diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index 25a0ac4f..ba347b30 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -13582,3 +13582,85 @@ subst.c - parameter_brace_substring: if expanding an unquoted $* on the rhs of an assignment statement when IFS is null, make sure we expand the $* as if it were quoted + + 4/4 + --- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - read: document that a delim argument of '' terminates each line when + a NUL character appears + + 4/5 + --- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand_word: handle case where unquoted $@ is + expanded in a context where word splitting is not performed (PF_NOSPLIT2) + and IFS is not equal to the standard value + - param_expand: handle case where unquoted $@ is expanded in a context + where word splitting is not performed (PF_NOSPLIT2) and IFS is not + equal to the standard value. Fixes bug with IFS == $1 when expanding + unquoted $@ reported by Grisha Levit + + 4/7 + --- +subst.c + - pos_params_pat_subst: if MATCH_ASSIGNRHS is set, don't expand $* + as quoted unless expand_no_split_dollar_star is also set. Fixes + expansion bug reported on 4/4 by Grisha Levit + - parameter_brace_transform: if we transform unquoted A[@] or A[*] + when IFS is null, don't quote the result of array_transform in the + same way we don't quote the result of parameter_list_transform, + since it will come back quoted. Fixes bug reported by + Grisha Levit + - list_transform: if we transform unquoted $* or ${a[*]} when IFS is + null and expand_no_split_dollar_star is non-zero, call + string_list_pos_params with Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES to inhibit splitting. + We do this in all cases except @Q, which is inconsistent but more + intuitive. + Fixes bug reported by Grisha Levit + + 4/8 + --- +builtins/read.def + - read_mbchar: if unbuffered == 2, we are running read -N and need to + use zreadn to read the rest of the multibyte char, since the + previous call to zreadn may have buffered characters. Fixes bug + reported by Stephane Chazelas + +pathexp.h + - QGLOB_CTLESC: new flag for quote_string_for_globbing: means to turn + CTLESC CTLESC (quoted CTLESC that's usually removed as part of + word splitting or quote removal) into CTLESC + +pathexp.c + - quote_string_for_globbing: if QGLOB_CTLESC is present in flags, + turn CTLESC CTLESC into CTLESC, even if the first CTLESC is preceded + by a backslash. Callers can't do this because the remaining CTLESC + will be treated as a quoting character and turned into a backslash + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_case_command: if the pattern is not quoted, make sure to tell + quote_string_for_globbing to turn CTLESC CTLESC into CTLESC by + passing QGLOB_CTLESC. Fixes bug reported 4/2 by Martijn Dekker + + + 4/9 + --- +subst.c + - string_transform: after calling ansiexpand for the `E' transformation, + need to call dequote_escapes because ansiexpand assumes it is being + called by the parser and arranges for ansicstr to quote CTLESC and + CTLNUL with CTLESC. Reported by Grisha Levit + +variables.c + - mk_env_string: when exporting functions, run them through + dequote_escapes because any strings containing CTLESC or CTLNUL are + still quoted with CTLESC. Reported by Grisha Levit + + +subst.[ch] + - quote_escapes,dequote_escapes: now take const char * argument + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_intern_function: if the function name contains CTLESC, run + it through dequote_escapes just in case it got CTLESC quoting + CTLESC or CTLNUL from the parser diff --git a/INSTALL b/INSTALL index c60d5917..e25f15c1 100644 --- a/INSTALL +++ b/INSTALL @@ -57,8 +57,6 @@ code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the files that 'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of computer), type 'make distclean'. -Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash - Compilers and Options ===================== @@ -76,8 +74,6 @@ On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this: The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available. -Next: Installation Names, Prev: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash - Compiling For Multiple Architectures ==================================== @@ -108,8 +104,6 @@ The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build directories for other architectures. -Next: Specifying the System Type, Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Up: Installing Bash - Installation Names ================== @@ -125,8 +119,6 @@ option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. -Next: Sharing Defaults, Prev: Installation Names, Up: Installing Bash - Specifying the System Type ========================== @@ -140,8 +132,6 @@ canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each field. -Next: Operation Controls, Prev: Specifying the System Type, Up: Installing Bash - Sharing Defaults ================ @@ -154,8 +144,6 @@ looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all 'configure' scripts do. -Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash - Operation Controls ================== @@ -185,8 +173,6 @@ Operation Controls 'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate options. 'configure --help' prints the complete list. -Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash - Optional Features ================= @@ -321,6 +307,12 @@ unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. '--enable-debugger' Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). +'--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken' + If calling 'stat' on /dev/fd/N returns different results than + calling 'fstat' on file descriptor N, supply this option to enable + a workaround. This has implications for conditional commands that + test file attributes. + '--enable-direxpand-default' Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally @@ -391,7 +383,7 @@ unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. '--enable-prompt-string-decoding' Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped - characters in the '$PS1', '$PS2', '$PS3', and '$PS4' prompt + characters in the '$PS0', '$PS1', '$PS2', and '$PS4' prompt strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. diff --git a/MANIFEST b/MANIFEST index 2a34842a..b03f2a6e 100644 --- a/MANIFEST +++ b/MANIFEST @@ -894,6 +894,7 @@ tests/source7.sub f tests/case.tests f tests/case.right f tests/case1.sub f +tests/case2.sub f tests/casemod.tests f tests/casemod.right f tests/comsub.tests f @@ -997,6 +998,7 @@ tests/exp7.sub f tests/exp8.sub f tests/exp9.sub f tests/exp10.sub f +tests/exp11.sub f tests/exportfunc.tests f tests/exportfunc.right f tests/exportfunc1.sub f @@ -1150,6 +1152,8 @@ tests/posixexp.tests f tests/posixexp.right f tests/posixexp1.sub f tests/posixexp2.sub f +tests/posixexp3.sub f +tests/posixexp4.sub f tests/posixexp2.tests f tests/posixexp2.right f tests/posixpat.tests f diff --git a/POSIX b/POSIX index 84ab6bea..17b41c6f 100644 --- a/POSIX +++ b/POSIX @@ -58,158 +58,165 @@ The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: 14. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. - 15. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of + 15. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash + does not print the 'function' keyword. + + 16. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note Tilde Expansion::. - 16. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When + 17. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the format of the timing information. - 17. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + 18. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. - 18. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the + 19. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next token begins with a '-'. - 19. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a + 20. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled. - 20. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + 21. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name, and so on. - 21. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 22. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. - 22. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. - 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the + 24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable. - 24. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not + 25. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not found. - 25. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + 26. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion results in an invalid expression. - 26. Non-interactive shells exit on word expansion errors. + 27. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. - 27. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + 28. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by the 'eval' builtin. - 28. Process substitution is not available. + 29. Process substitution is not available. - 29. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + 30. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the '#' and '?' special parameters. - 30. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + 31. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context + where the expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if + it were double-quoted. + + 32. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. - 31. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in + 33. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX special builtin command had been executed. - 32. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take + 34. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded by 'command'. - 33. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job + 35. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job is the current or previous job. - 34. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single + 36. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix. - 35. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' + 37. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' prefix. - 36. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output + 38. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output in the format required by POSIX. - 37. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading + 39. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading 'SIG'. - 38. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 40. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use '-' as the first argument. - 39. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory + 41. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'. - 40. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + 42. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the 'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash clears the '-e' option in such subshells. - 41. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + 43. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is supplied. - 42. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 44. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 43. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 45. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 44. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname + 46. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode. - 45. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 47. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the '-P' option. - 46. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an + 48. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - 47. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. + 49. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. - 48. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable + 50. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'. - 49. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when + 51. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and '$EDITOR'. - 50. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + 52. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is displayed, after escape characters are converted. - 51. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' + 53. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' and '-f' options. - 52. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not + 54. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 53. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 55. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status greater than 128. - 54. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 56. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default diff --git a/builtins/read.def b/builtins/read.def index cfb8b1ae..f767a29c 100644 --- a/builtins/read.def +++ b/builtins/read.def @@ -968,7 +968,9 @@ read_mbchar (fd, string, ind, ch, unbuffered) { ps = ps_back; /* We don't want to be interrupted during a multibyte char read */ - if (unbuffered) + if (unbuffered == 2) + r = zreadn (fd, &c, 1); + else if (unbuffered) r = zread (fd, &c, 1); else r = zreadc (fd, &c); diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index 66c9493a..a02c0b8b 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -286,122 +286,125 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR specify the format of the time information. Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in - a subshell). + a subshell). See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of a + subshell environment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the + sshhoopptt builtin (see the description of sshhoopptt below), the last element of + a pipeline may be run by the shell process. LLiissttss - A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the + A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators ;;, &&, &&&&, or ||||, and optionally terminated by one of ;;, &&, or <>. Of these list operators, &&&& and |||| have equal precedence, followed by ;; and &&, which have equal precedence. - A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a semicolon to delimit commands. - If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- - cutes the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell. The shell does not - wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. Commands - separated by a ;; are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each - command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of + If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- + cutes the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell. The shell does not + wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. Commands + separated by a ;; are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each + command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed. - AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by - the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by + the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 &&&& _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status - of zero. + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status + of zero (success). An OR list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if and only if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit - status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if and only if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit + status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss - A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a - command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by - one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a + A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a + command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by + one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. - (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell environment (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUU-- - TTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT below). Variable assignments and builtin com- - mands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in - effect after the command completes. The return status is the + (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell environment (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUU-- + TTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT below). Variable assignments and builtin com- + mands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in + effect after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. { _l_i_s_t; } - _l_i_s_t is simply executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t - must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known - as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of - _l_i_s_t. Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are + _l_i_s_t is simply executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t + must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known + as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of + _l_i_s_t. Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are _r_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted - to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they - must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell + to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they + must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. ((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules described - below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of the expres- - sion is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules described + below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of the expres- + sion is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to lleett ""_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n"". [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]] - Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the - conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. Expressions are composed of - the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. - Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the - words between the [[[[ and ]]]]; tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, - process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Condi- + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the + words between the [[[[ and ]]]]; tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, + process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Condi- tional operators such as --ff must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. - When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right + When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg, as if the eexxtt-- gglloobb shell option were enabled. The == operator is equivalent to - ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is - performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not - match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pat- - tern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as + ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is + performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not + match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pat- + tern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. - An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same - precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the - right of the operator is considered an extended regular expres- + An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same + precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the + right of the operator is considered an extended regular expres- sion and matched accordingly (as in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the - regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional + regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's return value is 2. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to - force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket - expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, - since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between + force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket + expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, + since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting - the variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched + the variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions - within the regular expression are saved in the array variable - BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index 0 is the - portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. - The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index _n is the portion of the + within the regular expression are saved in the array variable + BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index 0 is the + portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. + The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: (( _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. !! _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n True if _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is false. @@ -411,197 +414,197 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR True if either _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 or _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 is true. The &&&& and |||| operators do not evaluate _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 if the value - of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn [ _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of items. The variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of this list in - turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omit- - ted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each positional + turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omit- + ted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each positional parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The return status - is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the + is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the expansion of the items following iinn results in an empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee First, the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 is evaluated according to - the rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. The - arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 is then evaluated repeatedly until - it evaluates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero - value, _l_i_s_t is executed and the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3 is - evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it + the rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. The + arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 is then evaluated repeatedly until + it evaluates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero + value, _l_i_s_t is executed and the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3 is + evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last command in _l_i_s_t that is executed, or false if any of the expres- sions is invalid. sseelleecctt _n_a_m_e [ iinn _w_o_r_d ] ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of - items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard - error, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, - the positional parameters are printed (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). - The PPSS33 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the stan- - dard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to - one of the displayed words, then the value of _n_a_m_e is set to - that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are dis- + items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard + error, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, + the positional parameters are printed (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). + The PPSS33 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the stan- + dard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to + one of the displayed words, then the value of _n_a_m_e is set to + that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are dis- played again. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other - value read causes _n_a_m_e to be set to null. The line read is - saved in the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each + value read causes _n_a_m_e to be set to null. The line read is + saved in the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each selection until a bbrreeaakk command is executed. The exit status of - sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t, + sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t, or zero if no commands were executed. ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the same matching rules as for path- - name expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn below). The _w_o_r_d is - expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- - sion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process sub- - stitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded - using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- + name expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn below). The _w_o_r_d is + expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- + sion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process sub- + stitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded + using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- metic expansion, command substitution, and process substitution. - If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- - formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is executed. If - the ;;;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted - after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of ;;;; causes + If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- + formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is executed. If + the ;;;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted + after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of ;;;; causes execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next set - of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the shell to test - the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any - associated _l_i_s_t on a successful match. The exit status is zero - if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the + of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the shell to test + the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any + associated _l_i_s_t on a successful match. The exit status is zero + if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t. iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii - The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn - _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in - turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn + The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn + _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in + turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn _l_i_s_t is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the eellssee - _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- + _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee uunnttiill _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee - The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long + The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of - zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, - except that the test is negated: _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as - the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The - exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status + zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, + except that the test is negated: _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as + the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The + exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t_-_2, or zero if none was exe- cuted. CCoopprroocceesssseess A _c_o_p_r_o_c_e_s_s is a shell command preceded by the ccoopprroocc reserved word. A - coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command - had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe + coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command + had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe established between the executing shell and the coprocess. The format for a coprocess is: ccoopprroocc [_N_A_M_E] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s] - This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the + This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the default name is CCOOPPRROOCC. _N_A_M_E must not be supplied if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a _s_i_m_- _p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word - of the simple command. When the coprocess is executed, the shell cre- - ates an array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of + of the simple command. When the coprocess is executed, the shell cre- + ates an array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the executing shell. The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a - pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file - descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and - that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established - before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell - commands and redirections using standard word expansions. The file - descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the + pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file + descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and + that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established + before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN + below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell + commands and redirections using standard word expansions. The file + descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the - variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command may be used to wait for + variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. - Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc - command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc + command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss - A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and - executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. + A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and + executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. Shell functions are declared as follows: _n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] ffuunnccttiioonn _n_a_m_e [()] _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] - This defines a function named _n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn - is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the - parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- - pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). - That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but - may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above, with - one exception: If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the - parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. _c_o_m_- + This defines a function named _n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn + is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the + parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- + pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). + That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but + may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above, with + one exception: If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the + parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. _c_o_m_- _p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed whenever _n_a_m_e is specified as the name - of a simple command. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _n_a_m_e may not be the - name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. Any redirections + of a simple command. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _n_a_m_e may not be the + name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is defined are - performed when the function is executed. The exit status of a - function definition is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a - readonly function with the same name already exists. When exe- - cuted, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the + performed when the function is executed. The exit status of a + function definition is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a + readonly function with the same name already exists. When exe- + cuted, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr-- - aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and - all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive - shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow + aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and + all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive + shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is on by default in interac- tive shells. QQUUOOTTIINNGG - _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or - words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment + _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or + words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. - Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special + Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. - When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- + When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must be quoted to prevent history expansion. - There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single + There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single quotes, and double quotes. - A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the + A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of - . If a \\ pair appears, and the backslash is not - itself quoted, the \\ is treated as a line continuation (that + . If a \\ pair appears, and the backslash is not + itself quoted, the \\ is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). - Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of + Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. - Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of - all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, + Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of + all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, when history expansion is enabled, !!. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, - the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history - expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special - meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- - ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, - or <>. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by - preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be - performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a + the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history + expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special + meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- + ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, + or <>. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by + preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be + performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed. - The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double + The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). Words of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated specially. The word expands to - _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the - ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded + _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the + ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -616,253 +619,253 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG \\'' single quote \\"" double quote \\?? question mark - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value - _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (one to three octal digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) \\cc_x a control-_x character - The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not + The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") will cause - the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the - current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the + the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the + current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS - A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- + A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm-- - eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a - _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the + eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a + _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is - a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using + a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] - If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All - _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- + If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All + _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion - is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not - performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall - PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- - ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, - eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). + is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not + performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall + PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- + ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, + eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, these builtins may appear in a command after one or - more instances of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment + more instances of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. - In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to - or add to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to - builtin commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements + or add to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to + builtin commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When += is applied to a variable for which the - _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic - expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also - evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using compound + _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic + expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also + evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at - one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or - added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When - applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to + one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or + added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When + applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to the variable's value. A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to - the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree - and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- - able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever - the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its + the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree + and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- + able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever + the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its attributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute - itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified - by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within + itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified + by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu- - ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a + ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first argument, running declare -n ref=$1 - inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the + inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments - to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, + to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was - passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref - attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a - name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, + passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref + attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a + name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff - attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables - and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn - option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the - name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by + attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables + and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn + option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the + name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, + A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from - the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using - the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to - with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily + the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using + the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to + with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may + The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. - ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When - the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional - parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is + ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and - pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double - quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each - parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special - variable. That is, "$$**" is equivalent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c + pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double + quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each + parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special + variable. That is, "$$**" is equivalent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS - is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is + is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. - @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11" - "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, - the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- - ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last - parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. - When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to + "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, + the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- + ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last + parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. + When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). ## Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. - ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- + ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- ground pipeline. - -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- - tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell + -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- + tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the --ii option). - $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it - expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- + $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it + expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- shell. - !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into - the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or + !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into + the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). - 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set + 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com- - mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started - with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after - the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is - set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument + mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started + with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after + the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is + set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument zero. - __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke - the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi- - ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last - argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to - the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and + __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke + the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi- + ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last + argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to + the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and placed in the environment exported to that command. When check- - ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur- + ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur- rently being checked. SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess The following variables are set by the shell: - BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of + BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of bbaasshh. BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each - shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. BBAASSHHPPIIDD - Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This - differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells - that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to - BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- + Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This + differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to + BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. - Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, - unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. + Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, + unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC - An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number - of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or - script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. - When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed + of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or + script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. + When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in - extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg + extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below) BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV - An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- rent bbaasshh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last - subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe- - cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. The - shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see - the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin + cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. The + shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see + the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below) BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 - When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell script (identical to $$00; see the description of special - parameter 0 above). Assignment to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 causes the value - assigned to also be assigned to $$00. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it + parameter 0 above). Assignment to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 causes the value + assigned to also be assigned to $$00. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh builtin. Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; - however, unsetting array elements currently does not cause com- - mand names to be removed from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is - unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + however, unsetting array elements currently does not cause com- + mand names to be removed from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - The command currently being executed or about to be executed, + The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, - in which case it is the command executing at the time of the + in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. BBAASSHH__EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN__SSTTRRIINNGG The command argument to the --cc invocation option. BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO - An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source - files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked. + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked. $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}} is the line number in the source file ($${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}) where $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or - $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- + $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number. BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH - A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks - for dynamically loadable builtins specified by the eennaabbllee com- + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks + for dynamically loadable builtins specified by the eennaabbllee com- mand. BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH - An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary - operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index - 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular - expression. The element with index _n is the portion of the + An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary + operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index + 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular + expression. The element with index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. This vari- able is read-only. BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE - An array variable whose members are the source filenames where - the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array - variable are defined. The shell function $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} is - defined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from + An array variable whose members are the source filenames where + the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array + variable are defined. The shell function $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} is + defined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}. BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL - Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment - when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- tial value is 0. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO A readonly array variable whose members hold version information - for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array + for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). @@ -871,137 +874,137 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN - Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of + Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of bbaasshh. CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current + An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur- rent completion function. CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE - The current command line. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- - mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT - The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- - ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is - at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is - equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in + The current command line. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE - Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion - attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, - for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- - sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- - tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or - _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT + The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- + ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is + at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is + equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion + attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, + for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- + sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- + tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or + _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word - separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- - ual words in the current command line. The line is split into - words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- + ual words in the current command line. The line is split into + words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as described above. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file - descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess + CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file + descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above). DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- - tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack - in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning + tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack + in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- - ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must + ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari- - able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is - unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses + EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE - An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- - tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". - This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. - Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. - Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in - BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For - instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The + This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. + Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in + BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For + instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor- mation. - GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect. - If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHIISSTTCCMMDD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current - command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, + command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE Automatically set to the name of the current host. HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type - of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- dependent. - LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a - decimal number representing the current sequential line number - (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a - script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system - type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. MMAAPPFFIILLEE - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied. OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. - OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- - tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- dent. PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit - status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). - PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- only. PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE The contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" @@ -1009,295 +1012,295 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when no arguments are supplied. SSEECCOONNDDSS - Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds - since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to - SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the - number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds + since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each - shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. - The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh + The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT - The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See - the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN - CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various compatibility levels - and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g., - 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired com- - patibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty - string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the - current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN + CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various compatibility levels + and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g., + 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired com- + patibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty + string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the + current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error - message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the - current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to - the compatibility options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin + message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the + current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to + the compatibility options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin described below (for example, ccoommppaatt4422 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values). The current version is also a valid value. BBAASSHH__EENNVV - If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, - its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is - subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and - arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. + subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD - If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, - bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is - enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed - when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting - BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace - output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is + enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed + when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. - CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated - list of directories in which the shell looks for destination - directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + list of directories in which the shell looks for destination + directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX - Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to - remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below - a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- - rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. CCOOLLUUMMNNSS - Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal - width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions - generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- - pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each array element contains one possible completion. - EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell - starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. - EENNVV Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX + EENNVV Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode. EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) - defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search - using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- - terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) + defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search + using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- + terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path- - names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. - Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the - executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern + names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. + Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the + executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. FFIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- - fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the + fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT - If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum - function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will cause the current command to abort. GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file - names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name - matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file + names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name + matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL - A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are - saved on the history list. If the list of values includes - _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not - saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes + _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not + saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line - to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. - Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is - unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the + to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. + Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is + unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value - of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line - compound command are not tested, and are added to the history + of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line + compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. HHIISSTTFFIILLEE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- - TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, + TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, the command history is not saved when a shell exits. HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When - this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- - cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of - lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also - truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If - the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. - Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit - truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of + lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also + truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If + the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. + Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit + truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command - lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is - anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com- - plete line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is - tested against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONN-- - TTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is + anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com- + plete line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is + tested against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONN-- + TTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `&&' matches the previous history line. `&&' - may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed + may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the - history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The pattern + history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - The number of commands to remember in the command history (see - HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in + The number of commands to remember in the command history (see + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every - command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). - The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any + command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). + The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated - with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If - this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history - file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses - the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from + with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If + this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history + file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses + the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE - Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s + Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. - The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while - the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is - attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of - the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has - no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to - read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- + The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while + the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is + attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of + the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has + no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to + read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. - IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting - after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting + after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd builtin command. The default value is ``''. IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of - consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first - characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable - exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the - default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the + default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the end of input to the shell. IINNPPUUTTRRCC - The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the default of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). - LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. - LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - This variable determines the collation order used when sorting - the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior - of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE - This variable determines the interpretation of characters and - the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS - This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC - This variable determines the locale category used for number + This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLCC__TTIIMMEE - This variable determines the locale category used for data and + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time formatting. - LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column - length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. - MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the - MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the - arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc- + MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the + arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc- tory. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK - Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The - default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the - shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this - variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The + default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may - be specified by separating the filename from the message with a - `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- - able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by - the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. - PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of - directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD - EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory - name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or - trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT - If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the - shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if - the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set - while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the command _s_e_t _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed. PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt. PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM - If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding - the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. - PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and + PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and before the command is executed. - PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is + PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is ``\\ss--\\vv\\$$ ''. - PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as + PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is ``>> ''. PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). - PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the - value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an - execution trace. The first character of the expanded value of + PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the + value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an + execution trace. The first character of the expanded value of PPSS44 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate mul- tiple levels of indirection. The default is ``++ ''. SSHHEELLLL The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment vari- - able. If it is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to + able. If it is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- - ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the - ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- - duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or - other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- + ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the + ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- + duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or + other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the braces denote optional portions. %%%% A literal %%. %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. @@ -1305,77 +1308,77 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. - The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number + The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places - after the decimal point may be specified; values of _p greater - than 3 are changed to 3. If _p is not specified, the value 3 is + after the decimal point may be specified; values of _p greater + than 3 are changed to 3. If _p is not specified, the value 3 is used. - The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of - the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not + The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not the fraction is included. - If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value - $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, + If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. - TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the + TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the default timeout for the rreeaadd builtin. The sseelleecctt command termi- nates if input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is - coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is + coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting - for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not + for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arrive. - TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. aauuttoo__rreessuummee This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and - job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- + job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump- tion of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; - if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, - the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a - stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start - it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match - the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the - string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a - stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- - gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set - to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a + if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, + the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start + it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match + the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the + string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a + stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- + gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set + to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. hhiissttcchhaarrss - The two or three characters which control history expansion and + The two or three characters which control history expansion and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). The first character - is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals - the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second - character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as - shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- - tuting one string for another in the command. The default is - `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- - cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as - the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- + is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals + the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second + character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as + shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- + tuting one string for another in the command. The default is + `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- + cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as + the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the - remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the + remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. AArrrraayyss - BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. - Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will - explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of - an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- - tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will + explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref- erenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. - An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. To explicitly - declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_- + declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM-- + MMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e. @@ -1383,134 +1386,136 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. - Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form - _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_- - _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _s_t_r_i_n_g. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and - subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index - of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement + subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index + of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. - This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array - elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax - introduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- - scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative - to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices + This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array + elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax + introduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- + scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative + to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. - Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. + Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If - _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These - subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If + _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These + subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the - value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS + value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special variable, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a sep- - arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to - nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the - expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of - the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined - with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the - expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_- - _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele- - ments in the array. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of - an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is inter- - preted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, - so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index + arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to + nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the + expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of + the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined + with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the + expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss + above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele- + ments in the array. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of + an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is inter- + preted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, + so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref- - erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable + erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and bbaasshh will create an array if nec- essary. - An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. - It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the - values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the + values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in array variable _n_a_m_e. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes. - The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] - destroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t. Negative subscripts to - indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken - to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname expansion. uunnsseett - _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, or uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t - is ** or @@, removes the entire array. + The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] + destroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and + associative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are inter- + preted as described above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side + effects caused by pathname expansion. Unsetting the last element of an + array variable does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is + an array, or uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, removes + the entire array. - The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to - specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative - array. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd - builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative + array. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd + builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into - words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, - _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- + words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, + _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- _t_i_o_n, _a_r_i_t_h_m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, and _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter - and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution - (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan- + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution + (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan- sion. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- - able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as - tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as + tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- stitution. - After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the - original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves + After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the + original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (_q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l). Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change - the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single - word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions + the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single + word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of "$$@@" and "$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}" as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener- - ated. This mechanism is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the file- + ated. This mechanism is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the file- names generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional _p_r_e_a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-sep- - arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol- - lowed by an optional _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each + arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol- + lowed by an optional _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. - Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string - are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string + are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, a{{d,c,b}}e expands into `ade ace abe'. - A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are - either integers or single characters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, - is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to - each number between _x and _y, inclusive. Supplied integers may be pre- - fixed with _0 to force each term to have the same width. When either _x - or _y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated - terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where neces- - sary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each - character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, using the - default C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type. - When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between + A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are + either integers or single characters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, + is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to + each number between _x and _y, inclusive. Supplied integers may be pre- + fixed with _0 to force each term to have the same width. When either _x + or _y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated + terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where neces- + sary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each + character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, using the + default C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type. + When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- - acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is - strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to + acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is + strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. - A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and - closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence - expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and + closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence + expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered - part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- + part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing }}. @@ -1521,36 +1526,36 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} - Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical - versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially - when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. - BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. - For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in - the output. The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion by - bbaasshh. If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical + versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially + when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. + BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. + For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in + the output. The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion by + bbaasshh. If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn - If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the - characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if - there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of - the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the - tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. - If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the - value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc- - tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other- - wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated + If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the + characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if + there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of + the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the + tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. + If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the + value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc- + tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other- + wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. - If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PPWWDD + If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PPWWDD replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of - the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char- - acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N, - optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced + the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char- + acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N, + optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu- - ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con- + ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con- sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is @@ -1558,235 +1563,235 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi- ately following a :: or the first ==. In these cases, tilde expansion is - also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in - assignments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the + also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in + assignments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the expanded value. PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn The `$$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, - or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded - may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the - variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. - When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not - escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not + escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required - when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one + The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required + when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell - parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference + parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference (AArrrraayyss). - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of variable indirec- - tion. BBaasshh uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of variable indirec- + tion. BBaasshh uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. If + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable refer- - enced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete indirect expan- - sion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and - ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately + enced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete indirect expan- + sion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and + ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. - When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented - below (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. - Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is + When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented + below (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. + Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} - UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} - AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special + _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this way. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} - DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, - the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is - not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is + not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} - UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} - SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, an indexed array subscripted by @@ or **, - or an associative array name, the results differ as described - below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the + or an associative array name, the results differ as described + below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t - and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are + and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). - If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is - used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it - is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the - expansion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. - Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by - at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expan- + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it + is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the + expansion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. + Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by + at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expan- sion. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one - greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of - -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expan- + greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of + -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expan- sion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the - result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with - ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to - one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It - is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than + result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to + one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It + is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. - Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. - Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- - ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by - default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by + default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} - NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the - IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears - within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} - LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to - the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is - not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. - When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value - substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- - _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- - tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that - number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- - mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the - end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value + substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- + tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that + number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- + mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the + end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- ment. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_w_o_r_d} RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches - the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the - expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat- - tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the - pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- + the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the + expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat- + tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the + pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_w_o_r_d} RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches - a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the - result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with - the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest - matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ - or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or - **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of + a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the + result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with + the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest + matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ + or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and - the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with - _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are - replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is + tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and + the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are + replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is replaced. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at the begin- ning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with - %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // fol- - lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option + lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution - operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and - the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array - variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution operation is - applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion + operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and + the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array + variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution operation is + applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} - CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- - betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. Each character in - the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, - if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern - should not attempt to match more than one character. The ^^ - operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to upper- + the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, + if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern + should not attempt to match more than one character. The ^^ + operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to upper- case; the ,, operator converts matching uppercase letters to low- ercase. The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character - in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert - only the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is - omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is - applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion - is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- + in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert + only the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is + omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is + applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion + is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- scripted with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied - to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the + to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r} PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn. The expansion is either a transforma- - tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a + tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a single letter: - QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r quoted in a format that can be reused as input. - EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the + EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the $$''......'' quoting mechanism. PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). - AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment - statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will + AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will recreate _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value. - aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- + aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or - **, the case modification operation is applied to each member of + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + **, the case modification operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. - The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname expansion as described below. CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn @@ -1800,117 +1805,117 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ- ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are - not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- - mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but + not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- + mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). - When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash - retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash + retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub- - stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. - If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the results. AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn - Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression - and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- + Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression + and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- sion is: $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a - double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a + double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the - arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be + mand substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the + arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. - The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn - _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred - to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The - process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred + to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The + process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com- - mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, - writing to the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form - is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the + mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, + writing to the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form + is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t. Process substitution is supported on systems that sup- port named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. - When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with - parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg - The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. - The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the - results of the other expansions into words using these characters as - field terminators. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly - <><><>, the default, then sequences of <>, <>, - and <> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous - expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the - beginning or end serves to delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other - than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee, - ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as - long as the whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS white- - space character). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + results of the other expansions into words using these characters as + field terminators. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly + <><><>, the default, then sequences of <>, <>, + and <> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous + expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the + beginning or end serves to delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other + than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee, + ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as + long as the whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS white- + space character). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A - sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. + sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. - Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parame- - ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument - results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. - When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion - is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word -d'' + ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument + results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. + When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion + is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word -d'' becomes -d after word splitting and null argument removal. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn - After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans - each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters - appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an - alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below). If no matching filenames are found, and the - shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If - the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no matches are found, the word is - removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell option is set, and no matches are + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an + alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see PPaatt-- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below). If no matching filenames are found, and the + shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If + the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no matches are found, the word is + removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not executed. If - the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without - regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used - for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the start of a name or - immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the - shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' must - always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. When matching a - pathname, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In - other cases, the ````..'''' character is not treated specially. See the - description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a descrip- + the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without + regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used + for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the start of a name or + immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the + shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' must + always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. When matching a + pathname, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In + other cases, the ````..'''' character is not treated specially. See the + description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a descrip- tion of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. - The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file - names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file - name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed - from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- - ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- + ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to case. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGG-- - NNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null + NNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other - filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior - of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the + filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior + of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. @@ -1918,57 +1923,57 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern - characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not - occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the - escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: - ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the - gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a - pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a - single pattern will match all files and zero or more - directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two - adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the + gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a + pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a + single pattern will match all files and zero or more + directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two + adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- ries. ?? Matches any single character. - [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of - characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- - _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- - ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating - sequence and character set, is matched. If the first + [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of + characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- + _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- + ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating + sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any charac- - ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char- - acters in range expressions is determined by the current - locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell + ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char- + acters in range expressions is determined by the current + locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. To obtain the traditional interpreta- - tion of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to - [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or - enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be + tion of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to + [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or + enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. - Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. - Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified + Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with - the same collation weight (as defined by the current + the same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat- ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several - extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following + extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol- lowing sub-patterns: @@ -1984,71 +1989,71 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN !!((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) Matches anything except one of the given patterns - Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, - especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings con- + Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, + especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings con- tain multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, - or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be + or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- - ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d - using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows - commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows + commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and - writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the - current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- + writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the + current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may fol- - low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, + low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. - Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a - file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. - If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines - the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- - ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- + file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. + If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines + the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- + ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- grammer to manage the file descriptor himself. - In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- - ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- - direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the - first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- + direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- - tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word + The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. - Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 - directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, while the command ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist - directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard - error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; - otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described + otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described below. //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d - If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- + If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- cated. //ddeevv//ssttddiinn File descriptor 0 is duplicated. @@ -2058,22 +2063,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding TCP socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding UDP socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. - Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with - care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the + sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: @@ -2081,27 +2086,27 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the + Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file - does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero + does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d - If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose - name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name - results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file - descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not + Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name + results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file + descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. The general format for appending output is: @@ -2109,11 +2114,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. - There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error: &&>>_w_o_r_d @@ -2125,13 +2130,13 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 - When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If - it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee + When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If + it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons. AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. The format for appending standard output and standard error is: @@ -2145,10 +2150,10 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below). HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss - This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing - blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used - as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a + blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used + as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a command. The format of here-documents is: @@ -2157,18 +2162,18 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r - No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of - _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, - and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is - unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter - expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the charac- - ter sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of + _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, + and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is + unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter + expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the charac- + ter sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the characters \\, $$, and ``. If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are - stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This - allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural + stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This + allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. HHeerree SSttrriinnggss @@ -2176,9 +2181,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d - The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, - command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- - name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is + The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- + name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified). @@ -2188,22 +2193,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of - that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file - descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- - ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the + more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of + that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file + descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- + ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. The operator [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the - digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- - direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is - closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand - to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the + digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- + direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss @@ -2211,7 +2216,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -2219,7 +2224,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2227,138 +2232,146 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d - causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for - both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as - the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of - aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin - commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each - simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If - so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, - $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as + the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of + aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin + commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each + simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If + so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, + $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may - contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The - first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word - that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second - time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and - bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the - last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command + contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The + first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word + that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second + time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and + bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the + last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If - arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input - before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are - expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, - an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does - not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input + before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are + expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, + an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does + not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new - alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. - Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the - function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- - mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail- - able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put - alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound + alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. + Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the + function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- + mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail- + able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put + alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands. For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a - shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed - in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to - interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to + interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The - first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- tion while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical - between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical + between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the - function and its caller. If a variable is declared llooccaall, the vari- - able's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children + function and its caller. If a variable is declared llooccaall, the vari- + able's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions it calls). Local variables "shadow" variables - with the same name declared at previous scopes. For instance, a local - variable declared in a function hides a global variable of the same - name: references and assignments refer to the local variable, leaving - the global variable unmodified. When the function returns, the global + with the same name declared at previous scopes. For instance, a local + variable declared in a function hides a global variable of the same + name: references and assignments refer to the local variable, leaving + the global variable unmodified. When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. - The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility - within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their - values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- - cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a - function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether - that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is - also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the + The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility + within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their + values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- + cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a + function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether + that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is + also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function returns. - For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, - and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from + For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, + and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from within _f_u_n_c_2 will resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadow- ing any global variable named _v_a_r. - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, - defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that + The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable + is local to the current scope, uunnsseett will unset it; otherwise the unset + will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described + above. If a variable at the local scope is unset, it will remain so + until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. If the + unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a vari- + able with that name that had been shadowed will become visible. + + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, + defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- - tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the - positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the + positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. - Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the + Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- - sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file - and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions - may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with - the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be - deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell + sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file + and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions + may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with + the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be + deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden- - tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- + tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- - tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- pound command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed- - width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is - trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, - associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- - lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence + width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is + trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, + associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- + lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- @@ -2386,49 +2399,49 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter - expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading - 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form - [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 - representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If - _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits - greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase + 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form + [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 + representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If + _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits + greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, - lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre- + lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre- sent numbers between 10 and 35. - Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in - parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following - unary or binary primaries. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially - when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which - bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; oth- - erwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e - argument to one of the primaries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file - descriptor _n is checked. If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries - is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following + unary or binary primaries. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially + when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which + bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; oth- + erwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e + argument to one of the primaries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file + descriptor _n is checked. If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries + is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The tteesstt command sorts using ASCII ordering. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2467,30 +2480,30 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last read. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a value). --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -2500,8 +2513,8 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- mmaannddss). @@ -2515,108 +2528,108 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive - or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and - _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and + _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following + When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- - ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- - ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a - readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- + shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- + ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- + ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a + readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not - affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not + affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- - taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to - remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is - performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to + remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is + performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked - with the original command and the original command's arguments as its - arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of - the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error + with the original command and the original command's arguments as its + arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of + the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a - file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. - This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new - shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that - the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. + This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new + shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that + the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin - +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation - +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent +o current traps set by ttrraapp @@ -2624,251 +2637,251 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett +o options enabled by sshhoopptt +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass - +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command +o the current working directory +o the file creation mode mask - +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate - of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are + of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi- ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of - the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x mode, bbaasshh + the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x mode, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such subshells. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the - default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. - Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the + default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. + Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- - cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and - ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- + cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and + ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi- - ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, - replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command - consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- - fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus + ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, + replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command + consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- + fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands. - The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented - temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described + The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented + temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi- ronment seen by that command. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ- ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero - exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal + has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero + exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it - returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it + returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins - return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing arguments. - BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, - unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, + unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS - When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and SSIIGGIINNTT - is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In - all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh + is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In + all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. Non-builtin commands run by bbaasshh have signal handlers set to the values - inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in - effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to - these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- + inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in + effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to + these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTT-- TTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. - The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, - an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent SSIIGGCCOONNTT to ensure that they receive the - SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular - job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin - (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP + SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular + job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP using ddiissoowwnn --hh. - If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. - If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- - mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via - the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been + mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via + the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the wwaaiitt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta- tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL - _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the + _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the execution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later - point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive - interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive + interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and bbaasshh. - The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of - currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. - When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. + When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of - the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. - To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Members of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard- - generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in - the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID + generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in + the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, - if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. - Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty - tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal - by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the + if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. + Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty + tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal + by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. - If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to - be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d - character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped - when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be - returned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, - using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command + be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d + character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped + when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be + returned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, + using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it. A ^^ZZ takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac- - ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be + ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command - line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped ccee job. If a prefix - matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the - other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command - line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an - error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_- - _r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground + line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped ccee job. If a prefix + matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the + other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command + line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an + error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_- + _r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer - to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the + to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with a ++, and the pre- - vious job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specifica- + vious job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specifica- tion) also refers to the current job. - Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is - a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the - foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the + foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to ````bbgg %%11''''. - The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes - in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb + in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes - immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that + immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that exits. - If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the - cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option - is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may - then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is - made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is + made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. - When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, - and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes - state. The --ff option will force wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, + and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes + state. The --ff option will force wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process terminates before returning. PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when - it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it - needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it - reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as - described above before tracing each command when the --xx option is - enabled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by insert- - ing a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it + reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as + described above before tracing each command when the --xx option is + enabled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by insert- + ing a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) - \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} - the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is - inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results + the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is + inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) @@ -2878,7 +2891,7 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name \\nn newline \\rr carriage return - \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash) \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format @@ -2887,8 +2900,8 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\uu the username of the current user \\vv the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00) \\VV the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) - \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated - with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari- + \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated + with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari- able) \\WW the basename of the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde @@ -2897,66 +2910,66 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\$$ if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$ \\_n_n_n the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n \\\\ a backslash - \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt \\]] end a sequence of non-printing characters - The command number and the history number are usually different: the - history number of a command is its position in the history list, which - may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY - below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of - commands executed during the current shell session. After the string - is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of - the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY + below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of + commands executed during the current shell session. After the string + is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of + the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RREEAADDLLIINNEE - This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be - enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing - after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the + enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing + after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the sseett builtin. RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. - Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- - larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- - boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key + Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- + larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- + boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x - means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key + means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the _x key.) Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as - a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument - that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that - acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to - act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to + act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. - When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn - Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file - (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of - the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is - _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, + Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of + the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are - set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline - initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a - ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- + set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline + initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a + ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- structs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. - The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other + The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing @@ -2964,18 +2977,18 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE M-Control-u: universal-argument or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. - The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, + The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss - The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. - All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. @@ -2987,15 +3000,15 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" - In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, - _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to - run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ``> output'' into the line). - In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs - from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may - be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU - Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names are not recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument @@ -3003,7 +3016,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. - _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is @@ -3014,7 +3027,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\"" literal " \\'' literal ' - In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -3024,20 +3037,20 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- - tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above - are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above + are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- - fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched - during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- + BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- + fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched + during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess @@ -3047,77 +3060,77 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e - Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff - (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. - When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) - Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal + Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to - vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If + vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- line equivalents. bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the + If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ- - ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of + ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- - ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- - tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) - The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi command mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) - The number of screen columns used to display possible matches - when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less - than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 - will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline - treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- - sible completions that is displayed without modification. When - set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than - this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- ble completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is - asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are + asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and - prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the - _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters. ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion - characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) @@ -3126,191 +3139,191 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE vvii. eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the - primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is - expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- - printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is + expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- trol sequence into the mode string. eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, readline will configure the terminal in a way + When set to OOnn, readline will configure the terminal in a way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating each char- - acter as if it had been read from the keyboard. This can pre- - vent pasted characters from being interpreted as editing com- + acter as if it had been read from the keyboard. This can pre- + vent pasted characters from being interpreted as editing com- mands. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- - pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the + pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier - key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline + If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline attempts word completion. hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history - list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, - the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the - number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the + number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE + shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, + When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it - becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a + becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it - will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), + If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it + will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name - mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, - but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit + mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, + but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit characters. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) - The string of characters that should terminate an incremental - search without subsequently executing the character as a com- - mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) - Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names - is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is - equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) - Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when - reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete + Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional - input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is - received within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but - complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, - so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for - additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than - or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait - until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to + input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is + received within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but + complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, + so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for + additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than + or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait + until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- + If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- played with a preceding asterisk (**). mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- - tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of + tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess). mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) - This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files - whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing - filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be + This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files + whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing + filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the + If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit characters. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches - sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- - tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion - cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words - which have more than one possible completion without any possi- - ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a - common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, add a character to the beginning of the prompt - indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi + If set to OOnn, add a character to the beginning of the prompt + indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi insertion (+). sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when - inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when - performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, - readline does not insert characters from the completion that - match characters after point in the word being completed, so + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + readline does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd)))) This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the - primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command + primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences - is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end + is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the - primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion + primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences - is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end + is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by - _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- pletions. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss - Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional - compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings - and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. - $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- - ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using - readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters are required to isolate it. - mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test - whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be - used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for - instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and - _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for + instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in emacs mode. - tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter- - minal and the portion of the terminal name before the - first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, for instance. aapppplliiccaattiioonn The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- specific settings. Each program using the readline - library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bbaasshh: $$iiff Bash @@ -3325,51 +3338,51 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE test fails. $$iinncclluuddee - This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads - commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c SSeeaarrcchhiinngg - Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. - Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the - search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed - so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as - needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in - the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in + the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the - Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. - Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original - line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the + Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. + Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original + line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. - To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or - Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the - history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. - Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the - search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- + To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or + Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the + history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. + Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the + search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- - Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search + Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used. - Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting - to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess - The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- - tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to - a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the + tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to + a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg @@ -3385,29 +3398,29 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the - previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired - effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than - one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than + one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. nneexxtt--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect - if the current Readline line does not take up more than one - physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is + if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) - Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the - screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without + Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the + screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -3415,70 +3428,70 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line - is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state - of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) - Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) - Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) - Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) - Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line - using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) - Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the current cursor + between the start of the current line and the current cursor position (the _p_o_i_n_t). The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters + Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search - string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non- + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non- incremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) - Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, - insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the - previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once - the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the + the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the "!_n" history expansion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) - Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave - exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg - move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or - the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or + the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive - calls determines the direction to move through the history. A - negative argument switches the direction through the history + calls determines the direction to move through the history. A + negative argument switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. @@ -3487,79 +3500,79 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) - Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY + Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee - Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee - Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above + Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above for a description of alias expansion. hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) - Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any argument is ignored. eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xx CC--ee)) - Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the - result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, $$EEDDIITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt _e_n_d_-_o_f_-_f_i_l_e ((uussuuaallllyy CC--dd)) - The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by - ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- - ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- + ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EEOOFF. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the same character as the tty EEOOFF character, as CC--dd commonly is, see above for the effects. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) - Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric + Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr - Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- sor is deleted. qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) - Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) Insert a tab character. sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......)) Insert the character typed. ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) - Drag the character before point forward over the character at - point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of - the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) - Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) - Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) - Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) - Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee - Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects - only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call + only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- - ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than - pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- - wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a + ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than + pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- + wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg @@ -3568,31 +3581,31 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) Kill backward to the beginning of the line. uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) - Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee - Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the - same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. - bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as - those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. - sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) - Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt - Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash - character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. @@ -3601,65 +3614,65 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) - Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- + Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----)) - Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt - This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is - followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus - sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- - lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the - numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, - if this command is immediately followed by a character that is - neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next - command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially - one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- + lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the + numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, + if this command is immediately followed by a character that is + neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. CCoommpplleettiinngg ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) - Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text - begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname - (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and + begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname + (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) List the possible completions of the text before point. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) - Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee - Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with - a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated - execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible - completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n - moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative - argument may be used to move backward through the list. This - command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by + moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative + argument may be used to move backward through the list. This + command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd - Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list - of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a negative argument. This command is unbound by default. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt - Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning - or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command is unbound by default. ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) @@ -3668,67 +3681,67 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a - command name. Command completion attempts to match the text - against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text - against lines from the history list for possible completion + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd - Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- - pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) - Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and store the definition. ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) - Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. pprriinntt--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo (()) - Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) - Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) - Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). ddoo--lloowweerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--AA,, MM--BB,, MM--_x,, ......)) - If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that + If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The behavior is undefined if _x is already lowercase. pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) @@ -3736,196 +3749,196 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) - Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the - uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<>)) - Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) - Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is - set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is + set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of - that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- + that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- rences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) - A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- - rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- + rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- quent occurrences. sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee - Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will - have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, - instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) - Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- - mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current + Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- + mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a - toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not - match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- + toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not + match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- - ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a - newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn - causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. - If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be + ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn + causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. + If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern - is used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern + is used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, - replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) - The list of expansions that would have been generated by - gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a - numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss - Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- - put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to - the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss - Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for - which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using - the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- + When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for + which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- mable completion facilities are invoked. - First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the - empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), - any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a - compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to + First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the + empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), + any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a + compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command - word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched - for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt - is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. - If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched + for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt + is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. - Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of - matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of + matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. - First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches - which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the - --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches + which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the + --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. - Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG + Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not - match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not + match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. - Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- - ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- - cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is - then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as + Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- + ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- + cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is + then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. - After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command - specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command + specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the - first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are - being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, - and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- + If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are + being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, + and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- pleted on the current command line. No filtering of the generated com- pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. - Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use - any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described - below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions + Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use + any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described + below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable, one per array element. - Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- - ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of - completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be + Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- + ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of + completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. - After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- - fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- - tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced - with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped - with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. - Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- + fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- + tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced + with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped + with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. + Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- - ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is - enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- + ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- betic characters. Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. - If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the - --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the + --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. - If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec + If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. - By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned - to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of filename completion is disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup- - plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- + plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the --oo - ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, - readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, + ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, + readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. - When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, - the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash - to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to - the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, + the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash + to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to + the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. - There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is - most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- - fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as - completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by - returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is + most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- + fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as + completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by + returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is - being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is + being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an - attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of - completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather + attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of + completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once. - For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept - in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept + in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default completion function would load completions dynamically: _completion_loader() @@ -3936,161 +3949,161 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE HHIISSTTOORRYY - When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell + When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously - typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of + typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- - mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the - history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values + mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the + history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari- - able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value - of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the - number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- - SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value - less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history - file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- + able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value + of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the + number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- + SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value + less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history + file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the pre- ceding history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depend- - ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with - history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the - history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled - (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the - lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is + ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with + history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the + history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled + (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the + lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is overwritten. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is - unwritable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable - is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the - history comment character, so they may be preserved across shell ses- - sions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish time- + unwritable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable + is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the + history comment character, so they may be preserved across shell ses- + sions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish time- stamps from other history lines. After saving the history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTT-- - FFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric + FFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. - The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used + The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiiss-- - ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and - manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search - commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the + ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and + manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search + commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the history list. - The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The ccmmddhhiisstt shell - option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a - multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where - necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option - causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of + option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a + multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where + necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option + causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell options. HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the - history expansion in ccsshh.. This section describes what syntax features - are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive + The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the + history expansion in ccsshh.. This section describes what syntax features + are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default. History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input - stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a + stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. - History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is - read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two - parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is + read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two + parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history - is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are - _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are available to manipulate the selected + is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are + _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are available to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when read- - ing input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r-separated words surrounded by - quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by - the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !! by - default. Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history - expansion character, but the history expansion character is also - treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote + ing input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r-separated words surrounded by + quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by + the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !! by + default. Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history + expansion character, but the history expansion character is also + treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. - Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- - lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, - tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion. - Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to - tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell + Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to + tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell option is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and - rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately - passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded + rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately + passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee - is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed - history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer - for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be - used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss + is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed + history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer + for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be + used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of - the history list without actually executing them, so that they are + the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. - The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll - VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- + VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- tory timestamps when writing the history file. EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- - tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to + An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- + tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list. - !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, - newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, + newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin). !!_n Refer to command line _n. !!--_n Refer to the current command minus _n. !!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. !!_s_t_r_i_n_g - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position - in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ - Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing - _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' + Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below). !!## The entire command line typed so far. WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: - separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be - omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words - are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being - denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- + Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: + separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be + omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words + are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being + denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- rated by single spaces. 00 ((zzeerroo)) The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. _n The _nth word. ^^ The first argument. That is, word 1. - $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will + $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. %% The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search. _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. - ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. - It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. - If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. MMooddiiffiieerrss - After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one + After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. hh Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. @@ -4099,80 +4112,80 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. - xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at + xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at bbllaannkkss and newlines. ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// - Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event - line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final - delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event - line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single - backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- - gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to - the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- + Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event + line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final + delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event + line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single + backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- + gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to + the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- tions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. && Repeat the previous substitution. gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is - used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. - If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and - the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. + If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and + the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. - GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event + GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event line. SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the - options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options - and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- - ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning - with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but - are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning - with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- + options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- + ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning + with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but + are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning + with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- tion. :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s and performing any specified redirections. The return status is zero. .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell - environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- - cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, - filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell + environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. - When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is - searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option - to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not - searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- - tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the - positional parameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is - enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any - DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to - ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If - --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the - new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes. The return status + When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is + searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option + to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not + searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- + tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the + positional parameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is + enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any + DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to + ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If + --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the + new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of - aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When - arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose - _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. - For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- - plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass - returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass + returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been defined. bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's - notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless - run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control - enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX] @@ -4181,29 +4194,29 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d - Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key - sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee - variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would - appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed - as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would + appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed + as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- - _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, - and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e - is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e + is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- _d_a_r_d. --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. - --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. - --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- read. - --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. - --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way that they can be re-read. --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e @@ -4215,174 +4228,174 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d - Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is - entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets - the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- - lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the + Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is + entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the current location of the insertion point. If the executed - command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- - LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the + command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. - --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the - associated commands in a format that can be reused as + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. - The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. bbrreeaakk [_n] - Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is - specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater - than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are - exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are + exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function - whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is - commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With- out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of - the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, - and source file corresponding to that position in the current - execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for - example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. - The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- - routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, - the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH - defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative - directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, + defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative + directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not - used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory - structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and + used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory + structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links - to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances + to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing - the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a - slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied - with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- - fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will - return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the - --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a - file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD + the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a + slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied + with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- + fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will + return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the + --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a + file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty direc- - tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, + tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of - the new working directory is written to the standard output. - The return value is true if the directory was successfully + the new working directory is written to the standard output. + The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] - Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are - executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to - find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv - option causes a single word indicating the command or filename + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a - more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, - the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] - Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee - builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches - to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the - various shell variables set by the programmable completion + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program- mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple- - tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, + tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. - ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the - --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing - completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- - ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the - remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' - command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command - for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE - option indicates that the remaining options and actions should - apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion + remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command + for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE + option indicates that the remaining options and actions should + apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. - Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The - arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the - --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n - The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- - spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. - ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess - Perform directory name completion if the comp- + Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess - Tell readline that the compspec generates file- - names, so it can perform any filename-specific - processing (like adding a slash to directory - names, quoting special characters, or suppress- - ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. - nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words - if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). - nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible + nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the - default) to words completed at the end of the + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the + default) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are - generated, directory name completion is - attempted and any matches are added to the + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is + attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n - The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. - bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy @@ -4390,7 +4403,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. - eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn @@ -4399,17 +4412,17 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee - Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. - jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. - kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. - sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin. ssiiggnnaall Signal names. ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. @@ -4418,188 +4431,188 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current - shell environment. When the function is executed, the - first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose - arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose + arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) - is the word preceding the word being completed on the - current command line. When it finishes, the possible - completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- + is the word preceding the word being completed on the + current command line. When it finishes, the possible + completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- PPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t - The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x - _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- pletion after all other options have been applied. --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t - The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS - special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word - is expanded. The possible completions are the members - of the resultant list which match the word being com- + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. The possible completions are the members + of the resultant list which match the word being com- pleted. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t - _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- - ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each - completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. - A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, - an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- - ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- + ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es - are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion - options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible - values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin - described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es + are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion + options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin + described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that - is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion - has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the - remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the + remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or - sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing - loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of - enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of + enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are - given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used - with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, - are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it - will display the attributes and values of all variables having + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, + are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it + will display the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other - options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the - attributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option - will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option - inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function - name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option - is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number + options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the + attributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option + will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option + inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function + name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option + is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option - implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or + implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a - shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The follow- + shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The follow- ing options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: - --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). - --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --ff Use function names only. --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- - tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. - --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case - characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. - --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name - reference to another variable. That other variable is - defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- - ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those - using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed - on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- + ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those + using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed + on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. - --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions - inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling - shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for + --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions + inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling + shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. - --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case - characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled. - --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the environment. - Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari- - able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used + able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a vari- - able name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable is - set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assignment - syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not + able name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable is + set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assignment + syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 - unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to - define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to - assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to - assign a value to an array variable without using the compound - assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a - valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- - only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn + unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to + define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to + assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to + assign a value to an array variable without using the compound + assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a + valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- + only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] - Without options, displays the list of currently remembered - directories. The default display is on a single line with - directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to - the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes - entries from the list. The current directory is always the + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered + directories. The default display is on a single line with + directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to + the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes + entries from the list. The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. - --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. - --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ] - Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active - jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr - option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option - is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is - marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell - receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option - means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_- - _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return + Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active + jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr + option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option + is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is + marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell + receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option + means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_- + _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] - Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. - The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option - is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped - characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- - tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are - interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used - to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these - escape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to - mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- + tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used + to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these + escape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to + mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape sequences: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -4612,189 +4625,189 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash - \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin - to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though - the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. - If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH - instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. - The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. - The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. + The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu- - ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn - is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- - plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- - tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the - output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return - value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an + ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn + is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- + plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- + tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the + output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return + value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] - The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- - mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and - its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process - is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- - ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with - an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, - unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it - returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi- rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is - given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or - if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported - variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one - of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t - from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes - them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate - the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an - index into the history list, where a negative number is used as - an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not - specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that - ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- - wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com- + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not + specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that + ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- + wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com- mand for editing and -16 for listing. - The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The - --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option - is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- - wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing - those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT - variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. - If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. - In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as - _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', - so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. - If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an - invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history - lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an + invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second - form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- - cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in which case ffcc returns failure. ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] - Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b - is used. The return value is that of the command placed into - the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- - ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without job control. ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s] - ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- - ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- - nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is - expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it - by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not - be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss - places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is + expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it + by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not + be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to - 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an - option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into - the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- - cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to + 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an + option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into + the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- + cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame- ters is to be used. - When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a - return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of + When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a + return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?. - ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead. - ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character - of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In - normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid - options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the - variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if - not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If - ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPPTTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. - If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, - a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a - diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a - colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option character found. - ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e - is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- + is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option - causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd - option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of - each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to - which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu- - ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the - hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis- + is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option + causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd + option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of + each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to + which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu- + ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the + hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis- played in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments - are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem- - bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a + are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem- + bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied. hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] - Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching - _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like @@ -4811,49 +4824,49 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] With no options, display the command history list with line num- bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of - _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- - FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for - _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- - played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between - the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is - supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, - the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t - Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history position, so negative indices count - back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. - --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. - These are history lines entered since the beginning of + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the history file. - --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history - file into the current history list. These are lines - appended to the history file since the beginning of the + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines + appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. - --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to the current history list. --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- writing the history file's contents. - --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and - display the result on the standard output. Does not - store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. - --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. - The last command in the history list is removed before + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before the _a_r_g_s are added. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- - tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- - tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the - history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment - character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while - reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to --pp fails. @@ -4862,208 +4875,208 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. - --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. - --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. --rr Display only running jobs. --ss Display only stopped jobs. - If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about - that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] - Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes - named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive - signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or - a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not - present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the - signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, - the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to - --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit - status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is - equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was - successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is + equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was + successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- - MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ] - For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and - assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the - variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- - tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options - is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell - options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are - restored to their original values when the function returns. - With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the - standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options + is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell + options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are + restored to their original values when the function returns. + With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the + standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a - function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly + function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. - mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- - able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- - plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each + --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each input line, rather than newline. - --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are copied. - --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default index is 0. --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. - --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line + --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line read. - --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- dard input. - --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. - --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. - If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that - element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. - If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it. - mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option - argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] - Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, - removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to + Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, + removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow- ing meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing - directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd - -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to last. - If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, - and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid + If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, + and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis- tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change fails. pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the - control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be - assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of - objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard - output, character escape sequences, which are converted and - copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each - of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and + copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each + of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff interprets the following extensions: %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee. - %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can be reused as shell input. %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT - causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting - from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the - number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument - values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and - -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no - argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had - been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff + number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument + values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no + argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had + been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behavior. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] - Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates - the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working - directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two - directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two + directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating - or adding directories to the stack, so that only the + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating + or adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the - new current working directory as if it had been supplied + new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument to the ccdd builtin. If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. - If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r - fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- - tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is - specified, or the directory change to the specified new current + If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r + fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- + tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is + specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. ppwwdd [--LLPP] - Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command - is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may - contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error - occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] - One line is read from the standard input, or from the file - descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split - into words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split + into words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the second _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to - the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input - stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- - ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into + the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input + stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- + ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char- - acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, + acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array @@ -5071,28 +5084,28 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m - The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee - (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- - line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings. --ii _t_e_x_t - If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim- - iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless - EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- - ters encountered in the input are not treated specially - and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - are read. The result is not split on the characters in - IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + are read. The result is not split on the characters in + IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see the --rr option below). --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t @@ -5100,131 +5113,131 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input (or a specified number of characters) is - not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- - mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- - mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is - reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special - file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into - the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd - returns immediately, without trying to read any data. - The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- - fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd + returns immediately, without trying to read any data. + The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- + fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- - able RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is + able RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater - than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a + than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is sup- plied as the argument to --uu. rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s - may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option - is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so - marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed - arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative - arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If - no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed + arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative + arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If + no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be - used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly - names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format - that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by - =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return - status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- - fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is - that of the last command executed in the function body. If - rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to - determine the status is the last command executed before the - trap handler. if rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the - last command used to determine the status is the last command - executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If - rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a - script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop - executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of - the last command executed within the script as the exit status - of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least - significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is - supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function - and not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any com- - mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execu- + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If + rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to + determine the status is the last command executed before the + trap handler. if rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the + last command used to determine the status is the last command + executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If + rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a + script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop + executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of + the last command executed within the script as the exit status + of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least + significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is + supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function + and not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any com- + mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execu- tion resumes after the function or script. sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] - Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are + Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can- - not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x mode, only shell variables are listed. - The output is sorted according to the current locale. When - options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any - arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- + not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x mode, only shell variables are listed. + The output is sorted according to the current locale. When + options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any + arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to - $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following + $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is - given the export attribute and marked for export to the + given the export attribute and marked for export to the environment of subsequent commands. - --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. - --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a - single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status. - The shell does not exit if the command that fails is - part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee - or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or - eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a - &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& + The shell does not exit if the command that fails is + part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee + or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or + eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a + &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the - command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a - compound command other than a subshell returns a non- - zero status because a command failed while --ee was being - ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if - set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non- + zero status because a command failed while --ee was being + ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if + set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- - ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. - If a compound command or shell function executes in a - context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands - executed within the compound command or function body - will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set - and a command returns a failure status. If a compound - command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a - context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have - any effect until the compound command or the command + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command containing the function call completes. --ff Disable pathname expansion. - --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. - --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are - placed in the environment for a command, not just those + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is - on by default for interactive shells on systems that - support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run in a separate process group. When a background job com- pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta- tus. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used - to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: @@ -5232,10 +5245,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Same as --aa. bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd Same as --BB. - eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- face. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with - the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. eerrrrttrraaccee @@ -5249,8 +5262,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- active shells. iiggnnoorreeeeooff - The effect is as if the shell command - ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll + The effect is as if the shell command + ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. @@ -5265,367 +5278,367 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS pphhyyssiiccaall Same as --PP. ppiippeeffaaiill - If set, the return value of a pipeline is the - value of the last (rightmost) command to exit - with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands - in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. - ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default - operation differs from the POSIX standard to - match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. - vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the - current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no - _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the - current option settings is displayed on the standard + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard output. - --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and - $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are - not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, - BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is - started with the effective user (group) id not equal to - the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id - is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- - plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. - Turning this option off causes the effective user and + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- - cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing - parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an - unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error - message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. - --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- - play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command and its expanded arguments or associated word list. - --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. - --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with - the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redi- rection operator >>|| instead of >>. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, - command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- - shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when - executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical - chain of directories when performing commands which + chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. - --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by - shell functions, command substitutions, and commands - executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands + executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. - ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- - ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. - -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- tional parameters remain unchanged. - The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + - rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The - options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of - the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The + options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of + the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] - The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ - Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are - unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to - $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, - it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional - parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are + unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to + $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, + it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional + parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- - ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list - of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of - whether or not each is set. The --pp option causes output to be - displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options + of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of + whether or not each is set. The --pp option causes output to be + displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. - --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- - ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- - tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- wise. - --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt - shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. - Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. - The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s - are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting - options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting + options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: - aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory - is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss - If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is - not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- - ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- - ter, and one character too many. If a correction is - found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- - mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- - ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed - command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- formed. cchheecckkjjoobbss If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running - jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a - second exit is attempted without an intervening command - (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones + second exit is attempted without an intervening command + (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each command - and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLL-- + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each command + and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLL-- UUMMNNSS. - ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- - line command in the same history entry. This allows + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. ccoommppaatt3311 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 - with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional + with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional command's ==~~ operator and locale-specific string compar- - ison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> - operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII + ison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> + operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the cur- rent locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt3322 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 - with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a - command list. Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue - with the next command in the list after one terminates + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators + (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a + command list. Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue + with the next command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt. ccoommppaatt4400 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 - with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- - rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later - interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- - rupt; previous versions continue with the next command + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators + (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- + rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later + interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- + rupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list. ccoommppaatt4411 - If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote - in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special - character. The single quotes must match (an even num- - ber) and the characters between the single quotes are - considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode - through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains + If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote + in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special + character. The single quotes must match (an even num- + ber) and the characters between the single quotes are + considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode + through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions. ccoommppaatt4422 - If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in - the pattern substitution word expansion using quote + If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in + the pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal. ccoommppaatