15 -F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F0(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 -3.481(,i)C 3.481(no)-3.481 G .981(rder to)-3.481 F(pro)184 648 Q .766 -(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .765 -(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 -(va)184 660 S 1.964(lue of).25 F F3(IFS)4.464 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F1 1.964 -(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) -6.464 F(match the w)184 672 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F2144 684 -Q F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 696 Q F1 .456 -(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F -.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 708 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 720 Q F0(\214lterpat) -3.205 E F1 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 -(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F2(!)3.204 E F1 -(in)3.204 E F0(\214lterpat)3.204 E F1(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E +(shopt)184 684 Q F1(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 684 Q F2 +(shopt)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(signal)184 696 Q F1 +(Signal names.)224 696 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E (5)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -883,139 +859,119 @@ BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E -(in this case, an)184 84 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E -F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1(is remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .46 -(The return v)144 100.8 R .46(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va) --.4 G .461(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF2.961 E F1(,)A F22.961 E F1(,)A F2 -2.961 E F1(,)A F22.961 E F1(,)A(or)144 112.8 Q F22.986 E F1 -.486(is supplied without a)2.986 F F0(name)2.986 E F1(ar)2.986 E .486 -(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F .785 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H .485 -(ompletion speci\214ca-).15 F .163(tion for a)144 124.8 R F0(name)2.663 -E F1 .164(for which no speci\214cation e)2.663 F .164 +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(stopped)184 84 Q F1 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 84 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(.).15 E F2(user)184 96 Q F1(User names.)224 96 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(va)184 108 S +(riable).1 E F1(Names of all shell v)224 108 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2144 120 Q F0 +(command)2.5 E(command)184 132 Q F1 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5 +(completions. Ar)184 144 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F2 +2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E F2144 156 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1 .113 +(The shell function)184 168 R F0(function)2.614 E F1 .114(is e)2.614 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 180 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F2 +($1)A F1 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 +(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 192 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F2 +($2)A F1 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 204 R .104 +(gument \()-.18 F F2($3)A F1 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) +-2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F 2.134(mand line.)184 216 +R(When)7.134 E F0(function)4.634 E F1 2.135 +(\214nishes, programmable completion retrie)4.634 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.635 +(st).15 G 2.135(he possible)-4.635 F(completions from the v)184 228 Q +(alue of the)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)2.5 E(Y)-.828 E F1 +(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2144 240 Q F0(globpat)2.5 E F1 +(Expand the pathname e)184 252 Q(xpansion pattern)-.15 E F0(globpat)2.5 +E F1(to generate the possible completions.)2.5 E F2144 264 Q F0 +(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1(Add)184 276 Q F0(pr)2.598 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 +.098(to the be)2.598 F .098 +(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F +.397 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een).15 E(applied.)184 288 Q F2144 300 Q F0 +(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1(Append)184 300 Q F0(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1 +(to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15 +(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F2144 312 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 +E F1 .833(Split the)184 324 R F0(wor)3.333 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 .833 +(using the characters in the)3.333 F F3(IFS)3.333 E F1 .833(special v) +3.083 F .834(ariable as delimiters, and e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E .018 +(pand each resulting w)184 336 R 2.518(ord. Shell)-.1 F .018 +(quoting is honored within)2.518 F F0(wor)2.518 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 2.518 +(,i)C 2.518(no)-2.518 G .018(rder to pro)-2.518 F .017(vide a)-.15 F +1.157(mechanism for the w)184 348 R 1.158 +(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the v)-.1 F 1.158 +(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)184 360 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .04(The p\ +ossible completions are the members of the resultant list which match a\ + pre\214x)4.541 F(of the w)184 372 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F2 +144 384 Q F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 396 Q F1 .455 +(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F +.456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 408 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 420 Q F0(\214lterpat) +3.204 E F1 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 +(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F2(!)3.204 E F1 +(in)3.204 E F0(\214lterpat)3.205 E F1(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 432 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1(is remo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .461(The return v)144 448.8 R .461 +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .46 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F22.96 E F1(,) +A F22.96 E F1(,)A F22.96 E F1(,)A F22.96 E F1(,)A(or) +144 460.8 Q F22.985 E F1 .485(is supplied without a)2.985 F F0 +(name)2.985 E F1(ar)2.986 E .486(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 +F .786 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H .486(ompletion speci\214ca-).15 F .164 +(tion for a)144 472.8 R F0(name)2.664 E F1 .164 +(for which no speci\214cation e)2.664 F .164 (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214ca-)-.15 F -(tion.)144 136.8 Q F2(compopt)108 153.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 +(tion.)144 484.8 Q F2(compopt)108 501.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 (option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255DEI)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F0 (option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1(])A .447 -(Modify completion options for each)144 165.6 R F0(name)2.947 E F1 .447 +(Modify completion options for each)144 513.6 R F0(name)2.947 E F1 .447 (according to the)2.947 F F0(option)2.947 E F1 .447 -(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 -(completion if no)144 177.6 R F0(name)3.225 E F1 3.225(sa)C .725 -(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F0(option)3.225 E F1 3.225(sa) -C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 189.6 Q F0(name) -3.224 E F1 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) -5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F0(option)3.224 E F1 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F2(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 201.6 Q F1 -.2(bu) -2.677 G .177(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he) --5.178 E F22.678 E F1 .178 -(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F -.805(the command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command\ - for which no completion)144 213.6 R .556(has pre)144 225.6 R .556 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.556 E F23.056 E F1 .557 -(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)3.056 F -.519(command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.) -144 237.6 R(The)5.518 E F23.018 E F1 .518(option indicates that) -3.018 F .456(other supplied options should apply to completion on the i\ -nitial non-assignment w)144 249.6 R .456(ord on the line,)-.1 F -(or after a command delimiter such as)144 261.6 Q F2(;)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E -F2(|)2.5 E F1 2.5(,w)C(hich is usually command name completion.)-2.5 E -.432(The return v)144 278.4 R .431(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.4 G .431 -(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F -(tions for a)144 290.4 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 +(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .927 +(completion if no)144 525.6 R F0(name)3.427 E F1 3.427(sa)C .927 +(re supplied.)-3.427 F .926(If no)5.927 F F0(option)3.426 E F1 3.426(sa) +C .926(re supplied, display the completion options)-3.426 F 1.313 +(for each)144 537.6 R F0(name)3.813 E F1 1.314 +(or the current completion.)3.813 F 1.314(The possible v)6.314 F 1.314 +(alues of)-.25 F F0(option)3.814 E F1 1.314(are those v)3.814 F 1.314 +(alid for the)-.25 F F2(complete)144 549.6 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin described abo).2 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(The)144 566.4 Q F2 +2.8 E F1 .3(option indicates that other supplied options should a\ +pply to the command completion; the)2.8 F F2144 578.4 Q F1 .606(o\ +ption indicates that other supplied options should apply to command com\ +pletion; and the)3.106 F F23.107 E F1 .573(option indicates that \ +other supplied options should apply to completion on the initial w)144 +590.4 R .573(ord on the)-.1 F 2.5(line. These)144 602.4 R +(are determined in the same w)2.5 E(ay as the)-.1 E F2(complete)2.5 E F1 +-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E 1.215(If multiple options are supplied, the)144 +619.2 R F23.715 E F1 1.215(option tak)3.715 F 1.215 +(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F23.716 E F1 3.716 +(,a)C 1.216(nd both tak)-3.716 F 3.716(ep)-.1 G(rece-)-3.716 E(dence o) +144 631.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F22.5 E F1(.)A .432 +(The return v)144 648 R .431(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va) +-.4 G .431(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-) +.25 F(tions for a)144 660 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F2(continue)108 307.2 Q F1([) -2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A .85(Resume the ne)144 319.2 R .85 -(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)3.35 G(r).25 E F1(,)A -F2(while)3.351 E F1(,)A F2(until)3.351 E F1 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F2 -(select)3.351 E F1 3.351(loop. If)3.351 F F0(n)3.711 E F1 .851 -(is speci\214ed, re-)3.591 F .204(sume at the)144 331.2 R F0(n)2.704 E -F1 .204(th enclosing loop.)B F0(n)5.564 E F1 .204(must be)2.944 F/F3 10 -/Symbol SF2.704 E F1 2.703(1. If)2.704 F F0(n)3.063 E F1 .203 -(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.943 F .751 -(the shell resumes the last enclosing loop \(the loop\).)144 343.2 R -.751(The return v)5.751 F .751(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F0(n)3.251 E F1 -.752(is not greater)3.251 F(than or equal to 1.)144 355.2 Q F2(declar) -108 372 Q(e)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C -1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E F2(typeset)108 384 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 -E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C 1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E 1.265 -(Declare v)144 396 R 1.265(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 -.15(ve t) --.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F0(name) -3.765 E F1 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.764(nt).15 G -1.264(hen display the v)-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 408 S -3.46(riables. The).25 F F23.46 E F1 .96 -(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96(utes and v)-.2 F .96 -(alues of each)-.25 F F0(name)3.82 E F1 5.96(.W).18 G(hen)-5.96 E F2 -3.46 E F1 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 420 Q F0(name)2.775 E F1(ar) -2.775 E .275(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F2 -2.775 E F1(and)2.775 E F22.775 E F1 2.775(,a)C .274(re ignored.) --2.775 F(When)5.274 E F22.774 E F1 .274(is supplied)2.774 F -(without)144 432 Q F0(name)2.863 E F1(ar)2.863 E .363 -(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F .363(utes and v)-.2 F .364 -(alues of all v)-.25 F .364(ariables ha)-.25 F .364(ving the attrib-)-.2 -F .118(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)144 444 R .118 -(If no other options are supplied with)5.118 F F22.618 E F1(,)A F2 -(declar)2.618 E(e)-.18 E F1 .118(will dis-)2.618 F .469(play the attrib) -144 456 R .469(utes and v)-.2 F .469(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 2.969 -(ariables. The)-.25 F F22.969 E F1 .47 -(option will restrict the display to shell)2.97 F 3.118(functions. The) -144 468 R F23.118 E F1 .617(option inhibits the display of functi\ -on de\214nitions; only the function name and)3.117 F(attrib)144 480 Q -1.058(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.058(If the)6.058 F F2(extdeb)3.558 E(ug) --.2 E F1 1.059(shell option is enabled using)3.559 F F2(shopt)3.559 E F1 -3.559(,t)C 1.059(he source \214le name)-3.559 F 1.282 -(and line number where each)144 492 R F0(name)3.781 E F1 1.281 -(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.781 F(The)6.281 E F23.781 E -F1 1.281(option implies)3.781 F F23.781 E F1(.)A(The)144 504 Q F2 -2.734 E F1 .234(option forces v)2.734 F .235 -(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.735(nw).15 G(hen)-2.735 E F2(declar)2.735 E(e)-.18 E F1(is) -2.735 E -.15(exe)144 516 S .528(cuted in a shell function.).15 F .528 -(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.528 F(The)5.527 E F23.027 E -F1 .527(option causes local v)3.027 F(ariables)-.25 E .87 -(to inherit the attrib)144 528 R .87(utes \(e)-.2 F .87(xcept the)-.15 F -F0(namer)3.371 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)3.371 E .871(ute\) and v)-.2 F .871 -(alue of an)-.25 F 3.371(ye)-.15 G .871(xisting v)-3.521 F .871 -(ariable with the)-.25 F(same)144 540 Q F0(name)3.458 E F1 .958 -(at a surrounding scope.)3.458 F .958(If there is no e)5.958 F .957 -(xisting v)-.15 F .957(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .957 -(ariable is initially)-.25 F 2.745(unset. The)144 552 R(follo)2.745 E -.245(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .246 -(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F(ute)-.2 E(or to gi)144 564 -Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F2144 576 -Q F1(Each)180 576 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5 -(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E -F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A F2144 588 Q F1(Each)180 588 Q F0(name) -2.5 E F1(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v).15 E -(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F0(bash)2.5 E F1 -(\(1\)\).)A F2144 600 Q F1(Use function names only)180 600 Q(.) --.65 E F2144 612 Q F1 .558(The v)180 612 R .558 -(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 624 Q F1(in)2.25 -E F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\) is performed when the v)A -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2144 636 Q F1 .909 -(When the v)180 636 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 -(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 648 R(upper) -2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2144 660 Q F1(Gi) -180 660 Q 1.62 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F0(name)3.82 E F1(the)3.82 E -F0(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 -(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E .477 -(That other v)180 672 R .478(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F .478 -(alue of)-.25 F F0(name)2.978 E F1 5.478(.A)C .478 -(ll references, assignments, and at-)-5.478 F(trib)180 684 Q .782 -(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F0(name)3.282 E F1 3.282(,e)C .782 -(xcept those using or changing the)-3.432 F F23.281 E F1(attrib) -3.281 E .781(ute itself, are)-.2 F .808(performed on the v)180 696 R -.808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F0(name)3.308 E F1 1.908 -.55('s v)D -3.308(alue. The).3 F .809(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809(ute cannot be)-.2 -F(applied to array v)180 708 Q(ariables.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2023 January 27)141.79 E(6)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F2(continue)108 676.8 Q F1([) +2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A F2(continue)144 688.8 Q F1 .147(resumes the ne)2.647 +F .147(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)2.648 G(r).25 E +F1(,)A F2(while)2.648 E F1(,)A F2(until)2.648 E F1 2.648(,o)C(r)-2.648 E +F2(select)2.648 E F1 2.648(loop. If)2.648 F F0(n)3.008 E F1 .148 +(is speci-)2.888 F(\214ed,)144 700.8 Q F2(bash)3.093 E F1 .593 +(resumes the)3.093 F F0(n)3.093 E F1 .593(th enclosing loop.)B F0(n) +5.953 E F1 .593(must be)3.333 F/F5 10/Symbol SF3.093 E F1 3.092 +(1. If)3.092 F F0(n)3.452 E F1 .592(is greater than the number of en-) +3.332 F .055 +(closing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing loop \(the loop\).) +144 712.8 R .056(The return v)5.056 F .056(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F0(n) +2.556 E F1(is)2.556 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 724.8 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(6)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -1023,132 +979,133 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1(Mak)180 84 Q(e)-.1 E F0(name)3.655 E -F1 3.655(sr)C(eadonly)-3.655 E 6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154 -(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F 1.154 -(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 96 Q -F2144 108 Q F1(Gi)180 108 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F0 -(name)2.929 E F1(the)2.929 E F0(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F1(attrib)2.929 E +/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)108 84 Q(e)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2 +(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 +E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C 1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E F2(typeset) +108 96 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 +2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C 1.666(..)-.834 G +(])-1.666 E 1.265(Declare v)144 108 R 1.265(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F +1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) +3.765 E F0(name)3.765 E F1 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v)-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F +-.25(va)144 120 S .571(riables or functions.).25 F(The)5.571 E F2 +3.071 E F1 .571(option will display the attrib)3.071 F .571(utes and v) +-.2 F .572(alues of each)-.25 F F0(name)3.432 E F1 5.572(.W).18 G(hen) +-5.572 E F2144 132 Q F1(is used with)2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 +E(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 E F22.5 E F1(and) +2.5 E F22.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(re ignored.)-2.5 E(When)144 148.8 Q F2 +2.762 E F1 .262(is supplied without)2.762 F F0(name)2.762 E F1(ar) +2.761 E(guments,)-.18 E F2(declar)2.761 E(e)-.18 E F1 .261 +(will display the attrib)2.761 F .261(utes and v)-.2 F .261 +(alues of all)-.25 F -.25(va)144 160.8 S .279(riables ha).25 F .279 +(ving the attrib)-.2 F .279(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) +-.2 F .28(If no other options are supplied)5.279 F(with)144 172.8 Q F2 +2.515 E F1(,)A F2(declar)2.515 E(e)-.18 E F1 .015 +(will display the attrib)2.515 F .015(utes and v)-.2 F .015 +(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 2.515(ariables. The)-.25 F F22.515 E +F1 .015(option restricts)2.515 F(the display to shell functions.)144 +184.8 Q(The)144 201.6 Q F23.488 E F1 .989(option inhibits the dis\ +play of function de\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)3.488 +F(utes)-.2 E 1.31(are printed.)144 213.6 R 1.31(If the)6.31 F F2(extdeb) +3.81 E(ug)-.2 E F1 1.31(shell option is enabled using)3.81 F F2(shopt) +3.81 E F1 3.81(,t)C 1.31(he source \214le name and line)-3.81 F +(number where each)144 225.6 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 +(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)2.5 E(The)5 E F22.5 E F1 +(option implies)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A(The)144 242.4 Q F22.734 +E F1 .234(option forces v)2.734 F .235 +(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.735(nw).15 G(hen)-2.735 E F2(declar)2.735 E(e)-.18 E F1(is) +2.735 E -.15(exe)144 254.4 S(cuted in a shell function.).15 E +(It is ignored when)5 E F2(declar)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F1(is not e)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted in a shell function.).15 E(The)144 271.2 Q F2 +3.999 E F1 1.499(option causes local v)3.999 F 1.499 +(ariables to inherit the attrib)-.25 F 1.498(utes \(e)-.2 F 1.498 +(xcept the)-.15 F F0(namer)3.998 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)3.998 E 1.498 +(ute\) and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 283.2 S .657(lue of an).25 F 3.157(ye)-.15 +G .657(xisting v)-3.307 F .657(ariable with the same)-.25 F F0(name) +3.158 E F1 .658(at a surrounding scope.)3.158 F .658(If there is no e) +5.658 F(xisting)-.15 E -.25(va)144 295.2 S(riable, the local v).25 E +(ariable is initially unset.)-.25 E .699(The follo)144 312 R .699 +(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .699 +(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .698(ute or to)-.2 F(gi)144 +324 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F2144 +336 Q F1(Each)180 336 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F1(in) +2.5 E F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A F2144 348 Q F1(Each)180 348 Q F0 +(name)2.5 E F1(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v).15 E +(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F0(bash)2.5 E F1 +(\(1\)\).)A F2144 360 Q F1(Each)180 360 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 +(refers to a shell function.)2.5 E F2144 372 Q F1 .557(The v)180 +372 R .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 384 Q F1(in)2.25 +E F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\) is performed when the v)A +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2144 396 Q F1 .91 +(When the v)180 396 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 +G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 408 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2144 420 Q +F1(Gi)180 420 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F0(name)3.819 E F1(the) +3.819 E F0(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E .478 +(That other v)180 432 R .478(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F .478 +(alue of)-.25 F F0(name)2.978 E F1 5.478(.A)C .478 +(ll references, assignments, and at-)-5.478 F(trib)180 444 Q .781 +(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F0(name)3.281 E F1 3.281(,e)C .782 +(xcept those using or changing the)-3.431 F F23.282 E F1(attrib) +3.282 E .782(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 456 R +.809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F0(name)3.308 E F1 1.908 -.55('s v)D +3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808(ute cannot be)-.2 +F(applied to array v)180 468 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 480 Q F1 +(Mak)180 480 Q(e)-.1 E F0(name)3.654 E F1 3.654(sr)C(eadonly)-3.654 E +6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F +1.155(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 +492 Q F2144 504 Q F1(Gi)180 504 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E +F0(name)2.93 E F1(the)2.929 E F0(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F1(attrib)2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F2(DEB)2.929 -E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.93 E F2(RETURN)2.93 E F1 -(traps from the calling shell.)180 120 Q(The trace attrib)5 E -(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 132 -Q F1 .91(When the v)180 132 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.929 E F2(RETURN)2.929 E F1 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 516 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 528 +Q F1 .909(When the v)180 528 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 144 R(lo) -2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2144 -156 Q F1(Mark)180 156 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E -(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.19 -(Using instead of turns of)144 172.8 R 3.69(ft)-.25 G 1.19(he attrib) --3.69 F 1.191(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F 1.191(xceptions that)-.15 F -F2(+a)3.691 E F1(and)3.691 E F2(+A)3.691 E F1 1.191(may not be)3.691 F -1.362(used to destro)144 184.8 R 3.862(ya)-.1 G 1.362(rray v)-3.862 F -1.361(ariables and)-.25 F F2(+r)3.861 E F1 1.361(will not remo)3.861 F -1.661 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.361(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.861(ute. When) --.2 F 1.361(used in a)3.861 F(function,)144 196.8 Q F2(declar)3.543 E(e) --.18 E F1(and)3.543 E F2(typeset)3.543 E F1(mak)3.543 E 3.543(ee)-.1 G -(ach)-3.543 E F0(name)3.543 E F1 1.043(local, as with the)3.543 F F2 -(local)3.544 E F1 1.044(command, unless the)3.544 F F23.544 E F1 -1.205(option is supplied.)144 208.8 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205 -(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.205(wed by =)-.25 F F0(value)A F1 3.705 -(,t)C 1.205(he v)-3.705 F 1.205(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.205 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(value)144 220.8 Q F1 5.217(.W)C .217 -(hen using)-5.217 F F22.717 E F1(or)2.717 E F22.717 E F1 -.217(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)2.717 F .218 -(ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 232.8 R .882 -(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.382(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.382 G .882 -(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .882(The return v)5.882 F .882 -(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 244.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .458(lid optio\ -n is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using an at\ -tempt is made to).25 F 1.243(assign a v)144 256.8 R 1.243 -(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F 1.242 -(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F 1.242 -(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E .221 -(without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 268.8 R F2 -(Arrays)2.721 E F1(in)2.721 E F0(bash)2.721 E F1 .221 -(\(1\)\), one of the)B F0(names)2.722 E F1 .222(is not a)2.722 F -.25 -(va)144 280.8 S .172(lid shell v).25 F .171 -(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171 -(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .171(ariable, an)-.25 F .96 -(attempt is made to turn of)144 292.8 R 3.46(fa)-.25 G .96 -(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 -(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 304.8 Q -(xistent function with)-.15 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 321.6 Q F0(n)A F2 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F2 -(])A F1 -.4(Wi)144 333.6 S .329 -(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) -.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 345.6 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 357.6 Q -F1 .928(command; the)3.428 F F2(popd)3.428 E F1 .928(command remo)3.428 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 -(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 369.6 S -(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F2144 381.6 Q F1 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 381.6 Q -F2144 393.6 Q F1 .881 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 393.6 R .882 -(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -405.6 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 417.6 Q F1 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 417.6 Q F2 -144 429.6 Q F1 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ -pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 429.6 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772 -(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 441.6 Q F2(+)144 453.6 Q F0(n)A F1 -1.564(Displays the)180 453.6 R F0(n)4.064 E F1 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F2 -(dirs)4.065 E F1 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 465.6 Q F2144 477.6 Q F0 -(n)A F1 1.194(Displays the)180 477.6 R F0(n)3.694 E F1 1.194 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F -F2(dirs)3.694 E F1 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 489.6 Q .257(The return v)144 -506.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 -(lid option is supplied or).25 F F0(n)2.758 E F1(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 518.4 Q F2(diso)108 535.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F1([)2.5 E F2 -(\255ar)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(jobspec)-2.5 E F1 --3.332 1.666(... |)2.5 H F0(pid).834 E F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H -.4 -(Wi)144 547.2 S .122(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach) -.15 E F0(jobspec)4.362 E F1 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 --.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 F F0(jobspec)4.362 E F1 .121 -(is not present, and)2.932 F .096(neither the)144 559.2 R F22.596 -E F1 .096(nor the)2.596 F F22.596 E F1 .096 -(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F0(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F1 -.096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F22.596 E F1 .096 -(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each).15 F F0(jobspec) -145.74 571.2 Q F1 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.086(df).15 G -.585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F .585(ed so that)-.1 -F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F1 .585 -(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 583.2 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .962 -(If no)5.462 F F0(jobspec)5.202 E F1 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F2 -3.462 E F1 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 595.2 R F2 -3.859 E F1 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F0(jobspec)5.599 E F1 -(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 607.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F0 -(jobspec)4.24 E F1(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E -F2(echo)108 624 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .424(Output the)144 636 R F0(ar) -2.924 E(g)-.37 E F1 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424 -(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924(wline. The)-.25 F .424 -(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308(error occurs.)144 648 R -(If)5.308 E F22.808 E F1 .308(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne) -2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 F .307(If the)5.308 F F2 -2.807 E F1 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F -(-)-.2 E .197(pretation of the follo)144 660 R .198 -(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.198 E F2 -2.698 E F1 .198(option disables the in-)2.698 F .067 -(terpretation of these escape characters, e)144 672 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.567(no).15 G 2.567(ns)-2.567 G .067(ystems where the)-2.567 F 2.567 -(ya)-.15 G .067(re interpreted by def)-2.567 F 2.567(ault. The)-.1 F F2 -(xpg_echo)144 684 Q F1 .681 -(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.18 F -F2(echo)3.181 E F1 .681(interprets an)3.181 F(y)-.15 E .94 -(options and e)144 696 R .94(xpands these escape characters by def)-.15 -F(ault.)-.1 E F2(echo)5.94 E F1 .94(does not interpret)3.44 F F2 -3.44 E F1 .94(to mean the)3.44 F(end of options.)144 708 Q F2(echo)5 E -F1(interprets the follo)2.5 E(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(7)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 540 R(lo)2.5 +E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2144 552 Q +F1(Mark each)180 552 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(for e)2.5 E +(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .589 +(Using instead of turns of)144 568.8 R 3.088(ft)-.25 G .588 +(he speci\214ed attrib)-3.088 F .588(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .588 +(xceptions that)-.15 F F2(+a)3.088 E F1(and)3.088 E F2(+A)3.088 E F1 +(may)3.088 E(not be used to destro)144 580.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G(rray v)-2.5 +E(ariables and)-.25 E F2(+r)2.5 E F1(will not remo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t) +-.15 H(he readonly attrib).15 E(ute.)-.2 E .415 +(When used in a function,)144 597.6 R F2(declar)2.915 E(e)-.18 E F1(and) +2.915 E F2(typeset)2.915 E F1(mak)2.915 E 2.915(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.915 E F0 +(name)2.915 E F1 .415(local, as with the)2.915 F F2(local)2.915 E F1 +(command,)2.915 E .704(unless the)144 609.6 R F23.204 E F1 .704 +(option is supplied.)3.204 F .703(If a v)5.704 F .703 +(ariable name is follo)-.25 F .703(wed by =)-.25 F F0(value)A F1 3.203 +(,t)C .703(he v)-3.203 F .703(alue of the v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .878 +(able is set to)144 621.6 R F0(value)3.379 E F1 5.879(.W)C .879 +(hen using)-5.879 F F23.379 E F1(or)3.379 E F23.379 E F1 +.879(and the compound assignment syntax to create array)3.379 F -.25(va) +144 633.6 S(riables, additional attrib).25 E(utes do not tak)-.2 E 2.5 +(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 E .433 +(The return v)144 650.4 R .433(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 +G .433 +(lid option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a func-).25 F +.139(tion using an attempt is made to assign a v)144 662.4 R .14 +(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .14(ariable, an attempt is made to assign) +-.25 F 4.913(av)144 674.4 S 2.413(alue to an array v)-5.163 F 2.413 +(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F F2 +(Arrays)4.912 E F1(in)4.912 E F0(bash)144 686.4 Q F1 .49 +(\(1\)\), one of the)B F0(names)2.99 E F1 .49(is not a v)2.99 F .49 +(alid shell v)-.25 F .491(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of) +-.25 F 2.991(fr)-.25 G(ead-)-2.991 E .134(only status for a readonly v) +144 698.4 R .133(ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.633(fa) +-.25 G .133(rray status for an array v)-2.633 F(ariable,)-.25 E +(or an attempt is made to display a non-e)144 710.4 Q +(xistent function with)-.15 E F22.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2023 January 27)141.79 E(7)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -1156,121 +1113,101 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\a)144 84 Q F1(alert \(bell\))180 84 Q F2(\\b)144 96 Q -F1(backspace)180 96 Q F2(\\c)144 108 Q F1(suppress further output)180 -108 Q F2(\\e)144 120 Q(\\E)144 132 Q F1(an escape character)180 132 Q F2 -(\\f)144 144 Q F1(form feed)180 144 Q F2(\\n)144 156 Q F1(ne)180 156 Q -2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 168 Q F1(carriage return)180 168 Q -F2(\\t)144 180 Q F1(horizontal tab)180 180 Q F2(\\v)144 192 Q F1 -.15 -(ve)180 192 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 204 Q F1(backslash)180 204 Q -F2(\\0)144 216 Q F0(nnn)A F1(the eight-bit character whose v)180 216 Q +/Times-Bold@0 SF(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 84 Q F0(n)A F2 2.5(][)C-2.5 +E F0(n)A F2(])A F1 -.4(Wi)144 96 S .606 +(thout options, display the list of currently remembered directories.).4 +F .607(The def)5.607 F .607(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 108 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 120 Q +F1 .927(command; the)3.427 F F2(popd)3.428 E F1 .928(command remo)3.428 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 +(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 132 S +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E(Options, if supplied, ha) +144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2 +144 160.8 Q F1 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 160.8 Q +F2144 172.8 Q F1 .882 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 172.8 R .881 +(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 +184.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 196.8 Q F1 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 196.8 Q F2 +144 208.8 Q F1 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ +pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 208.8 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 +(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 220.8 Q F2(+)144 232.8 Q F0(n)A F1 +1.565(Displays the)180 232.8 R F0(n)4.065 E F1 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F2 +(dirs)4.064 E F1 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 244.8 Q F2144 256.8 Q F0 +(n)A F1 1.194(Displays the)180 256.8 R F0(n)3.694 E F1 1.194 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F +F2(dirs)3.694 E F1 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 268.8 Q .258(The return v)144 +285.6 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F0(n)2.758 E F1(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) +.15 F(tory stack.)144 297.6 Q F2(diso)108 314.4 Q(wn)-.1 E F1([)2.5 E F2 +(\255ar)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666 +(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 326.4 S .342(thout options, remo).4 F +.642 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F0(id)2.852 E F1 .342 +(from the table of acti)3.612 F .642 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.842(obs. Each) +.15 F F0(id)2.843 E F1 .343(may be a job speci\214cation)2.843 F F0 +(jobspec)144 338.4 Q F1(or a process ID)2.5 E F0(pid)2.5 E F1 2.5(;i)C +(f)-2.5 E F0(id)2.5 E F1(is a)2.5 E F0(pid)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(diso)2.5 E +(wn)-.1 E F1(uses the job containing)2.5 E F0(pid)2.5 E F1(as)2.5 E F0 +(jobspec)2.5 E F1(.)A .683(If the)144 355.2 R F23.183 E F1 .683 +(option is supplied,)3.183 F F2(diso)3.183 E(wn)-.1 E F1 .683 +(does not remo)3.183 F .983 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .683 +(he jobs corresponding to each).15 F F0(id)3.193 E F1 .682(from the) +3.953 F .183(jobs table, b)144 367.2 R .184 +(ut rather marks them so the shell does not send)-.2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(SIGHUP)2.684 E F1 .184(to the job if the shell recei)2.434 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G(s).15 E(a)144 379.2 Q F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1 .571(If no)144 396 R F0(id)3.081 E F1 .571(is supplied, the)3.841 F +F23.071 E F1 .571(option means to remo)3.071 F .87 -.15(ve o)-.15 +H 3.07(rm).15 G .57(ark all jobs; the)-3.07 F F23.07 E F1 .57 +(option without an)3.07 F F0(id)3.08 E F1(ar)144 408 Q .658(gument remo) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.158(so).15 G 3.158(rm)-3.158 G .658 +(arks running jobs.)-3.158 F .658(If no)5.658 F F0(id)3.168 E F1 .658 +(is supplied, and neither the)3.928 F F23.159 E F1 .659(nor the) +3.159 F F23.159 E F1(op-)3.159 E(tion is supplied,)144 420 Q F2 +(diso)2.5 E(wn)-.1 E F1(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(so).15 G 2.5(rm) +-2.5 G(arks the current job)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E(The return v)144 436.8 Q +(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 E F0(id)2.51 E F1(does not specify a v)3.27 E +(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F2(echo)108 453.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F1 +2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .425 +(Output the)144 465.6 R F0(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E F1 .424 +(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F +(error occurs.)144 477.6 Q(If)5 E F22.5 E F1 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.5 E(wline is not printed.)-.25 E .48 +(If the)144 494.4 R F22.98 E F1 .48(option is gi)2.98 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(echo)2.98 E F1 .48(interprets the follo)2.98 F .48 +(wing backslash-escaped characters.)-.25 F(The)5.48 E F22.98 E F1 +(op-)2.98 E .469 +(tion disables interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 506.4 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.969(no).15 G 2.969(ns)-2.969 G .469(ystems where the) +-2.969 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(re interpreted)-2.969 F .41(by def)144 +518.4 R 2.91(ault. The)-.1 F F2(xpg_echo)2.91 E F1 .41 +(shell option determines whether or not)2.91 F F2(echo)2.91 E F1 .41 +(interprets an)2.91 F 2.91(yo)-.15 G .41(ptions and)-2.91 F -.15(ex)144 +530.4 S(pands these escape characters.).15 E F2(echo)5 E F1 +(does not interpret)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(to mean the end of options.) +2.5 E F2(echo)144 547.2 Q F1(interprets the follo)2.5 E +(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 559.2 Q F1(alert \(bell\))180 +559.2 Q F2(\\b)144 571.2 Q F1(backspace)180 571.2 Q F2(\\c)144 583.2 Q +F1(suppress further output)180 583.2 Q F2(\\e)144 595.2 Q(\\E)144 607.2 +Q F1(an escape character)180 607.2 Q F2(\\f)144 619.2 Q F1(form feed)180 +619.2 Q F2(\\n)144 631.2 Q F1(ne)180 631.2 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2 +(\\r)144 643.2 Q F1(carriage return)180 643.2 Q F2(\\t)144 655.2 Q F1 +(horizontal tab)180 655.2 Q F2(\\v)144 667.2 Q F1 -.15(ve)180 667.2 S +(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 679.2 Q F1(backslash)180 679.2 Q F2(\\0) +144 691.2 Q F0(nnn)A F1(The eight-bit character whose v)180 691.2 Q (alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F0(nnn)2.5 E F1 -(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 228 Q F0(HH)A F1 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 228 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(\(zero to three octal digits\).)2.5 E F2(\\x)144 703.2 Q F0(HH)A F1 +(The eight-bit character whose v)180 703.2 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E (xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F2(\\u)144 240 Q F0(HHHH)A F1 -1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 252 R 1.507 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHH) -4.007 E F1(\(one to four he)180 264 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F2 -(\\U)144 276 Q F0(HHHHHHHH)A F1 .548 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 288 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHHH-) -3.047 E(HHH)180 300 Q F1(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F2(enable)108 316.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F2 -(\255dnps)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .277 -(Enable and disable b)144 328.8 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278 -(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278 -(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834(the same name as a shell b)144 -340.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .834 -(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.333 -(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989(the shell normally searches for b)144 -352.8 R .989(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F2 -3.489 E F1 .99(is used, each)3.49 F F0(name)3.49 E F1 .99(is dis-)3.49 F -.649(abled; otherwise,)144 364.8 R F0(names)3.148 E F1 .648 -(are enabled.)3.148 F -.15(Fo)5.648 G 3.148(re).15 G .648 -(xample, to use the)-3.298 F F2(test)3.148 E F1 .648 -(binary found via the)3.148 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(TH) --.189 E F1(in-)2.898 E .328(stead of the shell b)144 376.8 R .329 -(uiltin v)-.2 F .329(ersion, run The)-.15 F F22.829 E F1 .329 -(option means to load the ne)2.829 F 2.829(wb)-.25 G .329 -(uiltin command)-3.029 F F0(name)3.189 E F1 .132(from shared object)144 -388.8 R F0(\214lename)4.542 E F1 2.632(,o).18 G 2.632(ns)-2.632 G .131 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-2.632 F F2(Bash)5.131 E F1 .131 -(will use the v)2.631 F .131(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 400.8 Q F2 -.3(BA) -4.456 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 --.25(va)4.456 G 1.956 -(riable as a colon-separated list of directories in which to).25 F 1.315 -(search for)144 412.8 R F0(\214lename)3.815 E F1 3.815(,i)C(f)-3.815 E -F0(\214lename)3.815 E F1 1.314(does not contain a slash.)3.814 F 1.314 -(The def)6.314 F 1.314(ault is system-dependent, and)-.1 F .789 -(may include to force a search of the current directory)144 424.8 R -5.789(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.789 E F23.29 E F1 .79 -(option will delete a b)3.29 F .79(uiltin pre)-.2 F(vi-)-.25 E 1.079 -(ously loaded with)144 436.8 R F23.579 E F1 6.079(.I)C 3.579(fn) --6.079 G(o)-3.579 E F0(name)3.579 E F1(ar)3.579 E 1.079(guments are gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.078(n, or if the).15 F F23.578 E F1 1.078 -(option is supplied, a list of)3.578 F 1.711(shell b)144 448.8 R 1.711 -(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)6.711 G 1.711(th no other option ar).4 -F 1.712(guments, the list consists of all enabled shell)-.18 F -.2(bu) -144 460.8 S 2.909(iltins. If).2 F F22.909 E F1 .408 -(is supplied, only disabled b)2.909 F .408(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)5.408 E F22.908 E F1 .408(is supplied, the list printed in-) -2.908 F .307(cludes all b)144 472.8 R .308 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F -(If)5.308 E F22.808 E F1 .308(is supplied, the out-)2.808 F .226 -(put is restricted to the POSIX)144 484.8 R F0(special)2.725 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.725 G 2.725(iltins. If).2 F .225(no options are supplied and a) -2.725 F F0(name)2.725 E F1 .225(is not a shell)2.725 F -.2(bu)144 496.8 -S(iltin,).2 E F2(enable)3.515 E F1 1.015(will attempt to load)3.515 F F0 -(name)3.515 E F1 1.015(from a shared object named)3.515 F F0(name)3.515 -E F1 3.515(,a)C 3.515(si)-3.515 G 3.515(ft)-3.515 G 1.015(he command) --3.515 F .787(were The return v)144 508.8 R .786(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 -F F0(name)3.646 E F1 .786(is not a shell b)3.466 F .786 -(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)-.2 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 -520.8 S(iltin from a shared object.).2 E F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 537.6 T -(l).15 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(The) -144 549.6 Q F0(ar)3.17 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.17(sa)C .671 -(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671 -(This command is then read)5.671 F .479(and e)144 561.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.479(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .479 -(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .478(alue of)-.25 F F2 -2.3 -.15 -(ev a)2.978 H(l).15 E F1 5.478(.I)C 2.978(ft)-5.478 G .478(here are no) --2.978 F F0(ar)3.308 E(gs)-.37 E F1(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 573.6 Q -(guments,)-.18 E F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F1(returns 0.)2.5 E F2 -(exec)108 590.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255cl)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(command)-2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F1(]])A(If)144 602.4 Q F0(command)3.005 E F1 .305 -(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 -(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F0(ar)3.136 E -(guments)-.37 E F1(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 614.4 R .177 -(guments to)-.18 F F0(command)2.676 E F1 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G -(he)-2.676 E F22.676 E F1 .176 -(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176 -(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 626.4 R .48(gument passed to) --.18 F F0(command)3.18 E F1 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F0(lo) -3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F1 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F22.98 E F1 -.48(option causes)2.98 F F0(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 638.4 Q F1 .639 -(to be e)3.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 -(vironment. If)-.4 F F23.138 E F1 .638 -(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F0(name)3.498 E F1 .638(as the) -3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 650.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F0(command)3.777 E F1 -1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 662.4 Q .877 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .577(hell e).15 F -.577(xits, unless the)-.15 F F2(execfail)3.077 E F1 .577 -(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .576(In that case, it returns f)5.577 -F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 674.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 -(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .288(tionally if)144 686.4 R F2(exec)2.788 E F1 --.1(fa)2.788 G 2.788(ils. If).1 F F0(command)2.988 E F1 .288 -(is not speci\214ed, an)3.558 F 2.787(yr)-.15 G .287(edirections tak) --2.787 F 2.787(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.787 G .287(ect in the current shell,) -.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 698.4 Q -(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27) -141.79 E(8)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\).).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2023 January 27)141.79 E(8)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 9 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -1278,912 +1215,868 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(exit)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A .095 -(Cause the shell to e)144 84 R .095(xit with a status of)-.15 F F0(n) -2.595 E F1 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F0(n)2.955 E F1 .096(is omitted, the e) -2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 -96 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F1 -(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F2 -(export)108 112.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255fn)A F1 2.5(][).833 G F0(name)-2.5 -E F1([=)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(]] .)A 1.666(..)1.666 G F2(export \255p) -108 124.8 Q F1 .257(The supplied)144 136.8 R F0(names)3.117 E F1 .257 -(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en) --.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E -2.626(commands. If)144 148.8 R(the)2.626 E F22.626 E F1 .127 -(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F0(names)2.987 E -F1 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F0(names)2.987 E -F1 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, or if the).15 F F2 -144 160.8 Q F1 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.548 F -.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F2 -2.547 E F1 .047(option causes the)2.547 F -.15(ex)144 172.8 S -1.446(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 -(rom each)-3.947 F F0(name)3.947 E F1 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G -1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F0(wor)A(d) --.37 E F1 3.947(,t)C(he)-3.947 E -.25(va)144 184.8 S .742(lue of the v) -.25 F .742(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(wor)3.242 E(d)-.37 E F1(.)A F2 -(export)5.742 E F1 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .741 -(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .741(lid option is) -.25 F .031(encountered, one of the)144 196.8 R F0(names)2.531 E F1 .031 -(is not a v)2.531 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 -F F22.532 E F1 .032(is supplied with a)2.532 F F0(name)2.892 E F1 -(that)2.712 E(is not a function.)144 208.8 Q F2(false)108 225.6 Q F1 -(Does nothing, returns a non-zero status.)144 225.6 Q F2(fc)108 242.4 Q -F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(ename)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255lnr)-2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F0<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(last)-2.5 E F1(])A F2 -(fc \255s)108 254.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(pat)A F1(=)A F0 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F1 -2.5(][)C F0(cmd)-2.5 E F1(])A .432 -(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 266.4 R F0<8c72> -4.842 E(st)-.1 E F1(to)3.612 E F0(last)3.022 E F1 .431 -(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .141(edits and re-e)144 -278.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .141(cutes them.).15 F F0 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) -.45 G(t).1 E F1(and)3.321 E F0(last)2.731 E F1 .141 -(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 290.4 Q .311(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde) --.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .31(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .61 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071 -(is used as an of)144 302.4 R .071 -(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071(When listing, a) -5.071 F F0<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E F1(or)2.571 E F0(last)2.571 E F1 .071 -(of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25 G(-).25 E .653 -(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 314.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .653 -(lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F F2(fc)3.153 E F1 .653 -(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 326.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242 -(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.742(lid. If).25 F -F0(last)2.832 E F1 .242 -(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F -.149(ing \(so that prints the last 10 commands\) and to)144 338.4 R F0 -<8c72>4.559 E(st)-.1 E F1 2.648(otherwise. If)3.328 F F0<8c72>4.558 E -(st)-.1 E F1 .148(is not speci\214ed, it is set to)3.328 F(the pre)144 -350.4 Q(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 -367.2 Q F22.522 E F1 .022 -(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E -F22.522 E F1 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 379.2 R .438(If the) -5.438 F F22.938 E F1 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 -(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.334(the editor gi)144 391.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E -F0(ename)3.024 E F1 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 -(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 -F(If)5.335 E F0(ename)3.025 E F1 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 403.2 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.131 -E F1 -.25(va)2.881 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of) --.25 F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F1(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F1 .63 -(is not set.)2.88 F .63(If nei-)5.63 F .005(ther v)144 415.2 R .005 -(ariable is set,)-.25 F F0(vi)4.171 E F1 .005(is used.)4.171 F .005 -(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)5.005 F -(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 427.2 Q .789(In the second form,)144 444 R F0 -(command)3.288 E F1 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted after each instance of).15 F F0(pat)3.288 E F1 .788 -(is replaced by)3.288 F F0 -.37(re)3.288 G(p).37 E F1(.)A F0(Com-)5.788 -E(mand)144 456 Q F1 .762(is interpreted the same as)3.262 F F0<8c72> -3.262 E(st)-.1 E F1(abo)3.262 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.762(.A).15 G .762 -(useful alias to use with this is so that typing runs)-2.5 F -(the last command be)144 468 Q(ginning with and typing re-e)-.15 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142 -(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 484.8 R .142 -(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 -(lid option is encountered or).25 F F0<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F1(or)3.322 -E F0(last)2.732 E F1 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 496.8 -R .454(If the)5.454 F F22.954 E F1 .454 -(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 -(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 508.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted or f).15 F .787 -(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 -(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -520.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F0(cmd)3.836 E F1 1.136 -(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 532.8 Q -(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F2(fc)2.5 E F1(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E F2(fg)108 549.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(jobspec)A F1(])A(Resume) -144 561.6 Q F0(jobspec)5.654 E F1 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 -(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 -(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F0(jobspec)5.653 E F1 -1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 573.6 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G -.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F0(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F1 .617 -(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 585.6 Q -.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 -(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F0(jobspec)145.74 597.6 Q -F1(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F0(jobspec)4.24 E F1 -(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E -F2(getopts)108 614.4 Q F0(optstring name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 -E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(getopts)144 626.4 Q F1 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F0 -(optstring)6.023 E F1 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 638.4 R .149 -(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 650.4 Q .578 -(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 -(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 662.4 R .636 -(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts) -3.136 E F1 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .635(xt op-)-.15 F .029 -(tion in the shell v)144 674.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)2.889 E F1 2.529 -(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.529 E F0(name)2.889 E F1 .029(if it does not e) -2.709 F .03(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 2.53(xo)-.15 G 2.53(ft)-2.53 G .03 -(he ne)-2.53 F .03(xt ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .066 -(ment to be processed into the v)144 686.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTIND) -2.566 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)4.566 E F1 .065 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a)2.315 F .885 -(shell script is in)144 698.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. 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If)-.2 F F23.505 E F1 1.005(is supplied,)3.505 F .46 +(print only disabled b)144 283.2 R 2.96(uiltins. If)-.2 F F22.96 E +F1 .46(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)2.96 F .46 +(uiltins, with an indica-)-.2 F .791 +(tion of whether or not each is enabled.)144 295.2 R(The)5.791 E F2 +3.291 E F1 .79(option means to restrict the output to the POSIX) +3.291 F F0(special)144 307.2 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins.).2 E(The)144 324 +Q F22.785 E F1 .285(option means to load the ne)2.785 F 2.785(wb) +-.25 G .285(uiltin command)-2.985 F F0(name)3.145 E F1 .285 +(from shared object)2.965 F F0(\214lename)4.695 E F1 2.785(,o).18 G +2.785(ns)-2.785 G(ys-)-2.785 E .01(tems that support dynamic loading.) +144 336 R(If)5.01 E F0(\214lename)2.51 E F1 .01 +(does not contain a slash,)2.51 F F2(Bash)2.51 E F1 .01(will use the v) +2.51 F .01(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 348 Q F2 -.3(BA)4.456 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD) +-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 -.25(va)4.456 G 1.956 +(riable as a colon-separated list of directories in which to).25 F .305 +(search for)144 360 R F0(\214lename)2.805 E F1 5.305(.T)C .305(he def) +-5.305 F .305(ault for)-.1 F F2 -.3(BA)2.805 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E +(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 .305 +(is system-dependent, and may)2.805 F .925 +(include to force a search of the current directory)144 372 R 5.925(.T) +-.65 G(he)-5.925 E F23.425 E F1 .925(option will delete a b)3.425 +F .925(uiltin pre)-.2 F(viously)-.25 E(loaded with)144 384 Q F22.5 +E F1 5(.I)C(f)-5 E F02.5 E F1(is used with)2.5 E F02.5 E F1 +2.5(,t)C(he ne)-2.5 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G(uiltin becomes a POSIX special b) +-2.7 E(uiltin.)-.2 E .269(If no options are supplied and a)144 400.8 R +F0(name)2.769 E F1 .269(is not a shell b)2.769 F(uiltin,)-.2 E F2 +(enable)2.769 E F1 .269(will attempt to load)2.769 F F0(name)2.769 E F1 +(from)2.768 E 2.5(as)144 412.8 S(hared object named)-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E +F1 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he command were)-2.5 E .477 +(The return v)144 429.6 R .477(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F0(name)3.337 E +F1 .477(is not a shell b)3.157 F .477 +(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)-.2 F 2.978(wb)-.25 G(uiltin) +-3.178 E(from a shared object.)144 441.6 Q F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 458.4 T +(l).15 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E 1.348 +(Concatenate the)144 470.4 R F0(ar)3.848 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.848(st)C 1.348 +(ogether into a single command, separating them with spaces.)-3.848 F F2 +(Bash)6.347 E F1(then)3.847 E .176(reads and e)144 482.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G .176(cute this command, and returns its e).15 F .176 +(xit status as the return status of)-.15 F F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.676 H(l) +.15 E F1 5.176(.I)C 2.677(ft)-5.176 G .177(here are)-2.677 F(no)144 +494.4 Q F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1 2.5(,o).27 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G +(nly null ar)-2.5 E(guments,)-.18 E F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F1 +(returns 0.)2.5 E F2(exec)108 511.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255cl)A F1 2.5(][)C +F2-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(command)-2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 +(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(]])A(If)144 523.2 Q F0(command)2.984 E F1 .283 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell without creating a ne)3.554 F +2.783(wp)-.25 G(rocess.)-2.783 E F0(command)5.283 E F1 .283(cannot be) +2.783 F 2.877(as)144 535.2 S .377(hell b)-2.877 F .377 +(uiltin or function.)-.2 F(The)5.377 E F0(ar)3.207 E(guments)-.37 E F1 +.377(become the ar)3.147 F .378(guments to)-.18 F F0(command)2.878 E F1 +5.378(.I)C 2.878(ft)-5.378 G(he)-2.878 E F22.878 E F1 .378 +(option is)2.878 F .078(supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)144 +547.2 R .078(ginning of the zeroth ar)-.15 F .078(gument passed to)-.18 +F F0(command)2.778 E F1 5.078(.T).77 G(his)-5.078 E .138(is what)144 +559.2 R F0(lo)2.728 E(gin)-.1 E F1 .138(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.138 E F2 +2.638 E F1 .139(option causes)2.639 F F0(command)2.839 E F1 .139 +(to be e)3.409 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .139(cuted with an empty en).15 F +(vironment.)-.4 E(If)144 571.2 Q F22.5 E F1 +(is supplied, the shell passes)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1(as the zeroth ar) +2.68 E(gument to the e)-.18 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted command.).15 E(If)144 +588 Q F0(command)3.246 E F1 .546(cannot be e)3.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .546 +(cuted for some reason, a non-interacti).15 F .846 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .545 +(hell e).15 F .545(xits, unless the)-.15 F F2(execfail)3.045 E F1 1.22 +(shell option is enabled.)144 600 R 1.22 +(In that case, it returns a non-zero status.)6.22 F 1.22(An interacti) +6.22 F 1.52 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.22(hell returns a).15 F +(non-zero status if the \214le cannot be e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5 +(cuted. A).15 F(subshell e)2.5 E(xits unconditionally if)-.15 E F2(exec) +2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E(If)144 628.8 Q F0(command)3.225 E F1 +.525(is not speci\214ed, an)3.795 F 3.025(yr)-.15 G .524 +(edirections tak)-3.025 F 3.024(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.024 G .524 +(ect in the current shell, and the return status).25 F(is 0.)144 640.8 Q +(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F2(exit)108 657.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 +(])A .095(Cause the shell to e)144 657.6 R .095(xit with a status of) +-.15 F F0(n)2.595 E F1 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F0(n)2.955 E F1 .096 +(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command) +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 669.6 S 2.5(cuted. An).15 F 2.5(yt)-.15 G(rap on) +-2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 E F1(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F2(export)108 686.4 Q F1([)2.5 +E F2(\255fn)A F1 2.5(][).833 G F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 +(]] .)A 1.666(..)1.666 G F2(export \255p)108 698.4 Q F1 .257 +(The supplied)144 710.4 R F0(names)3.117 E F1 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257 +(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 +(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.5 +(commands. If)144 722.4 R(the)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(option is gi)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(n, the).15 E F0(names)2.86 E F1(refer to functions.)2.77 +E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(9)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E -(be used.)144 84 Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 -100.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)4.543 E F1 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043 -(its with a return v).15 F 2.043(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)144 112.8 Q F1(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo) --.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E -F0(name)2.5 E F1(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 129.6 Q F1 .485 -(normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485 -(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F0(ar)3.315 E -(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 141.6 Q F2(getopts)2.5 E -F1(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 158.4 Q F1 .345 -(can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F -.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F0(optstring)3.075 E F1 .345 -(is a colon,)3.065 F F0(silent)3.185 E F1 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.668 -(porting is used.)144 170.4 R 1.668 -(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.668 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.669(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 -182.4 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F -(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F1 .394 -(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 194.4 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E -F0(optstring)2.73 E F1(is not a colon.)2.72 E(If)144 211.2 Q F2(getopts) -2.672 E F1 .172(detects an in)2.672 F -.25(va)-.4 G .173 -(lid option, it places ? into).25 F F0(name)3.033 E F1 .173 -(and, if not silent, prints an error message)2.853 F 1.148(and unsets) -144 223.2 R F3(OPT)3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(If) -5.647 E F2(getopts)3.647 E F1 1.147 -(is silent, it assigns the option character found to)3.647 F F3(OPT) -3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E F1(and)3.397 E(does not print a diagnostic message.) -144 235.2 Q .602(If a required ar)144 252 R .602 -(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F2(getopts)3.102 E F1 .602 -(is not silent, it sets the v)3.102 F .602(alue of)-.25 F F0(name)3.102 -E F1 .602(to a ques-)3.102 F 1.056(tion mark \()144 264 R F2(?).833 E F1 -1.056(\), unsets).833 F F3(OPT)3.556 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(,)A F1 1.056 -(and prints a diagnostic message.)3.306 F(If)6.056 E F2(getopts)3.556 E -F1 1.055(is silent, it sets the)3.556 F -.25(va)144 276 S(lue of).25 E -F0(name)2.5 E F1(to a colon \()2.5 E F2(:).833 E F1 2.5(\)a).833 G -(nd sets)-2.5 E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F1 -(to the option character found.)2.25 E F2(getopts)144 292.8 Q F1 .902 -(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) -3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 304.8 Q F2(hash)108 -321.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lr)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(\214lename) -2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255dt)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1(])A -.858(Each time)144 333.6 R F2(hash)3.358 E F1 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F0(name) -3.718 E F1 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 345.6 R F2($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 -.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .342(If the)144 357.6 -R F22.842 E F1 .342(option is supplied,)2.842 F F2(hash)2.842 E F1 -(uses)2.842 E F0(\214lename)4.752 E F1 .342 -(as the full \214lename of the command.)3.022 F(The)5.341 E F2 -2.841 E F1(op-)2.841 E 1.495(tion causes the shell to for)144 369.6 R -1.496(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F 1.496(Assigning to the)6.496 -F F2 -.74(PA)3.996 G(TH)-.21 E F1 -.25(va)3.996 G 1.496(riable also).25 -F .685(clears all hashed \214lenames.)144 381.6 R(The)5.685 E F2 -3.185 E F1 .685(option causes the shell to for)3.185 F .684 -(get the remembered location of)-.18 F(each)144 393.6 Q F0(name)3.894 E -F1 6.394(.I)C 3.894(ft)-6.394 G(he)-3.894 E F23.894 E F1 1.394 -(option is supplied, the full pathname to which each)3.894 F F0(name) -3.895 E F1 1.395(corresponds is)3.895 F 3.314(printed. If)144 405.6 R -(multiple)3.314 E F0(name)3.314 E F1(ar)3.314 E .814 -(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F23.314 E F1 3.314(,t)C(he) --3.314 E F0(name)3.314 E F1 .814(is printed before the hashed)3.314 F -.575(full pathname.)144 417.6 R(The)5.575 E F23.075 E F1 .575(opt\ -ion causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as in-) -3.075 F 3.988(put. If)144 429.6 R 1.488(no ar)3.988 F 1.488 -(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.488(n, or if only).15 F F2 -3.988 E F1 1.488(is supplied, information about remembered com-)3.988 F -.012(mands is printed.)144 441.6 R(The)5.012 E F22.512 E F1(,)A F2 -2.513 E F1 2.513(,a)C(nd)-2.513 E F22.513 E F1 .013 -(options \(the options that act on the)2.513 F F0(name)2.513 E F1(ar) -2.513 E .013(guments\) are mu-)-.18 F .208(tually e)144 453.6 R(xclusi) --.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.207(.O).15 G .207(nly one will be acti)-5.207 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 5.207(.I).15 G 2.707(fm)-5.207 G .207 -(ore than one is supplied,)-2.707 F F22.707 E F1 .207 -(has higher priority than)2.707 F F2144 465.6 Q F1 2.608(,a)C .108 -(nd both are higher priority than)-2.608 F F22.608 E F1 5.108(.T)C -.108(he return status is true unless a)-5.108 F F0(name)2.968 E F1 .108 -(is not found or an)2.788 F(in)144 477.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied.).25 E F2(help)108 494.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -(\255dms)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(pattern)-2.5 E F1(])A .867 -(Display helpful information about b)144 506.4 R .867(uiltin commands.) --.2 F(If)5.867 E F0(pattern)4.617 E F1 .866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F2 -(help)3.366 E F1(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 -E .223(help on all commands matching)144 518.4 R F0(pattern)3.973 E F1 -2.723(;o).24 G .223(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .224 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 530.4 Q F2 -144 542.4 Q F1(Display a short description of each)180 542.4 Q F0 -(pattern)2.5 E F2144 554.4 Q F1(Display the description of each) -180 554.4 Q F0(pattern)2.5 E F1(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G -(ormat)-2.5 E F2144 566.4 Q F1 -(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 566.4 Q F0(pattern)2.5 -E F1(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 583.2 Q F0 -(pattern)3.75 E F1(.).24 E F2(history [)108 600 Q F0(n)A F2(])A -(history \255c)108 612 Q(history \255d)108 624 Q F0(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E -F2(history \255d)108 636 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1(-)A F0(end)A F2 -(history \255anrw)108 648 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(\214lename)A F1(])A F2 -(history \255p)108 660 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 -E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(history \255s)108 672 Q F0(ar)2.5 E -(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.4 -(Wi)144 684 S .752 -(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F -.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F2(*)3.251 E F1(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 696 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F -F0(n)3.24 E F1 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F0(n)3.24 E F1 2.88 -(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFOR-) -2.881 E(MA)144 708 Q(T)-.855 E F1 .239 -(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.489 F F0 -(strftime)3.078 E F1 .238(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-).18 F -1.019(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 720 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G -3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 -(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 -Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(10)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E(The) +144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.68 E F1 .18(option une)2.68 F .18 +(xports, or remo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.68(st).15 G .181(he e)-2.68 F +.181(xport attrib)-.15 F .181(ute, from each)-.2 F F0(name)2.681 E F1 +5.181(.I)C 2.681(fn)-5.181 G(o)-2.681 E F0(names)3.041 E F1 .181(are gi) +2.951 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E .536(or if the)144 96 R F23.036 E +F1 .536(option is supplied,)3.036 F F2(export)3.036 E F1 .536 +(prints a list of names of all e)3.036 F .535(xported v)-.15 F .535 +(ariables on the stan-)-.25 F(dard output.)144 108 Q F2(export)144 124.8 +Q F1(allo)2.94 E .44(ws the v)-.25 F .44(alue of a v)-.25 F .44 +(ariable to be set when it is e)-.25 F .44(xported or une)-.15 F .44 +(xported by follo)-.15 F .44(wing the)-.25 F -.25(va)144 136.8 S .152 +(riable name with =).25 F F0(value)A F1 5.152(.T)C .152(his sets the v) +-5.152 F .152(alue of the v)-.25 F .152(ariable to)-.25 F F0(value)2.652 +E F1 .151(while modifying the e)2.652 F(xport)-.15 E(attrib)144 148.8 Q +(ute.)-.2 E F2(export)6.36 E F1 1.36(returns an e)3.86 F 1.361 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.361 +(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F F0(names)144 160.8 Q F1 +(is not a v)2.5 E(alid shell v)-.25 E(ariable name, or)-.25 E F2 +2.5 E F1(is supplied with a)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F2(false)108 177.6 Q F1 +(Does nothing; returns a non-zero status.)144 177.6 Q F2(fc)108 194.4 Q +F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(ename)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255lnr)-2.5 E F1 2.5 +(][)C F0<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(last)-2.5 E F1(])A F2 +(fc \255s)108 206.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(pat)A F1(=)A F0 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F1 +2.5(][)C F0(cmd)-2.5 E F1(])A .432 +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 218.4 R F0<8c72> +4.842 E(st)-.1 E F1(to)3.612 E F0(last)3.022 E F1 .431 +(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .141(edits and re-e)144 +230.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .141(cutes them.).15 F F0 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +.45 G(t).1 E F1(and)3.321 E F0(last)2.731 E F1 .141 +(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) +144 242.4 Q .311(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde) +-.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .31(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .61 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E +(is used as an of)144 254.4 Q(fset from the current command number\).) +-.25 E .746(When listing, a)144 271.2 R F0<8c72>3.246 E(st)-.1 E F1(or) +3.246 E F0(last)3.246 E F1 .746(of 0 is equi)3.246 F -.25(va)-.25 G .746 +(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .747 +(lent to the current command).25 F .779(\(usually the)144 283.2 R F2(fc) +3.279 E F1 .779(command\); otherwise 0 is equi)3.279 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.779(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 3.279(lid. If).25 +F F0(last)3.369 E F1 .778(is not speci-)3.959 F .536(\214ed, it is set \ +to the current command for listing \(so that prints the last 10 command\ +s\) and to)144 295.2 R F0<8c72>4.947 E(st)-.1 E F1 3.123(otherwise. If) +144 307.2 R F0<8c72>5.033 E(st)-.1 E F1 .622 +(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the pre)3.803 F .622 +(vious command for editing and \25516 for list-)-.25 F(ing.)144 319.2 Q +.696(If the)144 336 R F23.196 E F1 .696 +(option is supplied, the commands are listed on the standard output.) +3.196 F(The)5.697 E F23.197 E F1 .697(option sup-)3.197 F +(presses the command numbers when listing.)144 348 Q(The)5 E F22.5 +E F1(option re)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rses the order of the commands.).15 +E(Otherwise,)144 364.8 Q F2(fc)2.902 E F1(in)2.902 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 2.902(st).1 G .402(he editor named by)-2.902 F F0(ename)3.092 E +F1 .402(on a \214le containing those commands.)3.082 F(If)5.402 E F0 +(ename)3.092 E F1 .541(is not supplied,)144 376.8 R F2(fc)3.041 E F1 +.542(uses the v)3.042 F .542(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(FCEDIT)3.042 E F1 -.25(va)2.792 G .542(riable, and the v).25 F .542 +(alue of)-.25 F F3(EDIT)3.042 E(OR)-.162 E F1(if)2.792 E F3(FCEDIT)3.042 +E F1(is)2.792 E .213(not set.)144 388.8 R .212(If neither v)5.213 F .212 +(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(fc)2.712 E F1(uses)2.712 E F0(vi.)4.378 E F1 +.212(When editing is complete,)4.378 F F2(fc)2.712 E F1 .212 +(reads the \214le containing)2.712 F +(the edited commands and echoes and e)144 400.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cutes them.).15 E .711(In the second form,)144 417.6 R F2(fc)3.211 E F1 +(re-e)3.211 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(command)3.211 E F1 .711 +(after replacing each instance of)3.211 F F0(pat)3.212 E F1(with)3.212 E +F0 -.37(re)3.212 G(p).37 E F1(.)A F0(Com-)5.712 E(mand)144 429.6 Q F1 +(is interpreted the same as)2.5 E F0<8c72>2.5 E(st)-.1 E F1(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.723(Au)144 446.4 S .223 +(seful alias to use with)-2.723 F F2(fc)2.723 E F1 .223 +(is so that typing runs the last command be)2.723 F .222 +(ginning with and typing re-)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 458.4 S +(cutes the last command.).15 E .439 +(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 475.2 R .44 +(alue is zero unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .44 +(lid option is encountered or).25 F F0<8c72>4.85 E(st)-.1 E F1(or)3.62 E +F0(last)144.09 487.2 Q F1 .402(specify history lines out of range.)3.582 +F .402(When editing and re-e)5.402 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .402 +(cuting a \214le of commands, the re-).15 F .573(turn v)144 499.2 R .573 +(alue is the v)-.25 F .573(alue of the last command e)-.25 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .573(cuted or f).15 F .574 +(ailure if an error occurs with the tempo-)-.1 F .686(rary \214le.)144 +511.2 R .685 +(If the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-e)5.686 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .685(cuted command, unless).15 F F0(cmd)144.2 523.2 Q +F1(does not specify a v)3.27 E(alid history entry)-.25 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G +2.5(nw)-2.5 G(hich case)-2.5 E F2(fc)2.5 E F1 +(returns a non-zero status.)2.5 E F2(fg)108 540 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(jobspec) +A F1(])A(Resume)144 552 Q F0(jobspec)4.638 E F1 .398(in the fore)3.208 F +.399(ground, and mak)-.15 F 2.899(ei)-.1 G 2.899(tt)-2.899 G .399 +(he current job)-2.899 F 5.399(.I)-.4 G(f)-5.399 E F0(jobspec)4.639 E F1 +.399(is not present,)3.209 F F2(fg)2.899 E F1(uses)2.899 E .248 +(the shell')144 564 R 2.748(sn)-.55 G .248(otion of the)-2.748 F F0 +(curr)2.747 E .247(ent job)-.37 F F1 5.247(.T)C .247(he return v)-5.247 +F .247(alue is that of the command placed into the fore-)-.25 F .097 +(ground, or f)144 576 R .098 +(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.598(,w)-.4 G .098 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.598 F F0(job-)4.338 E(spec)144 +588 Q F1(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F0(jobspec)4.24 +E F1(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 +E F2(getopts)108 604.8 Q F0(optstring name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g) +-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(getopts)144 616.8 Q F1 .051(is \ +used by shell scripts and functions to parse positional parameters and \ +obtain options and)2.551 F 1.129(their ar)144 628.8 R(guments.)-.18 E F0 +(optstring)6.359 E F1 1.129(contains the option characters to be recogn\ +ized; if a character is fol-)3.849 F(lo)144 640.8 Q .657 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .657(xpected to ha)-.15 F .956 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.156(na).15 G -.18(rg)-3.156 G .656 +(ument, which should be separated from it).18 F(by white space.)144 +652.8 Q(The colon and question mark characters may not be used as optio\ +n characters.)5 E .031(Each time it is in)144 669.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts)2.531 E F1 .031(places the ne)2.531 F .031 +(xt option in the shell v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)2.892 E F1 2.532 +(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.532 E F0(name)2.892 E F1 .523(if it does not e) +144 681.6 R .522(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.022(xo)-.15 G 3.022(ft) +-3.022 G .522(he ne)-3.022 F .522(xt ar)-.15 F .522 +(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTIND)3.022 +E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)144 693.6 Q F1 .079 +(is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is in)2.329 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.58(d. When).1 F .08(an option requires)2.58 F +(an ar)144 705.6 Q(gument,)-.18 E F2(getopts)2.5 E F1(places that ar)2.5 +E(gument into the v)-.18 E(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A +F1(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(10)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 84 R(If)5.176 E F0(\214lename) -2.676 E F1 .176 -(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -.251(not, the v)144 96 R .251(alue of)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HISTFILE)2.751 E F1 .251(is used.)2.501 F(If)5.251 E F0(\214lename) -2.751 E F1 .251(is not supplied and)2.751 F F2(HISTFILE)2.751 E F1 .251 -(is unset or null, the)2.501 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(\255a, \255n, \255r)144 108 Q(,)-.92 E F1(and)2.5 E F32.5 E F1 -(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5 -(ect. Options,).25 F(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo) -.15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 120 Q F1 -(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 120 Q F3 -144 132 Q F0(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .39 -(Delete the history entry at position)180 144 R F0(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 -E F1 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F0(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .389(is ne)2.889 -F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti)-2.889 -G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 156 R -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 -(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 168 Q 2.5(,a) --.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G -(efers to the current)-2.5 E F3(history \255d)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E F3 -144 180 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1A F0(end)A F1 1.25 -(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 192 R F0 -(start)3.75 E F1(and)3.75 E F0(end)3.75 E F1 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E --.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 204 -Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F0(start) -2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(end)2.5 E F1(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 -E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F3144 216 Q F1 .577 -(Append the history lines to the history \214le.)180 216 R .578 -(These are history lines entered since the be-)5.577 F -(ginning of the current)180 228 Q F3(bash)2.5 E F1(session, b)2.5 E -(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F3144 240 Q -F1 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ - into the current history list.)180 240 R .772 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 252 R -.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F3(bash)3.273 E F1(ses-)3.273 E -(sion.)180 264 Q F3144 276 Q F1(Read the contents of the history \ -\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 276 Q F3 -144 288 Q F1(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 -288 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G -(ontents.)-2.5 E F3144 300 Q F1 .626 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 300 R(wing)-.25 E F0(ar) -3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F -2.975(output. Does)180 312 R .475 -(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F0(ar) -2.975 E(g)-.37 E F1 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 324 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F3144 336 Q F1 .363 -(Store the)180 336 R F0(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .363 -(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 348 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1 -(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 364.8 R F2(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) --.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 -(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 376.8 R .669 -(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 -(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 388.8 R .956 -(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 -(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .833 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 400.8 R .833 -(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.832(.T)-.65 G .832(he return v)-5.832 F -.832(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 412.8 S .168(lid option\ - is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \ -\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F0(of)2.669 E(f-)-.18 E(set) -144 424.8 Q F1 .341(or range is supplied as an ar)2.841 F .341 -(gument to)-.18 F F32.841 E F1 2.841(,o)C 2.84(rt)-2.841 G .34 -(he history e)-2.84 F .34(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .34 -(gument to)-.18 F F3144 436.8 Q F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F3(jobs) -108 453.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F3(\255lnprs)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(jobspec)A F1 -3.332 -1.666(... ])2.5 H F3(jobs \255x)108 465.6 Q F0(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E -F0(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H -(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 477.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 -(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 489.6 Q F1 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 489.6 Q F3 -144 501.6 Q F1 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 501.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 513.6 Q F3 -144 525.6 Q F1(List only the process ID of the job')180 525.6 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3144 537.6 Q F1 -(Display only running jobs.)180 537.6 Q F3144 549.6 Q F1 -(Display only stopped jobs.)180 549.6 Q(If)144 566.4 Q F0(jobspec)4.554 -E F1 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 -(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) --.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 578.4 Q -.25 -(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F0(jobspec)4.24 E F1(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 595.2 R F3 -2.894 E F1 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F3(jobs)2.894 E F1 -.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F0(jobspec)4.634 E F1 .394(found in) -3.204 F F0(command)3.094 E F1(or)3.664 E F0(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .395 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 607.2 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(command)2.7 E F1(passing it)3.27 E F0(ar) -2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 -E F3(kill)108 624 Q F1([)2.5 E F3A F0(sigspec)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F3 -2.5 E F0(signum)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F32.5 E F0(sigspec)A F1 2.5 -(][)C F0(pid)-2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F0(jobspec)2.5 E F1 2.5(].)C 1.666(..) --.834 G F3(kill \255l)108 636 Q F1(|)A F3A F1([)2.5 E F0(sigspec)A -F1(|)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F1(])A .017 -(Send the signal named by)144 648 R F0(sigspec)2.857 E F1(or)2.827 E F0 -(signum)2.857 E F1 .017(to the processes named by)2.837 F F0(pid)3.767 E -F1(or)3.287 E F0(jobspec)4.257 E F1(.).31 E F0(sigspec)5.357 E F1(is) -2.827 E .318(either a case-insensiti)144 660 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.318(ignal name such as).15 F F2(SIGKILL)2.818 E F1 .319 -(\(with or without the)2.569 F F2(SIG)2.819 E F1 .319 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 672 Q F0(signum)3.268 E F1 -.427(is a signal number)3.247 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F0(sigspec) -3.267 E F1 .427(is not present, then)3.237 F F2(SIGTERM)2.927 E F1 .427 -(is assumed.)2.677 F .427(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .313(gument of)144 684 R -F32.813 E F1 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)5.314 -F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F -F32.814 E F1 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 -(n, the names of).15 F .12(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 696 R -.119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.119 E -F0 -.2(ex)2.619 G(it_status).2 E F1(ar)2.619 E(-)-.2 E .799(gument to) -144 708 R F33.299 E F1 .799 -(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.299 F .8 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 720 R -(The)5.962 E F33.462 E F1 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 -G .962(lent to).25 F F33.462 E F1(.)A F3(kill)5.962 E F1 .962 -(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 -768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(11)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E .647 +(The shell does not reset)144 84 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)3.147 E +F1 .647(automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls) +2.897 F(to)144 96 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)2.5 E F1 +(within the same shell in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation to use a ne).2 E 2.5 +(ws)-.25 G(et of parameters.)-2.5 E .101 +(When it reaches the end of options,)144 112.8 R F3(getopts)2.602 E F1 +-.15(ex)2.602 G .102(its with a return v).15 F .102 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F2(OPTIND)5.102 E F1(is)2.352 E +(set to the inde)144 124.8 Q 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 141.6 Q F1 .485 +(normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F0(ar)3.315 E +(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 153.6 Q F3(getopts)2.5 E +F1(parses those instead.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 170.4 Q F1 .833 +(can report errors in tw)3.332 F 3.333(ow)-.1 G 3.333(ays. If)-3.433 F +.833(the \214rst character of)3.333 F F0(optstring)3.563 E F1 .833 +(is a colon,)3.553 F F3(getopts)3.333 E F1(uses)3.333 E F0(silent)144.34 +182.4 Q F1 .212(error reporting.)3.392 F .212(In normal operation,)5.212 +F F3(getopts)2.712 E F1 .211 +(prints diagnostic messages when it encounters)2.712 F(in)144 194.4 Q +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.119(lid options or missing option ar).25 F 3.619 +(guments. If)-.18 F 1.119(the v)3.619 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)3.619 E +F1 1.119(is set to 0, no error mes-)3.369 F(sages will be displayed, e) +144 206.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F0(optstring)2.73 E F1(is not a colon.) +2.72 E(If)144 223.2 Q F3(getopts)2.673 E F1 .173(detects an in)2.673 F +-.25(va)-.4 G .173(lid option, it places ? into).25 F F0(name)3.033 E F1 +.172(and, if not silent, prints an error message)2.853 F 1.147 +(and unsets)144 235.2 R F2(OPT)3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F1(If)5.647 E F3(getopts)3.647 E F1 1.147 +(is silent, it assigns the option character found to)3.647 F F2(OPT) +3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E F1(and)3.398 E(does not print a diagnostic message.) +144 247.2 Q .602(If a required ar)144 264 R .602 +(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F3(getopts)3.102 E F1 .602 +(is not silent, it sets the v)3.102 F .602(alue of)-.25 F F0(name)3.102 +E F1 .602(to a ques-)3.102 F 1.055(tion mark \()144 276 R F3(?).833 E F1 +1.055(\), unsets).833 F F2(OPT)3.555 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(,)A F1 1.056 +(and prints a diagnostic message.)3.306 F(If)6.056 E F3(getopts)3.556 E +F1 1.056(is silent, it sets the)3.556 F -.25(va)144 288 S(lue of).25 E +F0(name)2.5 E F1(to a colon \()2.5 E F3(:).833 E F1 2.5(\)a).833 G +(nd sets)-2.5 E F2(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F1 +(to the option character found.)2.25 E F3(getopts)144 304.8 Q F1 .902 +(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) +3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 316.8 Q F3(hash)108 +333.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F3(\255lr)A F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0(\214lename) +2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F3(\255dt)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1(])A +.636(Each time)144 345.6 R F3(hash)3.136 E F1 .636(is in)3.136 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .636(d, it remembers the full pathname of the command) +.1 F F0(name)3.496 E F1 .636(as determined)3.316 F 1.427 +(by searching the directories in)144 357.6 R F3($P)3.927 E -.95(AT)-.74 +G(H).95 E F1 6.427(.A)C 1.727 -.15(ny p)-6.427 H(re).15 E 1.427 +(viously-remembered pathname associated with)-.25 F F0(name)144 369.6 Q +F1 .942(is discarded.)3.442 F .942(If the)5.942 F F33.442 E F1 +.942(option is supplied,)3.442 F F3(hash)3.442 E F1(uses)3.442 E F0 +(\214lename)5.352 E F1 .943(as the full pathname of the)3.623 F +(command.)144 381.6 Q(The)144 398.4 Q F33.313 E F1 .813 +(option causes the shell to for)3.313 F .813 +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F .812(Assigning to the)5.812 F F3 +-.74(PA)3.312 G(TH)-.21 E F1 -.25(va)3.312 G(ri-).25 E .277 +(able also clears all hashed \214lenames.)144 410.4 R(The)5.277 E F3 +2.777 E F1 .278(option causes the shell to for)2.777 F .278 +(get the remembered lo-)-.18 F(cation of each)144 422.4 Q F0(name)2.5 E +F1(.)A .108(If the)144 439.2 R F32.608 E F1 .108 +(option is supplied,)2.608 F F3(hash)2.608 E F1 .107 +(prints the full pathname corresponding to each)2.608 F F0(name)2.607 E +F1 5.107(.I)C 2.607(fm)-5.107 G(ultiple)-2.607 E F0(name)144 451.2 Q F1 +(ar)3.153 E .653(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F33.153 E F1(,)A +F3(hash)3.153 E F1 .654(prints the)3.154 F F0(name)3.154 E F1 .654 +(before the corresponding hashed full)3.154 F 2.5(pathname. The)144 +463.2 R F32.5 E F1 +(option displays output in a format that may be reused as input.)2.5 E +1.191(If no ar)144 480 R 1.191(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.191(n, or if only).15 F F33.691 E F1 1.191(is supplied,)3.691 F +F3(hash)3.69 E F1 1.19(prints information about remembered)3.69 F 2.722 +(commands. The)144 492 R F32.722 E F1(,)A F32.722 E F1 2.722 +(,a)C(nd)-2.722 E F32.722 E F1 .223 +(options \(the options that act on the)2.722 F F0(name)2.723 E F1(ar) +2.723 E .223(guments\) are mutually)-.18 F -.15(ex)144 504 S(clusi).15 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 5.738(.O).15 G .738(nly one will be acti)-5.738 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 5.738(.I).15 G 3.238(fm)-5.738 G .738 +(ore than one is supplied,)-3.238 F F33.237 E F1 .737 +(has higher priority than)3.237 F F33.237 E F1(,)A(and both ha)144 +516 Q .3 -.15(ve h)-.2 H(igher priority than).15 E F32.5 E F1(.)A +(The return status is zero unless a)144 532.8 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1 +(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.).25 +E F3(help)108 549.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F3(\255dms)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(pattern) +-2.5 E F1(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 561.6 R .867 +(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F0(pattern)4.617 E F1 .867 +(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F3(help)3.367 E F1(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E 1.094(help on all commands matching)144 +573.6 R F0(pattern)4.843 E F1 3.593(;o).24 G 1.093 +(therwise it displays a list of all the b)-3.593 F 1.093 +(uiltins and shell)-.2 F(compound commands.)144 585.6 Q F3144 +597.6 Q F1(Display a short description of each)180 597.6 Q F0(pattern) +2.5 E F3144 609.6 Q F1(Display the description of each)180 609.6 Q +F0(pattern)2.5 E F1(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)-2.5 E F3 +144 621.6 Q F1(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 +621.6 Q F0(pattern)2.5 E F1 +(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 638.4 Q F0 +(pattern)3.75 E F1(.).24 E F3(history [)108 655.2 Q F0(n)A F3(])A +(history \255c)108 667.2 Q(history \255d)108 679.2 Q F0(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F3(history \255d)108 691.2 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1(-)A F0(end)A F3 +(history \255anrw)108 703.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(\214lename)A F1(])A +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(11)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E -(successfully sent, or f)144 84 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 E --.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(let)108 100.8 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 -1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Each)144 112.8 Q F0(ar)5.817 E(g)-.37 E F1 -2.987(is an arithmetic e)5.707 F 2.987(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va) --.25 G 2.987(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.987 -(ARITHMETIC EV)5.487 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F1(in) -5.238 E F0(bash)144 124.8 Q F1 2.5(\(1\)\). If)B(the last)2.5 E F0(ar) -2.83 E(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F1 -(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 141.6 Q F1([)2.5 -E F0(option)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C --3.332 1.666(.. | \255 ])-.834 H -.15(Fo)144 153.6 S 2.542(re).15 G .042 -(ach ar)-2.542 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F -F0(name)2.902 E F1 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F0(value)2.832 -E F1 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F0(option)2.542 E F1 .041(can be)2.541 F -(an)144 165.6 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652 -(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F2(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F1 5.652(.W) -C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F1 .653 -(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -177.6 Q F0(name)3.282 E F1 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H -.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -(If)5.421 E F0(name)2.921 E F1 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F .509 -(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 189.6 R F2 -(local)3.01 E F1 .51(is in)3.01 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .51 -(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.282(ing the)144 201.6 R F2(set) -3.782 E F1 -.2(bu)3.782 G 1.281 -(iltin inside the function after the call to).2 F F2(local)3.781 E F1 -1.281(are restored to their original v)3.781 F(alues)-.25 E .277 -(when the function returns.)144 213.6 R .277(The restore is ef)5.277 F -.278(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F2(set)2.778 E F1 .278 -(commands were e)2.778 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .278(cuted to).15 F .69 -(restore the v)144 225.6 R .69 -(alues that were in place before the function.)-.25 F -.4(Wi)5.69 G .69 -(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)3.19 E F1 .69(writes a list of)3.19 F -.566(local v)144 237.6 R .566(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F -.566(It is an error to use)5.566 F F2(local)3.066 E F1 .566 -(when not within a function.)3.066 F(The)5.567 E .426 -(return status is 0 unless)144 249.6 R F2(local)2.926 E F1 .425 -(is used outside a function, an in)2.925 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F0 -(name)3.285 E F1 .425(is supplied, or)3.105 F F0(name)2.925 E F1 .425 -(is a)2.925 F(readonly v)144 261.6 Q(ariable.)-.25 E F2(logout)108 278.4 -Q F1(Exit a login shell.)144 278.4 Q F2(map\214le)108 295.2 Q F1([)2.5 E -F2A F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 -2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(origin)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(fd)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F1 2.5(][) -C F2-2.5 E F0(quantum)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1 -(])A F2 -.18(re)108 307.2 S(adarray).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(delim) -2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 -E F0(origin)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C -F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(quantum)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1(])A .158 -(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 319.2 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(arr)2.989 E -(ay)-.15 E F1 2.659(,o).32 G 2.659(rf)-2.659 G .159 -(rom \214le descriptor)-2.659 F F0(fd)4.629 E F1 1.249(if the)144 331.2 -R F23.749 E F1 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 -F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F1 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 -E F0(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F1 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,) --6.248 F(ha)144 343.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 355.2 Q F1 .91 -(The \214rst character of)180 355.2 R F0(delim)3.41 E F1 .911 -(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411 -(wline. If)-.25 F F0(delim)180 367.2 Q F1(is the empty string,)2.5 E F2 -(map\214le)2.5 E F1(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) -2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 379.2 Q F1(Cop)180 379.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 -(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F0(count)2.7 E F1 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F0(count) -2.5 E F1(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2144 391.2 Q F1(Be)180 -391.2 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F0(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F1(at inde)2.82 -E(x)-.15 E F0(origin)2.73 E F1 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E -2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2144 403.2 Q F1 -(Discard the \214rst)180 403.2 Q F0(count)2.5 E F1(lines read.)2.5 E F2 -144 415.2 Q F1(Remo)180 415.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 -E F0(delim)2.5 E F1(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E -(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F2144 427.2 Q F1 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 427.2 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2144 439.2 Q F1(Ev)180 -439.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F0(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F1(each time)3.17 E F0 -(quantum)2.5 E F1(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F22.5 E F1 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F0(quantum)2.75 E F1(.).32 E F2144 451.2 -Q F1(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 451.2 Q -F0(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F1(.).67 E(If)144 468 Q F22.968 E F1 .467 -(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F22.967 E F1 2.967(,t)C .467 -(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F0 -(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F1 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 480 R 2.761(xo)-.15 G -2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be assig\ -ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 -(as additional ar)144 492 R(guments.)-.18 E F0(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E -F1 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 -(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 504 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 520.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2 -(map\214le)2.5 E F1(will clear)2.5 E F0(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F2(map\214le)144 537.6 Q F1 .797 -(returns successfully unless an in)3.297 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797 -(lid option or option ar).25 F .797(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F0(arr) -3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F1 .798(is in-)3.298 F -.25(va)144 549.6 S -(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F0(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1 -(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F2(popd)108 566.4 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F0(n)A F1 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A(Remo)144 578.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.092 -(se).15 G .592(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.092 F .591 -(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .664 -(directory listed by)144 590.4 R F2(dirs)3.164 E F1 5.664(.W)C .664 -(ith no ar)-6.064 F(guments,)-.18 E F2(popd)3.165 E F1(remo)3.165 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .665(he top directory from the stack, and) --3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 602.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E -5(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 -H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 614.4 Q F1 .551 -(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 614.4 R .551 -(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 626.4 Q F2(+)144 638.4 Q F0(n)A -F1(Remo)180 638.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F0(n)2.64 E -F1 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 -F F2(dirs)2.64 E F1 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F -(from the stack.)180 650.4 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample: remo)-2.65 -E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G -(he second.)-2.5 E F2144 662.4 Q F0(n)A F1(Remo)180 662.4 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F0(n)3.76 E F1 1.259 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by)-.25 F -F2(dirs)3.759 E F1 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5(zero. F) -180 674.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample: remo)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G -(he last directory)-2.5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he ne)-2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E -1.057(If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the) -144 691.2 R F03.558 E F1 1.058(option w)3.558 F 1.058 -(as not supplied,)-.1 F F2(popd)3.558 E F1 .25(uses the)144 703.2 R F2 -(cd)2.749 E F1 -.2(bu)2.749 G .249 -(iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .249 -(If the)5.249 F F2(cd)2.749 E F1 -.1(fa)2.749 G(ils,).1 E F2(popd)2.749 -E F1 .249(returns a)2.749 F(non-zero v)144 715.2 Q(alue.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(12)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(history \255p)108 84 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E +F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(history \255s)108 96 Q +F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(]) +-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 108 S .831 +(th no options, display the command history list with numbers.).4 F .832 +(Entries pre\214x)5.831 F .832(ed with a)-.15 F F2(*)3.332 E F1(ha)3.332 +E -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.082(been modi\214ed.)144 120 R 1.082(An ar)6.082 F +1.082(gument of)-.18 F F0(n)3.942 E F1 1.082(lists only the last)3.822 F +F0(n)3.942 E F1 3.582(entries. If)3.822 F 1.082(the shell v)3.582 F +(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIME-)3.581 E(FORMA)144 132 Q +(T)-.855 E F1 .464 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.714 F F0 +(strftime)3.304 E F1 .465(\(3\) to display the time stamp).18 F 1.716 +(associated with each displayed history entry)144 144 R 6.716(.I)-.65 G +(f)-6.716 E F2(history)4.215 E F1(uses)4.215 E F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)4.215 E +(T)-.855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 1.715(it does not)3.965 F +(print an interv)144 156 Q +(ening space between the formatted time stamp and the history entry)-.15 +E(.)-.65 E(If)144 172.8 Q F0(\214lename)3.369 E F1 .869(is supplied,) +3.369 F F2(history)3.369 E F1 .87 +(uses it as the name of the history \214le; if not, it uses the v)3.369 +F .87(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)144 184.8 Q F4(.)A F1(If)4.939 E F0 +(\214lename)2.939 E F1 .438(is not supplied and)2.939 F F3(HISTFILE) +2.938 E F1 .438(is unset or null, the)2.688 F F2 .438 +(\255a, \255n, \255r)2.938 F(,)-.92 E F1(and)2.938 E F22.938 E F1 +(op-)2.938 E(tions ha)144 196.8 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25 +(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)144 213.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t) +-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 225.6 Q F1 .017 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 225.6 R .018 +(This can be used with the other options to)5.018 F +(replace the history list.)180 237.6 Q F2144 249.6 Q F0(of)2.5 E +(fset)-.18 E F1 .39(Delete the history entry at position)180 261.6 R F0 +(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F1 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F0(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 +E F1 .389(is ne)2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i) +.15 G 2.889(ti)-2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati) +-2.889 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598 +(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 273.6 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 285.6 Q 2.5(,a) +-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(efers to the current)-2.5 E F2(history \255d)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E F2 +144 297.6 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1A F0(end)A F1 1.25 +(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 309.6 R F0 +(start)3.75 E F1(and)3.75 E F0(end)3.75 E F1 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 +321.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F0 +(start)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(end)2.5 E F1 +(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2 +144 333.6 Q F1 .577(Append the history lines to the history \214le.)180 +333.6 R .578(These are history lines entered since the be-)5.577 F +(ginning of the current)180 345.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(session, b)2.5 E +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F2144 357.6 +Q F1 .733(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\ +le and add them to the current)180 357.6 R .142(history list.)180 369.6 +R .143(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)5.142 +F .143(ginning of the current)-.15 F F2(bash)180 381.6 Q F1(session.)2.5 +E F2144 393.6 Q F1(Read the history \214le and append its content\ +s to the current history list.)180 393.6 Q F2144 405.6 Q F1 +(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 405.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le.).15 E F2144 417.6 Q F1 +.626(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 417.6 R(wing)-.25 E +F0(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .625(and display the result on the standard) +3.125 F .468(output, without storing the results in the history list.) +180 429.6 R(Each)5.469 E F0(ar)2.969 E(g)-.37 E F1 .469 +(must be quoted to disable)2.969 F(normal history e)180 441.6 Q +(xpansion.)-.15 E F2144 453.6 Q F1 .363(Store the)180 453.6 R F0 +(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .363(in the history list as a single entry) +3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362(he last command in the history list is) +-5.363 F(remo)180 465.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore adding the) +-2.5 E F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1(.).27 E 1.152(If the)144 482.4 R F3 +(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.652 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)3.402 G 1.152 +(riable is set,).25 F F2(history)3.652 E F1 1.152 +(writes the time stamp information associated)3.652 F .189 +(with each history entry to the history \214le, mark)144 494.4 R .188 +(ed with the history comment character as described)-.1 F(abo)144 506.4 +Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.264(.W).15 G .264 +(hen the history \214le is read, lines be)-5.264 F .265 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F(wed)-.25 E +(immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 +518.4 Q(wing history entry)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .052(The return v)144 535.2 R +.051(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .051 +(lid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writ-).25 F +.706(ing the history \214le, an in)144 547.2 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E +F0(of)3.207 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .707(or range is supplied as an ar)3.207 F +.707(gument to)-.18 F F23.207 E F1 3.207(,o)C 3.207(rt)-3.207 G +.707(he history e)-3.207 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion supplied as an ar)144 559.2 +Q(gument to)-.18 E F22.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(jobs)108 +576 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lnprs)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(jobspec)A F1 -3.332 1.666 +(... ])2.5 H F2(jobs \255x)108 588 Q F0(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar) +2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H +(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 600 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 +(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 612 Q F1 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 612 Q F2 +144 624 Q F1 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha)180 +624 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F +.193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 636 Q F2144 +648 Q F1(List only the process ID of the job')180 648 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 660 Q F1 +(Display only running jobs.)180 660 Q F2144 672 Q F1 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 672 Q(If)144 688.8 Q F0(jobspec)5.19 E +F1 .95(is supplied,)3.76 F F2(jobs)3.45 E F1 .95 +(restricts output to information about that job)3.45 F 5.95(.T)-.4 G .95 +(he return status is 0)-5.95 F(unless an in)144 700.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F0 +(jobspec)4.24 E F1(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 717.6 R F2 +2.895 E F1 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F2(jobs)2.894 E F1 .394 +(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F0(jobspec)4.634 E F1 .394(found in)3.204 +F F0(command)3.094 E F1(or)3.664 E F0(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .394 +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 729.6 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(command)2.7 E F1 2.5(,p).77 G(assing it) +-2.5 E F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E +(xit status.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(12) +190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 13 13 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E -(Otherwise,)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(popd)2.67 E F1 .17(returns f) -2.67 F .17(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .171 -(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.671(,o) --.65 G 2.671(ra)-2.671 G(non-e)144 96 Q -(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.556(If the)144 -112.8 R F2(popd)4.056 E F1 1.556(command is successful, bash runs)4.056 -F F2(dirs)4.056 E F1 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.055(wt)-.25 G 1.555 -(he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.055 F -(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 124.8 Q F2(printf)108 141.6 Q F1 -([)2.5 E F2A F0(var)2.5 E F1(])A F0(format)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar) -A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .357(Write the formatted)144 153.6 R F0(ar)2.857 -E(guments)-.37 E F1 .357 -(to the standard output under the control of the)2.857 F F0(format)2.858 -E F1 5.358(.T)C(he)-5.358 E F22.858 E F1(op-)2.858 E .714 -(tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 165.6 R(ariable)-.25 -E F0(var)3.214 E F1 .714(rather than being printed to the standard)3.214 -F(output.)144 177.6 Q(The)144 194.4 Q F0(format)3.017 E F1 .517(is a ch\ -aracter string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,\ - which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, character esc\ -ape sequences, which are con)144 206.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 -(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ -\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 218.4 R .037 -(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F0(ar)144 230.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F1 -6.07(.I)C 3.57(na)-6.07 G 1.07(ddition to the standard)-3.57 F F0 -(printf)4.82 E F1 1.07(\(3\) format characters)1.96 F F2 -(csndiouxXeEfFgGaA)3.57 E F1(,)A F2(printf)3.57 E F1 -(interprets the follo)144 242.4 Q(wing additional format speci\214ers:) --.25 E F2(%b)144 254.4 Q F1(causes)180 254.4 Q F2(printf)2.595 E F1 .096 -(to e)2.595 F .096 -(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F0(ar) -2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F1 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 266.4 Q(ay as) --.1 E F2(echo \255e)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(%q)144 278.4 Q F1(causes)180 278.4 Q -F2(printf)2.51 E F1 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F0(ar)2.51 E -(gument)-.37 E F1 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F -(input.)180 290.4 Q F2(%q)5.891 E F1(and)3.391 E F2(%Q)3.391 E F1 .891 -(use the)3.391 F F2($)3.391 E F1 .891(quoting style if an)3.391 F 3.391 -(yc)-.15 G .892(haracters in the ar)-3.391 F .892(gument string re-)-.18 -F 1.286(quire it, and backslash quoting otherwise.)180 302.4 R 1.285 -(If the format string uses the)6.285 F F0(printf)3.785 E F1(alternate) -3.785 E(form, these tw)180 314.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G(ormats quote the ar)-2.5 -E(gument string using single quotes.)-.18 E F2(%Q)144 326.4 Q F1(lik)180 -326.4 Q(e)-.1 E F2(%q)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 -G(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F1 -(before quoting it.)2.5 E F2(%\()144 338.4 Q F0(datefmt)A F2(\)T)A F1 -(causes)180 350.4 Q F2(printf)4.403 E F1 1.904 -(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F0(datefmt) -4.404 E F1 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .334(string for)180 362.4 R F0 -(strftime)3.174 E F1 2.834(\(3\). The).18 F(corresponding)2.834 E F0(ar) -2.834 E(gument)-.37 E F1 .334(is an inte)2.834 F .333 -(ger representing the number)-.15 F .292(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -374.4 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F -.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .694 -(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 386.4 R -.693(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar) -3.193 F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 398.4 R -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 -G 2.71<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.71(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F -F2(printf)2.71 E F1(beha)180 410.4 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .946(The %b, %\ -q, and %T format speci\214ers all use the \214eld width and precision a\ -r)144 427.2 R .945(guments from the)-.18 F .338 -(format speci\214cation and write that man)144 439.2 R 2.838(yb)-.15 G -.338(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.838 F .339 -(xpanded ar)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(gument, which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 -451.2 Q(The %n format speci\214er accepts a corresponding ar)144 468 Q -(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .394 -(The %s and %c format speci\214ers accept an l \(long\) modi\214er)144 -484.8 R 2.893(,w)-.4 G .393(hich forces them to con)-2.893 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .393(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .32 -(gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 496.8 R 2.821 -(ys)-.15 G .321(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F -(of characters, not bytes.)144 508.8 Q(Ar)144 525.6 Q .464(guments to n\ -on-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 537.6 -R 1.259 -(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 549.6 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 566.4 Q F0(format)2.515 E -F1 .015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.515 F F0(ar)2.515 -E(guments)-.37 E F1 5.015(.I)C 2.514(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.514 E F0(format) -2.514 E F1 .014(requires more)2.514 F F0(ar)2.514 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 -578.4 Q F1 .565(than are supplied, the e)3.065 F .566 -(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) -.15 G 3.066(faz)-3.066 G .566(ero v)-3.066 F .566(alue or null string,) --.25 F .542(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 590.4 R .541 -(The return v)5.541 F .541(alue is zero on success, non-zero if an in) --.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .541(lid op-).25 F -(tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.)144 602.4 Q F2 -(pushd)108 619.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F0(n)A F1 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A F2(pushd)108 631.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -A F1 2.5(][)C F0(dir)-2.5 E F1(])A .639(Adds a directory to the t\ -op of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 643.2 -R 3.14(wt)-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F .089(stack the current w)144 -655.2 R .089(orking directory)-.1 F 5.089(.W)-.65 G .089(ith no ar) --5.489 F(guments,)-.18 E F2(pushd)2.589 E F1 -.15(ex)2.588 G .088 -(changes the top tw).15 F 2.588(oe)-.1 G .088(lements of)-2.588 F -(the directory stack.)144 667.2 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E -.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 -679.2 Q F1 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotatin\ -g or adding directories to the)180 679.2 R -(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 691.2 Q F2(+)144 -703.2 Q F0(n)A F1 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 703.2 R F0(n) -3.768 E F1 1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B -1.267(wn by)-.25 F F2(dirs)180 715.2 Q F1 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2023 January 27)141.79 E(13)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(sigspec)2.5 E F1 +(|)2.5 E F22.5 E F0(signum)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F22.5 E F0 +(sigspec)A F1(])A F0(id)2.5 E F1 2.5([.)2.5 G -3.332 1.666(.. ])-.834 H +F2(kill \255l)108 96 Q F1(|)A F2A F1([)2.5 E F0(sigspec)A F1(|)2.5 +E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F1(])A .661 +(Send the signal speci\214ed by)144 108 R F0(sigspec)3.501 E F1(or)3.471 +E F0(signum)3.501 E F1 .661(to the processes named by each)3.481 F F0 +(id)3.171 E F1 5.662(.E).77 G(ach)-5.662 E F0(id)3.172 E F1(may)3.932 E +.295(be a job speci\214cation)144 120 R F0(jobspec)2.795 E F1 .294 +(or a process ID)2.795 F F0(pid)2.794 E F1(.)A F0(sigspec)5.634 E F1 +.294(is either a case-insensiti)3.104 F .594 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .294 +(ignal name).15 F .464(such as)144 132 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL) +2.964 E F1 .464(\(with or without the)2.714 F F3(SIG)2.964 E F1 .465 +(pre\214x\) or a signal number;)2.714 F F0(signum)3.305 E F1 .465 +(is a signal number)3.285 F(.)-.55 E(If)144 144 Q F0(sigspec)2.84 E F1 +(is not supplied, then)2.81 E F2(kill)2.5 E F1(sends)2.5 E F3(SIGTERM) +2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(The)144 160.8 Q F22.874 E F1 +.374(option lists the signal names.)2.874 F .374(If an)5.374 F 2.874(ya) +-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.874 G .374(uments are supplied when).18 F F2 +2.874 E F1 .374(is gi)2.874 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(kill)2.874 E F1 +.373(lists the)2.873 F .119 +(names of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 172.8 R .119 +(guments, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.12 E F0 -.2(ex)2.62 G +(it_status).2 E F1(ar)2.62 E(-)-.2 E .8(gument to)144 184.8 R F2 +3.3 E F1 .8(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.3 F +.799(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .381 +(nated by a signal; if it is supplied,)144 196.8 R F2(kill)2.881 E F1 +.381(prints the name of the signal that caused the process to ter)2.881 +F(-)-.2 E(minate.)144 208.8 Q F2(kill)6.091 E F1 1.091 +(assumes that process e)3.591 F 1.091 +(xit statuses are greater than 128; an)-.15 F 1.09 +(ything less than that is a)-.15 F(signal number)144 220.8 Q 5(.T)-.55 G +(he)-5 E F22.5 E F1(option is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to) +.25 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(kill)144 237.6 Q F1 .277 +(returns true if at least one signal w)2.776 F .277 +(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .277(alse if an error occurs or an in) +-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is encountered.)144 249.6 Q F2(let) +108 266.4 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666 +(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Each)144 278.4 Q F0(ar)3.527 E(g)-.37 E F1 .697 +(is e)3.417 F -.25(va)-.25 G .696(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .696 +(xpression \(see)-.15 F F3 .696(ARITHMETIC EV)3.196 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855 +(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F1(in)2.946 E F0(bash)3.196 E F1(\(1\)\).)A +(If the last)144 290.4 Q F0(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)2.72 G +(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F1(returns 1; otherwise)2.5 E F2(let) +2.5 E F1(returns 0.)2.5 E F2(local)108 307.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(option)A F1 +2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C -3.332 1.666 +(.. | \255 ])-.834 H -.15(Fo)144 319.2 S 2.613(re).15 G .113(ach ar) +-2.613 F .113(gument, create a local v)-.18 F .113(ariable named)-.25 F +F0(name)2.973 E F1 .114(and assign it)2.794 F F0(value)2.904 E F1 5.114 +(.T).18 G(he)-5.114 E F0(option)2.614 E F1 .114(can be an)2.614 F(y)-.15 +E .91(of the options accepted by)144 331.2 R F2(declar)3.41 E(e)-.18 E +F1 5.91(.W)C(hen)-5.91 E F2(local)3.409 E F1 .909 +(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.409 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 +(name)144.36 343.2 Q F1 .44(to ha)3.12 F .74 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .44 +(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F .441 +(It is an error to use)5.441 F F2(local)2.941 E F1 +(when not within a function.)144 355.2 Q(If)144 372 Q F0(name)3.081 E F1 +.581(is \255, it mak)3.081 F .58 +(es the set of shell options local to the function in which)-.1 F F2 +(local)3.08 E F1 .58(is in)3.08 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .58(d: an).1 +F(y)-.15 E .351(shell options changed using the)144 384 R F2(set)2.851 E +F1 -.2(bu)2.851 G .351(iltin inside the function after the call to).2 F +F2(local)2.851 E F1 .352(are restored to)2.852 F .325(their original v) +144 396 R .324(alues when the function returns.)-.25 F .324 +(The restore is performed as if a series of)5.324 F F2(set)2.824 E F1 +(com-)2.824 E(mands were e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted to restore the v).15 E +(alues that were in place before the function.)-.25 E -.4(Wi)144 424.8 S +(th no operands,).4 E F2(local)2.5 E F1(writes a list of local v)2.5 E +(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 E .341 +(The return status is 0 unless)144 441.6 R F2(local)2.841 E F1 .341 +(is used outside a function, an in)2.841 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F0 +(name)3.201 E F1 .341(is supplied, or)3.021 F F0(name)2.842 E F1 +(is a readonly v)144 453.6 Q(ariable.)-.25 E F2(logout [)108 470.4 Q F0 +(n)A F2(])A F1(Exit a login shell, returning a status of)144 482.4 Q F0 +(n)2.5 E F1(to the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent.)-2.5 E F2 +(map\214le)108 499.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C +F2-2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(origin)2.5 E +F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 +2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 +(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(quantum)2.5 E F1 +2.5(][)C F0(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1(])A F2 -.18(re)108 511.2 S(adarray) +.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 +(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(origin)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(callbac)2.5 E(k) +-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(quantum)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(arr) +-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1(])A .329 +(Read lines from the standard input, or from \214le descriptor)144 523.2 +R F0(fd)4.798 E F1 .328(if the)3.598 F F22.828 E F1 .328 +(option is supplied, into the)2.828 F(inde)144 535.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.489(da).15 G .989(rray v)-3.489 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(arr)3.819 E(ay) +-.15 E F1 5.989(.T).32 G .989(he v)-5.989 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE) +3.489 E F1 .989(is the def)3.239 F(ault)-.1 E F0(arr)3.49 E(ay)-.15 E F1 +5.99(.O)C .99(ptions, if supplied,)-5.99 F(ha)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t) +-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 559.2 Q F1 .282 +(Use the \214rst character of)180 559.2 R F0(delim)2.782 E F1 .281 +(to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.781 F 2.781(wline. If) +-.25 F F0(delim)2.781 E F1(is the empty string,)180 571.2 Q F2 +(map\214le)2.5 E F1(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 583.2 Q F1(Cop)180 583.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 +(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F0(count)2.7 E F1 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F0(count) +2.5 E F1(is 0, cop)2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G(ll lines.)-2.5 E F2144 595.2 +Q F1(Be)180 595.2 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F0(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F1 +(at inde)2.82 E(x)-.15 E F0(origin)2.73 E F1 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E +(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2144 607.2 +Q F1(Discard the \214rst)180 607.2 Q F0(count)2.5 E F1(lines read.)2.5 E +F2144 619.2 Q F1(Remo)180 619.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing) +.15 E F0(delim)2.5 E F1(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E +(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F2144 631.2 Q F1 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 631.2 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2144 643.2 Q F1(Ev)180 +643.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F0(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F1(each time)3.17 E F0 +(quantum)2.5 E F1(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F22.5 E F1 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F0(quantum)2.75 E F1(.).32 E F2144 655.2 +Q F1(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 655.2 Q +F0(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F1(.).67 E(If)144 672 Q F22.967 E F1 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F22.967 E F1 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F0 +(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F1 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 684 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G +2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\ +ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 +(as additional ar)144 696 R(guments.)-.18 E F0(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E +F1 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.2) +72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(13)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 14 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0(n)A F1 .92 -(Rotates the stack so that the)180 84 R F0(n)3.42 E F1 .92 -(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F2(dirs)180 96 Q F1 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E -F0(dir)144.35 108 Q F1(Adds)180 108 Q F0(dir)2.85 E F1 -(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .435 -(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 124.8 R F22.935 E -F1 .434(option w)2.934 F .434(as not supplied,)-.1 F F2(pushd)2.934 E F1 -.434(uses the)2.934 F F2(cd)2.934 E F1 -.2(bu)2.934 G .434(iltin to).2 F -(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 136.8 Q(If the)5 E -F2(cd)2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F2(pushd)2.5 E F1 -(returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E 1.78(Otherwise, if no ar)144 -153.6 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(pushd)4.28 E F1 1.78 -(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .093 -(When rotating the directory stack,)144 165.6 R F2(pushd)2.593 E F1 .092 -(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-e)2.593 F(x-) --.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 177.6 Q 1.277 -(If the)144 194.4 R F2(pushd)3.777 E F1 1.277 -(command is successful, bash runs)3.777 F F2(dirs)3.777 E F1 1.278 -(to sho)3.778 F 3.778(wt)-.25 G 1.278 -(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.778 F(stack.)144 206.4 Q F2 -(pwd)108 223.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F1(])A .845 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 235.2 R .845 -(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 -(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 -247.2 R F22.681 E F1 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 -.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F1 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2 -(set)2.681 E F1 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 -(enabled. If)144 259.2 R(the)3.264 E F23.264 E F1 .763 -(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 -F .763(The return)5.763 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 271.2 R -.25(va) --.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 283.2 Q F2 -.18(re)108 -300 S(ad).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255Eers)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(aname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E -(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s) --.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(timeout)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 -(])A([)108 312 Q F0(name)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .516(One line \ -is read from the standard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 324 R -F0(fd)3.016 E F1 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F -(the)144 336 Q F22.6 E F1 .1(option, split into w)2.6 F .1 -(ords as described in)-.1 F F0(bash)2.601 E F1 .101(\(1\) under)2.601 F -F2 -.75(Wo)2.601 G .101(rd Splitting).75 F F1 2.601(,a)C .101 -(nd the \214rst w)-2.601 F .101(ord is)-.1 F 1.425 -(assigned to the \214rst)144 348 R F0(name)4.285 E F1 3.925(,t).18 G -1.425(he second w)-3.925 F 1.425(ord to the second)-.1 F F0(name)4.285 E -F1 3.925(,a).18 G 1.425(nd so on.)-3.925 F 1.425(If there are more)6.425 -F -.1(wo)144 360 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 -(ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112 -(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F0(name)144.36 372 Q -F1 5.7(.I).18 G 3.2(ft)-5.7 G .7(here are fe)-3.2 F .7(wer w)-.25 F .7 -(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1 -F .531(assigned empty v)144 384 R 3.031(alues. The)-.25 F .531 -(characters in)3.031 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.031 E F1 .532 -(are used to split the line into w)2.781 F .532(ords using the same)-.1 -F 1.052(rules the shell uses for e)144 396 R 1.052 -(xpansion \(described in)-.15 F F0(bash)3.552 E F1 1.052(\(1\) under) -3.552 F F2 -.75(Wo)3.552 G 1.052(rd Splitting).75 F F1 3.552(\). The)B -(backslash)3.552 E .738(character \()144 408 R F2(\\)A F1 3.238(\)m)C -.739(ay be used to remo)-3.238 F 1.039 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 1.039 -.15(ny s) -.15 H .739(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .739 -(xt character read and for line)-.15 F 2.5(continuation. Options,)144 -420 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 432 Q F0(aname)2.5 E F1 1.026(The w) -180 444 R 1.026(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v) --.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(aname)3.855 E F1 3.525(,s).18 G 1.025 -(tarting at 0.)-3.525 F F0(aname)180.33 456 Q F1(is unset before an)2.68 -E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E -F0(name)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2144 468 Q -F0(delim)2.5 E F1 .28(The \214rst character of)180 480 R F0(delim)2.78 E -F1 .281(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.78 F 2.781 -(wline. If)-.25 F F0(de-)2.781 E(lim)180 492 Q F1(is the empty string,) -2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 -(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2 -144 504 Q F1 .919 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 504 R F2 -.18(re) -3.419 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)3.419 E F2 -.18(re)3.419 G(adline).18 E F1 -(\(see)3.419 E F3(READLINE)3.419 E F1(in)3.169 E F0(bash)180 516 Q F1 -.757(\(1\)\) to obtain the line.)B .757 -(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.757 F .758 -(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .758(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 528 Q -(viously acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b) --2.5 E(ut uses readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E -(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F2144 540 Q F1 .919 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 540 R F2 -.18(re) -3.419 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)3.419 E F2 -.18(re)3.419 G(adline).18 E F1 -(\(see)3.419 E F3(READLINE)3.419 E F1(in)3.169 E F0(bash)180 552 Q F1 -.757(\(1\)\) to obtain the line.)B .757 -(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.757 F .758 -(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .758(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 564 Q .042 -(viously acti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.542(\)e).15 G .042 -(diting settings, b)-2.542 F .042(ut uses bash')-.2 F 2.542(sd)-.55 G -(ef)-2.542 E .042(ault completion, including program-)-.1 F -(mable completion.)180 576 Q F2144 588 Q F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F1 -(If)180 588 Q F2 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F1 .216 -(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F0(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F1 .216 -(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) --.25 F(ing be)180 600 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2144 612 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har) --.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 624 S(ad).18 E F1 .323 -(returns after reading)2.823 F F0(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .323 -(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 -(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 636 Q -(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 -E(s)-.1 E F1(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2 -144 648 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 660 S(ad) -.18 E F1 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F0(nc)3.769 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 -(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 672 R F2 -.18(re)2.775 -G(ad).18 E F1 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-) -5.274 F 1.002 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 684 R -F2 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F1 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F0(nc)3.503 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .609(characters are read.)180 696 R .608 -(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F2(IFS)3.108 E F1 -3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 708 S .669 -(riable is assigned e).25 F .669 -(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67 -(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F2180 720 Q F1(option belo) -2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(14) -190.95 E 0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E +(If not supplied with an e)144 84 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(map\214le)2.5 E F1(will clear)2.5 E F0(arr)2.5 E(ay) +-.15 E F1(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F2(map\214le)144 100.8 Q F1 +1.066(returns zero unless an in)3.566 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.065 +(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.065(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F0(arr) +3.565 E(ay)-.15 E F1 1.065(is in)3.565 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.065(lid or).25 +F(unassignable, or if)144 112.8 Q F0(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1 +(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E +F2(popd)108 129.6 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F0(n)A F1 +2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A(Remo)144 141.6 Q 1.15 -.15(ve e)-.15 H +.85(ntries from the directory stack.).15 F .851 +(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.851 F .358 +(directory listed by)144 153.6 R F2(dirs)2.858 E F1 2.858(,s)C(o)-2.858 +E F2(popd)2.858 E F1 .358(is equi)2.858 F -.25(va)-.25 G .358(lent to W) +.25 F .357(ith no ar)-.4 F(guments,)-.18 E F2(popd)2.857 E F1(remo)2.857 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.857(st).15 G .357(he top direc-)-2.857 F .902 +(tory from the stack, and changes to the ne)144 165.6 R 3.403(wt)-.25 G +.903(op directory)-3.403 F 5.903(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.903 G .903 +(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.203 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .903(he fol-).15 F +(lo)144 177.6 Q(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 189.6 Q F1 .504 +(Suppress the normal change of directory when remo)180 189.6 R .504 +(ving directories from the stack, only)-.15 F(manipulate the stack.)180 +201.6 Q F2(+)144 213.6 Q F0(n)A F1(Remo)180 213.6 Q .683 -.15(ve t)-.15 +H(he).15 E F0(n)2.883 E F1 .383 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .383(wn by)-.25 F F2 +(dirs)2.883 E F1 2.883(,s)C .384(tarting with zero,)-2.883 F +(from the stack.)180 225.6 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample: remo)-2.65 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G +(he second.)-2.5 E F2144 237.6 Q F0(n)A F1(Remo)180 237.6 Q .336 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H(he).15 E F0(n)2.536 E F1 .036 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B .035(wn by)-.25 F F2 +(dirs)2.535 E F1 2.535(,s)C .035(tarting with zero.)-2.535 F -.15(Fo)180 +249.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample: remo)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G +(he last directory)-2.5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he ne)-2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E +1.057(If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the) +144 266.4 R F03.558 E F1 1.058(option w)3.558 F 1.058 +(as not supplied,)-.1 F F2(popd)3.558 E F1 .25(uses the)144 278.4 R F2 +(cd)2.749 E F1 -.2(bu)2.749 G .249 +(iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .249 +(If the)5.249 F F2(cd)2.749 E F1 -.1(fa)2.749 G(ils,).1 E F2(popd)2.749 +E F1 .249(returns a)2.749 F(non-zero v)144 290.4 Q(alue.)-.25 E +(Otherwise,)144 307.2 Q F2(popd)3.571 E F1 1.072(returns f)3.571 F 1.072 +(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.072 +(lid option is supplied, the directory stack is empty).25 F 3.572(,o) +-.65 G(r)-3.572 E F0(n)3.572 E F1(speci\214es a non-e)144 319.2 Q +(xistent directory stack entry)-.15 E(.)-.65 E 1.451(If the)144 336 R F2 +(popd)3.951 E F1 1.451(command is successful,)3.951 F F2(bash)3.951 E F1 +(runs)3.951 E F2(dirs)3.951 E F1 1.451(to sho)3.951 F 3.95(wt)-.25 G +1.45(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.95 F +(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 348 Q F2(printf)108 364.8 Q F1 +([)2.5 E F2A F0(var)2.5 E F1(])A F0(format)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar) +A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .357(Write the formatted)144 376.8 R F0(ar)2.857 +E(guments)-.37 E F1 .357 +(to the standard output under the control of the)2.857 F F0(format)2.858 +E F1 5.358(.T)C(he)-5.358 E F22.858 E F1(op-)2.858 E +(tion assigns the output to the v)144 388.8 Q(ariable)-.25 E F0(var)2.5 +E F1(rather than printing it to the standard output.)2.5 E(The)144 405.6 +Q F0(format)3.018 E F1 .517(is a character string which contains three \ +types of objects: plain characters, which are)3.018 F .704(simply copie\ +d to standard output, character escape sequences, which are con)144 +417.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard o\ +utput, and format speci\214cations, each of which causes printing of th\ +e ne)144 429.6 R .036(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F0(ar)144 441.6 +Q(gument)-.37 E F1 7.824(.I)C 5.324(na)-7.824 G 2.824 +(ddition to the standard)-5.324 F F0(printf)6.575 E F1 2.825 +(\(3\) format characters)1.96 F F2(cCsSndiouxXeEfFgGaA)5.325 E F1(,)A F2 +(printf)144 453.6 Q F1(interprets the follo)2.5 E +(wing additional format speci\214ers:)-.25 E F2(%b)144 465.6 Q F1 +(causes)180 465.6 Q F2(printf)2.596 E F1 .096(to e)2.596 F .096 +(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F0(ar) +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F1 .095(in the)2.595 F(same w)180 477.6 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F2(echo \255e)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(%q)144 489.6 Q F1(causes)180 489.6 Q +F2(printf)2.51 E F1 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F0(ar)2.51 E +(gument)-.37 E F1 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F +(input.)180 501.6 Q F2(%q)5.892 E F1(and)3.392 E F2(%Q)3.392 E F1 .891 +(use the)3.392 F F2($)3.391 E F1 .891(quoting style if an)3.391 F 3.391 +(yc)-.15 G .891(haracters in the ar)-3.391 F .891(gument string re-)-.18 +F 1.285(quire it, and backslash quoting otherwise.)180 513.6 R 1.286 +(If the format string uses the)6.285 F F0(printf)3.786 E F1(alternate) +3.786 E(form, these tw)180 525.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G(ormats quote the ar)-2.5 +E(gument string using single quotes.)-.18 E F2(%Q)144 537.6 Q F1(lik)180 +537.6 Q(e)-.1 E F2(%q)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 +G(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F1 +(before quoting it.)2.5 E F2(%\()144 549.6 Q F0(datefmt)A F2(\)T)A F1 +(causes)180 561.6 Q F2(printf)4.404 E F1 1.904 +(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F0(datefmt) +4.404 E F1 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .333(string for)180 573.6 R F0 +(strftime)3.173 E F1 2.833(\(3\). The).18 F(corresponding)2.833 E F0(ar) +2.834 E(gument)-.37 E F1 .334(is an inte)2.834 F .334 +(ger representing the number)-.15 F .977(of seconds since the epoch.)180 +585.6 R .977(This format speci\214er recognizes tw)5.977 F 3.476(os)-.1 +G .976(pecial ar)-3.476 F .976(gument v)-.18 F(al-)-.25 E .602(ues: \ +\2551 represents the current time, and \2552 represents the time the sh\ +ell w)180 597.6 R .602(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.102(d. If) +.1 F .747(no ar)180 609.6 R .747(gument is speci\214ed, con)-.18 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .747(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.247(sa).15 G 3.247(si) +-3.247 G 3.247<66ad>-3.247 G 3.247(1h)-3.247 G .747(ad been supplied.) +-3.247 F .746(This is an e)5.746 F(x-)-.15 E(ception to the usual)180 +621.6 Q F2(printf)2.5 E F1(beha)2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .946(The %b, \ +%q, and %T format speci\214ers all use the \214eld width and precision \ +ar)144 638.4 R .946(guments from the)-.18 F .339 +(format speci\214cation and write that man)144 650.4 R 2.838(yb)-.15 G +.338(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.838 F .338 +(xpanded ar)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(gument, which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 +662.4 Q(The %n format speci\214er accepts a corresponding ar)144 679.2 Q +(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .393 +(The %s and %c format speci\214ers accept an l \(long\) modi\214er)144 +696 R 2.894(,w)-.4 G .394(hich forces them to con)-2.894 F -.15(ve)-.4 G +.394(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .321 +(gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 708 R 2.821 +(ys)-.15 G .32(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F +2.42(of characters, not bytes.)144 720 R 2.42 +(The %S and %C format speci\214ers are equi)7.42 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.42 +(lent to %ls and %lc,).25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 +E(14)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F1(Display)180 96 -Q F0(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w) --.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161 -(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 108 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5 -(nput. The)-2.5 F -(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F2 -144 120 Q F1 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -180 120 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) --5.543 F .493(the line.)180 132 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab) --.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E .493 -(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)180 -144 Q F2144 156 Q F1(Silent mode.)180 156 Q -(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F2 -144 168 Q F0(timeout)2.5 E F1(Cause)180 180 Q F2 -.18(re)2.928 G -(ad).18 E F1 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428 -(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561 -(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 192 R F0(timeout)3.061 E F1 -(seconds.)3.061 E F0(timeout)5.561 E F1 .56(may be a decimal number) -3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 204 Q -(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E -.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 .506(is readin\ -g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 -216 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 228 R .59 -(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F2 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F1 .589 -(times out,)3.09 F F2 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F1(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 -(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 240 S(riable) -.25 E F0(name)2.77 E F1 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F0(timeout)2.77 E F1 .27 -(is 0,)2.77 F F2 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F1 .27(returns immediately)2.77 -F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G -(ata.)-2.77 E .228(The e)180 252 R .228(xit status is 0 if input is a) --.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) -.25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.727(rt)-2.728 G .227(he read will re-)-2.727 F -1.224(turn EOF)180 264 R 3.724(,n)-.8 G 1.224(on-zero otherwise.)-3.724 -F 1.224(The e)6.224 F 1.225 -(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E -(ceeded.)180 276 Q F2144 288 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 -(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 288 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1(.)A -(Other than the case where)144 304.8 Q F0(delim)2.5 E F1 -(is the empty string,)2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1(ignores an)2.5 -E 2.5(yN)-.15 G(UL characters in the input.)-2.5 E .522(If no)144 321.6 -R F0(names)3.382 E F1 .522 -(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F -.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.186(assigned to the v)144 -333.6 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186 -(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F2 -.18 -(re)3.687 G(ad).18 E F1 .961 -(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144 -345.6 R .96(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .706 -(signing to a readonly v)144 357.6 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in) --.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar) -.25 F .707(gument to)-.18 F F2144 369.6 Q F1(.)A F2 -.18(re)108 -386.4 S(adonly).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aAf)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E -F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 2.5(].)C 1.666 -(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E .77(The gi)144 398.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F0 -(names)3.27 E F1 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77 -(alues of these)-.25 F F0(names)3.63 E F1 .77 -(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 410.4 R -1.096(If the)6.096 F F23.596 E F1 1.097 -(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F0 -(names)3.597 E F1 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 422.4 Q 3.334(ed. The) --.1 F F23.334 E F1 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 -(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) --3.334 F F23.334 E F1 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 434.4 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 -(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F23.277 E -F1(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F0(name) -3.637 E F1(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 446.4 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F23.021 E F1 .521 -(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F -.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 458.4 R(The)5.296 E F2 -2.796 E F1(option)2.796 E .786 -(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 470.4 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -482.4 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) --3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(wor) -3.218 E(d)-.37 E F1 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) --5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) -144 494.4 R F0(names)3.12 E F1 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) --.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F22.76 E F1 .26 -(is supplied with a)2.76 F F0(name)144.36 506.4 Q F1 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F2 -.18(re)108 523.2 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 535.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 -(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F0(n)2.881 E F1 .021(to its caller)2.761 F -5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F0(n)2.881 E F1 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597 -(the return status is that of the last command e)144 547.2 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E -F2 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 559.2 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267 -(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) --2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .268(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler) -144 571.2 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F1 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F2(DEB)2.52 -E(UG)-.1 E F1 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E -.885(mine the status is the last command e)144 583.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F2 -.18(re)3.386 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F1 -.1(wa)3.386 G 3.386(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.386 H -.1(ke) -.4 G 3.386(d. If).1 F F2 -.18(re)144 595.2 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .628 -(is used outside a function, b)3.128 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F2(.)3.127 E F1(\()5.627 E -F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.127(\)c)C .627(ommand, it)-3.127 F .588 -(causes the shell to stop e)144 607.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 -(cuting that script and return either).15 F F0(n)3.448 E F1 .589 -(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e) -144 619.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F -.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F0(n)2.826 E F1 .325 -(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444 -(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 631.2 R .444 -(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F2 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F1 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 -(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 643.2 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F2(.)2.881 E F1(or)3.714 E -F2(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F1 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E -.749(mand associated with the)144 655.2 R F2(RETURN)3.249 E F1 .749 -(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 667.2 Q F2 -(set)108 684 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(option\255name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G -(])-1.666 E F2(set)108 696 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F1 2.5 -(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F0(option\255name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 -2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 -G(])-1.666 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(15)190.95 E -0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E +(respecti)144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E(Ar)144 100.8 Q .464 +(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, \ +e)-.18 F .463(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F .359 +(minus sign is allo)144 112.8 R .359 +(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) +-.25 F .36(alue is the nu-)-.25 F(meric v)144 124.8 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E 2.5(,u)-.4 G(sing the current locale.)-2.5 +E(The)144 141.6 Q F0(format)2.515 E F1 .015 +(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.515 F F0(ar)2.515 E +(guments)-.37 E F1 5.015(.I)C 2.514(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.514 E F0(format) +2.514 E F1 .014(requires more)2.514 F F0(ar)2.514 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 +153.6 Q F1 .565(than are supplied, the e)3.065 F .566 +(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) +.15 G 3.066(faz)-3.066 G .566(ero v)-3.066 F .566(alue or null string,) +-.25 F .542(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 165.6 R .541 +(The return v)5.541 F .541(alue is zero on success, non-zero if an in) +-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .541(lid op-).25 F +(tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.)144 177.6 Q/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd)108 194.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C(+) +-2.5 E F0(n)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A F2(pushd)108 206.4 Q +F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F0(dir)-2.5 E F1(])A 1.049(Add a direc\ +tory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate the stack, making the\ + ne)144 218.4 R 3.549(wt)-.25 G 1.049(op of the)-3.549 F .089 +(stack the current w)144 230.4 R .089(orking directory)-.1 F 5.089(.W) +-.65 G .089(ith no ar)-5.489 F(guments,)-.18 E F2(pushd)2.589 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.588 G .088(changes the top tw).15 F 2.588(oe)-.1 G .088 +(lements of)-2.588 F(the directory stack.)144 242.4 Q(Ar)5 E +(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 254.4 Q F1 .347(Suppress the normal \ +change of directory when rotating or adding directories to the stack,) +180 254.4 R(only manipulate the stack.)180 266.4 Q F2(+)144 278.4 Q F0 +(n)A F1 .147(Rotate the stack so that the)180 278.4 R F0(n)2.647 E F1 +.147(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B .147(wn by) +-.25 F F2(dirs)2.647 E F1(,)A(starting with zero\) is at the top.)180 +290.4 Q F2144 302.4 Q F0(n)A F1 .92(Rotates the stack so that the) +180 302.4 R F0(n)3.42 E F1 .92 +(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 +F F2(dirs)180 314.4 Q F1 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F0(dir)144.35 326.4 Q F1(Adds)180 326.4 Q F0(dir)2.85 E F1 +(to the directory stack at the top.)3.23 E .435 +(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 343.2 R F22.935 E +F1 .434(option w)2.934 F .434(as not supplied,)-.1 F F2(pushd)2.934 E F1 +.434(uses the)2.934 F F2(cd)2.934 E F1 -.2(bu)2.934 G .434(iltin to).2 F +(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 355.2 Q(If the)5 E +F2(cd)2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F2(pushd)2.5 E F1 +(returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E .907(Otherwise, if no ar)144 +372 R .908(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(pushd)3.408 E F1 .908 +(returns zero unless the directory stack is empty)3.408 F(.)-.65 E 1.478 +(When rotating the directory stack,)144 384 R F2(pushd)3.978 E F1 1.477 +(returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or)3.977 F F0(n)3.977 +E F1(speci\214es a non-e)144 396 Q(xistent directory stack element.)-.15 +E 1.172(If the)144 412.8 R F2(pushd)3.672 E F1 1.172 +(command is successful,)3.672 F F2(bash)3.672 E F1(runs)3.672 E F2(dirs) +3.672 E F1 1.173(to sho)3.673 F 3.673(wt)-.25 G 1.173 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.673 F(stack.)144 424.8 Q F2 +(pwd)108 441.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F1(])A .845 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 453.6 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 +465.6 R F22.681 E F1 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 +.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F1 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2 +(set)2.681 E F1 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 +(enabled. If)144 477.6 R(the)3.264 E F23.264 E F1 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 +F .763(The return)5.763 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 489.6 R -.25(va) +-.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 501.6 Q F2 -.18(re)108 +518.4 S(ad).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255Eers)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 +(aname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s) +-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F0(timeout)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 +(])A([)108 530.4 Q F0(name)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .146 +(Read one line from the standard input, or from the \214le descriptor) +144 542.4 R F0(fd)2.645 E F1 .145(supplied as an ar)2.645 F .145 +(gument to the)-.18 F F2144 554.4 Q F1 .77 +(option, split it into w)3.27 F .77(ords as described in)-.1 F F0(bash) +3.27 E F1 .77(\(1\) under)3.27 F F2 -.75(Wo)3.27 G .77(rd Splitting).75 +F F1 3.27(,a)C .77(nd assign the \214rst)-3.27 F -.1(wo)144 566.4 S .674 +(rd to the \214rst).1 F F0(name)3.534 E F1 3.174(,t).18 G .674 +(he second w)-3.174 F .674(ord to the second)-.1 F F0(name)3.534 E F1 +3.174(,a).18 G .674(nd so on.)-3.174 F .673(If there are more w)5.673 F +(ords)-.1 E .236(than names, the remaining w)144 578.4 R .237 +(ords and their interv)-.1 F .237 +(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F0(name)3.097 E F1 +5.237(.I).18 G(f)-5.237 E .875(there are fe)144 590.4 R .875(wer w)-.25 +F .875(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \ +are assigned)-.1 F .515(empty v)144 602.4 R 3.015(alues. The)-.25 F .515 +(characters in the v)3.015 F .515(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(IFS)3.015 E F1 -.25(va)2.765 G .516 +(riable are used to split the line into w).25 F(ords)-.1 E .982 +(using the same rules the shell uses for e)144 614.4 R .981 +(xpansion \(described in)-.15 F F0(bash)3.481 E F1 .981(\(1\) under) +3.481 F F2 -.75(Wo)3.481 G .981(rd Splitting).75 F F1(\).)A .911 +(The backslash character \()144 626.4 R F2(\\)A F1 3.411(\)r)C(emo) +-3.411 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.411(sa).15 G 1.211 -.15(ny s)-3.411 H .911 +(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .912(xt character read and is used)-.15 +F(for line continuation.)144 638.4 Q(Options, if supplied, ha)144 655.2 +Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 +667.2 Q F0(aname)2.5 E F1 1.026(The w)180 679.2 R 1.026 +(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) +-.25 E F0(aname)3.855 E F1 3.525(,s).18 G 1.025(tarting at 0.)-3.525 F +F0(aname)180.33 691.2 Q F1(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2144 703.2 Q F0(delim)2.5 E +F1 .502(The \214rst character of)180 715.2 R F0(delim)3.002 E F1 .503 +(terminates the input line, rather than ne)3.002 F 3.003(wline. If)-.25 +F F0(delim)3.003 E F1 .503(is the)3.003 F(empty string,)180 727.2 Q F2 +-.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 +(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(15)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 16 16 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -2191,116 +2084,124 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(set \255o)108 84 Q(set +o)108 96 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 96 S -.574(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .574 -(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .573 -(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 -(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 108 R 2.613 -(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113 -(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.113 E F0 1.032(posix mode)144 120 R -F1 3.532(,o)C 1.032(nly shell v)-3.532 F 1.032(ariables are listed.)-.25 -F 1.032(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)6.032 F -.58(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 132 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581 -(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.081(ya)-.15 G --.18(rg)-3.081 G .581(uments remaining after op-).18 F .161 -(tion processing are treated as v)144 144 R .161 -(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F -2.66(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.66 E F2($1)2.66 E F1(,)A F2($2)144 156 Q F1 2.5(,.)C -1.666(..)-.834 G(,)-1.666 E F2($)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 5(.O)C -(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 168 Q F1 1.377(Each v)184 168 R 1.377 -(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F -1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 180 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 E -(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F2144 192 Q F1 .132 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 192 R -2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 204 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 -H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F2144 216 Q F1 .087 -(Exit immediately if a)184 216 R F0(pipeline)2.587 E F1 .087 -(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F0 .088(simple command)2.588 F -F1 .088(\), a)B F0(list)2.588 E F1 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 228 Q F0 -.86(compound command)3.36 F F1(\(see)3.36 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .86 -(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.36 F F1(in)3.11 E F0(bash)3.36 E F1 .86(\(1\)\), e)B -.86(xits with a non-zero sta-)-.15 F 2.852(tus. The)184 240 R .352 -(shell does not e)2.852 F .352(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .353 -(ails is part of the command list imme-)-.1 F 1.108(diately follo)184 -252 R 1.108(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)3.608 E F1(or)3.608 E F2(until)3.608 -E F1 -.1(ke)3.608 G(yw)-.05 E 1.107(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F -1.107(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)3.607 E F1(or)3.607 E F2(elif)3.607 E F1 -(re-)3.607 E(serv)184 264 Q .279(ed w)-.15 F .279(ords, part of an)-.1 F -2.779(yc)-.15 G .279(ommand e)-2.779 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .279(cuted in a) -.15 F F2(&&)2.779 E F1(or)2.779 E F2(||)2.78 E F1 .28(list e)2.78 F .28 -(xcept the command fol-)-.15 F(lo)184 276 Q .703(wing the \214nal)-.25 F -F2(&&)3.203 E F1(or)3.203 E F2(||)3.203 E F1 3.203(,a)C 1.003 -.15(ny c) --3.203 H .703(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .703 -(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F(s)-.55 E .476(return v)184 288 R -.476(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .476(rted with).15 F F2(!) -2.976 E F1 5.476(.I)C 2.976(fac)-5.476 G .476 -(ompound command other than a subshell re-)-2.976 F .418 -(turns a non-zero status because a command f)184 300 R .418(ailed while) --.1 F F22.918 E F1 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sb).1 G .417 -(eing ignored, the shell)-2.918 F .472(does not e)184 312 R 2.972 -(xit. A)-.15 F .472(trap on)2.972 F F2(ERR)2.972 E F1 2.972(,i)C 2.972 -(fs)-2.972 G .472(et, is e)-2.972 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .473 -(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.973(xits. This)-.15 F .473(option ap-) -2.973 F 2.114(plies to the shell en)184 324 R 2.113 -(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F 2.113(vironment separately \(see) --.4 F F3(COM-)4.613 E .675(MAND EXECUTION ENVIR)184 336 R(ONMENT)-.27 E -F1(in)2.925 E F0(bash)3.175 E F1 .675 -(\(1\)\), and may cause subshells to e)B .676(xit be-)-.15 F(fore e)184 -348 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E .999 -(If a compound command or shell function e)184 364.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.999(cutes in a conte).15 F .998(xt where)-.15 F F23.498 E F1 .998 -(is being ig-)3.498 F .089(nored, none of the commands e)184 376.8 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .089(cuted within the compound command or function body) -.15 F .503(will be af)184 388.8 R .503(fected by the)-.25 F F2 -3.002 E F1 .502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f) --3.002 E F23.002 E F1 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 -F .502(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.183(tus. If)184 400.8 R 4.183(ac)4.183 G -1.683(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.183 F F24.184 E F1 -1.684(while e)4.184 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.684(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) --.15 E(where)184 412.8 Q F23.154 E F1 .654 -(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 --.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F -(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 424.8 Q F2 -144 436.8 Q F1(Disable pathname e)184 436.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -144 448.8 Q F1 .988(Remember the location of commands as the)184 -448.8 R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.488(cution. This).15 F .988(is en-)3.488 F -(abled by def)184 460.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2144 472.8 Q F1 .514 -(All ar)184 472.8 R .514 -(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 -F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 484.8 Q F2 -144 496.8 Q F1 .148(Monitor mode.)184 496.8 R .148 -(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F -.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .235 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 508.8 R F3 .235(JOB CONTR)2.735 F -(OL)-.27 E F1(in)2.485 E F0(bash)2.735 E F1 2.735(\(1\)\). All)B .234 -(processes run in a sepa-)2.735 F .252(rate process group.)184 520.8 R -.252 -(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing) -5.252 F(its e)184 532.8 Q(xit status.)-.15 E F2144 544.8 Q F1 .653 -(Read commands b)184 544.8 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653 -(cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for) -5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 556.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 --.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2144 568.8 Q F0(option\255name)2.5 -E F1(The)184 580.8 Q F0(option\255name)2.5 E F1(can be one of the follo) -2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2(allexport)184 592.8 Q F1(Same as)224 604.8 Q F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(braceexpand)184 616.8 Q F1(Same as)224 628.8 Q F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(emacs)184 640.8 Q F1 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 640.8 R 2.589 -(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 652.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G -.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting) -3.45 E F1 2.5(option. This)224 664.8 R(also af)2.5 E -(fects the editing interf)-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2(err)184 676.8 Q(exit)-.18 E F1(Same as)224 -676.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(errtrace)184 688.8 Q F1(Same as)224 -688.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(functrace)184 700.8 Q F1(Same as)224 -712.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27) -141.79 E(16)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1 .919 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 84 R F2 -.18(re) +3.419 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)3.419 E F2 -.18(re)3.419 G(adline).18 E F1 +(\(see)3.419 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)3.419 E F1(in)3.169 E F0 +(bash)180 96 Q F1 .608(\(1\)\) to obtain the line.)B F2(Readline)5.608 E +F1 .609(uses the current \(or def)3.109 F .609(ault, if line editing w) +-.1 F .609(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 108 Q(viously acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)-2.5 E(ut uses)-.2 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +(adline).18 E F1 1.1 -.55('s d)D(ef).55 E(ault \214lename completion.) +-.1 E F2144 120 Q F1 .919 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 120 R F2 -.18(re) +3.419 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)3.419 E F2 -.18(re)3.419 G(adline).18 E F1 +(\(see)3.419 E F3(READLINE)3.419 E F1(in)3.169 E F0(bash)180 132 Q F1 +.608(\(1\)\) to obtain the line.)B F2(Readline)5.608 E F1 .609 +(uses the current \(or def)3.109 F .609(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F +.609(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 144 Q .042(viously acti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.542(\)e).15 G .042(diting settings, b)-2.542 F .042(ut uses bash')-.2 +F 2.542(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.542 E .042(ault completion, including program-) +-.1 F(mable completion.)180 156 Q F2144 168 Q F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E +F1(If)180 168 Q F2 -.18(re)3.313 G(adline).18 E F1 .814 +(is being used to read the line,)3.313 F F2 -.18(re)3.314 G(ad).18 E F1 +(places)3.314 E F0(te)3.314 E(xt)-.2 E F1 .814(into the editing b)3.314 +F(uf)-.2 E .814(fer before)-.25 F(editing be)180 180 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2 +144 192 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 204 S(ad) +.18 E F1 .323(returns after reading)2.823 F F0(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s) +-.1 E F1 .323(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 +(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F .736 +(put, unless it encounters EOF or)180 216 R F2 -.18(re)3.236 G(ad).18 E +F1 .736(times out, b)3.236 F .737(ut honors a delimiter if it reads fe) +-.2 F(wer)-.25 E(than)180 228 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 +(characters before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 240 Q F0(nc) +2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 252 S(ad).18 E F1 1.269 +(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F0(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E +(s)-.1 E F1 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269 +(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .172 +(line of input, unless it encounters EOF or)180 264 R F2 -.18(re)2.673 G +(ad).18 E F1 .173(times out.)2.673 F(An)5.173 E 2.673(yd)-.15 G .173 +(elimiter characters in the)-2.673 F 1.246 +(input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 276 R F2 -.18(re) +3.746 G(ad).18 E F1 1.245(to return until it has read)3.746 F F0(nc) +3.745 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 2.566(characters. The)180 288 R .066 +(result is not split on the characters in)2.566 F F2(IFS)2.567 E F1 +2.567(;t)C .067(he intent is that the v)-2.567 F .067(ariable is)-.25 F +.895(assigned e)180 300 R .895(xactly the characters read \(with the e) +-.15 F .894(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F23.394 E F1 +(option)3.394 E(belo)180 312 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2144 324 Q F0(pr)2.5 E +(ompt)-.45 E F1(Display)180 336 Q F0(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 1.161 +(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) +-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 348 Q 2.5 +(yi)-.15 G(nput, b)-2.5 E(ut only if input is coming from a terminal.) +-.2 E F2144 360 Q F1 .544 +(Backslash does not act as an escape character)180 360 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G +.543(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .492(the line.) +180 372 R .492(In particular)5.492 F 2.992(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.992 +E .493(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.) +180 384 Q F2144 396 Q F1(Silent mode.)180 396 Q +(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F2 +144 408 Q F0(timeout)2.5 E F1(Cause)180 420 Q F2 -.18(re)2.767 G +(ad).18 E F1 .267(to time out and return f)2.767 F .266 +(ailure if it does not read a complete line of input \(or a)-.1 F .468 +(speci\214ed number of characters\) within)180 432 R F0(timeout)2.968 E +F1(seconds.)2.968 E F0(timeout)5.468 E F1 .469(may be a decimal num-) +2.968 F .464(ber with a fractional portion follo)180 444 R .464 +(wing the decimal point.)-.25 F .463(This option is only ef)5.463 F +(fecti)-.25 E .763 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F2 -.18(re)180 456 S(ad).18 +E F1 1.176(is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \ +\214le; it has no ef)3.676 F 1.177(fect when)-.25 F .108 +(reading from re)180 468 R .108(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.108 E F2 -.18 +(re)2.608 G(ad).18 E F1 .108(times out, it sa)2.608 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.607(sa).15 G .407 -.15(ny p)-2.607 H .107 +(artial input read into the speci-).15 F .942(\214ed v)180 480 R +(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)3.442 E F1 3.442(,a)C .942(nd the e)-3.442 F +.942(xit status is greater than 128.)-.15 F(If)5.943 E F0(timeout)3.443 +E F1 .943(is 0,)3.443 F F2 -.18(re)3.443 G(ad).18 E F1(returns)3.443 E +(immediately)180 492 Q 3.26(,w)-.65 G .76(ithout trying to read an)-3.26 +F 3.26(yd)-.15 G 3.26(ata. In)-3.26 F .759(this case, the e)3.259 F .759 +(xit status is 0 if input is)-.15 F -.2(av)180 504 S +(ailable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)-.05 E 2.5(,o)-.4 G 2.5 +(rt)-2.5 G(he read will return EOF)-2.5 E 2.5(,n)-.8 G +(on-zero otherwise.)-2.5 E F2144 516 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 516 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E(Other than the case where)144 +532.8 Q F0(delim)2.5 E F1(is the empty string,)2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +(ad).18 E F1(ignores an)2.5 E 2.5(yN)-.15 G(UL characters in the input.) +-2.5 E .96(If no)144 549.6 R F0(names)3.82 E F1 .96(are supplied,)3.73 F +F2 -.18(re)3.46 G(ad).18 E F1 .961 +(assigns the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.461 F .961 +(ut otherwise)-.2 F(unmodi\214ed, to the v)144 561.6 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(REPL)2.5 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .033(The e)144 578.4 +R .033(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F +F2 -.18(re)2.532 G(ad).18 E F1 .032 +(times out \(in which case the status is)2.532 F .31 +(greater than 128\), a v)144 590.4 R .311 +(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F +.311(ariable\) occurs, or)-.25 F(an in)144 602.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar).25 E(gument to)-.18 E F2 +2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.18(re)108 619.2 S(adonly).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2 +(\255aAf)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A +F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 2.5(].)C 1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E .77(The gi)144 +631.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F0(names)3.27 E F1 .77(are mark)3.27 F +.77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F0(names)3.63 E +F1 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F .445 +(quent assignment or unset.)144 643.2 R .446(If the)5.446 F F2 +2.946 E F1 .446(option is supplied, each)2.946 F F0(name)2.946 E F1 .446 +(refers to a shell function.)2.946 F(The)5.446 E F2144 655.2 Q F1 +.383(option restricts the v)2.883 F .383(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.883(da).15 G .383(rrays; the)-2.883 F F22.883 E F1 +.382(option restricts the v)2.883 F .382(ariables to associa-)-.25 F(ti) +144 667.2 Q 1.558 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.758(rrays. If).15 F 1.258 +(both options are supplied,)3.758 F F23.758 E F1(tak)3.758 E 1.258 +(es precedence.)-.1 F 1.258(If no)6.258 F F0(name)4.118 E F1(ar)3.938 E +1.258(guments are sup-)-.18 F .412(plied, or if the)144 679.2 R F2 +2.912 E F1 .412(option is supplied, print a list of all readonly names.) +2.912 F .411(The other options may be)5.411 F .327 +(used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly names.) +144 691.2 R(The)5.327 E F22.827 E F1 .327(option displays output) +2.827 F(in a format that may be reused as input.)144 703.2 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(16)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 17 17 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -2308,96 +2209,137 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(hashall)184 84 Q F1(Same as)224 84 Q F22.5 E F1 -(.)A F2(histexpand)184 96 Q F1(Same as)224 108 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(history)184 120 Q F1 1.001(Enable command history)224 120 R 3.502(,a) --.65 G 3.502(sd)-3.502 G 1.002(escribed in)-3.502 F F0(bash)3.502 E F1 -1.002(\(1\) under)B/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.502 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 -E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 1.002(This op-)5.502 F(tion is on by def) -224 132 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2 -(ignor)184 144 Q(eeof)-.18 E F1 .601(The ef)224 156 R .601 -(fect is as if the shell command had been e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .6 -(cuted \(see).15 F F2 .6(Shell V)3.1 F(ariables)-.92 E F1(in)224 168 Q -F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A F2 -.1(ke)184 180 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F1 -(Same as)224 192 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(monitor)184 204 Q F1(Same as) -224 204 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noclob)184 216 Q(ber)-.1 E F1(Same as) -224 228 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noexec)184 240 Q F1(Same as)224 240 Q -F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noglob)184 252 Q F1(Same as)224 252 Q F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(nolog)184 264 Q F1(Currently ignored.)224 264 Q F2 -(notify)184 276 Q F1(Same as)224 276 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(nounset) -184 288 Q F1(Same as)224 288 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(onecmd)184 300 Q -F1(Same as)224 300 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(ph)184 312 Q(ysical)-.15 E -F1(Same as)224 312 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(pipefail)184 324 Q F1 1.029 -(If set, the return v)224 324 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F -1.03(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 336 -R 1.136 -(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F -.15(ex)224 348 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(posix)184 360 Q F1 -2.09(Change the beha)224 360 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F2(bash)4.591 E F1 -2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 -(fers from the)-.25 F 2.704(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 -372 R F0 2.704(posix mode)B F1 5.204(\). See)B F3 2.704(SEE ALSO)5.204 F -F1(in)4.953 E F0(bash)224 384 Q F1 1.844 -(\(1\) for a reference to a document that details ho)B 4.344(wp)-.25 G -1.845(osix mode af)-4.344 F(fects)-.25 E(bash')224 396 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G -(eha)-2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F2(pri)184 408 Q(vileged)-.1 E F1 -(Same as)224 420 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ve)184 432 S(rbose).1 E -F1(Same as)224 432 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(vi)184 444 Q F1 .209 -(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 444 R 2.709(ace. This) --.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .209(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 -456 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2 -(xtrace)184 468 Q F1(Same as)224 468 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A(If)184 480 Q -F22.765 E F1 .265(is supplied with no)2.765 F F0(option\255name) -2.765 E F1(,)A F2(set)2.765 E F1 .266 -(prints the current shell option settings.)2.765 F(If)5.266 E F2(+o) -2.766 E F1 .079(is supplied with no)184 492 R F0(option\255name)2.579 E -F1(,)A F2(set)2.579 E F1 .079(prints a series of)2.579 F F2(set)2.579 E -F1 .078(commands to recreate the cur)2.578 F(-)-.2 E -(rent option settings on the standard output.)184 504 Q F2144 516 -Q F1 -.45(Tu)184 516 S 2.628(rn on).45 F F0(privile)6.378 E -.1(ge)-.4 G -(d).1 E F1 5.128(mode. In)5.898 F 2.628(this mode, the)5.128 F F3($ENV) -5.128 E F1(and)4.878 E F3($B)5.128 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F1 2.628 -(\214les are not)4.878 F .289 -(processed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 528 R .289 -(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)2.788 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)184 540 -S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1 -(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F1 -.25(va)2.774 G .524 -(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 552 R .38 -(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) --.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 -(user \(group\) id, and the)184 564 R F22.961 E F1 .461 -(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 576 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 -(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F2 -2.895 E F1 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 588 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G -.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 -F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F -(set to the real user and group ids.)184 600 Q F2144 612 Q F1 -(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 612 Q -(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F2144 624 Q -F1(Exit after reading and e)184 624 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting one command.).15 E F2144 636 Q F1 -.35(Tr)184 636 S .301 -(eat unset v).35 F .301(ariables and parameters other than the special \ -parameters and or array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .903 -(ables subscripted with or as an error when performing parameter e)184 -648 R 3.404(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)3.404 G(pan-).15 E 1.155 -(sion is attempted on an unset v)184 660 R 1.154(ariable or parameter) --.25 F 3.654(,t)-.4 G 1.154(he shell prints an error message,)-3.654 F -(and, if not interacti)184 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G -(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F2144 684 Q F1 -(Print shell input lines as the)184 684 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E -F2144 696 Q F1 .315(After e)184 696 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F0 -.315(simple command)2.815 F F1(,)A F2 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F1 -(command,)2.815 E F2(case)2.815 E F1(command,)2.815 E F2(select)2.815 E -F1(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 708 R F2 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) -.25 E F1 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F -1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F1(follo)3.486 E 1.236 -(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 720 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E -(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list, to standard error)-.1 E(.)-.55 -E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(17)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)144 84 S(adonly).18 E F1(allo)2.653 E .153 +(ws the v)-.25 F .153(alue of a v)-.25 F .153 +(ariable to be set at the same time the readonly attrib)-.25 F .152 +(ute is changed)-.2 F .687(by follo)144 96 R .687(wing the v)-.25 F .687 +(ariable name with =)-.25 F F0(value)A F1 5.688(.T)C .688 +(his sets the v)-5.688 F .688(alue of the v)-.25 F .688(ariable is to) +-.25 F F0(value)3.188 E F1(while)3.188 E(modifying the readonly attrib) +144 108 Q(ute.)-.2 E .303(The return status is 0 unless an in)144 124.8 +R -.25(va)-.4 G .303(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F F0 +(names)3.162 E F1 .302(is not a v)3.072 F .302(alid shell)-.25 F -.25 +(va)144 136.8 S(riable name, or).25 E F22.5 E F1 +(is supplied with a)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1(that is not a function.)2.68 +E F2 -.18(re)108 153.6 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A +.182(Stop e)144 165.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .182 +(cuting a shell function or sourced \214le and return the v).15 F .182 +(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F0(n)3.042 E F1 .182(to its caller)2.922 F +5.183(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.183 E F0(n)3.043 E F1 .589 +(is omitted, the return status is that of the last command e)144 177.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.089(cuted. If).15 F F2 -.18(re)3.089 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F1 .589(is e)3.089 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .588(cuted by a trap).15 F +(handler)144 189.6 Q 3.469(,t)-.4 G .969 +(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) +-3.469 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .97(cuted before the).15 F .13(trap handler)144 +201.6 R 5.13(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.13 E F2 -.18(re)2.63 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 +.13(is e)2.63 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .13(cuted during a).15 F F2(DEB)2.629 E +(UG)-.1 E F1 .129(trap, the last command used to determine the)2.629 F +(status is the last command e)144 213.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted by the trap handler before).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n) +-.15 E F1 -.1(wa)2.5 G 2.5(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.) +.1 E(When)144 230.4 Q F2 -.18(re)3.817 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 1.317 +(is used to terminate e)3.817 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.318 +(cution of a script being e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.318(cuted by the).15 +F F2(.)3.818 E F1(\()6.318 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.818(\)c)C(om-) +-3.818 E .808(mand, it causes the shell to stop e)144 242.4 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .807(cuting that script and return either).15 F F0(n)3.667 E F1 +.807(or the e)3.547 F .807(xit status of the)-.15 F .314(last command e) +144 254.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .314(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +.314(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.315 E F0(n)2.815 E F1 .315 +(is supplied, the return)2.815 F -.25(va)144 266.4 S +(lue is its least signi\214cant 8 bits.).25 E(An)144 283.2 Q 3.176(yc) +-.15 G .676(ommand associated with the)-3.176 F F2(RETURN)3.176 E F1 +.675(trap is e)3.175 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .675(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .675(cution resumes after the).15 F(function or script.)144 295.2 +Q .948(The return status is non-zero if)144 312 R F2 -.18(re)3.449 G +(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .949(is supplied a non-numeric ar)3.449 F .949 +(gument, or is used outside a)-.18 F(function and not during e)144 324 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cution of a script by).15 E F2(.)2.5 E F1(or)3.333 E F2 +(sour)2.5 E(ce)-.18 E F1(.)A F2(set)108 340.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(option\255name) +2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0 +(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(set)108 352.8 Q F1 +([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F1 2.5(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F0 +(option\255name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 +E F1 2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2 +(set \255o)108 364.8 Q(set +o)108 376.8 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 376.8 S .574 +(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .574(alue of each shell v) +-.25 F .573(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 +(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 388.8 R 2.613 +(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113 +(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.113 E .958 +(posix mode, only shell v)144 400.8 R .958(ariables are listed.)-.25 F +.957(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)5.957 F .58 +(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 412.8 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581 +(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.081(ya)-.15 G +-.18(rg)-3.081 G .581(uments remaining after op-).18 F .161 +(tion processing are treated as v)144 424.8 R .161 +(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F +2.66(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.66 E F2($1)2.66 E F1(,)A F2($2)144 436.8 Q F1 2.5(,.) +C 1.666(..)-.834 G(,)-1.666 E F2($)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 5(.O)C +(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 448.8 Q F1 1.377(Each v)184 448.8 R +1.377(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib) +-.15 F 1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 460.8 Q(ed for e)-.1 E +(xport to the en)-.15 E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F2 +144 472.8 Q F1 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 472.8 R +2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E .48 +(primary prompt or after a fore)184 484.8 R .48 +(ground command terminates.)-.15 F .48(This is ef)5.48 F(fecti)-.25 E +.78 -.15(ve o)-.25 H .48(nly when).15 F(job control is enabled.)184 +496.8 Q F2144 508.8 Q F1 .088(Exit immediately if a)184 508.8 R F0 +(pipeline)2.588 E F1 .087(\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F0 +.087(simple command)2.587 F F1 .087(\), a)B F0(list)2.587 E F1 2.587(,o) +C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 520.8 Q F0 .86(compound command)3.359 F F1(\(see)3.36 +E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .86(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.36 F F1(in)3.11 E F0(bash) +3.36 E F1 .86(\(1\)\), e)B .86(xits with a non-zero sta-)-.15 F 2.853 +(tus. The)184 532.8 R .353(shell does not e)2.853 F .352 +(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .352 +(ails is part of the command list imme-)-.1 F 1.107(diately follo)184 +544.8 R 1.107(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)3.607 E F1(or)3.607 E F2(until) +3.607 E F1 -.1(ke)3.607 G(yw)-.05 E 1.108(ord, part of the test follo) +-.1 F 1.108(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)3.608 E F1(or)3.608 E F2(elif)3.608 E +F1(re-)3.608 E(serv)184 556.8 Q .28(ed w)-.15 F .28(ords, part of an)-.1 +F 2.78(yc)-.15 G .28(ommand e)-2.78 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .279(cuted in a).15 +F F2(&&)2.779 E F1(or)2.779 E F2(||)2.779 E F1 .279(list e)2.779 F .279 +(xcept the command fol-)-.15 F(lo)184 568.8 Q .355(wing the \214nal)-.25 +F F2(&&)2.855 E F1(or)2.855 E F2(||)2.855 E F1 2.855(,a)C .655 -.15 +(ny c)-2.855 H .356(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .356 +(ut the last \(subject to the state of)-.2 F(the)184 580.8 Q F2 +(pipefail)2.806 E F1 .306(shell option\), or if the command')2.806 F +2.806(sr)-.55 G .306(eturn v)-2.806 F .305(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .305(rted with).15 F F2(!)2.805 E F1 5.305(.I)C 2.805(fa) +-5.305 G .274(compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero\ + status because a command)184 592.8 R -.1(fa)184 604.8 S .195 +(iled while).1 F F22.695 E F1 -.1(wa)2.695 G 2.695(sb).1 G .195 +(eing ignored, the shell does not e)-2.695 F 2.694(xit. A)-.15 F .194 +(trap on)2.694 F F2(ERR)2.694 E F1 2.694(,i)C 2.694(fs)-2.694 G .194 +(et, is e)-2.694 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .59(cuted before the shell e) +184 616.8 R 3.09(xits. This)-.15 F .59(option applies to the shell en) +3.09 F .59(vironment and each sub-)-.4 F 4.582(shell en)184 628.8 R +4.582(vironment separately \(see)-.4 F F3 4.582(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR) +7.082 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F1(in)6.831 E F0(bash)184 640.8 Q F1 .325 +(\(1\)\), and may cause subshells to e)B .326(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .326(cuting all the commands in the sub-).15 F(shell.)184 +652.8 Q .999(If a compound command or shell function e)184 669.6 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .999(cutes in a conte).15 F .998(xt where)-.15 F F2 +3.498 E F1 .998(is being ig-)3.498 F .089(nored, none of the commands e) +184 681.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .089 +(cuted within the compound command or function body).15 F .503 +(will be af)184 693.6 R .503(fected by the)-.25 F F23.002 E F1 +.502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f)-3.002 E F2 +3.002 E F1 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 F .502 +(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.183(tus. If)184 705.6 R 4.183(ac)4.183 G 1.683 +(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.183 F F24.184 E F1 +1.684(while e)4.184 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.684(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) +-.15 E(where)184 717.6 Q F23.154 E F1 .654 +(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 +-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 729.6 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(17)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -2405,124 +2347,77 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1 1.053(The shell performs brace e)184 -84 R 1.053(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2 1.053(Brace Expansion)3.553 F F1(in) -3.553 E F0(bash)3.553 E F1 3.553(\(1\)\). This)B 1.053(is on by)3.553 F -(def)184 96 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2144 108 Q F1 .214(If set,)184 108 R F2 -(bash)2.714 E F1 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214 -(rwrite an e).15 F .214(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F2(>)2.714 E F1 -(,)A F2(>&)2.714 E F1 2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F2(<>)2.713 E F1 .213 -(redirection opera-)2.713 F 3.053(tors. This)184 120 R .553(may be o) -3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 -(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 132 Q F2(>|)2.5 E F1(instead of)2.5 E F2(>)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -144 144 Q F1 .104(If set, an)184 144 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 -(rap on)-2.604 F F2(ERR)2.604 E F1 .103 -(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 -F .838(mands e)184 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 -F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(ERR)3.338 E F1 .839 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 168 Q F2 -144 180 Q F1(Enable)184 180 Q F2(!)3.032 E F1 .532 -(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 -F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 192 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2144 204 Q F1 .959 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 204 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 -(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 -(cuting commands such as).15 F F2(cd)3.46 E F1 1.453 -(that change the current w)184 216 R 1.453(orking directory)-.1 F 6.453 -(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452 -(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.334(stead. By)184 228 R(def) -3.334 E(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.334 E F1(follo)3.334 E .834 -(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 240 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 -252 Q F1 .89(If set, an)184 252 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F2 -(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)3.39 E F2(RETURN)3.39 E F1 .89 -(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 264 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 -(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F1(and)4.432 E F2(RETURN)184 276 Q F1 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F2144 288 Q -F1 .401(If no ar)184 288 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G -.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 300 Q F0 -(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G -(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2144 -312 Q F1 .278(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 312 R -F0(ar)2.779 E(g)-.37 E F1 2.779(st)C 2.779(ob)-2.779 G 2.779(ea)-2.779 G -.279(ssigned to the positional para-)-2.779 F 3.022(meters. The)184 324 -R F23.022 E F1(and)3.022 E F23.022 E F1 .522 -(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no) -3.022 F F0(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F1 .521(s, the positional para-)B -(meters remain unchanged.)184 336 Q .425(The options are of)144 352.8 R -2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 -(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 -(to be turned of)144 364.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 -(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 376.8 R F2<24ad>2.566 E F1 -5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 -(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 388.8 Q F2(shift)108 405.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 -(])A 1.67(The positional parameters from)144 417.6 R F0(n)4.17 E F1 1.67 -(+1 .)B -1.662 1.666(.. a)1.666 H 1.67(re renamed to)-1.666 F F2 1.67 -($1 .)4.17 F 1.666(..)1.666 G(.)-1.666 E F1 -.15(Pa)6.669 G 1.669 -(rameters represented by the).15 F(numbers)144 429.6 Q F2($#)2.701 E F1 -(do)2.701 E .201(wn to)-.25 F F2($#)2.701 E F1A F0(n)A F1 .201 -(+1 are unset.)B F0(n)5.562 E F1 .202(must be a non-ne)2.942 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .502 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .202(umber less than or equal to) -.15 F F2($#)2.702 E F1(.)A(If)144 441.6 Q F0(n)3.462 E F1 .602 -(is 0, no parameters are changed.)3.342 F(If)5.602 E F0(n)3.462 E F1 -.602(is not gi)3.342 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .602(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 -F(If)5.601 E F0(n)3.461 E F1 .601(is greater than)3.341 F F2($#)144 -453.6 Q F1 2.79(,t)C .29(he positional parameters are not changed.)-2.79 -F .291(The return status is greater than zero if)5.29 F F0(n)3.151 E F1 -.291(is greater)3.031 F(than)144 465.6 Q F2($#)2.5 E F1 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)2.5 E F2(shopt)108 482.4 Q F1([)2.5 E -F2(\255pqsu)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(optname)-2.5 E -F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(To)144 494.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F -.639(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E -5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 -(listed belo)144 506.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H -2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F22.874 E F1 .375 -(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 -F F22.875 E F1 .375(option to the)2.875 F F2(set)2.875 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 2.566(mand. W)144 518.4 R .066 -(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F22.566 E F1 .066 -(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566 -F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 530.4 R F0 -(optnames)2.574 E F1 .074 -(are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105 -(tions. The)144 542.4 R F23.105 E F1 .605(option causes output to\ - be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605 -E(options ha)144 554.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 566.4 Q F1(Enable \(set\) each)180 -566.4 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 578.4 Q F1 -(Disable \(unset\) each)180 578.4 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 -590.4 Q F1 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ -tus indicates whether the)180 590.4 R F0(optname)2.504 E F1(is)2.504 E -.256(set or unset.)180 602.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F0(optname)2.756 -E F1(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G -(ith)-2.756 E F22.756 E F1 2.755(,t)C .255 -(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 614.4 Q F0(optnames)2.5 E -F1(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F2144 626.4 Q F1 -(Restricts the v)180 626.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F0(optname)2.5 E F1 -(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(option to the)2.5 -E F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 643.2 R F2 -3.124 E F1(or)3.124 E F23.124 E F1 .624(is used with no) -3.124 F F0(optname)3.124 E F1(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F2(shopt)3.124 -E F1(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .984 -(set or unset, respecti)144 655.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.984(.U) --.65 G .984(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.984 F F2(shopt)3.484 E F1 .983 -(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.483 F -.1(fa)144 667.2 S(ult.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 684 -R F0(optnames)4.044 E F1 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.045 F -.696 -(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 696 R F0(optname)3.196 E F1 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell) --.25 F(option.)144 708 Q(The list of)144 724.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F1 -(options is:)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(18) -190.95 E 0 Cg EP +/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1(Disable pathname e)184 84 Q(xpansion.) +-.15 E F2144 96 Q F1 .988 +(Remember the location of commands as the)184 96 R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988 +(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.488 +(cution. This).15 F .988(is en-)3.488 F(abled by def)184 108 Q(ault.)-.1 +E F2144 120 Q F1 .514(All ar)184 120 R .514 +(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 +F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 132 Q F2 +144 144 Q F1 .148(Monitor mode.)184 144 R .148 +(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F +.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .235 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 156 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .235 +(JOB CONTR)2.735 F(OL)-.27 E F1(in)2.485 E F0(bash)2.735 E F1 2.735 +(\(1\)\). All)B .234(processes run in a sepa-)2.735 F .252 +(rate process group.)184 168 R .252 +(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing) +5.252 F(its e)184 180 Q(xit status.)-.15 E F2144 192 Q F1 .653 +(Read commands b)184 192 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653 +(cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for) +5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 204 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2144 216 Q F0(option\255name)2.5 E +F1(The)184 228 Q F0(option\255name)2.5 E F1(can be one of the follo)2.5 +E(wing:)-.25 E F2(allexport)184 240 Q F1(Same as)224 252 Q F22.5 E +F1(.)A F2(braceexpand)184 264 Q F1(Same as)224 276 Q F22.5 E F1(.) +A F2(emacs)184 288 Q F1 .089 +(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 288 R 2.589 +(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 +(when the shell is interacti)224 300 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 +(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting)3.45 E +F1 2.5(option. This)224 312 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) +-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2(err) +184 324 Q(exit)-.18 E F1(Same as)224 324 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(errtrace)184 336 Q F1(Same as)224 336 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(functrace)184 348 Q F1(Same as)224 360 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(hashall)184 372 Q F1(Same as)224 372 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(histexpand)184 384 Q F1(Same as)224 396 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(history)184 408 Q F1 1.001(Enable command history)224 408 R 3.502(,a) +-.65 G 3.502(sd)-3.502 G 1.002(escribed in)-3.502 F F0(bash)3.502 E F1 +1.002(\(1\) under)B F3(HIST)3.502 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 1.002(This op-)5.502 F(tion is on by def)224 +420 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(ignor) +184 432 Q(eeof)-.18 E F1 .601(The ef)224 444 R .601 +(fect is as if the shell command had been e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .6 +(cuted \(see).15 F F2 .6(Shell V)3.1 F(ariables)-.92 E F1(in)224 456 Q +F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A F2 -.1(ke)184 468 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F1 +(Same as)224 480 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(monitor)184 492 Q F1(Same as) +224 492 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noclob)184 504 Q(ber)-.1 E F1(Same as) +224 516 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noexec)184 528 Q F1(Same as)224 528 Q +F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noglob)184 540 Q F1(Same as)224 540 Q F2 +2.5 E F1(.)A F2(nolog)184 552 Q F1(Currently ignored.)224 552 Q F2 +(notify)184 564 Q F1(Same as)224 564 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(nounset) +184 576 Q F1(Same as)224 576 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(onecmd)184 588 Q +F1(Same as)224 588 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(ph)184 600 Q(ysical)-.15 E +F1(Same as)224 600 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(pipefail)184 612 Q F1 1.029 +(If set, the return v)224 612 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F +1.03(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 624 +R 1.136 +(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 636 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(posix)184 648 Q F1 +2.09(Change the beha)224 648 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F2(bash)4.591 E F1 +2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 +(fers from the)-.25 F 2.704(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 +660 R F0 2.704(posix mode)B F1 5.204(\). See)B F3 2.704(SEE ALSO)5.204 F +F1(in)4.953 E F0(bash)224 672 Q F1 1.844 +(\(1\) for a reference to a document that details ho)B 4.344(wp)-.25 G +1.845(osix mode af)-4.344 F(fects)-.25 E(bash')224 684 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G +(eha)-2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F2(pri)184 696 Q(vileged)-.1 E F1 +(Same as)224 708 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2023 January 27)141.79 E(18)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -2530,201 +2425,234 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(array_expand_once)144 84 Q F1 1.831 -(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 96 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.832 -(luation of associati).25 F 2.132 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.832(nd inde).15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 4.332(da).15 G 1.832(rray sub-)-4.332 F .025 -(scripts during arithmetic e)184 108 R .025(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va) --.25 G .025(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .025(cuting b).15 F -.025(uiltins that can perform)-.2 F -.25(va)184 120 S -(riable assignments, and while e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting b).15 E -(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F2(assoc_expand_once) -144 132 Q F1(Deprecated; a synon)184 144 Q(ym for)-.15 E F2 -(array_expand_once)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(autocd)144 156 Q F1 .199 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 156 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 168 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F1 2.5(command. This)2.5 F -(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F2(cdable_v)144 180 Q(ars)-.1 E F1 .156(If set, an ar)184 192 R .156 -(gument to the)-.18 F F2(cd)2.656 E F1 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 -(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 204 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F2(cdspell)144 216 Q F1 -1.055 -(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 -216 R F2(cd)3.555 E F1 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 -(corrected. The)184 228 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 -(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 240 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) --.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 -(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F -(the command proceeds.)184 252 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 -E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(checkhash)144 264 Q F1 .737 -(If set,)184 276 R F2(bash)3.237 E F1 .736 -(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 -(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 288 -Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F2(checkjobs)144 300 Q -F1 .448(If set,)184 312 R F2(bash)2.948 E F1 .448 -(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 -(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.662(shell. If)184 324 R(an)2.662 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G -.161(obs are running, this causes the e)-2.661 F .161 -(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .161(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.091 -(tempted without an interv)184 336 R 1.091(ening command \(see)-.15 F/F3 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.091(JOB CONTR)3.591 F(OL)-.27 E F1(in)3.341 E F0 -(bash)3.591 E F1 3.591(\(1\)\). The)B(shell)3.591 E(al)184 348 Q -.1(wa) --.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F2(checkwinsize)144 360 Q F1 1.09(If set,)184 -372 R F2(bash)3.59 E F1 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09 -(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 -(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 384 Q 3.35(,u)-.65 G .85 -(pdates the v)-3.35 F .85(alues of)-.25 F F3(LINES)3.35 E F1(and)3.1 E -F3(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .85 -(This option is enabled by de-)5.35 F -.1(fa)184 396 S(ult.).1 E F2 -(cmdhist)144 408 Q F1 .173(If set,)184 408 R F2(bash)2.673 E F1 .173 -(attempts to sa)2.673 F .473 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .172 -(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) -184 420 Q 5.596(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.596 F .597 -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 -(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 432 S .052(ult, b).1 F -.052(ut only has an ef)-.2 F .052 -(fect if command history is enabled, as described in)-.25 F F0(bash) -2.552 E F1 .052(\(1\) under)B F3(HIST)184 444 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F4 -(.)A F2(compat31)144 456 Q(compat32)144 468 Q(compat40)144 480 Q -(compat41)144 492 Q(compat42)144 504 Q(compat43)144 516 Q(compat44)144 -528 Q(compat50)144 540 Q F1 .889(These control aspects of the shell')184 -552 R 3.389(sc)-.55 G .889(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F3 .889 -(SHELL COMP)3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 564 Q F1 -(in)2.25 E F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A F2(complete_fullquote)144 580.8 Q -F1 .654(If set,)184 592.8 R F2(bash)3.153 E F1 .653(quotes all shell me\ -tacharacters in \214lenames and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E -1.524(forming completion.)184 604.8 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F2(bash) -4.024 E F1(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 -(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ -haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 -616.8 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 628.8 R .028 -(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 -(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 640.8 R 1.073 -(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 -(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 652.8 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 -(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F -6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 -(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 -664.8 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 676.8 Q -(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F2(dir)144 693.6 Q(expand)-.18 E F1 .486 -(If set,)184 705.6 R F2(bash)2.986 E F1 .486 -(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F -.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 -717.6 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F -(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) -184 729.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 -E(19)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(ve)184 84 S(rbose).1 E F1(Same as)224 84 Q F2 +2.5 E F1(.)A F2(vi)184 96 Q F1 .209 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 96 R 2.709(ace. This)-.1 +F .209(also af)2.709 F .209(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 108 Q +(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2(xtrace)184 +120 Q F1(Same as)224 120 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A(If)184 132 Q F2 +2.765 E F1 .265(is supplied with no)2.765 F F0(option\255name)2.765 E F1 +(,)A F2(set)2.765 E F1 .266(prints the current shell option settings.) +2.765 F(If)5.266 E F2(+o)2.766 E F1 .079(is supplied with no)184 144 R +F0(option\255name)2.579 E F1(,)A F2(set)2.579 E F1 .079 +(prints a series of)2.579 F F2(set)2.579 E F1 .078 +(commands to recreate the cur)2.578 F(-)-.2 E +(rent option settings on the standard output.)184 156 Q F2144 168 +Q F1 -.45(Tu)184 168 S 3.277(rn on).45 F F0(privile)7.027 E -.1(ge)-.4 G +(d).1 E F1 5.777(mode. In)6.547 F 3.277 +(this mode, the shell does not read the)5.777 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +($ENV)5.778 E F1(and)5.528 E F3($B)184 180 Q(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F1 .018 +(\214les, shell functions are not inherited from the en)2.268 F .018 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHEL-)2.517 E(LOPTS)184 192 Q/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.589 G(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP) +2.589 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and)2.589 E F3(GLOBIGNORE) +2.839 E F1 -.25(va)2.589 G .339(riables, if the).25 F 2.84(ya)-.15 G .34 +(ppear in the en)-2.84 F(vi-)-.4 E .021(ronment, are ignored.)184 204 R +.021(If the shell is started with the ef)5.021 F(fecti)-.25 E .32 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .02(ser \(group\) id not equal to).15 F .043 +(the real user \(group\) id, and the)184 216 R F22.543 E F1 .043 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.543 F .043(en and the) +-.1 F(ef)184 228 Q(fecti)-.25 E .879 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .579 +(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .579(If the)5.579 F F2 +3.079 E F1 .579(option is supplied at startup, the ef-)3.079 F(fecti)184 +240 Q 1.21 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .91(ser id is not reset.).15 F -.45(Tu)5.91 +G .91(rning this option of).45 F 3.41(fc)-.25 G .91(auses the ef)-3.41 F +(fecti)-.25 E 1.21 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .91(ser and group).15 F +(ids to be set to the real user and group ids.)184 252 Q F2144 264 +Q F1(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 264 Q +(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F2144 276 Q +F1(Exit after reading and e)184 276 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting one command.).15 E F2144 288 Q F1 -.35(Tr)184 288 S .301 +(eat unset v).35 F .301(ariables and parameters other than the special \ +parameters and or array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .903 +(ables subscripted with or as an error when performing parameter e)184 +300 R 3.404(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)3.404 G(pan-).15 E 1.155 +(sion is attempted on an unset v)184 312 R 1.154(ariable or parameter) +-.25 F 3.654(,t)-.4 G 1.154(he shell prints an error message,)-3.654 F +(and, if not interacti)184 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G +(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F2144 336 Q F1 +(Print shell input lines as the)184 336 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E +F2144 348 Q F1 .315(After e)184 348 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F0 +.315(simple command)2.815 F F1(,)A F2 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F1 +(command,)2.815 E F2(case)2.815 E F1(command,)2.815 E F2(select)2.815 E +F1(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 360 R F2 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) +.25 E F1 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F +1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F1(follo)3.486 E 1.236 +(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 372 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E +(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list, to the standard error)-.1 E(.) +-.55 E F2144 384 Q F1 1.053(The shell performs brace e)184 384 R +1.053(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2 1.053(Brace Expansion)3.553 F F1(in)3.553 +E F0(bash)3.553 E F1 3.553(\(1\)\). This)B 1.053(is on by)3.553 F(def) +184 396 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2144 408 Q F1 .214(If set,)184 408 R F2 +(bash)2.714 E F1 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214 +(rwrite an e).15 F .214(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F2(>)2.714 E F1 +(,)A F2(>&)2.714 E F1 2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F2(<>)2.713 E F1 .213 +(redirection opera-)2.713 F 3.148(tors. Using)184 420 R .648 +(the redirection operator)3.148 F F2(>|)3.148 E F1 .648(instead of)3.148 +F F2(>)3.148 E F1 .648(will o)3.148 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .648 +(rride this and force the cre-).15 F(ation of an output \214le.)184 432 +Q F2144 444 Q F1 .104(If set, an)184 444 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +(rap on)-2.604 F F2(ERR)2.604 E F1 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 456 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(ERR)3.338 E F1 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 468 Q F2 +144 480 Q F1(Enable)184 480 Q F2(!)3.032 E F1 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 492 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2144 504 Q F1 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 504 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F2(cd)3.46 E F1 1.453 +(that change the current w)184 516 R 1.453(orking directory)-.1 F 6.453 +(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452 +(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.334(stead. By)184 528 R(def) +3.334 E(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.334 E F1(follo)3.334 E .834 +(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F +(mands which change the current directory)184 540 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 +552 Q F1 .89(If set, an)184 552 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F2 +(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)3.39 E F2(RETURN)3.39 E F1 .89 +(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 564 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(DEB)4.432 E +(UG)-.1 E F1(and)4.432 E F2(RETURN)184 576 Q F1 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F2144 588 Q +F1 .91(If no ar)184 588 R .909(guments follo)-.18 F 3.409(wt)-.25 G .909 +(his option, unset the positional parameters.)-3.409 F .909 +(Otherwise, set the)5.909 F(positional parameters to the)184 600 Q F0 +(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G +(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2144 +612 Q F1 1.367(Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining)184 +612 R F0(ar)3.868 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.868(st)C 3.868(ot)-3.868 G 1.368 +(he positional parameters.)-3.868 F(The)184 624 Q F22.849 E F1 +(and)2.849 E F22.849 E F1 .349(options are turned of)2.849 F 2.849 +(f. If)-.25 F .349(there are no)2.849 F F0(ar)2.849 E(g)-.37 E F1 .348 +(s, the positional parameters re-)B(main unchanged.)184 636 Q .425 +(The options are of)144 652.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef) +-2.925 E .425(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 664.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .653 +(current set of options may be found in)144 676.8 R F2<24ad>3.153 E F1 +5.653(.T)C .653(he return status is al)-5.653 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .654 +(ys zero unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .654(lid op-).25 F +(tion is encountered.)144 688.8 Q F2(shift)108 705.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A +F1(])A .597(Rename positional parameters from)144 717.6 R F0(n)3.097 E +F1 .597(+1 .)B -2.735 1.666(.. t)1.666 H(o)-1.666 E F2 .597($1 .)3.097 F +1.666(..)1.666 G(.)-1.666 E F1 -.15(Pa)5.597 G .597 +(rameters represented by the numbers).15 F F2($#)3.096 E F1(do)144 729.6 +Q .078(wn to)-.25 F F2($#)2.578 E F1A F0(n)A F1 .078(+1 are unset.)B +F0(n)5.438 E F1 .078(must be a non-ne)2.818 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E +.378 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .078(umber less than or equal to).15 F F2($#)2.578 +E F1 5.078(.I)C(f)-5.078 E F0(n)2.938 E F1 .079(is 0, no)2.818 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(19)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(dirspell)144 84 Q F1 .858(If set,)184 84 R F2(bash) -3.358 E F1 .858 -(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 -(ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 96 Q(xist.)-.15 E -F2(dotglob)144 112.8 Q F1 1.021(If set,)184 112.8 R F2(bash)3.521 E F1 -1.021(includes \214lenames be)3.521 F 1.021 -(ginning with a in the results of pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion.)-.15 E -(The \214lenames and must al)184 124.8 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 -E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E -F2(dotglob)2.5 E F1(is set.)2.5 E F2(execfail)144 141.6 Q F1 .516 -(If set, a non-interacti)184 141.6 R .816 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .516 -(hell will not e).15 F .516(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.517(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the) -184 153.6 Q F2(exec)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E -(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 -E F2(exec)2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(expand_aliases)144 170.4 Q -F1 .743(If set, aliases are e)184 182.4 R .743(xpanded as described in) --.15 F F0(bash)3.243 E F1 .743(\(1\) under)B/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(ALIASES)3.243 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .742(This option is en-) -5.243 F(abled by def)184 194.4 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s) --.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(extdeb)144 211.2 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 .17 -(If set at shell in)184 223.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17 -(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.082 -(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 235.2 R F2 -3.582 E(ugger)-.2 E F1 3.581(option. If)3.581 F 1.081(set after in)3.581 -F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.081(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 247.2 Q -(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F2(1.)184 -264 Q F1(The)220 264 Q F24.25 E F1 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F2 -(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 -(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 276 Q -(gument.)-.18 E F2(2.)184 292.8 Q F1 1.667(If the command run by the)220 -292.8 R F2(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F1 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 -F 1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 -304.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(3.)184 321.6 Q F1 .84 -(If the command run by the)220 321.6 R F2(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .841 -(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 -(exe)220 333.6 S .488 -(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F2(.)2.988 E F1(or)2.988 E F2 -(sour)220 345.6 Q(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F1(.)A F2(4.)184 362.4 Q F3 -.27(BA)220 362.4 S(SH_ARGC).27 E -F1(and)3.153 E F3 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1 .904 -(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(in)220 374.4 Q -F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A F2(5.)184 391.2 Q F1 1.637(Function tracing\ - is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 391.2 R -(shells in)220 403.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E -F2(\()2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1(inherit the)2.5 E F2(DEB)2.5 -E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.5 E F2(RETURN)2.5 E F1(traps.)2.5 E F2(6.)184 420 Q -F1 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell function\ -s, and subshells)220 420 R(in)220 432 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw) -.1 G(ith)-2.5 E F2(\()2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1(inherit the) -2.5 E F2(ERR)2.5 E F1(trap.)2.5 E F2(extglob)144 448.8 Q F1 .273 -(If set, the e)184 448.8 R .273 -(xtended pattern matching features described in)-.15 F F0(bash)2.772 E -F1 .272(\(1\) under)B F2 -.1(Pa)2.772 G .272(thname Ex-).1 F(pansion)184 -460.8 Q F1(are enabled.)2.5 E F2(extquote)144 477.6 Q F1 1.929(If set,) -184 489.6 R F2($)4.429 E F0(string)A F1(and)4.429 E F2($)4.429 E F0 -(string)A F1 1.929(quoting is performed within)4.429 F F2(${)4.429 E F0 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(})A F1 -.15(ex)4.429 G 1.93(pansions en-).15 F -(closed in double quotes.)184 501.6 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E -(ault.)-.1 E F2(failglob)144 518.4 Q F1 .243(If set, patterns which f) -184 518.4 R .243(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243 -(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 530.4 Q(.) --.55 E F2 -.25(fo)144 547.2 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.936(If set, the suf)184 559.2 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) --.15 F F3(FIGNORE)3.436 E F1 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) --.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 571.2 R -.32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G -.32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 3.293 -(pletions. See)184 583.2 R F3 .793(SHELL V)3.293 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F1 -(in)3.043 E F0(bash)3.293 E F1 .793(\(1\) for a description of)B F3 -(FIGNORE)3.294 E F4(.)A F1 .794(This op-)5.294 F(tion is enabled by def) -184 595.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(globasciiranges)144 612 Q F1 2.519 -(If set, range e)184 624 R 2.519 -(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E -(Matching)184 636 Q F1(in)3.115 E F0(bash)3.365 E F1 .865(\(1\)\) beha)B -1.165 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.365(si).15 G 3.365(fi)-3.365 G 3.365(nt)-3.365 G -.866(he traditional C locale when performing compar)-3.365 F(-)-.2 E -2.668(isons. That)184 648 R .168(is, the current locale')2.668 F 2.668 -(sc)-.55 G .168(ollating sequence is not tak)-2.668 F .168 -(en into account, so)-.1 F F2(b)2.668 E F1(will)2.668 E .562 -(not collate between)184 660 R F2(A)3.062 E F1(and)3.062 E F2(B)3.062 E -F1 3.062(,a)C .562(nd upper)-3.062 F .562(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E -.563(-case ASCII characters will col-)-.2 F(late together)184 672 Q(.) --.55 E F2(globskipdots)144 688.8 Q F1 .294(If set, pathname e)184 700.8 -R .294(xpansion will ne)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.794(rm).15 G .294 -(atch the \214lenames and e)-2.794 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.793(ni).15 G 2.793 -(ft)-2.793 G .293(he pattern be)-2.793 F(gins)-.15 E -(with a This option is enabled by def)184 712.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(20)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E .503 +(parameters are changed.)144 84 R(If)5.503 E F0(n)3.363 E F1 .503 +(is not gi)3.243 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F +(If)5.502 E F0(n)3.362 E F1 .502(is greater than)3.242 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF($#)3.002 E F1 3.002(,t)C .502(he posi-)-3.002 F .46 +(tional parameters are not changed.)144 96 R .46 +(The return status is greater than zero if)5.46 F F0(n)3.32 E F1 .46 +(is greater than)3.2 F F2($#)2.96 E F1(or)2.96 E +(less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 108 Q F2(shopt)108 124.8 Q F1([)2.5 E +F2(\255pqsu)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(optname)-2.5 E +F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(To)144 136.8 S .64(ggle the v).8 F +.639(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E +5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 +(listed belo)144 148.8 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F22.874 E F1 .375 +(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 +F F22.875 E F1 .375(option to the)2.875 F F2(set)2.875 E F1 -.2 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F(mand.)144 160.8 Q -.4(Wi)144 177.6 S +.548(th no options, or with the).4 F F23.048 E F1 .548 +(option, display a list of all settable options, with an indication of) +3.048 F .674(whether or not each is set; if an)144 189.6 R(y)-.15 E F0 +(optnames)3.175 E F1 .675 +(are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.)3.175 F(The) +144 201.6 Q F22.5 E F1 +(option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.)2.5 E +(Other options ha)144 218.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 230.4 Q F1(Enable \(set\) each)180 +230.4 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 242.4 Q F1 +(Disable \(unset\) each)180 242.4 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 +254.4 Q F1 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)180 254.4 R F0(optname)2.503 E F1(is)2.503 E +.042(set or unset.)180 266.4 R .042(If multiple)5.042 F F0(optname)2.542 +E F1(ar)2.542 E .042(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F22.542 E F1 +2.542(,t)C .042(he return status is zero)-2.542 F(if all)180 278.4 Q F0 +(optnames)2.5 E F1(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F2144 +290.4 Q F1(Restricts the v)180 290.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F0(optname)2.5 E +F1(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(option to the) +2.5 E F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 307.2 +R F23.125 E F1(or)3.124 E F23.124 E F1 .624(is used with no) +3.124 F F0(optname)3.124 E F1(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F2(shopt)3.124 +E F1(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .983 +(set or unset, respecti)144 319.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U) +-.65 G .983(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.983 F F2(shopt)3.484 E F1 .984 +(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 331.2 S(ult.) +.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 348 +R F0(optnames)4.044 E F1 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F +.696 +(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) +144 360 R F0(optname)3.196 E F1 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell) +-.25 F(option.)144 372 Q(The list of)144 388.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F1 +(options is:)2.5 E F2(array_expand_once)144 405.6 Q F1 1.832 +(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 417.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.832(luation of associati).25 F 2.131 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.831(nd inde) +.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.331(da).15 G 1.831(rray sub-)-4.331 F .025 +(scripts during arithmetic e)184 429.6 R .025(xpression e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .025(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .025(cuting b).15 +F .025(uiltins that can perform)-.2 F -.25(va)184 441.6 S +(riable assignments, and while e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting b).15 E +(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F2(assoc_expand_once) +144 453.6 Q F1(Deprecated; a synon)184 465.6 Q(ym for)-.15 E F2 +(array_expand_once)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(autocd)144 477.6 Q F1 .2 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 477.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment to the)184 489.6 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F1 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E +F2(bash_sour)144 501.6 Q(ce_fullpath)-.18 E F1 .124 +(If set, \214lenames added to the)184 513.6 R F2 -.3(BA)2.624 G +(SH_SOURCE).3 E F1 .124(array v)2.624 F .124(ariable are con)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .124(rted to full path-).15 F(names \(see)184 525.6 Q F2 +(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 +(cdable_v)144 537.6 Q(ars)-.1 E F1 .156(If set, an ar)184 549.6 R .156 +(gument to the)-.18 F F2(cd)2.656 E F1 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 +(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F +(name of a v)184 561.6 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F2(cdspell)144 573.6 Q F1 +1.292(If set, the)184 573.6 R F2(cd)3.792 E F1 1.293(command attempts t\ +o correct minor errors in the spelling of a directory)3.792 F 3.982 +(component. Minor)184 585.6 R 1.482 +(errors include transposed characters, a missing character)3.982 F 3.982 +(,a)-.4 G 1.482(nd one)-3.982 F -.15(ex)184 597.6 S .972(tra character) +.15 F 5.972(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.972 E F2(cd)3.472 E F1 .972 +(corrects the directory name, it prints the corrected \214lename, and) +3.472 F(the command proceeds.)184 609.6 Q +(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F2(checkhash)144 621.6 Q F1 .737(If set,)184 633.6 R F2(bash)3.237 +E F1 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 +(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 +645.6 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E(xists,)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E +F1(performs a normal path search.)2.5 E F2(checkjobs)144 657.6 Q F1 .448 +(If set,)184 669.6 R F2(bash)2.948 E F1 .448(lists the status of an) +2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F +.449(xiting an interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.784(shell. 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The)B .995 +(shell al)3.495 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .995(ys post-).1 F(pones e)184 705.6 Q +(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2) +72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(20)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -2732,83 +2660,103 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(globstar)144 84 Q F1 .518(If set, the pattern)184 84 R -F2(**)3.018 E F1 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte) --.15 F .519(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432 -(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 96 R .431 -(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)2.931 E F1 -2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -108 Q F2(gnu_errfmt)144 124.8 Q F1(If set, shell error messages are wri\ -tten in the standard GNU error message format.)184 136.8 Q F2 -(histappend)144 153.6 Q F1 .676 -(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -165.6 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.177 E F1 --.25(va)2.927 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 177.6 Q -(xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F2 -(histr)144 194.4 Q(eedit)-.18 E F1 .576(If set, and)184 206.4 R F2 -.18 -(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F1 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 -F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 218.4 Q F2(histv)144 -235.2 Q(erify)-.1 E F1 .402(If set, and)184 247.2 R F2 -.18(re)2.903 G -(adline).18 E F1 .403 -(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 259.2 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 -(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F2 -.18(re)3.161 -G(adline).18 E F1(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 271.2 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 -E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F2 -(hostcomplete)144 288 Q F1 1.181(If set, and)184 300 R F2 -.18(re)3.681 -G(adline).18 E F1 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F2(bash)3.682 E F1 1.182 -(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F .503(when a w)184 -312 R .503(ord containing a)-.1 F F2(@)3.003 E F1 .503 -(is being completed \(see)3.003 F F2(Completing)3.003 E F1(under)3.003 E -F3(READLINE)3.003 E F1(in)2.752 E F0(bash)184 324 Q F1 2.5 -(\(1\)\). This)B(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(huponexit)144 -340.8 Q F1(If set,)184 352.8 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(will send)2.5 E F3 -(SIGHUP)2.5 E F1(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 -H(ogin shell e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E F2(inherit_err)144 369.6 Q(exit)-.18 E -F1 .219(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 381.6 R .219 -(alue of the)-.25 F F2(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F1 .22 -(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 393.6 Q -2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E F0(posix mode)2.5 -E F1(is enabled.)2.5 E F2(interacti)144 410.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments) -.1 E F1 .33(If set, allo)184 422.4 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F -.33(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)2.83 E F1 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 -(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .39 -(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 434.4 R .69 -.15(ve s)-.25 -H .39(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)2.89 E F1(in)2.64 E F0(bash)2.89 E F1 -2.89(\(1\)\). This)B(option)2.89 E(is enabled by def)184 446.4 Q(ault.) --.1 E F2(lastpipe)144 463.2 Q F1 .066 -(If set, and job control is not acti)184 463.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566 -(,t).15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E -(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 475.2 Q(vironment.) --.4 E F2(lithist)144 492 Q F1 .654(If set, and the)184 492 R F2(cmdhist) -3.154 E F1 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F --.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F -(with embedded ne)184 504 Q -(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F2 -(localv)144 520.8 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F1 .422(If set, local v)184 532.8 R -.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 -(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 -544.8 S .173(ists at a pre).15 F .173(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 -(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .174 -(The nameref attrib)5.174 F .174(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 556.8 Q -F2(localv)144 573.6 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F1 .329(If set, calling)184 585.6 R -F2(unset)2.829 E F1 .329(on local v)2.829 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F -.328(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .543(quent looku\ -ps \214nd them unset until that function returns. This is identical to \ -the beha)184 597.6 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 609.6 Q -(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F2(login_shell)144 626.4 -Q F1 .693 -(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -638.4 R F3(INV)3.192 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F1(in)2.942 E F0(bash) -3.192 E F1(\(1\)\).)A(The v)184 650.4 Q(alue may not be changed.)-.25 E -F2(mailwar)144 667.2 Q(n)-.15 E F1 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 -679.2 R F2(bash)3.314 E F1 .815 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F --.1(wa)184 691.2 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(displays the message)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 -E(21)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +/Times-Bold@0 SF(checkwinsize)144 84 Q F1 1.09(If set,)184 96 R F2(bash) +3.59 E F1 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09 +(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 +(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 108 Q 2.937(,u)-.65 G .437 +(pdates the v)-2.937 F .437(alues of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINES) +2.938 E F1(and)2.688 E F3(COLUMNS)2.938 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 +.438(using the \214le descriptor associ-)2.688 F +(ated with the standard error if it is a terminal.)184 120 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(cmdhist)144 132 Q F1 +.173(If set,)184 132 R F2(bash)2.673 E F1 .173(attempts to sa)2.673 F +.473 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .172 +(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) +184 144 Q 5.596(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.596 F .597 +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 +(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 156 S .052(ult, b).1 F +.052(ut only has an ef)-.2 F .052 +(fect if command history is enabled, as described in)-.25 F F0(bash) +2.552 E F1 .052(\(1\) under)B F3(HIST)184 168 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F4 +(.)A F2(compat31)144 180 Q(compat32)144 192 Q(compat40)144 204 Q +(compat41)144 216 Q(compat42)144 228 Q(compat43)144 240 Q(compat44)144 +252 Q(compat50)144 264 Q F1 .889(These control aspects of the shell')184 +276 R 3.389(sc)-.55 G .889(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F3 .889 +(SHELL COMP)3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 288 Q F1 +(in)2.25 E F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A F2(complete_fullquote)144 300 Q +F1 .654(If set,)184 312 R F2(bash)3.153 E F1 .653(quotes all shell meta\ +characters in \214lenames and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E +1.524(forming completion.)184 324 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F2(bash) +4.024 E F1(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 +(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ +haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 +336 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 348 R .028 +(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 +(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 360 R 1.073 +(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 +(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 +(ev e)184 372 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 +384 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 396 Q +(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F2(dir)144 408 Q(expand)-.18 E F1 .486 +(If set,)184 420 R F2(bash)2.986 E F1 .486 +(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F +.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F 1.25(ing \214lename completion.)184 +432 R 1.25(This changes the contents of the)6.25 F F2 -.18(re)3.75 G +(adline).18 E F1 1.25(editing b)3.75 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 6.25(.I)-.55 +G(f)-6.25 E(not set,)184 444 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts to preserv)2.5 +E 2.5(ew)-.15 G(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F2(dirspell)144 456 Q F1 .858 +(If set,)184 456 R F2(bash)3.358 E F1 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 +(ord completion if)-.1 F +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 468 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F2(dotglob)144 480 Q F1 1.021(If set,)184 480 R F2(bash)3.521 E F1 1.021 +(includes \214lenames be)3.521 F 1.021 +(ginning with a in the results of pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion.)-.15 E +(The \214lenames)184 492 Q F0(.)4.166 E F1(and)4.166 E F0(..)4.166 E F1 +(must al)4.166 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 +(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F2(dotglob)2.5 E F1 +(is set.)2.5 E F2(execfail)144 504 Q F1 .516(If set, a non-interacti)184 +504 R .816 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .516(hell will not e).15 F .516 +(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .517 +(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the)184 +516 Q F2(exec)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G 2.5(iltin. An).2 F(interacti)2.5 E +.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F2(exec)2.5 E F1 +-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(expand_aliases)144 528 Q F1 .743 +(If set, aliases are e)184 540 R .743(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F0 +(bash)3.243 E F1 .743(\(1\) under)B F3(ALIASES)3.243 E F4(.)A F1 .742 +(This option is en-)5.243 F(abled by def)184 552 Q(ault for interacti) +-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(extdeb)144 564 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 +.17(If set at shell in)184 576 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17 +(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.082 +(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 588 R F23.582 +E(ugger)-.2 E F1 3.581(option. If)3.581 F 1.081(set after in)3.581 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G 1.081(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 600 Q +(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F2(1.)184 +612 Q F1(The)220 612 Q F24.25 E F1 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F2 +(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 +(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 624 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F2(2.)184 636 Q F1 1.667(If the command run by the)220 +636 R F2(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F1 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F +1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 648 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(3.)184 660 Q F1 .84 +(If the command run by the)220 660 R F2(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .841 +(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 +(exe)220 672 S .488 +(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F2(.)2.988 E F1(or)2.988 E F2 +(sour)220 684 Q(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F1(.)A F2(4.)184 696 Q F3 -.27(BA)220 696 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 +(and)3.153 E F3 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1 .904 +(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(in)220 708 Q F0 +(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E +(21)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -2816,83 +2764,100 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 84 Q F1 .325(If set, and) -184 96 R F2 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F1 .325(is being used,)2.825 F -F2(bash)2.824 E F1 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .324(for possible)2.574 -F(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 108 Q -F2(nocaseglob)144 124.8 Q F1 .436(If set,)184 136.8 R F2(bash)2.936 E F1 -.436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f) --.25 H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 148.8 S -(pansion \(see).15 E F2 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F1(in)2.5 E -F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A F2(nocasematch)144 165.6 Q F1 1.194(If set,) -184 177.6 R F2(bash)3.694 E F1 1.194 -(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H -1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 189.6 R --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(case)3.051 E F1(or)3.051 E F2([[)3.051 E -F1 .551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 -F -.1(wo)184 201.6 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\ - possible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 -213.6 Q F2(noexpand_translation)144 230.4 Q F1 1.462(If set,)184 242.4 R -F2(bash)3.962 E F1 1.462(encloses the translated results of)3.962 F F2 -($)3.962 E F1 -1.87 1.666(... q)D 1.462 -(uoting in single quotes instead of)-1.666 F(double quotes.)184 254.4 Q -(If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F2 -(nullglob)144 271.2 Q F1 .593(If set, pathname e)184 283.2 R .593 -(xpansion patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.15 F F2 -.1(Pa)3.092 G -.592(thname Expansion).1 F F1(in)3.092 E F0(bash)184 295.2 Q F1 -(\(1\)\) e)A(xpand to nothing and are remo)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(d, rather than e).15 E(xpanding to themselv)-.15 E(es.)-.15 E F2 -(patsub_r)144 312 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F1 .105(If set,)184 324 R F2(bash) -2.605 E F1 -.15(ex)2.605 G .105(pands occurrences of).15 F F2(&)2.606 E -F1 .106(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F -.989(the te)184 336 R .988 -(xt matched by the pattern, as described under)-.15 F F2 -.1(Pa)3.488 G -.988(rameter Expansion).1 F F1(in)3.488 E F0(bash)3.488 E F1(\(1\).)A -(This option is enabled by def)184 348 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(pr)144 364.8 Q -(ogcomp)-.18 E F1 2.802(If set, the programmable completion f)184 376.8 -R 2.802(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)5.302 E 2.803(ogrammable Completion) --.18 F F1(in)5.303 E F0(bash)184 388.8 Q F1(\(1\)\) are enabled.)A -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(pr)144 405.6 Q -(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F1 2.124 -(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 417.6 R F2(bash) -4.624 E F1 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 429.6 Q -3.288(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.288 H(an)3.488 E 3.288(yc)-.15 G .789 -(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.288 F .789 -(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 441.6 R F2(bash)3.973 E -F1 1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F -1.473(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 453.6 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E -F2(pr)144 470.4 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 1.447 -(If set, prompt strings under)184 482.4 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F -1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 -494.4 S 1.834(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 4.334(la).25 -G 1.834(fter being e)-4.334 F 1.834(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F3 -(PR)4.333 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(in)4.083 E F0(bash)184 506.4 Q F1 2.5 -(\(1\). This)B(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)144 -523.2 S(stricted_shell).18 E F1 .329 -(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 535.2 R F3 .329(RESTRICTED SHELL)2.829 F F1(in)2.58 E F0(bash)184 -547.2 Q F1 2.731(\(1\)\). The)B -.25(va)2.731 G .231 -(lue may not be changed.).25 F .23 -(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.231 F(x-)-.15 E -(ecuted, allo)184 559.2 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E F2 -(shift_v)144 576 Q(erbose)-.1 E F1 .501(If set, the)184 588 R F2(shift) -3.001 E F1 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 -(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 600 Q F2(sour) -144 616.8 Q(cepath)-.18 E F1 .771(If set, the)184 628.8 R F2(.)3.271 E -F1(\()3.271 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) --3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .77 -(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) -184 640.8 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E -(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.1(va)144 657.6 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F1 .74(If \ -set, the shell automatically closes \214le descriptors assigned using t\ -he)184 669.6 R F0({varname})3.24 E F1(redi-)3.24 E .908 -(rection syntax \(see)184 681.6 R F3(REDIRECTION)3.408 E F1(in)3.157 E -F0(bash)3.407 E F1 .907(\(1\)\) instead of lea)B .907 -(ving them open when the)-.2 F(command completes.)184 693.6 Q -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(22)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +/Times-Bold@0 SF(5.)184 84 Q F1 1.637(Function tracing is enabled: comm\ +and substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 84 R(shells in)220 96 Q +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F2(\()2.5 E F0(command) +2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1(inherit the)2.5 E F2(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.5 +E F2(RETURN)2.5 E F1(traps.)2.5 E F2(6.)184 108 Q F1 1.082(Error tracin\ +g is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 +108 R(in)220 120 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F2 +(\()2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1(inherit the)2.5 E F2(ERR)2.5 E +F1(trap.)2.5 E F2(extglob)144 132 Q F1 1.015(If set, enable the e)184 +132 R 1.014(xtended pattern matching features described in)-.15 F F0 +(bash)3.514 E F1 1.014(\(1\) under)B F2 -.1(Pa)3.514 G(th-).1 E +(name Expansion)184 144 Q F1(.)A F2(extquote)144 156 Q F1 1.929(If set,) +184 168 R F2($)4.429 E F0(string)A F1(and)4.429 E F2($)4.429 E F0 +(string)A F1 1.929(quoting is performed within)4.429 F F2(${)4.429 E F0 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(})A F1 -.15(ex)4.429 G 1.93(pansions en-).15 F +(closed in double quotes.)184 180 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E +(ault.)-.1 E F2(failglob)144 192 Q F1 .243(If set, patterns which f)184 +192 R .243(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243 +(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 204 Q(.)-.55 +E F2 -.25(fo)144 216 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F1 .936 +(If set, the suf)184 228 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the)-.15 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F1 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936 +(ariable cause w)-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32 +(when performing w)184 240 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32 +(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 3.085(pletions. See)184 252 R F2 +.586(Shell V)3.086 F(ariables)-.92 E F1(in)3.086 E F0(bash)3.086 E F1 +.586(\(1\) for a description of)B F3(FIGNORE)3.086 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(.)A F1 .586(This option is)5.086 F(enabled by def)184 264 Q(ault.)-.1 +E F2(globasciiranges)144 276 Q F1 2.519(If set, range e)184 288 R 2.519 +(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E +(Matching)184 300 Q F1(in)3.115 E F0(bash)3.365 E F1 .865(\(1\)\) beha)B +1.165 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.365(si).15 G 3.365(fi)-3.365 G 3.365(nt)-3.365 G +.866(he traditional C locale when performing compar)-3.365 F(-)-.2 E +3.962(isons. That)184 312 R 1.462(is, pattern matching does not tak) +3.962 F 3.962(et)-.1 G 1.461(he current locale')-3.962 F 3.961(sc)-.55 G +1.461(ollating sequence)-3.961 F 1.67(into account, so)184 324 R F2(b) +4.17 E F1 1.671(will not collate between)4.17 F F2(A)4.171 E F1(and) +4.171 E F2(B)4.171 E F1 4.171(,a)C 1.671(nd upper)-4.171 F 1.671 +(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E(-case)-.2 E +(ASCII characters will collate together)184 336 Q(.)-.55 E F2 +(globskipdots)144 348 Q F1 .894(If set, pathname e)184 360 R .894 +(xpansion will ne)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.394(rm).15 G .894 +(atch the \214lenames)-3.394 F F0(.)5.06 E F1(and)5.06 E F0(..)5.06 E F1 +-2.15 -.25(ev e)5.059 H 3.393(ni).25 G 3.393(ft)-3.393 G .893 +(he pattern)-3.393 F(be)184 372 Q +(gins with a This option is enabled by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F2 +(globstar)144 384 Q F1 .518(If set, the pattern)184 384 R F2(**)3.018 E +F1 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .519 +(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 396 R .431 +(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)2.931 E F1 +2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +408 Q F2(gnu_errfmt)144 420 Q F1(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 432 Q F2(histappend)144 +444 Q F1 .676 +(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 +456 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)3.177 E F1 -.25(va)2.927 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 468 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F2(histr)144 480 Q(eedit)-.18 +E F1 .118(If set, and)184 492 R F2 -.18(re)2.618 G(adline).18 E F1 .118 +(is being used, the user is gi)2.618 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.618(nt).15 G +.117(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-2.618 F .117(ailed his-)-.1 F +(tory substitution.)184 504 Q F2(histv)144 516 Q(erify)-.1 E F1 .402 +(If set, and)184 528 R F2 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F1 .403 +(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) +2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 540 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F2 -.18(re)3.161 +G(adline).18 E F1(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 552 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F2 +(hostcomplete)144 564 Q F1 1.181(If set, and)184 576 R F2 -.18(re)3.681 +G(adline).18 E F1 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F2(bash)3.682 E F1 1.182 +(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F .503(when a w)184 +588 R .503(ord containing a)-.1 F F2(@)3.003 E F1 .503 +(is being completed \(see)3.003 F F2(Completing)3.003 E F1(under)3.003 E +F3(READLINE)3.003 E F1(in)2.752 E F0(bash)184 600 Q F1 2.5 +(\(1\)\). 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This)-.4 F(option is enabled when posix mode is enabled.) +2.5 E F2(interacti)144 672 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F1 .209 +(In an interacti)184 684 R .509 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .209(hell, a w).15 F +.209(ord be)-.1 F .209(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)2.709 E F1 .209 +(causes that w)2.709 F .208(ord and all remaining char)-.1 F(-)-.2 E +2.157(acters on that line to be ignored, as in a non-interacti)184 696 R +2.457 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.157(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)4.658 E F1(in) +4.408 E F0(bash)184 708 Q F1 2.5(\(1\)\). This)B +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2023 January 27)141.79 E(22)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -2900,385 +2865,341 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(xpg_echo)144 84 Q F1 .073(If set, the)184 96 R F2(echo) -2.574 E F1 -.2(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin e).2 F .074 -(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 F 2.574(ault. If)-.1 F -(the)2.574 E F2(posix)2.574 E F1(shell)2.574 E(option is also enabled,) -184 108 Q F2(echo)2.5 E F1(does not interpret an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(ptions.)-2.5 E F2(suspend)108 124.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1(])A .91 -(Suspend the e)144 136.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .91 -(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCONT)-.001 E F1 3.409(signal. A)3.159 F .909 -(login shell, or a shell)3.409 F .752 -(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 148.8 R F2 -3.252 E F1 .753(option can be used to o)3.253 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -.753(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 160.8 R .107(T\ -he return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control \ -is not en-)5.107 F(abled and)144 172.8 Q F22.5 E F1 -(is not supplied.)2.5 E F2(test)108 189.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2 -([)108 201.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(])2.5 E F1 .877 -(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 201.6 R .878 -(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)144 213.6 -S(pr).2 E F1 5.53(.E).73 G .53 -(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.231 -(primaries described in)144 225.6 R F0(bash)3.731 E F1 1.231 -(\(1\) under)B F3(CONDITION)3.731 E 1.231(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2(test)5.731 E F1 1.232(does not accept an)3.731 -F(y)-.15 E(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 237.6 Q -(gument of)-.18 E F22.5 E F1(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 -E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 254.4 R .785 -(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 -(dence. The)144 266.4 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 -(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F -4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 278.4 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F2(!)144 290.4 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -F1 -.35(Tr)180 290.4 S(ue if).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(is f)3.23 -E(alse.)-.1 E F2(\()144 302.4 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(\))2.5 E F1 -.26(Returns the v)180 302.4 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F0 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 -E F1 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 314.4 Q F0 -.2 -(ex)144 326.4 S(pr1).2 E F12.5 E F2(a)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 --.35(Tr)180 338.4 S(ue if both).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(and)2.5 -E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1(are true.)2.52 E F0 -.2(ex)144 350.4 S -(pr1).2 E F12.5 E F2(o)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 -362.4 S(ue if either).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(or)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 379.2 Q F1(and)2.5 E -F2([)2.5 E F1 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E -(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 396 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)180 -408 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 420 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(ument).18 E(The e)180 432 Q(xpression is true if and only if the ar) --.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 E 2.5(2a)144 444 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 456 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!) -2.87 E F1 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37 -(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F 1.683(If the \214rst ar)180 468 R 1.683 -(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed in)-.18 F F0 -(bash)4.182 E F1 1.682(\(1\) under)B F3(CONDITION)180 480 Q .121 -(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F1 .121(the e)2.371 F .122 -(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .122 -(If the \214rst)5.122 F(ar)180 492 Q(gument is not a v)-.18 E -(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 504 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 516 R .236 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 -(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .546 -(the binary conditional operators listed in)180 528 R F0(bash)3.046 E F1 -.546(\(1\) under)B F3(CONDITION)3.046 E .546(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,) -A F1 .888(the result of the e)180 540 R .888(xpression is the result of\ - the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .433 -(ments as operands.)180 552 R(The)5.434 E F22.934 E F1(and)2.934 E -F22.934 E F1 .434 -(operators are considered binary operators when there)2.934 F .646 -(are three ar)180 564 R 3.146(guments. If)-.18 F .646(the \214rst ar) -3.146 F .646(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.146 E F1 3.146(,t)C .646(he v) --3.146 F .645(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .645(tion of the tw) -.05 F(o-ar)-.1 E(gu-)-.18 E .451 -(ment test using the second and third ar)180 576 R 2.951(guments. If) --.18 F .451(the \214rst ar)2.951 F .451(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E -F2(\()2.952 E F1 .452(and the)2.952 F 1.165(third ar)180 588 R 1.165 -(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))3.665 E F1 3.664(,t)C 1.164 -(he result is the one-ar)-3.664 F 1.164(gument test of the second ar) --.18 F(gument.)-.18 E(Otherwise, the e)180 600 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E -(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 612 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .429 -(The follo)180 624 R .429 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .43 -(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .43(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.93 E F1 2.93(,t)C -.43(he re-)-2.93 F 1.315(sult is the ne)180 636 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.314 -(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 -(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.744 -(ments. the)180 648 R(tw)2.744 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 -(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.745(guments. If)-.18 -F .245(the \214rst ar)2.745 F(gument)-.18 E .31(is e)180 660 R(xactly) --.15 E F2(\()2.81 E F1 .31(and the fourth ar)2.81 F .31(gument is e)-.18 -F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.809 E F1 2.809(,t)C .309(he result is the tw) --2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .309(gument test of the)-.18 F .183 -(second and third ar)180 672 R 2.683(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F .184 -(the e)2.684 F .184(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .184 -(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 684 -Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 696 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E -(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 708 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e) --.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 -(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 720 -Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E -(23)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +/Times-Bold@0 SF(lastpipe)144 84 Q F1 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) +.15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en) +184 96 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F2(lithist)144 108 Q F1 .654(If set, and the) +184 108 R F2(cmdhist)3.154 E F1 .654 +(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F +(with embedded ne)184 120 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F2 +(localv)144 132 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F1 .422(If set, local v)184 144 R +.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 +(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 +156 S .173(ists at a pre).15 F .173(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 +(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .174 +(The nameref attrib)5.174 F .174(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 168 Q +F2(localv)144 180 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F1 .329(If set, calling)184 192 R F2 +(unset)2.829 E F1 .329(on local v)2.829 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F +.328(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .364 +(quent lookups \214nd them unset until that function returns.)184 204 R +.365(This is identical to the beha)5.364 F(v-)-.2 E +(ior of unsetting local v)184 216 Q +(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F2(login_shell)144 228 Q +F1 .693 +(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 +240 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)3.192 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F1(in) +2.942 E F0(bash)3.192 E F1(\(1\)\).)A(The v)184 252 Q +(alue may not be changed.)-.25 E F2(mailwar)144 264 Q(n)-.15 E F1 .814 +(If set, and a \214le that)184 276 R F2(bash)3.314 E F1 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F +-.1(wa)184 288 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 +(displays the message)2.5 E F2(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 300 Q F1 .61 +(If set, and)184 312 R F2 -.18(re)3.11 G(adline).18 E F1 .609 +(is being used,)3.109 F F2(bash)3.109 E F1 .609(does not search)3.109 F +F3 -.666(PA)3.109 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .609(for possible completions)2.859 F +(when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 324 Q F2(nocaseglob) +144 336 Q F1 .436(If set,)184 348 R F2(bash)2.936 E F1 .436 +(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 +H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 360 S +(pansion \(see).15 E F2 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F1(in)2.5 E +F0(bash)2.5 E F1(\(1\)\).)A F2(nocasematch)144 372 Q F1 1.194(If set,) +184 384 R F2(bash)3.694 E F1 1.194 +(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H +1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 396 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(case)3.051 E F1(or)3.051 E F2([[)3.051 E F1 +.551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F +-.1(wo)184 408 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering pos\ +sible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 420 Q +F2(noexpand_translation)144 432 Q F1 1.462(If set,)184 444 R F2(bash) +3.962 E F1 1.462(encloses the translated results of)3.962 F F2($)3.962 E +F1 -1.87 1.666(... q)D 1.462(uoting in single quotes instead of)-1.666 F +(double quotes.)184 456 Q +(If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F2 +(nullglob)144 468 Q F1 .593(If set, pathname e)184 480 R .593 +(xpansion patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.15 F F2 -.1(Pa)3.092 G +.592(thname Expansion).1 F F1(in)3.092 E F0(bash)184 492 Q F1(\(1\)\) e) +A(xpand to nothing and are remo)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d, rather than e) +.15 E(xpanding to themselv)-.15 E(es.)-.15 E F2(patsub_r)144 504 Q +(eplacement)-.18 E F1 .105(If set,)184 516 R F2(bash)2.605 E F1 -.15(ex) +2.605 G .105(pands occurrences of).15 F F2(&)2.606 E F1 .106 +(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F .989 +(the te)184 528 R .988(xt matched by the pattern, as described under) +-.15 F F2 -.1(Pa)3.488 G .988(rameter Expansion).1 F F1(in)3.488 E F0 +(bash)3.488 E F1(\(1\).)A(This option is enabled by def)184 540 Q(ault.) +-.1 E F2(pr)144 552 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F1 .766 +(If set, enable the programmable completion f)184 564 R .767 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.267 E .767(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F +F1(in)184 576 Q F0(bash)2.5 E F1 2.5(\(1\)\). This)B +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(pr)144 588 Q +(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F1 2.124 +(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 600 R F2(bash)4.624 +E F1 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 612 Q 3.11(th) +-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.11 H(an)3.31 E 3.11(yc)-.15 G .61 +(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.11 F 3.11 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F .61(it has)3.11 F 1.473(an alias,)184 624 R F2 +(bash)3.973 E F1 1.473 +(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F 1.473 +(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 636 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E F2(pr) +144 648 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 1.447(If set, prompt strings under) +184 660 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 672 S +1.834(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 4.334(la).25 G 1.834 +(fter being e)-4.334 F 1.834(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F3(PR)4.333 +E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(in)4.083 E F0(bash)184 684 Q F1 2.5(\(1\). This)B +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)144 696 S +(stricted_shell).18 E F1 .329 +(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) +184 708 R F3 .329(RESTRICTED SHELL)2.829 F F1(in)2.58 E F0(bash)184 720 +Q F1 3.754(\(1\)\). The)B -.25(va)3.754 G 1.254(lue may not be changed.) +.25 F 1.254(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.254 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(23)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E .216 -(When the shell is in)144 84 R F0 .216(posix mode)2.716 F F1 2.716(,o)C -2.716(ri)-2.716 G 2.716(ft)-2.716 G .216(he e)-2.716 F .216 -(xpression is part of the)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)2.716 E F1 -.216(command, the)2.716 F F2(<)2.717 E F1(and)2.717 E F2(>)2.717 E F1 -(opera-)2.717 E .728(tors sort using the current locale.)144 96 R .728 -(If the shell is not in)5.728 F F0 .728(posix mode)3.228 F F1 3.228(,t)C -(he)-3.228 E F2(test)3.228 E F1(and)3.228 E F2([)3.228 E F1 .727 -(commands sort)3.227 F(le)144 108 Q -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F2(times)108 124.8 Q F1 -1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)144 124.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 -136.8 Q F2(trap)108 153.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F1 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E -F0(action)A F1(])A F0(sigspec)2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(The) -144 165.6 Q F0(action)3.734 E F1 .903(is a command that is read and e) -3.644 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .903(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.403(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.403 E F0(sigspec)3.743 E F1 5.903 -(.I).31 G(f)-5.903 E F0(action)144.33 177.6 Q F1 .105 -(is absent \(and there is a single)2.845 F F0(sigspec)2.605 E F1 2.605 -(\)o)C(r)-2.605 E F22.605 E F1 2.605(,e)C .106 -(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original dis-)-2.605 F .627 -(position \(the v)144 189.6 R .626 -(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)-.25 F(If)5.626 E F0(action) -3.456 E F1 .626(is the null string the signal speci-)3.366 F -(\214ed by each)144 201.6 Q F0(sigspec)2.84 E F1 -(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)2.81 E -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 218.4 R .165 -(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(trap)2.665 E F1 .165 -(displays the actions associated with each trapped signal as a set)2.665 -F(of)144 230.4 Q F2(trap)2.57 E F1 .069(commands that can be reused as \ -shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.57 F(If)5.069 -E F22.569 E F1 .473(is gi)144 242.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .473(n, and) -.15 F F0(action)3.303 E F1 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F2(trap) -2.973 E F1 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F0 -(sigspec)3.314 E F1(or)3.284 E(,)-.4 E .364 -(if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 254.4 R -F2(trap)2.864 E F1 .363(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F -.207(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 266.4 R(The) -5.207 E F22.707 E F1 .207(option beha)2.707 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.707 -(ss).15 G(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .208(ut displays only)-2.907 -F 1.553(the actions associated with each)144 278.4 R F0(sigspec)4.052 E -F1(ar)4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F26.552 E F1 1.552 -(requires at least one)4.052 F F0(sigspec)4.052 E F1(ar)4.052 E(gument.) --.18 E(The)144 290.4 Q F22.726 E F1(or)2.726 E F22.727 E F1 -.227(options to)2.727 F F2(trap)2.727 E F1 .227 -(may be used in a subshell en)2.727 F .227 -(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\))-.4 F .993 -(and, as long as the)144 302.4 R 3.493(ya)-.15 G .993(re used before) --3.493 F F2(trap)3.493 E F1 .993(is used to change a signal')3.493 F -3.492(sh)-.55 G .992(andling, will display the)-3.492 F -(state of its parent')144 314.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144 -331.2 Q F23.216 E F1 .716(option causes)3.216 F F2(trap)3.216 E F1 -.716(to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers.) -3.216 F(Each)5.717 E F0(sigspec)144.34 343.2 Q F1 .709 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.519 F F0(signal.h)A F1 .709 -(>, or a signal number)B 5.708(.S)-.55 G .708(ignal names are case) --5.708 F(insensiti)144 355.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F1(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .091(If a)144 -372 R F0(sigspec)2.931 E F1(is)2.901 E F3(EXIT)2.591 E F1 .091 -(\(0\) the command)2.341 F F0(action)2.921 E F1 .091(is e)2.831 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .091(cuted on e).15 F .092(xit from the shell.)-.15 F .092 -(If a)5.092 F F0(sigspec)2.932 E F1(is)2.902 E F3(DE-)2.592 E -.09(BU) -144 384 S(G).09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 1.245(the command)3.495 F -F0(action)4.075 E F1 1.245(is e)3.985 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.244 -(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F0 1.244(simple command) -3.744 F F1(,)A F0(for)3.744 E F1(command,)3.744 E F0(case)3.744 E F1 -(com-)3.744 E(mand,)144 396 Q F0(select)2.696 E F1 .196 -(command, \(\( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic) -2.696 F F0(for)2.697 E F1(command,)2.697 E 1.105 -(and before the \214rst command e)144 408 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.105 -(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 1.105(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.605 F F1 -(in)3.355 E F0(bash)3.604 E F1(\(1\)\).)A .556 -(Refer to the description of the)144 420 R F2(extdeb)3.056 E(ug)-.2 E F1 -.556(option to the)3.056 F F2(shopt)3.056 E F1 -.2(bu)3.056 G .556 -(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .557(fect on the)-.25 F F2(DEB)144 432 -Q(UG)-.1 E F1 2.515(trap. If)2.515 F(a)2.515 E F0(sigspec)2.855 E F1(is) -2.825 E F3(RETURN)2.515 E F4(,)A F1 .015(the command)2.265 F F0(action) -2.844 E F1 .014(is e)2.754 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .014 -(cuted each time a shell function).15 F(or a script e)144 444 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted with the).15 E F2(.)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F2(sour)2.5 E(ce)-.18 -E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E -.284(If a)144 460.8 R F0(sigspec)3.124 E F1(is)3.094 E F3(ERR)2.784 E F4 -(,)A F1 .284(the command)2.534 F F0(action)3.114 E F1 .284(is e)3.024 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .284(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.784(rap).15 G -.285(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-2.784 F .185(single simple comma\ -nd\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255zero e)144 472.8 R -.184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 484.8 R .451 -(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F3(ERR)2.951 E F1 .451 -(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452 -(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 -(mand list immediately follo)144 496.8 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F2(while) -2.888 E F1(or)2.888 E F2(until)2.888 E F1 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F0(if)2.897 E F1 .387 -(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 508.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.778(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)3.278 E F1(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F1 .778 -(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)3.278 E F1(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F1 -3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 520.8 R -1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) --3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F -F2(!)3.78 E F1(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 532.8 Q -(yed by the)-.15 E F2(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F1(\()2.5 E F2A F1 2.5 -(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E .069(When the shell is not interacti)144 549.6 R --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.569(,s).15 G .07 -(ignals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.) --2.569 F(Interacti)144 561.6 Q .952 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .652 -(hells permit trapping signals ignored on entry).15 F 5.651(.T)-.65 G -.651(rapped signals that are not being ig-)-6.001 F .576 -(nored are reset to their original v)144 573.6 R .576 -(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .577 -(vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 585.6 Q -(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F0(sigspec)2.84 E F1(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 -G(lid; otherwise).25 E F2(trap)2.5 E F1(returns true.)2.5 E F2(true)108 -602.4 Q F1(Does nothing, returns a 0 status.)144 602.4 Q F2(type)108 -619.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F1(])A F0(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -(name)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 631.2 S .174 -(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F0(name) -3.034 E F1 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F -F2144 643.2 Q F1 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F2(type)3.215 E F1 -.715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F0(alias)3.545 E F1(,).27 E -F0 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F1(,).77 E F0(function)5.185 E F1 -(,).24 E F0 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F1 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F0 -(\214le)5.125 E F1(if)3.395 E F0(name)144.36 655.2 Q F1 .378 -(is an alias, shell reserv)3.058 F .377(ed w)-.15 F .377 -(ord, function, b)-.1 F .377(uiltin, or e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .377 -(cutable disk \214le, respecti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.377(.I) --.65 G 2.877(ft)-5.377 G(he)-2.877 E F0(name)144.36 667.2 Q F1 .645 -(is not found, then nothing is printed, and)3.325 F F2(type)3.146 E F1 -.646(returns a non-zero e)3.146 F .646(xit status.)-.15 F .646(If the) -5.646 F F23.146 E F1(op-)3.146 E .642(tion is used,)144 679.2 R F2 -(type)3.142 E F1 .642(either returns the name of the e)3.142 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .642(cutable \214le that w).15 F .641(ould be found by searching) --.1 F F2($P)144 691.2 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1(if)3.06 E F0(name)3.42 -E F1 .56(were speci\214ed as a command name, or nothing if w)3.24 F .56 -(ould not return)-.1 F F0(\214le)4.97 E F1 5.56(.T).18 G(he)-5.56 E F2 -3.06 E F1 .04(option forces a)144 703.2 R F3 -.666(PA)2.54 G(TH) --.189 E F1 .04(search for each)2.29 F F0(name)2.54 E F1 2.54(,e)C -.15 -(ve)-2.79 G 2.54(ni).15 G 2.54(fw)-2.54 G .04(ould not return)-2.64 F F0 -(\214le)4.45 E F1 5.04(.I).18 G 2.54(fac)-5.04 G .04(ommand is hashed,) --2.54 F F2144 715.2 Q F1(and)3.283 E F23.283 E F1 .784 -(print the hashed v)3.283 F .784 -(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 -F F3 -.666(PA)3.284 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F1(If)5.284 E(the)144 727.2 Q F2 -3.73 E F1 1.23(option is used,)3.73 F F2(type)3.73 E F1 1.23 -(prints all of the places that contain a command named)3.73 F F0(name) -4.09 E F1 6.23(.T).18 G(his)-6.23 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2023 January 27)141.79 E(24)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E -.15 +(exe)184 84 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shift_v)144 96 Q(erbose)-.1 E F1 .501 +(If set, the)184 108 R F2(shift)3.001 E F1 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 120 Q F2(sour) +144 132 Q(cepath)-.18 E F1 .771(If set, the)184 144 R F2(.)3.271 E F1 +(\()3.271 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) +-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH) +-.189 E F1 .77(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F .421 +(\214le supplied as an ar)184 156 R .421(gument when the)-.18 F F2 +2.921 E F1 .421(option is not supplied.)2.921 F .422 +(This option is enabled)5.422 F(by def)184 168 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.1(va) +144 180 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F1 .74(If set, the shell automatica\ +lly closes \214le descriptors assigned using the)184 192 R F0({varname}) +3.24 E F1(redi-)3.24 E .907(rection syntax \(see)184 204 R F3 +(REDIRECTION)3.407 E F1(in)3.157 E F0(bash)3.407 E F1 .907 +(\(1\)\) instead of lea)B .908(ving them open when the)-.2 F +(command completes.)184 216 Q F2(xpg_echo)144 228 Q F1 .074(If set, the) +184 240 R F2(echo)2.574 E F1 -.2(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin e).2 F .074 +(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 F 2.574(ault. If)-.1 F +(the)2.574 E F2(posix)2.573 E F1(shell)2.573 E(option is also enabled,) +184 252 Q F2(echo)2.5 E F1(does not interpret an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +(ptions.)-2.5 E F2(suspend)108 268.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1(])A .909 +(Suspend the e)144 280.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .909 +(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G +F3(SIGCONT)A F1 3.41(signal. A)3.16 F .91(login shell, or a shell)3.41 F +1.044(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 292.8 R +F23.543 E F1 1.043(option will o)3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.043 +(rride this and force the).15 F 2.743(suspension. The)144 304.8 R .244(\ +return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control is \ +not enabled and)2.743 F F2144 316.8 Q F1(is not supplied.)2.5 E F2 +(test)108 333.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2([)108 345.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 +G(pr).2 E F2(])2.5 E F1 .878(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 +345.6 R .877(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)144 357.6 +S(pr).2 E F1 5.53(.E).73 G .53 +(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.232 +(primaries described in)144 369.6 R F0(bash)3.732 E F1 1.231 +(\(1\) under)B F3(CONDITION)3.731 E 1.231(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2(test)5.731 E F1 1.231(does not accept an)3.731 +F(y)-.15 E(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 381.6 Q +(gument of)-.18 E F22.5 E F1(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 +E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 398.4 R .786 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 2.93 +(dence. The)144 410.4 R -.25(eva)2.93 G .43 +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .43(guments; see belo)-.18 F +-.65(w.)-.25 G F2(test)6.08 E F1 .43(uses operator prece-)2.93 F +(dence when there are \214v)144 422.4 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G +(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F2(!)144 434.4 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +F1 -.35(Tr)180 434.4 S(ue if).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(is f)3.23 +E(alse.)-.1 E F2(\()144 446.4 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(\))2.5 E F1 +(Returns the v)180 446.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1 5 +(.T)C(his may be used to o)-5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(rride normal operator precedence.).15 E F0 -.2(ex)144 458.4 S(pr1).2 E +F12.5 E F2(a)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 470.4 S +(ue if both).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(and)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr2).2 E F1(are true.)2.52 E F0 -.2(ex)144 482.4 S(pr1).2 E F12.5 E +F2(o)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 494.4 S(ue if either).35 +E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(or)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 +(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 511.2 Q F1(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F1 -.25 +(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 528 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)180 +540 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 552 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(ument).18 E(The e)180 564 Q(xpression is true if and only if the ar) +-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 E 2.5(2a)144 576 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 588 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!) +2.87 E F1 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37 +(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 +(gument is null.)-.18 F 1.683(If the \214rst ar)180 600 R 1.683 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed in)-.18 F F0 +(bash)4.182 E F1 1.682(\(1\) under)B F3(CONDITION)180 612 Q .121 +(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F1 .121(the e)2.371 F .122 +(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .122 +(If the \214rst)5.122 F(ar)180 624 Q(gument is not a v)-.18 E +(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 636 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 648 R .236 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 +(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .546 +(the binary conditional operators listed in)180 660 R F0(bash)3.046 E F1 +.546(\(1\) under)B F3(CONDITION)3.046 E .546(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,) +A F1 .888(the result of the e)180 672 R .888(xpression is the result of\ + the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .433 +(ments as operands.)180 684 R(The)5.434 E F22.934 E F1(and)2.934 E +F22.934 E F1 .434 +(operators are considered binary operators when there)2.934 F .646 +(are three ar)180 696 R 3.146(guments. If)-.18 F .646(the \214rst ar) +3.146 F .646(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.146 E F1 3.146(,t)C .646(he v) +-3.146 F .645(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .645(tion of the tw) +.05 F(o-ar)-.1 E(gu-)-.18 E .451 +(ment test using the second and third ar)180 708 R 2.951(guments. If) +-.18 F .451(the \214rst ar)2.951 F .451(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E +F2(\()2.952 E F1 .452(and the)2.952 F 1.165(third ar)180 720 R 1.165 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))3.665 E F1 3.664(,t)C 1.164 +(he result is the one-ar)-3.664 F 1.164(gument test of the second ar) +-.18 F(gument.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(24) +190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E .735 -(includes aliases, reserv)144 84 R .735(ed w)-.15 F .736 -(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F .736(uiltins, b)-.2 F .736 -(ut the path search options \()-.2 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SFA F1 -(and)3.236 E F23.236 E F1(\))A .292 -(can be supplied to restrict the output to e)144 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.292(cutable \214les.).15 F F2(type)5.292 E F1 .291 -(does not consult the table of hashed)2.792 F 1.069(commands when using) -144 108 R F23.569 E F1(with)3.569 E F23.569 E F1 3.569(,a)C -1.069(nd only performs a)-3.569 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.569 G -(TH)-.189 E F1 1.07(search for)3.319 F F0(name)3.57 E F1 6.07(.T)C(he) --6.07 E F23.57 E F1(option)3.57 E .002 -(suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)144 120 R F2(command) -2.502 E F1 -.2(bu)2.502 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5.002 E F1 .002 -(returns true if all of the ar)2.502 F(gu-)-.18 E(ments are found, f)144 -132 Q(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F2(ulimit)108 -148.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255HS)A F1(])A F22.5 E(ulimit)108 160.8 Q -F1([)2.5 E F2(\255HS)A F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E -(T)-.4 E F1([)2.5 E F0(limit)A F1(]])A(Pro)144 172.8 Q .243 -(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243 -(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 -(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.944(that allo)144 184.8 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F -(The)5.944 E F23.444 E F1(and)3.444 E F23.444 E F1 .943 -(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 196.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 -(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 208.8 R .426 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F22.925 E -F1(nor)2.925 E F22.925 E F1 .425 -(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -220.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F0(limit)2.729 E F1 .139 -(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.742(of the special v)144 232.8 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F1(,)A F2 -(soft)3.241 E F1 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F1 3.241(,w) -C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 244.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F0(limit)2.613 E F1 .023 -(is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023 -(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985 -(source is printed, unless the)144 256.8 R F23.485 E F1 .984 -(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984 -(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7 -(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 268.8 -R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144 -280.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2144 292.8 Q F1 -(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 292.8 Q F2 -144 304.8 Q F1(The maximum sock)180 304.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer size)-.25 E F2144 316.8 Q F1 -(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 316.8 Q F2144 328.8 -Q F1(The maximum size of a process')180 328.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) --2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2144 340.8 Q F1 -(The maximum scheduling priority \()180 340.8 Q F2144 352.8 Q F1 -(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 -352.8 Q F2144 364.8 Q F1(The maximum number of pending signals)180 -364.8 Q F2144 376.8 Q F1 -(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 376.8 Q F2 -144 388.8 Q F1(The maximum size that may be lock)180 388.8 Q -(ed into memory)-.1 E F2144 400.8 Q F1 -(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 400.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2144 412.8 Q F1 .791(Th\ -e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -180 412.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 424.8 Q F2144 436.8 Q F1 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 436.8 Q F2 -144 448.8 Q F1 -(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 448.8 Q F2 -144 460.8 Q F1(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 460.8 -Q F2144 472.8 Q F1(The maximum stack size)180 472.8 Q F2144 -484.8 Q F1(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 484.8 Q F2 -144 496.8 Q F1(The maximum number of processes a)180 496.8 Q -.25 -(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F2144 508.8 Q F1 .47 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 508.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 -(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 -520.8 Q F2144 532.8 Q F1(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 -532.8 Q F2144 544.8 Q F1(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 -544.8 Q F2144 556.8 Q F1(The maximum time a real-time process can\ - run before blocking, in microseconds)180 556.8 Q F2144 568.8 Q F1 -(The maximum number of threads)180 568.8 Q(If)144 585.6 Q F0(limit)3.058 -E F1 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F2 -2.968 E F1 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F0(limit)2.968 E F1 .468 -(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 -(no option is gi)144 597.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F2 -2.544 E F1 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F2 -2.545 E F1 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144 -609.6 R F23.17 E F1 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F -F23.17 E F1 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;) --3.17 F F23.17 E F1(,)A F23.17 E F1(,)A F23.17 E F1(,) -A F2144 621.6 Q F1(,)A F23.736 E F1 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E -F23.736 E F1 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236 -(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F23.736 E F1(and)3.736 E -F23.736 E F1 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F .239 -(512-byte increments.)144 633.6 R .238 -(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238 -(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F -(error occurs while setting a ne)144 645.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E -F2(umask)108 662.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 -2.5(][)C F0(mode)-2.5 E F1(])A .18 -(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 674.4 R F0(mode)3.06 E F1 -5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F0(mode)3.06 E F1(be)2.86 E .18 -(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ -therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 686.4 R F0 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F1(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -698.4 Q F0(mode)3.262 E F1 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 -(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F22.882 E F1 .382 -(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 710.4 R .547 -(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G -(he)-3.047 E F23.047 E F1 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F0 -(mode)144.38 722.4 Q F1 .551 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 -F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E +(Otherwise, the e)180 84 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 +96 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .429(The follo)180 108 R .429 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .43 +(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .43(gument is)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!) +2.93 E F1 2.93(,t)C .43(he re-)-2.93 F 1.315(sult is the ne)180 120 R +-.05(ga)-.15 G 1.314(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F +1.314(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.901 +(ments. If)180 132 R .401(the \214rst ar)2.901 F .401(gument is e)-.18 F +(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()2.901 E F1 .401(and the fourth ar)2.901 F .401 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.901 E F1 2.902(,t)C .402 +(he result is)-2.902 F 1.236(the tw)180 144 R(o-ar)-.1 E 1.236 +(gument test of the second and third ar)-.18 F 3.736 +(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.235(the e)3.736 F 1.235(xpression is)-.15 +F(parsed and e)180 156 Q -.25(va)-.25 G +(luated according to precedence using the rules listed abo).25 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 168 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments) +-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 180 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed) +.25 F(abo)180 192 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E .163 +(When the shell is in posix mode, or if the e)144 208.8 R .163 +(xpression is part of the)-.15 F F2([[)2.663 E F1 .163(command, the) +2.663 F F2(<)2.663 E F1(and)2.662 E F2(>)2.662 E F1(opera-)2.662 E .669 +(tors sort using the current locale.)144 220.8 R .669 +(If the shell is not in posix mode, the)5.669 F F2(test)3.169 E F1(and) +3.169 E F2([)3.169 E F1 .669(commands sort)3.169 F(le)144 232.8 Q +(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E .007 +(The historical operator)144 249.6 R .006 +(-precedence parsing with 4 or more ar)-.2 F .006 +(guments can lead to ambiguities when)-.18 F .632 +(it encounters strings that look lik)144 261.6 R 3.132(ep)-.1 G 3.132 +(rimaries. The)-3.132 F .632(POSIX standard has deprecated the)3.132 F +F23.132 E F1(and)3.132 E F23.132 E F1 .886 +(primaries and enclosing e)144 273.6 R .886 +(xpressions within parentheses.)-.15 F .886 +(Scripts should no longer use them.)5.886 F(It')5.885 E(s)-.55 E .066 +(much more reliable to restrict test in)144 285.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .066 +(cations to a single primary).2 F 2.566(,a)-.65 G .066 +(nd to replace uses of)-2.566 F F22.566 E F1(and)2.567 E F2 +2.567 E F1(with the shell')144 297.6 Q(s)-.55 E F2(&&)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E +F2(||)2.5 E F1(list operators.)2.5 E F2(times)108 314.4 Q F1 1.229(Prin\ +t the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes\ + run from the shell.)144 314.4 R(The return status is 0.)144 326.4 Q F2 +(trap)108 343.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lpP)A F1 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F0 +(action)A F1(])A F0(sigspec)2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(The)144 +355.2 Q F0(action)4.331 E F1 1.501(is a command that is read and e)4.241 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.501(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +4.001(sa).15 G 1.802 -.15(ny o)-4.001 H 4.002(ft).15 G 1.502(he signals) +-4.002 F F0(sigspec)144.34 367.2 Q F1 5.709(.I).31 G(f)-5.709 E F0 +(action)3.539 E F1 .709(is absent \(and there is a single)3.449 F F0 +(sigspec)3.209 E F1 3.209(\)o)C(r)-3.209 E F23.209 E F1 3.209(,e)C +.709(ach speci\214ed)-3.209 F F0(sigspec)3.209 E F1 .708(is reset to) +3.209 F .292(the v)144 379.2 R .292(alue it had when the shell w)-.25 F +.292(as started.)-.1 F(If)5.292 E F0(action)3.122 E F1 .292 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.032 F F0(sigspec) +144.34 391.2 Q F1(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)2.81 +E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 408 R .165 +(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(trap)2.665 E F1 .165 +(displays the actions associated with each trapped signal as a set)2.665 +F(of)144 420 Q F2(trap)2.569 E F1 .069(commands that can be reused as s\ +hell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.569 F(If)5.07 E +F22.57 E F1 .474(is gi)144 432 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .474(n, and).15 F +F0(action)3.303 E F1 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F2(trap)2.973 E +F1 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F0(sigspec) +3.313 E F1(or)3.283 E(,)-.4 E .363 +(if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 444 R F2 +(trap)2.864 E F1 .364(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F .207 +(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 456 R(The)5.207 E +F22.707 E F1 .207(option beha)2.707 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.707(ss).15 G +(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .207(ut displays only)-2.907 F 1.552 +(the actions associated with each)144 468 R F0(sigspec)4.052 E F1(ar) +4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F26.552 E F1 1.553(requires at least one) +4.052 F F0(sigspec)4.053 E F1(ar)4.053 E(gument.)-.18 E(The)144 480 Q F2 +2.78 E F1(or)2.78 E F22.78 E F1 .279 +(options may be used in a subshell en)2.78 F .279 +(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\) and, as)-.4 F .238 +(long as the)144 492 R 2.738(ya)-.15 G .238(re used before)-2.738 F F2 +(trap)2.738 E F1 .238(is used to change a signal')2.738 F 2.739(sh)-.55 +G .239(andling, will display the state of its)-2.739 F(parent')144 504 Q +2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144 520.8 Q F22.516 E F1 .016 +(option prints a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers.) +2.516 F(Each)5.015 E F0(sigspec)2.855 E F1 .015(is either)2.825 F 2.614 +(as)144 532.8 S .114(ignal name de\214ned in <)-2.614 F F0(signal.h)A F1 +.114(>, or a signal number)B 5.114(.S)-.55 G .115 +(ignal names are case insensiti)-5.114 F .415 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .115 +(nd the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)144 544.8 Q F1 .783 +(pre\214x is optional.)3.033 F(If)5.783 E F23.283 E F1 .782 +(is supplied with no)3.283 F F0(sigspec)3.282 E F1(ar)3.282 E .782 +(guments, it prints a list of v)-.18 F .782(alid signal)-.25 F(names.) +144 556.8 Q .016(If a)144 573.6 R F0(sigspec)2.856 E F1(is)2.826 E F3 +(EXIT)2.516 E F1(\(0\),)2.266 E F0(action)2.846 E F1 .016(is e)2.756 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .016(cuted on e).15 F .017(xit from the shell.)-.15 F +.017(If a)5.017 F F0(sigspec)2.857 E F1(is)2.827 E F3(DEB)2.517 E(UG) +-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(action)2.597 E F1(is)2.757 E -.15 +(exe)144 585.6 S .798(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F0 +.798(simple command)3.298 F F1(,)A F0(for)3.298 E F1(command,)3.298 E F0 +(case)3.297 E F1(command,)3.297 E F0(select)3.297 E F1 .797 +(command, \(\( arith-)3.297 F .573 +(metic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic)144 597.6 R F0(for) +3.073 E F1 .574(command, and before the \214rst command)3.073 F -.15 +(exe)144 609.6 S .698(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .698 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.198 F F1(in)2.948 E F0(bash)3.198 E F1 3.198 +(\(1\)\). Refer)B .698(to the description of the)3.198 F F2(extdeb)144 +621.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 1.286(shell option \(see)3.786 F F2(shopt)3.786 E F1 +(in)3.786 E F0(bash)3.786 E F1 1.286(\(1\)\) for details of its ef)B +1.287(fect on the)-.25 F F2(DEB)3.787 E(UG)-.1 E F1 3.787(trap. If)3.787 +F(a)3.787 E F0(sigspec)144.34 633.6 Q F1(is)2.974 E F3(RETURN)2.664 E F4 +(,)A F0(action)2.744 E F1 .164(is e)2.904 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .163 +(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.163(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.663 E F1(or)2.663 E F2(sour)144 645.6 Q +(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting.).15 E .348(If a)144 662.4 R F0(sigspec)3.188 E F1(is)3.159 E F3 +(ERR)2.849 E F4(,)A F0(action)2.929 E F1 .349(is e)3.089 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .349(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.849(rap).15 G .349 +(ipeline \(which may consist of a single simple)-2.849 F .165 +(command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255zero e)144 +674.4 R .164(xit status, subject to the follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E 2.576 +(conditions. The)144 686.4 R F3(ERR)2.576 E F1 .076(trap is not e)2.326 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .076(cuted if the f).15 F .077 +(ailed command is part of the command list imme-)-.1 F .507 +(diately follo)144 698.4 R .507(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)3.006 E F1(or) +3.006 E F2(until)3.006 E F1 -.1(ke)3.006 G(yw)-.05 E .506 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F0(if)3.016 E F1 .506 +(statement, part of a command)4.966 F -.15(exe)144 710.4 S .806 +(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)3.306 E F1(or)3.307 E F2(||)3.307 E F1 .807 +(list e)3.307 F .807(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .807 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)3.307 E F1(or)3.307 E F2(||)3.307 E F1 +3.307(,a)C 1.107 -.15(ny c)-3.307 H .807(ommand in a).15 F .759 +(pipeline b)144 722.4 R .758(ut the last \(subject to the state of the) +-.2 F F2(pipefail)3.258 E F1 .758(shell option\), or if the command') +3.258 F 3.258(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.258 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q (2023 January 27)141.79 E(25)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 26 26 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -3286,342 +3207,534 @@ BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E -(mode w)144 84 Q(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F0(mode)2.5 E F1 -(ar)2.5 E(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E -/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unalias)108 100.8 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F1 2.5 -(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Remo)144 112.8 Q -1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F0(name)3.258 E F1 .758 -(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 F(If)5.758 E F23.258 E -F1 .757(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-)3.258 F(mo)144 -124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E -(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 141.6 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2 -(fv)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666 -(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.15(Fo)144 153.6 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F0 -(name)4.163 E F1 3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H -1.303(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303 -(If the)6.303 F F23.804 E F1 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F0(name)144.36 165.6 Q F1 .465 -(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 -(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 177.6 R F2 -2.768 E F1 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.768 F F0(name)3.129 E F1 -.269(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo) -2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144 189.6 R F22.904 E -F1 .404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F0(name)2.904 E F1 .404(is a v) -2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F0(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F1 -(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F0(name)2.904 E F1 .403(will be unset)2.904 F -.719(rather than the v)144 201.6 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F2 -5.719 E F1 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F2 -3.22 E F1 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737 -(are supplied, each)144 213.6 R F0(name)3.237 E F1 .737(refers to a v) -3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736 -(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.761(that name, if an)144 -225.6 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.261 F -1.761(unset v)4.261 F 1.761(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 4.262(df).15 G 1.762(rom the en)-4.262 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.172 -(passed to subsequent commands.)144 237.6 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672 -(yo)-.15 G(f)-5.672 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.672 G(SH_ALIASES) -.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A -F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 249.6 S -(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.481 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3 --.27(BA)11.482 G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W)11.482 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E -F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.482 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL) -144 261.6 Q(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) -2.67 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)2.67 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)2.67 -E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)144 -273.6 Q F4(,)A F1(or)4.029 E F3(SRANDOM)4.279 E F1 1.779(are unset, the) -4.029 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.28(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.28 E 4.28(ya)-.15 G -1.78(re subse-)-4.28 F(quently reset.)144 285.6 Q(The e)5 E -(xit status is true unless a)-.15 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 -(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F2(wait)108 302.4 Q F1([)2.5 E -F2(\255fn)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0 -(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(Wa)144 314.4 S .659(it for\ - each speci\214ed child process and return its termination status.).8 F -(Each)5.659 E F0(id)3.169 E F1 .658(may be a process)3.928 F .008 -(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 326.4 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .009(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.509(sp)-.55 G .009 -(ipeline are w)-2.509 F .009(aited for)-.1 F 5.009(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.009 E -F0(id)144.01 338.4 Q F1 .442(is not gi)3.712 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E -F2(wait)2.942 E F1 -.1(wa)2.942 G .441 -(its for all running background jobs and the last-e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.441(cuted process substitu-).15 F .597 -(tion, if its process id is the same as)144 350.4 R F2($!)3.098 E F1 -3.098(,a)C .598(nd the return status is zero.)-3.098 F .598(If the)5.598 -F F23.098 E F1 .598(option is supplied,)3.098 F F2(wait)144 362.4 -Q F1 -.1(wa)3.083 G .583(its for a single job from the list of).1 F F0 -(id)3.083 E F1 3.083(so)C 1.383 -.4(r, i)-3.083 H 3.083(fn).4 G(o)-3.083 -E F0(id)3.083 E F1 3.083(sa)C .583(re supplied, an)-3.083 F 3.083(yj) --.15 G .582(ob, to complete and)-3.083 F .403(returns its e)144 374.4 R -.403(xit status.)-.15 F .403(If none of the supplied ar)5.403 F .403 -(guments is a child of the shell, or if no ar)-.18 F(guments)-.18 E .573 -(are supplied and the shell has no unw)144 386.4 R .573 -(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .573(xit status is 127.)-.15 F .572 -(If the)5.573 F F23.072 E F1 .572(option is)3.072 F .39 -(supplied, the process or job identi\214er of the job for which the e) -144 398.4 R .39(xit status is returned is assigned to)-.15 F .905(the v) -144 410.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F0(varname)3.405 E F1 .905 -(named by the option ar)3.405 F 3.405(gument. The)-.18 F -.25(va)3.405 G -.905(riable will be unset initially).25 F 3.405(,b)-.65 G(efore)-3.405 E -(an)144 422.4 Q 3.89(ya)-.15 G 3.89(ssignment. This)-3.89 F 1.39 -(is useful only when the)3.89 F F23.89 E F1 1.39 -(option is supplied.)3.89 F 1.39(Supplying the)6.39 F F23.89 E F1 -(option,)3.89 E .575(when job control is enabled, forces)144 434.4 R F2 -(wait)3.075 E F1 .575(to w)3.075 F .575(ait for)-.1 F F0(id)3.075 E F1 -.574(to terminate before returning its status, in-)3.075 F .635 -(stead of returning when it changes status.)144 446.4 R(If)5.635 E F0 -(id)3.145 E F1 .635(speci\214es a non-e)3.905 F .635 -(xistent process or job, the return)-.15 F .802(status is 127.)144 458.4 -R(If)5.801 E F2(wait)3.301 E F1 .801(is interrupted by a signal, the re\ -turn status will be greater than 128, as de-)3.301 F 1.758 -(scribed under)144 470.4 R F2(SIGN)4.258 E(ALS)-.2 E F1(in)4.258 E F0 -(bash)4.258 E F1 4.258(\(1\). Otherwise,)B 1.759 -(the return status is the e)4.259 F 1.759(xit status of the last)-.15 F -(process or job w)144 482.4 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL COMP)72 499.2 Q -1.04(AT)-.81 G(IBILITY MODE)1.04 -E F1 1.355(Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a)108 511.2 R F0 1.355 -(shell compatibility le)3.855 F(vel)-.15 E F1 3.855(,s)C 1.354 -(peci\214ed as a set of options to the shopt)-3.855 F -.2(bu)108 523.2 S -.621(iltin \().2 F F2(compat31)A F1(,)A F2(compat32)3.121 E F1(,)A F2 -(compat40)3.121 E F1(,)A F2(compat41)3.121 E F1 3.121(,a)C .621 -(nd so on\).)-3.121 F .622(There is only one current compatibility)5.622 -F(le)108 535.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.058<6c8a>.15 G .557 -(each option is mutually e)-.001 F(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.557 -(.T).15 G .557(he compatibility le)-5.557 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.057(li).15 -G 3.057(si)-3.057 G .557(ntended to allo)-3.057 F 3.057(wu)-.25 G .557 -(sers to select be-)-3.057 F(ha)108 547.2 Q 1.083(vior from pre)-.2 F -1.083(vious v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions that is incompatible with ne)-.15 F -1.083(wer v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions while the)-.15 F 3.584(ym)-.15 G 1.084 -(igrate scripts to use)-3.584 F(current features and beha)108 559.2 Q -(vior)-.2 E 2.5(.I)-.55 G(t')-2.5 E 2.5(si)-.55 G -(ntended to be a temporary solution.)-2.5 E 1.457 -(This section does not mention beha)108 576 R 1.457 -(vior that is standard for a particular v)-.2 F 1.456 -(ersion \(e.g., setting)-.15 F F2(compat32)3.956 E F1 .886 -(means that quoting the rhs of the re)108 588 R(ge)-.15 E .886 -(xp matching operator quotes special re)-.15 F(ge)-.15 E .887 -(xp characters in the w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E(which is def)108 600 Q -(ault beha)-.1 E(vior in bash-3.2 and subsequent v)-.2 E(ersions\).)-.15 -E .523(If a user enables, say)108 616.8 R(,)-.65 E F2(compat32)3.023 E -F1 3.023(,i)C 3.023(tm)-3.023 G .523(ay af)-3.023 F .523(fect the beha) --.25 F .523(vior of other compatibility le)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .522 -(ls up to and includ-).15 F .259(ing the current compatibility le)108 -628.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.759(l. The).15 F .259 -(idea is that each compatibility le)2.759 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.76(lc).15 G -.26(ontrols beha)-2.76 F .26(vior that changed)-.2 F 1.646(in that v)108 -640.8 R 1.646(ersion of)-.15 F F2(bash)4.146 E F1 4.146(,b)C 1.646 -(ut that beha)-4.346 F 1.646(vior may ha)-.2 F 1.946 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -1.646(een present in earlier v).15 F 4.146(ersions. F)-.15 F 1.645 -(or instance, the)-.15 F .76 -(change to use locale-based comparisons with the)108 652.8 R F2([[)3.261 -E F1 .761(command came in bash-4.1, and earlier v)3.261 F .761 -(ersions used)-.15 F 1.905(ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling)108 -664.8 R F2(compat32)4.405 E F1 1.904 -(will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well.)4.405 F(That)6.904 E .295 -(granularity may not be suf)108 676.8 R .296 -(\214cient for all uses, and as a result users should emplo)-.25 F 2.796 -(yc)-.1 G .296(ompatibility le)-2.796 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .296(ls care-).15 -F(fully)108 688.8 Q 5(.R)-.65 G(ead the documentation for a particular \ -feature to \214nd out the current beha)-5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .532 -(Bash-4.3 introduced a ne)108 705.6 R 3.032(ws)-.25 G .531(hell v)-3.032 -F(ariable:)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.031 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F4 -(.).855 E F1 .531(The v)5.031 F .531(alue assigned to this v)-.25 F .531 -(ariable \(a decimal)-.25 F -.15(ve)108 717.6 S .107(rsion number lik) -.15 F 2.607(e4)-.1 G .107(.2, or an inte)-2.607 F .107 -(ger corresponding to the)-.15 F F2(compat)2.608 E F0(NN)A F1 .108 -(option, lik)2.608 F 2.608(e4)-.1 G .108(2\) determines the com-)-2.608 -F(patibility le)108 729.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 -Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(26)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E -.25 +(va)144 84 S(lue is being in).25 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted using).15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.5 E F1 5(.T)C(hese are the same conditions obe)-5 E +(yed by the)-.15 E F2(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F1(\()2.5 E F2A F1 2.5 +(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E .069(When the shell is not interacti)144 100.8 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.569(,s).15 G .07 +(ignals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.) +-2.569 F(Interacti)144 112.8 Q .952 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .652 +(hells permit trapping signals ignored on entry).15 F 5.651(.T)-.65 G +.651(rapped signals that are not being ig-)-6.001 F .576 +(nored are reset to their original v)144 124.8 R .576 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .577 +(vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 136.8 Q +(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F0(sigspec)2.84 E F1(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 +G(lid; otherwise).25 E F2(trap)2.5 E F1(returns true.)2.5 E F2(true)108 +153.6 Q F1(Does nothing, returns a 0 status.)144 153.6 Q F2(type)108 +170.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F1(])A F0(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 +(name)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Indicate ho)144 182.4 Q 2.5(we) +-.25 G(ach)-2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 -.1(wo)2.68 G +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 E .801(If the)144 +199.2 R F23.301 E F1 .801(option is used,)3.301 F F2(type)3.301 E +F1 .801(prints a string which is one of)3.301 F F0(alias)3.63 E F1(,).27 +E F0 -.1(ke)3.3 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F1(,).77 E F0(function)5.27 E F1 +(,).24 E F0 -.2(bu)3.3 G(iltin).2 E F1 3.3(,o).24 G(r)-3.3 E F0(\214le) +145.91 211.2 Q F1(if)3.622 E F0(name)3.802 E F1 .942 +(is an alias, shell reserv)3.622 F .942(ed w)-.15 F .942 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .942(uiltin, or e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .942 +(cutable \214le, respecti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.942(.I)-.65 G +(f)-5.942 E(the)144 223.2 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1(is not found,)2.68 E F2 +(type)2.5 E F1(prints nothing and returns a non-zero e)2.5 E +(xit status.)-.15 E 1.483(If the)144 240 R F23.983 E F1 1.483 +(option is used,)3.983 F F2(type)3.983 E F1 1.482 +(either returns the pathname of the e)3.982 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.482 +(cutable \214le that w).15 F 1.482(ould be)-.1 F .543 +(found by searching)144 252 R F2($P)3.043 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 +(for)3.043 E F0(name)3.403 E F1 .543(or nothing if w)3.223 F .544 +(ould not return)-.1 F F0(\214le)4.954 E F1 5.544(.T).18 G(he)-5.544 E +F23.044 E F1 .544(option forces a)3.044 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +-.666(PA)144 264 S(TH)-.189 E F1 .038(search for each)2.288 F F0(name) +2.538 E F1 2.538(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.788 G 2.538(ni).15 G 2.538(fw)-2.538 G +.038(ould not return)-2.638 F F0(\214le)4.448 E F1 5.038(.I).18 G(f) +-5.038 E F0(name)2.538 E F1 .038(is present in the table of hashed)2.538 +F(commands,)144 276 Q F22.804 E F1(and)2.804 E F22.804 E F1 +.304(print the hashed v)2.804 F .304 +(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 +F F3 -.666(PA)144 288 S(TH)-.189 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .653 +(If the)144 304.8 R F23.153 E F1 .653(option is used,)3.153 F F2 +(type)3.153 E F1 .653 +(prints all of the places that contain a command named)3.153 F F0(name) +3.512 E F1 5.652(.T).18 G(his)-5.652 E .735(includes aliases, reserv)144 +316.8 R .735(ed w)-.15 F .736(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F .736 +(uiltins, b)-.2 F .736(ut the path search options \()-.2 F F2A F1 +(and)3.236 E F23.236 E F1(\))A .292 +(can be supplied to restrict the output to e)144 328.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.292(cutable \214les.).15 F F2(type)5.292 E F1 .291 +(does not consult the table of hashed)2.792 F(commands when using)144 +340.8 Q F22.5 E F1(with)2.5 E F22.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C +(nd only performs a)-2.5 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F1(search for) +2.25 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(.)A(The)144 357.6 Q F22.757 E F1 .257 +(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)2.757 F F2 +(command)2.757 E F1 -.2(bu)2.758 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5.258 E F1 .258 +(returns true if)2.758 F(all of the ar)144 369.6 Q(guments are found, f) +-.18 E(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F2(ulimit)108 +386.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255HS)A F1(])A F22.5 E(ulimit)108 398.4 Q +F1([)2.5 E F2(\255HS)A F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E +(T)-.4 E F1([)2.5 E F0(limit)A F1(]])A(Pro)144 410.4 Q .279 +(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.778(rt).15 G .278 +(he resources a)-2.778 F -.25(va)-.2 G .278 +(ilable to the shell and to processes it starts, on systems that).25 F +(allo)144 422.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(uch control.)-2.5 E(The)144 439.2 Q F2 +2.693 E F1(and)2.693 E F22.693 E F1 .193 +(options specify whether the hard or soft limit is set for the gi)2.693 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.694(nr).15 G 2.694(esource. A)-2.694 F(hard)2.694 E +.497(limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a sof\ +t limit may be increased up to the)144 451.2 R -.25(va)144 463.2 S +(lue of the hard limit.).25 E(If neither)5 E F22.5 E F1(nor)2.5 E +F22.5 E F1(is speci\214ed,)2.5 E F2(ulimit)2.5 E F1 +(sets both the soft and hard limits.)2.5 E .402(The v)144 480 R .402 +(alue of)-.25 F F0(limit)2.992 E F1 .402(can be a number in the unit sp\ +eci\214ed for the resource or one of the special v)3.582 F(al-)-.25 E +(ues)144 492 Q F2(hard)3.019 E F1(,)A F2(soft)3.019 E F1 3.019(,o)C(r) +-3.019 E F2(unlimited)3.019 E F1 3.018(,w)C .518 +(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no) +-3.018 F 1.055(limit, respecti)144 504 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.055 +(.I)-.65 G(f)-6.055 E F0(limit)3.645 E F1 1.055(is omitted,)4.235 F F2 +(ulimit)3.555 E F1 1.055(prints the current v)3.555 F 1.056 +(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .637(source, unless the)144 +516 R F23.137 E F1 .637(option is gi)3.137 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.137 +(n. When).15 F .637 +(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the limit name)3.137 F +(and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 528 Q 2.5 +(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2 +144 540 Q F1(Report all current limits; no limits are set.)180 540 +Q F2144 552 Q F1(The maximum sock)180 552 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size.)-.25 E F2144 564 Q F1 +(The maximum size of core \214les created.)180 564 Q F2144 576 Q +F1(The maximum size of a process')180 576 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E +(gment.)-.15 E F2144 588 Q F1(The maximum scheduling priority \() +180 588 Q F2144 600 Q F1 +(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children.)180 +600 Q F2144 612 Q F1(The maximum number of pending signals.)180 +612 Q F2144 624 Q F1 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.)180 624 Q F2 +144 636 Q F1(The maximum size that may be lock)180 636 Q(ed into memory) +-.1 E(.)-.65 E F2144 648 Q F1(The maximum resident set size \(man) +180 648 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ystems do not honor this limit\).)-2.5 E F2 +144 660 Q F1 .791(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \ +\(most systems do not allo)180 660 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F +.791(alue to)-.25 F(be set\).)180 672 Q F2144 684 Q F1 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\).)180 684 Q F2 +144 696 Q F1(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.) +180 696 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(26)190.95 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E .387 -(Starting with bash-4.4,)108 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.887 E F1 -.387(has be)2.887 F .387(gun deprecating older compatibility le)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.887(ls. Ev).15 F(entually)-.15 E 2.887(,t)-.65 G .387 -(he options will)-2.887 F(be remo)108 96 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(di).15 G -2.5(nf)-2.5 G -.2(avo)-2.6 G 2.5(ro).2 G(f)-2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF --.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -.855 E F1 .647(Bash-5.0 w)108 112.8 R .647(as the \214nal v)-.1 F .647 -(ersion for which there will be an indi)-.15 F .647 -(vidual shopt option for the pre)-.25 F .648(vious v)-.25 F(ersion.)-.15 -E(Users should control the compatibility le)108 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(lw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G -F4(.).855 E F1 1.614(The follo)108 141.6 R 1.613 -(wing table describes the beha)-.25 F 1.613 -(vior changes controlled by each compatibility le)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -4.113(ls).15 G 4.113(etting. The)-4.113 F F2(compat)108 153.6 Q F0(NN)A -F1 1.186(tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility le)3.685 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.686(lt).15 G(o)-3.686 E F0(NN)3.686 E F1 1.186 -(using one of the follo)3.686 F(wing)-.25 E 3.807(mechanisms. F)108 -165.6 R 1.307(or v)-.15 F 1.307 -(ersions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.806(lm).15 G 1.306(ay be set using the corresponding)-3.806 F F2 -(compat)108 177.6 Q F0(NN)A F1 .502(shopt option.)3.002 F -.15(Fo)5.502 -G 3.002(rb).15 G .502(ash-4.3 and later v)-3.002 F .502(ersions, the) --.15 F F3 -.27(BA)3.002 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 -.25(va) -3.607 G .502(riable is preferred, and it).25 F -(is required for bash-5.1 and later v)108 189.6 Q(ersions.)-.15 E F2 -(compat31)108 206.4 Q F1<83>144 218.4 Q(quoting the rhs of the)180 218.4 -Q F2([[)2.5 E F1(command')2.5 E 2.5(sr)-.55 G -.15(eg)-2.5 G -.15(ex).15 -G 2.5(pm).15 G(atching operator \(=\) has no special ef)-2.5 E(fect)-.25 -E F2(compat32)108 235.2 Q F1<83>144 247.2 Q(the)180 247.2 Q F2(<)2.674 E -F1(and)2.674 E F2(>)2.673 E F1 .173(operators to the)2.673 F F2([[)2.673 -E F1 .173(command do not consider the current locale when compar)2.673 F -(-)-.2 E(ing strings; the)180 259.2 Q 2.5(yu)-.15 G(se ASCII ordering.) --2.5 E F2(compat40)108 276 Q F1<83>144 288 Q(the)180 288 Q F2(<)2.673 E -F1(and)2.673 E F2(>)2.673 E F1 .173(operators to the)2.673 F F2([[)2.673 -E F1 .173(command do not consider the current locale when compar)2.673 F -(-)-.2 E .923(ing strings; the)180 300 R 3.423(yu)-.15 G .923 -(se ASCII ordering.)-3.423 F F2(Bash)5.922 E F1 -.15(ve)3.422 G .922 -(rsions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII colla-).15 F .366(tion and)180 312 R -F0(str)3.207 E(cmp)-.37 E F1 .367 -(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 2.867(sc)-.55 G -.367(ollation sequence and)-2.867 F F0(str)3.207 E(-)-.2 E(coll)180 324 -Q F1(\(3\).).51 E F2(compat41)108 340.8 Q F1<83>144 352.8 Q(in)180 352.8 -Q F0(posix)3.79 E F1(mode,)3.79 E F2(time)3.79 E F1 1.29(may be follo) -3.79 F 1.29(wed by options and still be recognized as a reserv)-.25 F -(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)180 364.8 S(rd \(this is POSIX interpretation 267\)).1 -E<83>144 376.8 Q(in)180 376.8 Q F0(posix)2.708 E F1 .208 -(mode, the parser requires that an e)2.708 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nn).15 -G .208(umber of single quotes occur in the)-2.708 F F0(wor)2.709 E(d) --.37 E F1 .282(portion of a double-quoted parameter e)180 388.8 R .282 -(xpansion and treats them specially)-.15 F 2.781(,s)-.65 G 2.781(ot) --2.781 G .281(hat charac-)-2.781 F(ters within the single quotes are co\ -nsidered quoted \(this is POSIX interpretation 221\))180 400.8 Q F2 -(compat42)108 417.6 Q F1<83>144 429.6 Q 1.055(the replacement string in\ - double-quoted pattern substitution does not under)180 429.6 R 1.056 -(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 441.6 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v) -.25 E(ersions after bash-4.2)-.15 E<83>144 453.6 Q .021 -(in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when e)180 453.6 R -.021(xpanding the)-.15 F F0(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F1 .02(portion of a)2.52 -F .017(double-quoted parameter e)180 465.6 R .017 -(xpansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other spe-)-.15 F -.999(cial character \(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221\); in la\ -ter v)180 477.6 R .998(ersions, single quotes)-.15 F -(are not special within double-quoted w)180 489.6 Q(ord e)-.1 E -(xpansions)-.15 E F2(compat43)108 506.4 Q F1<83>144 518.4 Q 1.07 -(the shell does not print a w)180 518.4 R 1.071 -(arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .81 -(pound assignment as an ar)180 530.4 R .81 -(gument to declare \(e.g., declare \255a foo=\(1 2\)\). Later v)-.18 F -(ersions)-.15 E -.1(wa)180 542.4 S(rn that this usage is deprecated).1 E -<83>144 554.4 Q -.1(wo)180 554.4 S .5(rd e).1 F .501 -(xpansion errors are considered non-f)-.15 F .501 -(atal errors that cause the current command to)-.1 F -.1(fa)180 566.4 S -.605(il, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.105(ni).15 G 3.105(np)-3.105 G .605 -(osix mode \(the def)-3.105 F .605(ault beha)-.1 F .605(vior is to mak) --.2 F 3.105(et)-.1 G .605(hem f)-3.105 F .605 -(atal errors that cause the)-.1 F(shell to e)180 578.4 Q(xit\))-.15 E -<83>144 590.4 Q .354(when e)180 590.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .354 -(cuting a shell function, the loop state \(while/until/etc.\)).15 F .355 -(is not reset, so)5.354 F F2(br)2.855 E(eak)-.18 E F1(or)2.855 E F2 -(continue)180 602.4 Q F1 .052 -(in that function will break or continue loops in the calling conte) -2.553 F .052(xt. Bash-4.4 and)-.15 F(later reset the loop state to pre) -180 614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this).15 E F2(compat44)108 631.2 Q F1<83> -144 643.2 Q .719(the shell sets up the v)180 643.2 R .719(alues used by) --.25 F F3 -.27(BA)3.219 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1(and)2.969 E F3 -.27(BA)3.219 -G(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 .719(so the)2.969 F 3.219(yc)-.15 G .719(an e)-3.219 -F(xpand)-.15 E(to the shell')180 655.2 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(ositional parameters e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fe)-2.5 G -(xtended deb)-2.65 E(ugging mode is not enabled)-.2 E<83>144 667.2 Q -2.635(as)180 667.2 S .135(ubshell inherits loops from its parent conte) --2.635 F .135(xt, so)-.15 F F2(br)2.635 E(eak)-.18 E F1(or)2.635 E F2 -(continue)2.634 E F1 .134(will cause the sub-)2.634 F(shell to e)180 -679.2 Q 2.5(xit. Bash-5.0)-.15 F(and later reset the loop state to pre) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt the e).15 E(xit)-.15 E<83>144 691.2 Q -.25(va) -180 691.2 S .618(riable assignments preceding b).25 F .618(uiltins lik) --.2 F(e)-.1 E F2(export)3.118 E F1(and)3.118 E F2 -.18(re)3.118 G -(adonly).18 E F1 .618(that set attrib)3.118 F .619(utes con-)-.2 F .12 -(tinue to af)180 703.2 R .12(fect v)-.25 F .119 -(ariables with the same name in the calling en)-.25 F .119(vironment e) --.4 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.619(ni).15 G 2.619(ft)-2.619 G .119(he shell is) --2.619 F(not in posix mode)180 715.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2023 January 27)141.79 E(27)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1 +(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 84 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 +96 Q F1(The maximum stack size.)180 96 Q F2144 108 Q F1 +(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.)180 108 Q F2144 120 Q +F1(The maximum number of processes a)180 120 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E(.)-.55 E F2144 132 Q F1 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 132 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children.)180 +144 Q F2144 156 Q F1(The maximum number of \214le locks.)180 156 Q +F2144 168 Q F1(The maximum number of pseudoterminals.)180 168 Q F2 +144 180 Q F1(The maximum time a real-time process can run before \ +blocking, in microseconds.)180 180 Q F2144 192 Q F1 +(The maximum number of threads.)180 192 Q(If)144 208.8 Q F0(limit)3.061 +E F1 .471(is supplied, and the)3.651 F F22.971 E F1 .471 +(option is not used,)2.971 F F0(limit)2.971 E F1 .471(is the ne)2.971 F +2.971(wv)-.25 G .471(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.221 F +(If no option is supplied, then)144 220.8 Q F22.5 E F1 +(is assumed.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)144 237.6 S .388 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .388(xcept for)-.15 F F2 +2.888 E F1 2.888(,w)C .388(hich is in seconds;)-2.888 F F2 +2.888 E F1 2.888(,w)C .388(hich is in microsec-)-2.888 F(onds;)144 249.6 +Q F23.286 E F1 3.286(,w)C .786 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-3.286 F F23.287 E F1(,)A F2 +3.287 E F1(,)A F23.287 E F1(,)A F23.287 E F1(,)A F2 +3.287 E F1 3.287(,a)C(nd)-3.287 E F23.287 E F1 3.287(,w)C +.787(hich are unscaled)-3.287 F -.25(va)144 261.6 S .498 +(lues; and, when in posix mode,).25 F F22.998 E F1(and)2.998 E F2 +2.998 E F1 2.998(,w)C .498(hich are in 512-byte increments.)-2.998 +F .498(The return status)5.498 F(is 0 unless an in)144 273.6 Q -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid option or ar).25 E +(gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a ne)-.18 E 2.5 +(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F2(umask)108 290.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5 +(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(mode)-2.5 E F1(])A .791 +(Set the user \214le-creation mask to)144 302.4 R F0(mode)3.671 E F1 +5.792(.I).18 G(f)-5.792 E F0(mode)3.672 E F1(be)3.472 E .792 +(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ +therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ +pted by)144 314.4 R F0 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F1(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +326.4 Q F0(mode)3.031 E F1 .151(is omitted,)2.831 F F2(umask)2.651 E F1 +.152(prints the current v)2.651 F .152(alue of the mask.)-.25 F(The) +5.152 E F22.652 E F1 .152(option without a)2.652 F F0(mode)2.652 E +F1(ar)2.652 E(-)-.2 E .394 +(gument prints the mask in a symbolic format; the def)144 338.4 R .394 +(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.394(.I)-.55 G 2.894(ft)-5.394 G +(he)-2.894 E F22.893 E F1(op-)2.893 E .329(tion is supplied, and) +144 350.4 R F0(mode)3.209 E F1 .329 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.009 +F .329(The re-)5.329 F .151(turn status is zero if the mode w)144 362.4 +R .151(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 F F0(mode)2.65 E F1(ar)2.65 +E .15(gument w)-.18 F .15(as supplied, and)-.1 F(non-zero otherwise.)144 +374.4 Q F2(unalias)108 391.2 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name) +-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Remo)144 403.2 Q .706 -.15(ve e) +-.15 H(ach).15 E F0(name)2.906 E F1 .406 +(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)2.906 F(If)5.406 E F22.906 E +F1 .406(is supplied, remo)2.906 F .707 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .407 +(ll alias de\214nitions.).15 F(The return v)144 415.2 Q +(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 432 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2 +(fv)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666 +(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.15(Fo)144 444 S 3.804(re).15 G(ach)-3.804 E F0 +(name)4.164 E F1 3.804(,r).18 G(emo)-3.804 E 1.604 -.15(ve t)-.15 H +1.304(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303 +(If the)6.303 F F23.803 E F1 1.303(option is gi)3.803 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.303(n, each).15 F F0(name)144.36 456 Q F1 .069 +(refers to a shell v)2.748 F .069(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .069 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.569(d. If).15 F F22.569 E +F1 .069(is speci\214ed, each)2.569 F F0(name)2.929 E F1 .069(refers to) +2.749 F 2.566(as)144 468 S .066 +(hell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)-2.566 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.566(d. If).15 F(the)2.566 E F22.565 E F1 .065 +(option is supplied, and)2.565 F F0(name)2.565 E F1 .065(is a)2.565 F +-.25(va)144 480 S .874(riable with the).25 F F0(namer)3.374 E(ef)-.37 E +F1(attrib)3.374 E(ute,)-.2 E F0(name)3.374 E F1 .875 +(will be unset rather than the v)3.375 F .875(ariable it references.) +-.25 F F25.875 E F1 1.217(has no ef)144 492 R 1.217(fect if the) +-.25 F F23.716 E F1 1.216(option is supplied.)3.716 F 1.216 +(Read-only v)6.216 F 1.216(ariables and functions may not be unset.)-.25 +F .713(When v)144 504 R .713(ariables or functions are remo)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G .713(d, the).15 F 3.214(ya)-.15 G .714(re also remo)-3.214 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(df).15 G .714(rom the en)-3.214 F .714 +(vironment passed to)-.4 F 1.004(subsequent commands.)144 516 R 1.003 +(If no options are supplied, each)6.004 F F0(name)3.503 E F1 1.003 +(refers to a v)3.503 F 1.003(ariable; if there is no)-.25 F -.25(va)144 +528 S .176(riable by that name, a function with that name, if an).25 F +1.477 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 2.677(su).65 G 2.677(nset. Some)-2.677 F .177 +(shell v)2.677 F .177(ariables may not be)-.25 F 2.805(unset. If)144 540 +R(an)2.805 E 2.804(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.804 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA) +2.804 G(SH_ALIASES).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.554 G +(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.554 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27 +(BA)2.554 G(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.554 G(SH_SUB-).27 E +(SHELL)144 552 Q F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.79 G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W) +2.79 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F4(,)A F3(DIRST)2.79 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E +F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL)2.79 E(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.79 E F4 +(,)A F3(FUNCN)144 564 Q(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.368 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4 +(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.368 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)4.368 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)4.368 +E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.368 E F4(,)A F1(or)4.368 E F3(SRANDOM)4.618 E F1 +2.117(are unset,)4.368 F(the)144 576 Q 2.741(yl)-.15 G .241 +(ose their special properties, e)-2.741 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.741(ni).15 G +2.741(ft)-2.741 G(he)-2.741 E 2.741(ya)-.15 G .241 +(re subsequently reset.)-2.741 F .241(The e)5.241 F .242 +(xit status is true unless)-.15 F(a)144 588 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1 +(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F2(wait)108 604.8 Q F1([)2.5 E +F2(\255fn)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0 +(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(Wa)144 616.8 S 1.009 +(it for each speci\214ed child process).8 F F0(id)3.508 E F1 1.008 +(and return the termination status of the last)3.508 F F0(id)3.508 E F1 +6.008(.E)C(ach)-6.008 E F0(id)3.508 E F1 .499(may be a process ID)144 +628.8 R F0(pid)2.999 E F1 .499(or a job speci\214cation)2.999 F F0 +(jobspec)2.999 E F1 3(;i)C 3(faj)-3 G .5(obspec is supplied,)-3 F F2 +(wait)3 E F1 -.1(wa)3 G .5(its for all).1 F(processes in the job)144 +640.8 Q(.)-.4 E .387(If no options or)144 657.6 R F0(id)2.887 E F1 2.886 +(sa)C .386(re supplied,)-2.886 F F2(wait)2.886 E F1 -.1(wa)2.886 G .386 +(its for all running background jobs and the last-e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted).15 E(process substitution, if its process id is the same as)144 +669.6 Q F2($!)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd the return status is zero.)-2.5 E .47 +(If the)144 686.4 R F22.97 E F1 .47(option is supplied,)2.97 F F2 +(wait)2.97 E F1 -.1(wa)2.97 G .47(its for an).1 F 2.97(yo)-.15 G .47 +(ne of the gi)-2.97 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F0(id)2.97 E F1 2.97(so)C +1.27 -.4(r, i)-2.97 H 2.97(fn).4 G(o)-2.97 E F0(id)2.97 E F1 2.97(sa)C +.47(re supplied, an)-2.97 F(y)-.15 E .482 +(job or process substitution, to complete and returns its e)144 698.4 R +.482(xit status.)-.15 F .481(If none of the supplied)5.482 F F0(id)2.981 +E F1 2.981(si)C 2.981(sa)-2.981 G .375(child of the shell, or if no)144 +710.4 R F0(id)2.876 E F1 2.876(sa)C .376 +(re supplied and the shell has no unw)-2.876 F .376 +(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .376(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus is 127.)144 +722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(27)190.95 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E /F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 91.21(\(1\) General).58 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E +F0 -.25(BA)93.71 G(SH_B).25 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS)-.2 E F1(\(1\)).58 E .347 +(If the)144 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.847 E F1 .347 +(option is supplied,)2.847 F F2(wait)2.847 E F1 .347 +(assigns the process or job identi\214er of the job for which the e) +2.847 F(xit)-.15 E .006(status is returned to the v)144 96 R(ariable) +-.25 E F0(varname)2.506 E F1 .006(named by the option ar)2.506 F 2.506 +(gument. The)-.18 F -.25(va)2.506 G .006(riable, which can-).25 F .225 +(not be readonly)144 108 R 2.725(,w)-.65 G .225(ill be unset initially) +-2.725 F 2.724(,b)-.65 G .224(efore an)-2.724 F 2.724(ya)-.15 G 2.724 +(ssignment. This)-2.724 F .224(is useful only when used with)2.724 F +(the)144 120 Q F22.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E .532(Supplying the)144 +136.8 R F23.033 E F1 .533 +(option, when job control is enabled, forces)3.033 F F2(wait)3.033 E F1 +.533(to w)3.033 F .533(ait for each)-.1 F F0(id)3.033 E F1 .533 +(to terminate)3.033 F(before returning its status, instead of returning\ + when it changes status.)144 148.8 Q .311(If none of the)144 165.6 R F0 +(id)2.811 E F1 2.811(ss)C .311(pecify one of the shell')-2.811 F 2.811 +(sa)-.55 G(cti)-2.811 E .611 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .311 +(hild processes, the return status is 127.).15 F(If)5.311 E F2(wait) +2.811 E F1 .153(is interrupted by a signal, an)144 177.6 R(y)-.15 E F0 +(varname)2.653 E F1 .153 +(will remain unset, and the return status will be greater than)2.653 F +.157(128, as described under)144 189.6 R F2(SIGN)2.657 E(ALS)-.2 E F1 +(in)2.656 E F0(bash)2.656 E F1 2.656(\(1\). 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S(rning of).45 E 2.5(fr)-.25 G(estricted mode with)-2.5 E +F3(set +r)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F3(shopt \255u r)2.5 E(estricted_shell)-.18 +E F1(.)A(These restrictions are enforced after an)108 429.6 Q 2.5(ys) +-.15 G(tartup \214les are read.)-2.5 E .429 +(When a command that is found to be a shell script is e)108 446.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E F3(rbash)2.929 E F1 .429(turns of)2.929 F 2.929 (fa)-.25 G .729 -.15(ny r)-2.929 H .429(estrictions in the shell).15 F -(spa)108 441.6 Q(wned to e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the script.).15 E -F2(SEE ALSO)72 458.4 Q F1(bash\(1\))108 470.4 Q 157.215(Bash-5.2 2021)72 +(spa)108 458.4 Q(wned to e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the script.).15 E +F2(SEE ALSO)72 475.2 Q F1(bash\(1\))108 487.2 Q 157.215(Bash-5.2 2021)72 768 R(No)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(1)190.545 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi index 1d666edd..1a0b9b13 100644 --- a/doc/version.texi +++ b/doc/version.texi @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ Copyright (C) 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @end ignore -@set LASTCHANGE Mon Oct 14 11:41:52 EDT 2024 +@set LASTCHANGE Tue Oct 15 16:54:10 EDT 2024 @set EDITION 5.3 @set VERSION 5.3 -@set UPDATED 14 October 2024 +@set UPDATED 15 October 2024 @set UPDATED-MONTH October 2024 diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/history.dvi b/lib/readline/doc/history.dvi index c559b42a6f8d5f2756fa93cca0a7e84233f95aaa..de82967176a9ad72be692642fc0d39a70ea116bb 100644 GIT binary patch delta 39 vcmca|n&rxAmI*4{=2nJ=Mi$)+3=E8uA2O - + +

-The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent -keystrokes. +The following paragraphs use Emacs style to +describe the notation used to represent keystrokes.

The text C-k is read as `Control-K' and describes the character @@ -110,17 +110,17 @@ is depressed. The text M-k is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the k -key is pressed (a meta character). -The Meta key is labeled ALT on many keyboards. +key is pressed (a meta character), then both are released. +The Meta key is labeled ALT or Option on many keyboards. On keyboards with two keys labeled ALT (usually to either side of the space bar), the ALT on the left side is generally set to work as a Meta key. -The ALT key on the right may also be configured to work as a -Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a +One of the ALT keys may also be configured +as some other modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters.

-On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with +On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with the eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the enable-meta-key variable to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. @@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ commands in an inputrc file, conventionally in their home directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the environment variable INPUTRC. If that variable is unset, the default is `~/.inputrc'. -If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for +If that file does not exist or cannot be read, Readline looks for `/etc/inputrc'.

@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS environment variable. If there is a color definition in LS_COLORS for the custom suffix -`readline-colored-completion-prefix', Readline uses this color for +`.readline-colored-completion-prefix', Readline uses this color for the common prefix instead of its default. The default is `off'.

@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ The default value is `off'. The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible completions that is displayed without modification. -When set to a value greater than zero, readline +When set to a value greater than zero, Readline replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.

@@ -1896,6 +1897,7 @@ Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the same character as the tty EOF character, as C-d commonly is, see above for the effects. +This may also be bound to the Delete key on some keyboards.

@@ -2486,7 +2488,7 @@ This command is unbound by default.

execute-named-command (M-x)
-Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the +Read a bindable Readline command name from the input and execute the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that @@ -2649,8 +2651,8 @@ Since it's possible to enter characters into the line while quoting them to disable any Readline editing function they might normally have, this line may include embedded newlines and other special characters. If prompt is NULL or the empty string, -readline does not display a prompt. -The line readline returns is allocated with malloc(); +readline() does not display a prompt. +The line readline() returns is allocated with malloc(); the caller should free() the line when it has finished with it. The declaration for readline in ANSI C is

@@ -2666,9 +2668,9 @@ text remains. This means that lines consisting of a newline return the empty string.

-If readline encounters an EOF while reading the line, +If Readline encounters an EOF while reading the line, and the line is empty at that point, -then readline returns (char *)NULL. +then readline() returns (char *)NULL. Otherwise, the line is ended just as if a newline had been typed.

@@ -3201,7 +3203,7 @@ twice in succession, for example.

Variable: rl_hook_func_t * rl_startup_hook
If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call just -before readline prints the first prompt. +before Readline prints the first prompt.

@@ -3209,7 +3211,7 @@ before readline prints the first prompt.

Variable: rl_hook_func_t * rl_pre_input_hook
If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call after -the first prompt has been printed and just before readline +the first prompt has been printed and just before Readline starts reading input characters.

@@ -3415,7 +3417,7 @@ macro.

RL_STATE_COMPLETING
Readline is performing word completion.
RL_STATE_SIGHANDLER -
Readline is currently executing the readline signal handler. +
Readline is currently executing the Readline signal handler.
RL_STATE_UNDOING
Readline is performing an undo.
RL_STATE_INPUTPENDING @@ -8127,7 +8129,7 @@ to permit their use in free software. [ ? ]

About this document

-This document was generated by Chet Ramey on October, 11 2024 +This document was generated by Chet Ramey on October, 18 2024 using texi2html

@@ -8289,7 +8291,7 @@ the following structure:
This document was generated -by Chet Ramey on October, 11 2024 +by Chet Ramey on October, 18 2024 using texi2html diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/readline.info b/lib/readline/doc/readline.info index f0a4f867..4dd9282f 100644 --- a/lib/readline/doc/readline.info +++ b/lib/readline/doc/readline.info @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ This is readline.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from rlman.texi. -This manual describes the GNU Readline Library (version 8.3, 10 October +This manual describes the GNU Readline Library (version 8.3, 15 October 2024), a library which aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs which provide a command line interface. @@ -63,27 +63,26 @@ File: readline.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interacti 1.1 Introduction to Line Editing ================================ -The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent -keystrokes. +The following paragraphs use Emacs style to describe the notation used +to represent keystrokes. The text ‘C-k’ is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character produced when the key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. The text ‘M-k’ is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the -key is pressed (a “meta character”). The Meta key is labeled on -many keyboards. On keyboards with two keys labeled (usually to -either side of the space bar), the on the left side is generally -set to work as a Meta key. The key on the right may also be -configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other -modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters. +key is pressed (a “meta character”), then both are released. The Meta +key is labeled or
execute-named-command (M-x)
-Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the +Read a bindable Readline command name from the input and execute the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that @@ -3226,7 +3228,7 @@ to permit their use in free software. [ ? ]

About this document

-This document was generated by Chet Ramey on October, 11 2024 +This document was generated by Chet Ramey on October, 18 2024 using texi2html

@@ -3388,7 +3390,7 @@ the following structure:
This document was generated -by Chet Ramey on October, 11 2024 +by Chet Ramey on October, 18 2024 using texi2html diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.info b/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.info index 1367b2be..4348ee09 100644 --- a/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.info +++ b/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.info @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ This is rluserman.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from rluserman.texi. This manual describes the end user interface of the GNU Readline Library -(version 8.3, 10 October 2024), a library which aids in the consistency +(version 8.3, 15 October 2024), a library which aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs which provide a command line interface. @@ -61,27 +61,26 @@ File: rluserman.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interact 1.1 Introduction to Line Editing ================================ -The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent -keystrokes. +The following paragraphs use Emacs style to describe the notation used +to represent keystrokes. The text ‘C-k’ is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character produced when the key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. The text ‘M-k’ is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the -key is pressed (a “meta character”). The Meta key is labeled on -many keyboards. On keyboards with two keys labeled (usually to -either side of the space bar), the on the left side is generally -set to work as a Meta key. The key on the right may also be -configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other -modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters. +key is pressed (a “meta character”), then both are released. The Meta +key is labeled or
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y(vironmen)o(t)16 b(v)m(ariable.)24 -b(If)17 b(there)g(is)f(a)g(color)g(de\014nition)h(in)f -Fn(LS_COLORS)g Fo(for)555 670 y(the)11 b(custom)f(su\016x)h(`)p -Fn(readline-colored-completio)o(n-prefi)o(x)p Fo(',)d(Read-)555 -725 y(line)j(uses)h(this)f(color)g(for)g(the)h(common)f(pre\014x)h -(instead)f(of)h(its)e(default.)19 b(The)555 780 y(default)c(is)f(`)p -Fn(off)p Fo('.)315 862 y Fn(colored-stats)555 917 y Fo(If)g(set)f(to)f +f(using)g(a)g(di\013eren)o(t)g(color.)555 560 y(The)20 +b(color)f(de\014nitions)h(are)g(tak)o(en)f(from)g(the)h(v)m(alue)h(of)e +(the)h Fn(LS_COLORS)555 615 y Fo(en)o(vironmen)o(t)e(v)m(ariable.)32 +b(If)19 b(there)g(is)g(a)g(color)f(de\014nition)h(in)g +Fn(LS_COLORS)555 670 y Fo(for)h(the)h(custom)f(su\016x)h(`)p +Fn(.readline-colored-compl)o(etion-p)o(refix)p Fo(')o(,)555 +725 y(Readline)f(uses)f(this)g(color)g(for)f(the)i(common)f(pre\014x)h +(instead)f(of)g(its)f(de-)555 780 y(fault.)h(The)c(default)g(is)g(`)p +Fn(off)p Fo('.)315 862 y Fn(colored-stats)555 917 y Fo(If)f(set)f(to)f (`)p Fn(on)p Fo(',)g(Readline)i(displa)o(ys)e(p)q(ossible)h (completions)g(using)g(di\013eren)o(t)555 971 y(colors)19 b(to)f(indicate)i(their)f(\014le)g(t)o(yp)q(e.)33 b(The)20 @@ -5762,8 +5761,8 @@ Fo('.)315 2149 y Fn(completion-prefix-display-)o(length)555 2204 y Fo(The)d(maxim)o(um)g(length)g(in)g(c)o(haracters)f(of)h(the)g (common)g(pre\014x)h(of)e(a)h(list)f(of)555 2259 y(p)q(ossible)i (completions)g(that)g(is)g(displa)o(y)o(ed)g(without)g(mo)q -(di\014cation.)19 b(When)555 2314 y(set)14 b(to)g(a)g(v)m(alue)h -(greater)e(than)i(zero,)f(readline)g(replaces)g(common)g(pre\014xes)555 +(di\014cation.)19 b(When)555 2314 y(set)13 b(to)f(a)g(v)m(alue)h +(greater)f(than)h(zero,)g(Readline)g(replaces)g(common)f(pre\014xes)555 2369 y(longer)22 b(than)h(this)f(v)m(alue)h(with)f(an)h(ellipsis)e (when)j(displa)o(ying)d(p)q(ossible)555 2423 y(completions.)315 2506 y Fn(completion-query-items)555 2560 y Fo(The)13 @@ -5890,19 +5889,19 @@ f(its)g(b)q(eha)o(vior)g(when)h(binding)f(k)o(ey)h(se-)555 Fn(Meta-)f Fo(\(see)h Fn(Key)k(Bindings)10 b Fo(in)h(Section)h(1.3.1) 555 1976 y([Readline)18 b(Init)f(File)g(Syn)o(tax],)g(page)h(4\))f(b)o (y)g(con)o(v)o(erting)g(a)g(k)o(ey)h(sequence)555 2031 -y(of)e(the)h(form)g Fg(\\M-)p Ff(C)j Fo(or)c Fn(Meta-)p -Ff(C)k Fo(to)c(the)h(t)o(w)o(o-c)o(haracter)f(sequence)i -Fg(ESC)p Ff(C)555 2086 y Fo(\(adding)11 b(the)h(meta)f(pre\014x\).)19 -b(If)12 b Fn(force-meta-prefix)d Fo(is)i(set)h(to)f(`)p -Fn(off)p Fo(')f(\(the)555 2140 y(default\),)16 b(Readline)h(uses)g(the) -g(v)m(alue)g(of)f(the)h Fn(convert-meta)e Fo(v)m(ariable)i(to)555 -2195 y(determine)f(whether)g(to)f(p)q(erform)g(this)g(con)o(v)o -(ersion:)20 b(if)15 b Fn(convert-meta)f Fo(is)555 2250 -y(`)p Fn(on)p Fo(',)c(Readline)h(p)q(erforms)g(the)f(con)o(v)o(ersion)g -(describ)q(ed)i(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e;)f(if)f(it)g(is)h(`)p -Fn(off)p Fo(',)555 2305 y(Readline)17 b(con)o(v)o(erts)e -Ff(C)20 b Fo(to)c(a)g(meta)g(c)o(haracter)g(b)o(y)g(setting)f(the)i -(eigh)o(th)e(bit)555 2359 y(\(0200\).)j(The)e(default)e(is)h(`)p +y(of)i(the)h(form)f Fg(\\M-)p Ff(C)k Fo(or)c Fn(Meta-)p +Ff(C)j Fo(to)d(the)h(t)o(w)o(o-c)o(haracter)e(sequence)i +Fg(ESC)555 2086 y Ff(C)f Fo(\(adding)15 b(the)i(meta)e(pre\014x\).)23 +b(If)16 b Fn(force-meta-prefix)e Fo(is)i(set)g(to)f(`)p +Fn(off)p Fo(')555 2140 y(\(the)d(default\),)g(Readline)g(uses)h(the)f +(v)m(alue)h(of)f(the)g Fn(convert-meta)f Fo(v)m(ariable)555 +2195 y(to)j(determine)g(whether)h(to)f(p)q(erform)g(this)g(con)o(v)o +(ersion:)19 b(if)14 b Fn(convert-meta)555 2250 y Fo(is)k(`)p +Fn(on)p Fo(',)g(Readline)h(p)q(erforms)f(the)h(con)o(v)o(ersion)f +(describ)q(ed)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e;)h(if)e(it)f(is)555 2305 +y(`)p Fn(off)p Fo(',)11 b(Readline)g(con)o(v)o(erts)g +Ff(C)k Fo(to)c(a)g(meta)g(c)o(haracter)f(b)o(y)i(setting)e(the)i(eigh)o +(th)555 2359 y(bit)j(\(0200\).)j(The)d(default)g(is)g(`)p Fn(off)p Fo('.)315 2451 y Fn(history-preserve-point)555 2506 y Fo(If)21 b(set)g(to)f(`)p Fn(on)p Fo(',)h(the)g(history)f(co)q (de)h(attempts)f(to)g(place)h(the)g(p)q(oin)o(t)f(\(the)555 @@ -6089,9 +6088,9 @@ Fn(off)p Fo('.)315 1592 y Fn(skip-completed-text)555 1647 y Fo(If)i(set)f(to)g(`)p Fn(on)p Fo(',)f(this)h(alters)f(the)i (default)f(completion)f(b)q(eha)o(vior)h(when)h(in-)555 1702 y(serting)d(a)g(single)g(matc)o(h)g(in)o(to)f(the)i(line.)k(It's) -14 b(only)g(activ)o(e)g(when)h(p)q(erform-)555 1757 y(ing)i(completion) -f(in)h(the)h(middle)f(of)g(a)g(w)o(ord.)25 b(If)18 b(enabled,)g -(readline)f(do)q(es)555 1812 y(not)j(insert)g(c)o(haracters)f(from)h +14 b(only)g(activ)o(e)g(when)h(p)q(erform-)555 1757 y(ing)h(completion) +f(in)h(the)g(middle)g(of)g(a)f(w)o(ord.)22 b(If)17 b(enabled,)f +(Readline)h(do)q(es)555 1812 y(not)j(insert)g(c)o(haracters)f(from)h (the)g(completion)f(that)h(matc)o(h)g(c)o(haracters)555 1866 y(after)e(p)q(oin)o(t)g(in)g(the)g(w)o(ord)g(b)q(eing)h (completed,)g(so)f(p)q(ortions)f(of)h(the)h(w)o(ord)555 @@ -6180,16 +6179,17 @@ Fn(>)555 2236 y(output)p Fo(')14 b(in)o(to)g(the)h(line\).)555 (b)q(er)g(of)g(sym)o(b)q(olic)g(c)o(haracter)555 2362 y(names:)21 b Ff(DEL)p Fo(,)15 b Ff(ESC)p Fo(,)h Ff(ESCAPE)p Fo(,)f Ff(LFD)p Fo(,)h Ff(NEWLINE)p Fo(,)g Ff(RET)p Fo(,)g -Ff(RETURN)p Fo(,)555 2417 y Ff(R)o(UBOUT)p Fo(,)g Ff(SP)l(A)o(CE)p -Fo(,)e Ff(SPC)p Fo(,)h(and)g Ff(T)l(AB)p Fo(.)315 2506 -y Fn(")p Ff(k)o(eyseq)q Fn(")p Fo(:)20 b Ff(function-name)d -Fo(or)e Ff(macro)555 2560 y(k)o(eyseq)c Fo(di\013ers)f(from)g -Ff(k)o(eyname)i Fo(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)e(in)g(that)g(strings)f(denoting)h -(an)g(en)o(tire)555 2615 y(k)o(ey)h(sequence)h(can)f(b)q(e)h(sp)q -(eci\014ed,)h(b)o(y)e(placing)f(the)i(k)o(ey)e(sequence)j(in)e(double) -555 2670 y(quotes.)22 b(Some)16 b Fh(gnu)g Fo(Emacs)f(st)o(yle)g(k)o -(ey)h(escap)q(es)h(can)f(b)q(e)g(used,)h(as)e(in)h(the)p -eop end +Ff(RETURN)p Fo(,)555 2417 y Ff(R)o(UBOUT)j Fo(\(a)c(destructiv)o(e)f +(bac)o(kspace\),)h Ff(SP)l(A)o(CE)p Fo(,)g Ff(SPC)p Fo(,)g(and)g +Ff(T)l(AB)p Fo(.)315 2506 y Fn(")p Ff(k)o(eyseq)q Fn(")p +Fo(:)20 b Ff(function-name)d Fo(or)e Ff(macro)555 2560 +y(k)o(eyseq)c Fo(di\013ers)f(from)g Ff(k)o(eyname)i Fo(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)e +(in)g(that)g(strings)f(denoting)h(an)g(en)o(tire)555 +2615 y(k)o(ey)h(sequence)h(can)f(b)q(e)h(sp)q(eci\014ed,)h(b)o(y)e +(placing)f(the)i(k)o(ey)e(sequence)j(in)e(double)555 +2670 y(quotes.)22 b(Some)16 b Fh(gnu)g Fo(Emacs)f(st)o(yle)g(k)o(ey)h +(escap)q(es)h(can)f(b)q(e)g(used,)h(as)e(in)h(the)p eop +end %%Page: 13 16 TeXDict begin 13 15 bop 75 -58 a Fo(Chapter)15 b(1:)k(Command)c(Line)h (Editing)1053 b(13)555 149 y(follo)o(wing)20 b(example,)k(but)f(none)g @@ -6415,552 +6415,555 @@ TeXDict begin 18 20 bop 75 -58 a Fo(Chapter)15 b(1:)k(Command)c(Line)h (Editing)1053 b(18)195 149 y Fn(#)24 b(For)f(FTP)195 204 y($if)g(Ftp)195 259 y("\\C-xg":)g("get)g(\\M-?")195 314 y("\\C-xt":)g("put)g(\\M-?")195 369 y("\\M-.":)g(yank-last-arg)195 -423 y($endif)75 541 y Fm(1.4)33 b(Bindable)22 b(Readline)f(Commands)75 -621 y Fo(This)12 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y(to)10 b(o)o(v)o(erwrite)f(mo)q(de.)19 +(hes)315 1091 y(to)10 b(o)o(v)o(erwrite)f(mo)q(de.)19 b(With)10 b(an)h(explicit)f(non-p)q(ositiv)o(e)g(n)o(umeric)h(argumen)o -(t,)f(switc)o(hes)h(to)315 689 y(insert)k(mo)q(de.)20 +(t,)f(switc)o(hes)h(to)315 1146 y(insert)k(mo)q(de.)20 b(This)15 b(command)g(a\013ects)g(only)g Fn(emacs)f Fo(mo)q(de;)h -Fn(vi)g Fo(mo)q(de)h(do)q(es)g(o)o(v)o(erwrite)315 744 +Fn(vi)g Fo(mo)q(de)h(do)q(es)g(o)o(v)o(erwrite)315 1201 y(di\013eren)o(tly)l(.)j(Eac)o(h)c(call)f(to)h Fn(readline\(\))f -Fo(starts)f(in)j(insert)e(mo)q(de.)315 810 y(In)27 b(o)o(v)o(erwrite)d +Fo(starts)f(in)j(insert)e(mo)q(de.)315 1271 y(In)27 b(o)o(v)o(erwrite)d (mo)q(de,)29 b(c)o(haracters)c(b)q(ound)i(to)f Fn(self-insert)f -Fo(replace)h(the)g(text)g(at)315 865 y(p)q(oin)o(t)j(rather)g(than)g +Fo(replace)h(the)g(text)g(at)315 1326 y(p)q(oin)o(t)j(rather)g(than)g (pushing)g(the)h(text)f(to)f(the)i(righ)o(t.)61 b(Characters)28 -b(b)q(ound)j(to)315 920 y Fn(backward-delete-char)12 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2168 y Fn(universal-argument)f(\(\))315 +2223 y Fo(This)f(is)h(another)f(w)o(a)o(y)g(to)g(sp)q(ecify)h(an)g (argumen)o(t.)18 b(If)13 b(this)f(command)h(is)f(follo)o(w)o(ed)f(b)o -(y)i(one)315 1528 y(or)h(more)h(digits,)e(optionally)g(with)h(a)h +(y)i(one)315 2278 y(or)h(more)h(digits,)e(optionally)g(with)h(a)h (leading)f(min)o(us)g(sign,)g(those)h(digits)e(de\014ne)j(the)f(ar-)315 -1582 y(gumen)o(t.)k(If)c(the)g(command)f(is)g(follo)o(w)o(ed)f(b)o(y)i -(digits,)e(executing)h Fn(universal-argument)315 1637 +2332 y(gumen)o(t.)k(If)c(the)g(command)f(is)g(follo)o(w)o(ed)f(b)o(y)i +(digits,)e(executing)h Fn(universal-argument)315 2387 y Fo(again)h(ends)h(the)g(n)o(umeric)g(argumen)o(t,)f(but)h(is)g (otherwise)f(ignored.)21 b(As)16 b(a)g(sp)q(ecial)f(case,)315 -1692 y(if)h(this)g(command)g(is)g(immediately)f(follo)o(w)o(ed)g(b)o(y) +2442 y(if)h(this)g(command)g(is)g(immediately)f(follo)o(w)o(ed)g(b)o(y) h(a)g(c)o(haracter)g(that)g(is)g(neither)g(a)g(digit)315 -1747 y(nor)k(min)o(us)h(sign,)g(the)f(argumen)o(t)g(coun)o(t)h(for)f +2497 y(nor)k(min)o(us)h(sign,)g(the)f(argumen)o(t)g(coun)o(t)h(for)f (the)g(next)h(command)g(is)f(m)o(ultiplied)f(b)o(y)315 -1802 y(four.)27 b(The)17 b(argumen)o(t)g(coun)o(t)g(is)g(initially)f +2552 y(four.)27 b(The)17 b(argumen)o(t)g(coun)o(t)g(is)g(initially)f (one,)i(so)f(executing)g(this)g(function)h(the)f(\014rst)315 -1856 y(time)d(mak)o(es)f(the)i(argumen)o(t)e(coun)o(t)h(four,)g(a)g +2606 y(time)d(mak)o(es)f(the)i(argumen)o(t)e(coun)o(t)h(four,)g(a)g (second)h(time)f(mak)o(es)f(the)i(argumen)o(t)e(coun)o(t)315 -1911 y(sixteen,)i(and)g(so)g(on.)20 b(By)15 b(default,)f(this)h(is)g -(not)g(b)q(ound)h(to)e(a)h(k)o(ey)l(.)75 2004 y Fd(1.4.6)30 -b(Letting)20 b(Readline)g(T)n(yp)r(e)h(F)-5 b(or)19 b(Y)-5 -b(ou)75 2086 y Fn(complete)14 b(\(TAB\))315 2141 y Fo(A)o(ttempt)c(to)h -(p)q(erform)g(completion)g(on)g(the)g(text)g(b)q(efore)h(p)q(oin)o(t.) -18 b(The)11 b(actual)g(completion)315 2196 y(p)q(erformed)k(is)g -(application-sp)q(eci\014c.)20 b(The)15 b(default)g(is)g(\014lename)g -(completion.)75 2269 y Fn(possible-completions)d(\(M-?\))315 -2323 y Fo(List)17 b(the)g(p)q(ossible)g(completions)g(of)g(the)g(text)g -(b)q(efore)h(p)q(oin)o(t.)25 b(When)18 b(displa)o(ying)e(com-)315 -2378 y(pletions,)f(Readline)i(sets)f(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)e -(columns)h(used)h(for)f(displa)o(y)f(to)h(the)g(v)m(alue)g(of)315 -2433 y Fn(completion-display-width)p Fo(,)f(the)k(v)m(alue)f(of)g(the)g -(en)o(vironmen)o(t)g(v)m(ariable)f Fn(COLUMNS)p Fo(,)315 -2488 y(or)e(the)g(screen)h(width,)e(in)h(that)g(order.)75 -2560 y Fn(insert-completions)e(\(M-*\))315 2615 y Fo(Insert)j(all)e -(completions)g(of)h(the)g(text)g(b)q(efore)h(p)q(oin)o(t)e(that)h(w)o -(ould)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)h(generated)315 2670 y(b)o(y)f -Fn(possible-completions)p Fo(,)d(separated)j(b)o(y)g(a)g(space.)p -eop end +2661 y(sixteen,)i(and)g(so)g(on.)20 b(By)15 b(default,)f(this)h(is)g +(not)g(b)q(ound)h(to)e(a)h(k)o(ey)l(.)p eop end %%Page: 24 27 TeXDict begin 24 26 bop 75 -58 a Fo(Chapter)15 b(1:)k(Command)c(Line)h -(Editing)1053 b(24)75 149 y Fn(menu-complete)13 b(\(\))315 -204 y Fo(Similar)d(to)i Fn(complete)p Fo(,)f(but)h(replaces)g(the)g(w)o -(ord)f(to)g(b)q(e)i(completed)e(with)h(a)f(single)h(matc)o(h)315 -259 y(from)20 b(the)h(list)f(of)g(p)q(ossible)h(completions.)35 -b(Rep)q(eatedly)22 b(executing)f Fn(menu-complete)315 -314 y Fo(steps)14 b(through)f(the)h(list)f(of)g(p)q(ossible)h -(completions,)e(inserting)h(eac)o(h)h(matc)o(h)f(in)h(turn.)19 -b(A)o(t)315 369 y(the)h(end)g(of)g(the)g(list)e(of)i(completions,)f -Fn(menu-complete)f Fo(rings)i(the)f(b)q(ell)h(\(sub)s(ject)g(to)315 -423 y(the)e(setting)g(of)g Fn(bell-style)p Fo(\))e(and)j(restores)e -(the)i(original)d(text.)29 b(An)18 b(argumen)o(t)g(of)g -Ff(n)315 478 y Fo(mo)o(v)o(es)f Ff(n)i Fo(p)q(ositions)e(forw)o(ard)g -(in)h(the)g(list)f(of)h(matc)o(hes;)h(a)f(negativ)o(e)f(argumen)o(t)h -(mo)o(v)o(es)315 533 y(bac)o(kw)o(ard)c(through)g(the)g(list.)k(This)c -(command)h(is)f(in)o(tended)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(b)q(ound)g(to)f -Fn(TAB)p Fo(,)g(but)315 588 y(is)h(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)f(default.)75 -665 y Fn(menu-complete-backward)d(\(\))315 720 y Fo(Iden)o(tical)17 +(Editing)1053 b(24)75 149 y Fd(1.4.6)30 b(Letting)20 +b(Readline)g(T)n(yp)r(e)h(F)-5 b(or)19 b(Y)-5 b(ou)75 +239 y Fn(complete)14 b(\(TAB\))315 294 y Fo(A)o(ttempt)c(to)h(p)q +(erform)g(completion)g(on)g(the)g(text)g(b)q(efore)h(p)q(oin)o(t.)18 +b(The)11 b(actual)g(completion)315 348 y(p)q(erformed)k(is)g +(application-sp)q(eci\014c.)20 b(The)15 b(default)g(is)g(\014lename)g +(completion.)75 435 y Fn(possible-completions)d(\(M-?\))315 +490 y Fo(List)17 b(the)g(p)q(ossible)g(completions)g(of)g(the)g(text)g +(b)q(efore)h(p)q(oin)o(t.)25 b(When)18 b(displa)o(ying)e(com-)315 +545 y(pletions,)f(Readline)i(sets)f(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)e +(columns)h(used)h(for)f(displa)o(y)f(to)h(the)g(v)m(alue)g(of)315 +599 y Fn(completion-display-width)p Fo(,)f(the)k(v)m(alue)f(of)g(the)g +(en)o(vironmen)o(t)g(v)m(ariable)f Fn(COLUMNS)p Fo(,)315 +654 y(or)e(the)g(screen)h(width,)e(in)h(that)g(order.)75 +741 y Fn(insert-completions)e(\(M-*\))315 795 y Fo(Insert)j(all)e +(completions)g(of)h(the)g(text)g(b)q(efore)h(p)q(oin)o(t)e(that)h(w)o +(ould)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)h(generated)315 850 y(b)o(y)f +Fn(possible-completions)p Fo(,)d(separated)j(b)o(y)g(a)g(space.)75 +937 y Fn(menu-complete)e(\(\))315 992 y Fo(Similar)d(to)i +Fn(complete)p Fo(,)f(but)h(replaces)g(the)g(w)o(ord)f(to)g(b)q(e)i +(completed)e(with)h(a)f(single)h(matc)o(h)315 1046 y(from)20 +b(the)h(list)f(of)g(p)q(ossible)h(completions.)35 b(Rep)q(eatedly)22 +b(executing)f Fn(menu-complete)315 1101 y Fo(steps)14 +b(through)f(the)h(list)f(of)g(p)q(ossible)h(completions,)e(inserting)h +(eac)o(h)h(matc)o(h)f(in)h(turn.)19 b(A)o(t)315 1156 +y(the)h(end)g(of)g(the)g(list)e(of)i(completions,)f Fn(menu-complete)f +Fo(rings)i(the)f(b)q(ell)h(\(sub)s(ject)g(to)315 1211 +y(the)e(setting)g(of)g Fn(bell-style)p Fo(\))e(and)j(restores)e(the)i +(original)d(text.)29 b(An)18 b(argumen)o(t)g(of)g Ff(n)315 +1266 y Fo(mo)o(v)o(es)f Ff(n)i Fo(p)q(ositions)e(forw)o(ard)g(in)h(the) +g(list)f(of)h(matc)o(hes;)h(a)f(negativ)o(e)f(argumen)o(t)h(mo)o(v)o +(es)315 1320 y(bac)o(kw)o(ard)c(through)g(the)g(list.)k(This)c(command) +h(is)f(in)o(tended)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(b)q(ound)g(to)f Fn(TAB)p +Fo(,)g(but)315 1375 y(is)h(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)f(default.)75 +1462 y Fn(menu-complete-backward)d(\(\))315 1516 y Fo(Iden)o(tical)17 b(to)g Fn(menu-complete)p Fo(,)f(but)i(mo)o(v)o(es)e(bac)o(kw)o(ard)h -(through)g(the)h(list)e(of)h(p)q(ossible)315 775 y(completions,)g(as)h +(through)g(the)h(list)e(of)h(p)q(ossible)315 1571 y(completions,)g(as)h (if)f Fn(menu-complete)f Fo(had)i(b)q(een)h(giv)o(en)f(a)f(negativ)o(e) -g(argumen)o(t.)27 b(This)315 830 y(command)15 b(is)g(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b) -o(y)f(default.)75 908 y Fn(delete-char-or-list)e(\(\))315 -962 y Fo(Deletes)19 b(the)g(c)o(haracter)g(under)h(the)g(cursor)f(if)g +g(argumen)o(t.)27 b(This)315 1626 y(command)15 b(is)g(un)o(b)q(ound)h +(b)o(y)f(default.)75 1713 y Fn(delete-char-or-list)e(\(\))315 +1767 y Fo(Deletes)19 b(the)g(c)o(haracter)g(under)h(the)g(cursor)f(if)g (not)g(at)g(the)g(b)q(eginning)h(or)f(end)h(of)f(the)315 -1017 y(line)24 b(\(lik)o(e)f Fn(delete-char)p Fo(\).)44 +1822 y(line)24 b(\(lik)o(e)f Fn(delete-char)p Fo(\).)44 b(A)o(t)24 b(the)g(end)h(of)f(the)g(line,)h(it)f(b)q(eha)o(v)o(es)g -(iden)o(tically)f(to)315 1072 y Fn(possible-completions)p +(iden)o(tically)f(to)315 1877 y Fn(possible-completions)p Fo(.)17 b(This)e(command)g(is)g(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)f(default.)75 -1169 y Fd(1.4.7)30 b(Keyb)r(oard)20 b(Macros)75 1254 -y Fn(start-kbd-macro)13 b(\(C-x)i(\(\))315 1309 y Fo(Begin)g(sa)o(ving) +1983 y Fd(1.4.7)30 b(Keyb)r(oard)20 b(Macros)75 2073 +y Fn(start-kbd-macro)13 b(\(C-x)i(\(\))315 2128 y Fo(Begin)g(sa)o(ving) f(the)i(c)o(haracters)e(t)o(yp)q(ed)i(in)o(to)e(the)h(curren)o(t)g(k)o -(eyb)q(oard)g(macro.)75 1387 y Fn(end-kbd-macro)e(\(C-x)i(\)\))315 -1442 y Fo(Stop)f(sa)o(ving)e(the)i(c)o(haracters)f(t)o(yp)q(ed)h(in)o +(eyb)q(oard)g(macro.)75 2214 y Fn(end-kbd-macro)e(\(C-x)i(\)\))315 +2269 y Fo(Stop)f(sa)o(ving)e(the)i(c)o(haracters)f(t)o(yp)q(ed)h(in)o (to)e(the)i(curren)o(t)g(k)o(eyb)q(oard)f(macro)g(and)h(sa)o(v)o(e)f -(the)315 1496 y(de\014nition.)75 1574 y Fn(call-last-kbd-macro)g(\(C-x) -h(e\))315 1629 y Fo(Re-execute)19 b(the)f(last)e(k)o(eyb)q(oard)i +(the)315 2324 y(de\014nition.)75 2410 y Fn(call-last-kbd-macro)g(\(C-x) +h(e\))315 2465 y Fo(Re-execute)19 b(the)f(last)e(k)o(eyb)q(oard)i (macro)f(de\014ned,)i(b)o(y)e(making)g(the)h(c)o(haracters)e(in)i(the) -315 1684 y(macro)c(app)q(ear)i(as)f(if)f(t)o(yp)q(ed)i(at)e(the)i(k)o -(eyb)q(oard.)75 1761 y Fn(print-last-kbd-macro)c(\(\))315 -1816 y Fo(Prin)o(t)i(the)h(last)f(k)o(eyb)q(oard)h(macro)g(de\014ned)h +315 2520 y(macro)c(app)q(ear)i(as)f(if)f(t)o(yp)q(ed)i(at)e(the)i(k)o +(eyb)q(oard.)75 2606 y Fn(print-last-kbd-macro)c(\(\))315 +2661 y Fo(Prin)o(t)i(the)h(last)f(k)o(eyb)q(oard)h(macro)g(de\014ned)h (in)f(a)g(format)e(suitable)i(for)f(the)h Ff(inputrc)j -Fo(\014le.)75 1914 y Fd(1.4.8)30 b(Some)20 b(Miscellaneous)h(Commands) -75 1999 y Fn(re-read-init-file)13 b(\(C-x)h(C-r\))315 -2053 y Fo(Read)e(in)e(the)h(con)o(ten)o(ts)g(of)f(the)h -Ff(inputrc)j Fo(\014le,)d(and)h(incorp)q(orate)e(an)o(y)g(bindings)h -(or)g(v)m(ariable)315 2108 y(assignmen)o(ts)j(found)i(there.)75 -2186 y Fn(abort)e(\(C-g\))315 2241 y Fo(Ab)q(ort)f(the)g(curren)o(t)h -(editing)e(command)h(and)h(ring)e(the)i(terminal's)d(b)q(ell)i(\(sub)s -(ject)g(to)g(the)315 2295 y(setting)h(of)h Fn(bell-style)p -Fo(\).)75 2373 y Fn(do-lowercase-version)d(\(M-A,)j(M-B,)f(M-)p -Fg(x)p Fn(,)h(...\))315 2428 y Fo(If)j(the)f(meta\014ed)h(c)o(haracter) -f Ff(x)j Fo(is)d(upp)q(er)i(case,)f(run)f(the)h(command)f(that)g(is)g -(b)q(ound)i(to)315 2483 y(the)e(corresp)q(onding)f(meta\014ed)h(lo)o(w) -o(er)e(case)h(c)o(haracter.)23 b(The)17 b(b)q(eha)o(vior)f(is)g -(unde\014ned)i(if)315 2538 y Ff(x)g Fo(is)d(already)f(lo)o(w)o(er)g -(case.)75 2615 y Fn(prefix-meta)g(\(ESC\))315 2670 y -Fo(Metafy)g(the)i(next)f(c)o(haracter)f(t)o(yp)q(ed.)21 -b(T)o(yping)14 b(`)p Fn(ESC)g(f)p Fo(')h(is)g(equiv)m(alen)o(t)g(to)f -(t)o(yping)h Fg(M-f)p Fo(.)p eop end +Fo(\014le.)p eop end %%Page: 25 28 TeXDict begin 25 27 bop 75 -58 a Fo(Chapter)15 b(1:)k(Command)c(Line)h -(Editing)1053 b(25)75 149 y Fn(undo)15 b(\(C-_)f(or)h(C-x)g(C-u\))315 -204 y Fo(Incremen)o(tal)g(undo,)g(separately)g(remem)o(b)q(ered)h(for)e -(eac)o(h)h(line.)75 292 y Fn(revert-line)f(\(M-r\))315 -347 y Fo(Undo)j(all)e(c)o(hanges)i(made)f(to)g(this)g(line.)24 +(Editing)1053 b(25)75 149 y Fd(1.4.8)30 b(Some)20 b(Miscellaneous)h +(Commands)75 233 y Fn(re-read-init-file)13 b(\(C-x)h(C-r\))315 +288 y Fo(Read)e(in)e(the)h(con)o(ten)o(ts)g(of)f(the)h +Ff(inputrc)j Fo(\014le,)d(and)h(incorp)q(orate)e(an)o(y)g(bindings)h +(or)g(v)m(ariable)315 343 y(assignmen)o(ts)j(found)i(there.)75 +418 y Fn(abort)e(\(C-g\))315 473 y Fo(Ab)q(ort)f(the)g(curren)o(t)h +(editing)e(command)h(and)h(ring)e(the)i(terminal's)d(b)q(ell)i(\(sub)s +(ject)g(to)g(the)315 528 y(setting)h(of)h Fn(bell-style)p +Fo(\).)75 603 y Fn(do-lowercase-version)d(\(M-A,)j(M-B,)f(M-)p +Fg(x)p Fn(,)h(...\))315 658 y Fo(If)j(the)f(meta\014ed)h(c)o(haracter)f +Ff(x)j Fo(is)d(upp)q(er)i(case,)f(run)f(the)h(command)f(that)g(is)g(b)q +(ound)i(to)315 712 y(the)e(corresp)q(onding)f(meta\014ed)h(lo)o(w)o(er) +e(case)h(c)o(haracter.)23 b(The)17 b(b)q(eha)o(vior)f(is)g(unde\014ned) +i(if)315 767 y Ff(x)g Fo(is)d(already)f(lo)o(w)o(er)g(case.)75 +842 y Fn(prefix-meta)g(\(ESC\))315 897 y Fo(Metafy)g(the)i(next)f(c)o +(haracter)f(t)o(yp)q(ed.)21 b(T)o(yping)14 b(`)p Fn(ESC)g(f)p +Fo(')h(is)g(equiv)m(alen)o(t)g(to)f(t)o(yping)h Fg(M-f)p +Fo(.)75 972 y Fn(undo)g(\(C-_)f(or)h(C-x)g(C-u\))315 +1027 y Fo(Incremen)o(tal)g(undo,)g(separately)g(remem)o(b)q(ered)h(for) +e(eac)o(h)h(line.)75 1102 y Fn(revert-line)f(\(M-r\))315 +1157 y Fo(Undo)j(all)e(c)o(hanges)i(made)f(to)g(this)g(line.)24 b(This)16 b(is)g(lik)o(e)g(executing)g(the)h Fn(undo)f -Fo(command)315 401 y(enough)g(times)e(to)h(get)f(bac)o(k)h(to)g(the)g -(initial)f(state.)75 489 y Fn(tilde-expand)g(\(M-~\))315 -544 y Fo(P)o(erform)g(tilde)h(expansion)g(on)g(the)g(curren)o(t)g(w)o -(ord.)75 632 y Fn(set-mark)f(\(C-@\))315 686 y Fo(Set)i(the)g(mark)f +Fo(command)315 1212 y(enough)g(times)e(to)h(get)f(bac)o(k)h(to)g(the)g +(initial)f(state.)75 1287 y Fn(tilde-expand)g(\(M-~\))315 +1342 y Fo(P)o(erform)g(tilde)h(expansion)g(on)g(the)g(curren)o(t)g(w)o +(ord.)75 1417 y Fn(set-mark)f(\(C-@\))315 1472 y Fo(Set)i(the)g(mark)f (to)g(the)h(p)q(oin)o(t.)21 b(If)16 b(a)g(n)o(umeric)g(argumen)o(t)f -(is)g(supplied,)h(set)g(the)f(mark)h(to)315 741 y(that)e(p)q(osition.) -75 829 y Fn(exchange-point-and-mark)e(\(C-x)j(C-x\))315 -884 y Fo(Sw)o(ap)k(the)g(p)q(oin)o(t)g(with)f(the)i(mark.)31 +(is)g(supplied,)h(set)g(the)f(mark)h(to)315 1527 y(that)e(p)q(osition.) +75 1602 y Fn(exchange-point-and-mark)e(\(C-x)j(C-x\))315 +1657 y Fo(Sw)o(ap)k(the)g(p)q(oin)o(t)g(with)f(the)i(mark.)31 b(Set)19 b(the)g(curren)o(t)h(cursor)e(p)q(osition)h(to)f(the)h(sa)o(v) -o(ed)315 938 y(p)q(osition,)14 b(then)h(set)g(the)h(mark)e(to)h(the)g -(old)g(cursor)g(p)q(osition.)75 1026 y Fn(character-search)e(\(C-]\)) -315 1081 y Fo(Read)k(a)f(c)o(haracter)g(and)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(p)q(oin)o(t) +o(ed)315 1712 y(p)q(osition,)14 b(then)h(set)g(the)h(mark)e(to)h(the)g +(old)g(cursor)g(p)q(osition.)75 1787 y Fn(character-search)e(\(C-]\)) +315 1842 y Fo(Read)k(a)f(c)o(haracter)g(and)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(p)q(oin)o(t) h(to)g(the)h(next)f(o)q(ccurrence)i(of)e(that)g(c)o(haracter.)23 -b(A)315 1136 y(negativ)o(e)14 b(argumen)o(t)h(searc)o(hes)g(for)f -(previous)h(o)q(ccurrences.)75 1223 y Fn(character-search-backward)d -(\(M-C-]\))315 1278 y Fo(Read)j(a)g(c)o(haracter)f(and)h(mo)o(v)o(e)f +b(A)315 1896 y(negativ)o(e)14 b(argumen)o(t)h(searc)o(hes)g(for)f +(previous)h(o)q(ccurrences.)75 1972 y Fn(character-search-backward)d +(\(M-C-]\))315 2026 y Fo(Read)j(a)g(c)o(haracter)f(and)h(mo)o(v)o(e)f (p)q(oin)o(t)g(to)g(the)h(previous)g(o)q(ccurrence)h(of)e(that)g(c)o -(haracter.)315 1333 y(A)h(negativ)o(e)g(argumen)o(t)f(searc)o(hes)h -(for)g(subsequen)o(t)g(o)q(ccurrences.)75 1421 y Fn(skip-csi-sequence)e -(\(\))315 1475 y Fo(Read)h(enough)g(c)o(haracters)f(to)g(consume)h(a)g +(haracter.)315 2081 y(A)h(negativ)o(e)g(argumen)o(t)f(searc)o(hes)h +(for)g(subsequen)o(t)g(o)q(ccurrences.)75 2156 y Fn(skip-csi-sequence)e +(\(\))315 2211 y Fo(Read)h(enough)g(c)o(haracters)f(to)g(consume)h(a)g (m)o(ulti-k)o(ey)e(sequence)j(suc)o(h)f(as)f(those)h(de\014ned)315 -1530 y(for)19 b(k)o(eys)h(lik)o(e)g(Home)g(and)g(End.)35 +2266 y(for)19 b(k)o(eys)h(lik)o(e)g(Home)g(and)g(End.)35 b(CSI)20 b(sequences)h(b)q(egin)g(with)e(a)h(Con)o(trol)e(Sequence)315 -1585 y(Indicator)g(\(CSI\),)g(usually)f(ESC-[.)29 b(If)19 +2321 y(Indicator)g(\(CSI\),)g(usually)f(ESC-[.)29 b(If)19 b(this)f(sequence)h(is)f(b)q(ound)h(to)f Fn("\\)p Fo(e[)p -Fn(")p Fo(,)g(k)o(eys)g(pro-)315 1640 y(ducing)e(CSI)g(sequences)h +Fn(")p Fo(,)g(k)o(eys)g(pro-)315 2376 y(ducing)e(CSI)g(sequences)h (will)d(ha)o(v)o(e)i(no)g(e\013ect)f(unless)h(explicitly)e(b)q(ound)j -(to)e(a)h(Readline)315 1695 y(command,)g(instead)f(of)h(inserting)f +(to)e(a)h(Readline)315 2430 y(command,)g(instead)f(of)h(inserting)f (stra)o(y)f(c)o(haracters)i(in)o(to)f(the)h(editing)f(bu\013er.)22 -b(This)15 b(is)315 1749 y(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)g(default,)e(but)h -(usually)g(b)q(ound)h(to)f(ESC-[.)75 1837 y Fn(insert-comment)e -(\(M-#\))315 1892 y Fo(Without)j(a)g(n)o(umeric)h(argumen)o(t,)f +b(This)15 b(is)315 2485 y(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)g(default,)e(but)h +(usually)g(b)q(ound)h(to)f(ESC-[.)75 2560 y Fn(insert-comment)e +(\(M-#\))315 2615 y Fo(Without)j(a)g(n)o(umeric)h(argumen)o(t,)f (insert)g(the)h(v)m(alue)g(of)g(the)g Fn(comment-begin)e -Fo(v)m(ariable)315 1947 y(at)j(the)h(b)q(eginning)g(of)f(the)h(curren)o +Fo(v)m(ariable)315 2670 y(at)j(the)h(b)q(eginning)g(of)f(the)h(curren)o (t)g(line.)30 b(If)19 b(a)g(n)o(umeric)g(argumen)o(t)f(is)g(supplied,)i -(this)315 2001 y(command)g(acts)f(as)h(a)g(toggle:)28 -b(if)19 b(the)h(c)o(haracters)f(at)h(the)g(b)q(eginning)g(of)f(the)h -(line)g(do)315 2056 y(not)d(matc)o(h)g(the)g(v)m(alue)g(of)g -Fn(comment-begin)p Fo(,)f(insert)h(the)g(v)m(alue;)h(otherwise)e -(delete)i(the)315 2111 y(c)o(haracters)13 b(in)g Fn(comment-begin)e -Fo(from)i(the)g(b)q(eginning)h(of)f(the)g(line.)19 b(In)14 -b(either)f(case,)h(the)315 2166 y(line)h(is)g(accepted)g(as)g(if)g(a)g -(newline)g(had)g(b)q(een)i(t)o(yp)q(ed.)75 2254 y Fn(dump-functions)c -(\(\))315 2308 y Fo(Prin)o(t)f(all)g(of)h(the)g(functions)g(and)h -(their)f(k)o(ey)g(bindings)g(to)f(the)i(Readline)f(output)g(stream.)315 -2363 y(If)j(a)g(n)o(umeric)f(argumen)o(t)g(is)h(supplied,)g(the)g -(output)f(is)h(formatted)e(in)i(suc)o(h)g(a)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(that)315 -2418 y(it)f(can)i(b)q(e)g(made)f(part)f(of)h(an)g Ff(inputrc)j -Fo(\014le.)i(This)15 b(command)g(is)g(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)f(default.) -75 2506 y Fn(dump-variables)e(\(\))315 2560 y Fo(Prin)o(t)d(all)f(of)h -(the)h(settable)f(v)m(ariables)g(and)h(their)f(v)m(alues)h(to)f(the)h -(Readline)g(output)f(stream.)315 2615 y(If)16 b(a)g(n)o(umeric)f -(argumen)o(t)g(is)h(supplied,)g(the)g(output)f(is)h(formatted)e(in)i -(suc)o(h)g(a)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(that)315 2670 y(it)f(can)i(b)q(e)g(made)f -(part)f(of)h(an)g Ff(inputrc)j Fo(\014le.)i(This)15 b(command)g(is)g -(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)f(default.)p eop end +(this)p eop end %%Page: 26 29 TeXDict begin 26 28 bop 75 -58 a Fo(Chapter)15 b(1:)k(Command)c(Line)h -(Editing)1053 b(26)75 149 y Fn(dump-macros)14 b(\(\))315 -204 y Fo(Prin)o(t)i(all)g(of)g(the)h(Readline)g(k)o(ey)g(sequences)h(b) +(Editing)1053 b(26)315 149 y(command)20 b(acts)f(as)h(a)g(toggle:)28 +b(if)19 b(the)h(c)o(haracters)f(at)h(the)g(b)q(eginning)g(of)f(the)h +(line)g(do)315 204 y(not)d(matc)o(h)g(the)g(v)m(alue)g(of)g +Fn(comment-begin)p Fo(,)f(insert)h(the)g(v)m(alue;)h(otherwise)e +(delete)i(the)315 259 y(c)o(haracters)13 b(in)g Fn(comment-begin)e +Fo(from)i(the)g(b)q(eginning)h(of)f(the)g(line.)19 b(In)14 +b(either)f(case,)h(the)315 314 y(line)h(is)g(accepted)g(as)g(if)g(a)g +(newline)g(had)g(b)q(een)i(t)o(yp)q(ed.)75 394 y Fn(dump-functions)c +(\(\))315 448 y Fo(Prin)o(t)f(all)g(of)h(the)g(functions)g(and)h(their) +f(k)o(ey)g(bindings)g(to)f(the)i(Readline)f(output)g(stream.)315 +503 y(If)j(a)g(n)o(umeric)f(argumen)o(t)g(is)h(supplied,)g(the)g +(output)f(is)h(formatted)e(in)i(suc)o(h)g(a)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(that)315 +558 y(it)f(can)i(b)q(e)g(made)f(part)f(of)h(an)g Ff(inputrc)j +Fo(\014le.)i(This)15 b(command)g(is)g(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)f(default.) +75 638 y Fn(dump-variables)e(\(\))315 692 y Fo(Prin)o(t)d(all)f(of)h +(the)h(settable)f(v)m(ariables)g(and)h(their)f(v)m(alues)h(to)f(the)h +(Readline)g(output)f(stream.)315 747 y(If)16 b(a)g(n)o(umeric)f +(argumen)o(t)g(is)h(supplied,)g(the)g(output)f(is)h(formatted)e(in)i +(suc)o(h)g(a)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(that)315 802 y(it)f(can)i(b)q(e)g(made)f +(part)f(of)h(an)g Ff(inputrc)j Fo(\014le.)i(This)15 b(command)g(is)g +(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)f(default.)75 882 y Fn(dump-macros)f(\(\))315 +936 y Fo(Prin)o(t)i(all)g(of)g(the)h(Readline)g(k)o(ey)g(sequences)h(b) q(ound)g(to)e(macros)g(and)h(the)g(strings)f(they)315 -259 y(output)g(to)f(the)i(Readline)f(output)g(stream.)22 +991 y(output)g(to)f(the)i(Readline)f(output)g(stream.)22 b(If)16 b(a)g(n)o(umeric)g(argumen)o(t)f(is)h(supplied,)g(the)315 -314 y(output)g(is)f(formatted)g(in)h(suc)o(h)g(a)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(that)g +1046 y(output)g(is)f(formatted)g(in)h(suc)o(h)g(a)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(that)g (it)g(can)h(b)q(e)h(made)f(part)f(of)h(an)g Ff(inputrc)i -Fo(\014le.)315 369 y(This)d(command)g(is)g(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)f -(default.)75 448 y Fn(execute-named-command)d(\(M-x\))315 -503 y Fo(Read)j(a)e(bindable)h(readline)g(command)g(name)f(from)h(the)g -(input)g(and)g(execute)g(the)g(func-)315 558 y(tion)e(to)g(whic)o(h)h +Fo(\014le.)315 1101 y(This)d(command)g(is)g(un)o(b)q(ound)h(b)o(y)f +(default.)75 1181 y Fn(execute-named-command)d(\(M-x\))315 +1235 y Fo(Read)h(a)f(bindable)h(Readline)g(command)g(name)f(from)g(the) +h(input)f(and)h(execute)h(the)e(func-)315 1290 y(tion)g(to)g(whic)o(h)h (it's)f(b)q(ound,)i(as)f(if)f(the)h(k)o(ey)g(sequence)h(to)e(whic)o(h)h -(it)f(w)o(as)g(b)q(ound)i(app)q(eared)315 613 y(in)19 +(it)f(w)o(as)g(b)q(ound)i(app)q(eared)315 1345 y(in)19 b(the)f(input.)31 b(If)19 b(this)f(function)h(is)f(supplied)h(with)f(a) -h(n)o(umeric)g(argumen)o(t,)f(it)g(passes)315 667 y(that)c(argumen)o(t) -h(to)f(the)i(function)f(it)f(executes.)75 747 y Fn(emacs-editing-mode)f -(\(C-e\))315 802 y Fo(When)j(in)f Fn(vi)f Fo(command)i(mo)q(de,)f(this) -f(causes)i(a)f(switc)o(h)f(to)h Fn(emacs)f Fo(editing)h(mo)q(de.)75 -882 y Fn(vi-editing-mode)e(\(M-C-j\))315 936 y Fo(When)j(in)f -Fn(emacs)f Fo(editing)h(mo)q(de,)g(this)f(causes)i(a)f(switc)o(h)f(to)h -Fn(vi)f Fo(editing)h(mo)q(de.)75 1057 y Fm(1.5)33 b(Readline)21 -b(vi)i(Mo)r(de)75 1137 y Fo(While)15 b(the)h(Readline)g(library)f(do)q -(es)h(not)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)h(full)f(set)h(of)f Fn(vi)g -Fo(editing)g(functions,)h(it)f(do)q(es)h(con)o(tain)75 -1191 y(enough)h(to)g(allo)o(w)e(simple)h(editing)h(of)f(the)i(line.)25 -b(The)17 b(Readline)g Fn(vi)g Fo(mo)q(de)g(b)q(eha)o(v)o(es)g(as)g(sp)q -(eci\014ed)h(in)75 1246 y(the)d Fn(sh)g Fo(description)g(in)g(the)g -Fh(posix)g Fo(standard.)137 1313 y(In)g(order)g(to)f(switc)o(h)f(in)o -(teractiv)o(ely)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i Fn(emacs)e Fo(and)i -Fn(vi)f Fo(editing)g(mo)q(des,)h(use)f(the)h(command)75 -1368 y Fg(M-C-j)j Fo(\(b)q(ound)i(to)e(emacs-editing-mo)q(de)h(when)g -(in)g Fn(vi)g Fo(mo)q(de)g(and)g(to)f(vi-editing-mo)q(de)h(in)g -Fn(emacs)75 1423 y Fo(mo)q(de\).)h(The)15 b(Readline)h(default)f(is)f -Fn(emacs)h Fo(mo)q(de.)137 1490 y(When)h(y)o(ou)e(en)o(ter)h(a)g(line)g -(in)f 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+(in)g(`insertion')e(mo)q(de,)i(as)g(if)f(y)o(ou)75 2277 +y(had)h(t)o(yp)q(ed)g(an)g(`)p Fn(i)p Fo('.)j(Pressing)c +Fn(ESC)h Fo(switc)o(hes)f(y)o(ou)g(in)o(to)g(`command')g(mo)q(de,)g +(where)h(y)o(ou)g(can)f(edit)h(the)75 2332 y(text)h(of)h(the)g(line)f +(with)h(the)g(standard)f Fn(vi)h Fo(mo)o(v)o(emen)o(t)f(k)o(eys,)g(mo)o +(v)o(e)g(to)h(previous)f(history)g(lines)h(with)75 2387 +y(`)p Fn(k)p Fo(')d(and)i(subsequen)o(t)f(lines)g(with)g(`)p +Fn(j)p Fo(',)f(and)h(so)g(forth.)p eop end %%Page: 27 30 TeXDict begin 27 29 bop 1830 -58 a Fo(27)75 149 y Fk(App)r(endix)26 b(A)41 b(GNU)27 b(F)-7 b(ree)26 b(Do)r(cumen)n(tation)j(License)679 diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.toc b/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.toc index 0d2b0e9b..c71baf20 100644 --- a/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.toc +++ b/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.toc @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ @numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{1}{Command Line Editing}{1} @numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{1.1}{Introduction and Notation}{1} @numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{1.2}{Readline Interaction}{1} -@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{1.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{1} +@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{1.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{2} @numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{1.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{2} -@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{1.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{2} +@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{1.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{3} @numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{1.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{3} @numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{1.2.5}{Searching}{3} @numsecentry{Readline Init File}{1.3}{Readline Init File}{4} @numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{1.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{4} -@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{1.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{12} -@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{1.3.3}{Sample Init File}{13} -@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{1.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{16} -@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{1.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{16} -@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{1.4.2}{Commands For History}{17} -@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{1.4.3}{Commands For Text}{18} -@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{1.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{19} -@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{1.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{20} -@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{1.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{21} -@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{1.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{21} -@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{1.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{22} -@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{1.5}{Readline vi Mode}{23} -@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{A}{GNU Free Documentation License}{24} +@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{1.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{14} +@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{1.3.3}{Sample Init File}{15} +@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{1.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{18} +@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{1.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{18} +@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{1.4.2}{Commands For History}{19} +@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{1.4.3}{Commands For Text}{21} +@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{1.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{22} +@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{1.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{23} +@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{1.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{24} +@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{1.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{24} +@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{1.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{25} +@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{1.5}{Readline vi Mode}{26} +@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{A}{GNU Free Documentation License}{27} diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vr b/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vr index 19bb3a54..44bb1029 100644 --- a/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vr +++ b/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vr @@ -1,40 +1,46 @@ +\entry{active-region-start-color}{5}{\code {active-region-start-color}} +\entry{active-region-end-color}{5}{\code {active-region-end-color}} \entry{bell-style}{5}{\code {bell-style}} \entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{5}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}} -\entry{blink-matching-paren}{5}{\code {blink-matching-paren}} -\entry{colored-completion-prefix}{5}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}} -\entry{colored-stats}{5}{\code {colored-stats}} -\entry{comment-begin}{5}{\code {comment-begin}} -\entry{completion-display-width}{5}{\code {completion-display-width}} -\entry{completion-ignore-case}{5}{\code {completion-ignore-case}} -\entry{completion-map-case}{5}{\code {completion-map-case}} -\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{5}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}} +\entry{blink-matching-paren}{6}{\code {blink-matching-paren}} +\entry{colored-completion-prefix}{6}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}} +\entry{colored-stats}{6}{\code {colored-stats}} +\entry{comment-begin}{6}{\code {comment-begin}} +\entry{completion-display-width}{6}{\code {completion-display-width}} +\entry{completion-ignore-case}{6}{\code {completion-ignore-case}} +\entry{completion-map-case}{6}{\code {completion-map-case}} +\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{6}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}} \entry{completion-query-items}{6}{\code {completion-query-items}} -\entry{convert-meta}{6}{\code {convert-meta}} -\entry{disable-completion}{6}{\code {disable-completion}} -\entry{echo-control-characters}{6}{\code {echo-control-characters}} -\entry{editing-mode}{6}{\code {editing-mode}} -\entry{emacs-mode-string}{6}{\code {emacs-mode-string}} -\entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{6}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}} -\entry{enable-keypad}{7}{\code {enable-keypad}} -\entry{expand-tilde}{7}{\code {expand-tilde}} -\entry{history-preserve-point}{7}{\code {history-preserve-point}} -\entry{history-size}{7}{\code {history-size}} -\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{7}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}} -\entry{input-meta}{7}{\code {input-meta}} -\entry{meta-flag}{7}{\code {meta-flag}} -\entry{isearch-terminators}{7}{\code {isearch-terminators}} -\entry{keymap}{8}{\code {keymap}} -\entry{mark-modified-lines}{8}{\code {mark-modified-lines}} -\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{8}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}} -\entry{match-hidden-files}{8}{\code {match-hidden-files}} -\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{8}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}} -\entry{output-meta}{8}{\code {output-meta}} -\entry{page-completions}{9}{\code {page-completions}} -\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{9}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}} -\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{9}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}} -\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{9}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}} -\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{9}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}} -\entry{skip-completed-text}{9}{\code {skip-completed-text}} -\entry{vi-cmd-mode-string}{10}{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}} -\entry{vi-ins-mode-string}{10}{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}} -\entry{visible-stats}{10}{\code {visible-stats}} +\entry{convert-meta}{7}{\code {convert-meta}} +\entry{disable-completion}{7}{\code {disable-completion}} +\entry{echo-control-characters}{7}{\code {echo-control-characters}} +\entry{editing-mode}{7}{\code {editing-mode}} +\entry{emacs-mode-string}{7}{\code {emacs-mode-string}} +\entry{enable-active-region The}{7}{\code {enable-active-region The}} +\entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{8}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}} +\entry{enable-keypad}{8}{\code {enable-keypad}} +\entry{enable-meta-key}{8}{\code {enable-meta-key}} +\entry{expand-tilde}{8}{\code {expand-tilde}} +\entry{force-meta-prefix}{8}{\code {force-meta-prefix}} +\entry{history-preserve-point}{8}{\code {history-preserve-point}} +\entry{history-size}{9}{\code {history-size}} +\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{9}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}} +\entry{input-meta}{9}{\code {input-meta}} +\entry{meta-flag}{9}{\code {meta-flag}} +\entry{isearch-terminators}{9}{\code {isearch-terminators}} +\entry{keymap}{9}{\code {keymap}} +\entry{mark-modified-lines}{10}{\code {mark-modified-lines}} +\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{10}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}} +\entry{match-hidden-files}{10}{\code {match-hidden-files}} +\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{10}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}} +\entry{output-meta}{10}{\code {output-meta}} +\entry{page-completions}{10}{\code {page-completions}} +\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{10}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}} +\entry{search-ignore-case}{11}{\code {search-ignore-case}} +\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{11}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}} +\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{11}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}} +\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{11}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}} +\entry{skip-completed-text}{11}{\code {skip-completed-text}} +\entry{vi-cmd-mode-string}{11}{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}} +\entry{vi-ins-mode-string}{12}{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}} +\entry{visible-stats}{12}{\code {visible-stats}} diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vrs b/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vrs index e8966c46..be6c7bcf 100644 --- a/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vrs +++ b/lib/readline/doc/rluserman.vrs @@ -1,53 +1,61 @@ +\initial {A} +\entry{\code {active-region-end-color}}{5} +\entry{\code {active-region-start-color}}{5} \initial {B} -\entry {\code {bell-style}}{5} -\entry {\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{5} -\entry {\code {blink-matching-paren}}{5} +\entry{\code {bell-style}}{5} +\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{5} +\entry{\code {blink-matching-paren}}{6} \initial {C} -\entry {\code {colored-completion-prefix}}{5} -\entry {\code {colored-stats}}{5} -\entry {\code {comment-begin}}{5} -\entry {\code {completion-display-width}}{5} -\entry {\code {completion-ignore-case}}{5} -\entry {\code {completion-map-case}}{5} -\entry {\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{5} -\entry {\code {completion-query-items}}{6} -\entry {\code {convert-meta}}{6} +\entry{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}{6} +\entry{\code {colored-stats}}{6} +\entry{\code {comment-begin}}{6} +\entry{\code {completion-display-width}}{6} +\entry{\code {completion-ignore-case}}{6} +\entry{\code {completion-map-case}}{6} +\entry{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{6} +\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{6} +\entry{\code {convert-meta}}{7} \initial {D} -\entry {\code {disable-completion}}{6} +\entry{\code {disable-completion}}{7} \initial {E} -\entry {\code {echo-control-characters}}{6} -\entry {\code {editing-mode}}{6} -\entry {\code {emacs-mode-string}}{6} -\entry {\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{6} -\entry {\code {enable-keypad}}{7} -\entry {\code {expand-tilde}}{7} +\entry{\code {echo-control-characters}}{7} +\entry{\code {editing-mode}}{7} +\entry{\code {emacs-mode-string}}{7} +\entry{\code {enable-active-region The}}{7} +\entry{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{8} +\entry{\code {enable-keypad}}{8} +\entry{\code {enable-meta-key}}{8} +\entry{\code {expand-tilde}}{8} +\initial {F} +\entry{\code {force-meta-prefix}}{8} \initial {H} -\entry {\code {history-preserve-point}}{7} -\entry {\code {history-size}}{7} -\entry {\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{7} +\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{8} +\entry{\code {history-size}}{9} +\entry{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{9} \initial {I} -\entry {\code {input-meta}}{7} -\entry {\code {isearch-terminators}}{7} +\entry{\code {input-meta}}{9} +\entry{\code {isearch-terminators}}{9} \initial {K} -\entry {\code {keymap}}{8} +\entry{\code {keymap}}{9} \initial {M} -\entry {\code {mark-modified-lines}}{8} -\entry {\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{8} -\entry {\code {match-hidden-files}}{8} -\entry {\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{8} -\entry {\code {meta-flag}}{7} +\entry{\code {mark-modified-lines}}{10} +\entry{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{10} +\entry{\code {match-hidden-files}}{10} +\entry{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{10} +\entry{\code {meta-flag}}{9} \initial {O} -\entry {\code {output-meta}}{8} +\entry{\code {output-meta}}{10} \initial {P} -\entry {\code {page-completions}}{9} +\entry{\code {page-completions}}{10} \initial {R} -\entry {\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{9} +\entry{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{10} \initial {S} -\entry {\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{9} -\entry {\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{9} -\entry {\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{9} -\entry {\code {skip-completed-text}}{9} +\entry{\code {search-ignore-case}}{11} +\entry{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{11} +\entry{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{11} +\entry{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{11} +\entry{\code {skip-completed-text}}{11} \initial {V} -\entry {\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}{10} -\entry {\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}{10} -\entry {\code {visible-stats}}{10} +\entry{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}{11} +\entry{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}{12} +\entry{\code {visible-stats}}{12} diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi b/lib/readline/doc/version.texi index 539cc4c5..330b3e93 100644 --- a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi +++ b/lib/readline/doc/version.texi @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Copyright (C) 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @set EDITION 8.3 @set VERSION 8.3 -@set UPDATED 14 October 2024 +@set UPDATED 15 October 2024 @set UPDATED-MONTH October 2024 -@set LASTCHANGE Mon Oct 14 11:42:19 EDT 2024 +@set LASTCHANGE Tue Oct 15 16:54:39 EDT 2024 diff --git a/sig.c b/sig.c index 2d200c60..54746815 100644 --- a/sig.c +++ b/sig.c @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ #if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H) # ifdef _MINIX -initialize_shell_signals (# include +# include # endif # include #endif

@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see Key Bindings in 1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax) by converting a key sequence of the form \M-C or Meta-C to the two-character sequence -ESCC (adding the meta prefix). +ESC C (adding the meta prefix). If force-meta-prefix is set to `off' (the default), Readline uses the value of the convert-meta variable to determine whether to perform this conversion: @@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ The default value is `off'. If set to `on', this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. -If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion +If enabled, Readline does not insert characters from the completion that match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor @@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ This key binding syntax recognizes a number of symbolic character names: NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, -RUBOUT, +RUBOUT (a destructive backspace), SPACE, SPC, and @@ -1562,9 +1562,10 @@ position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the set-mark command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. Readline has the concept of an active region: -when the region is active, Readline redisplay uses the -value of the active-region-start-color variable -to denote the region. +when the region is active, +Readline redisplay highlights the region using the +value of the active-region-start-color variable. +The enable-active-region variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.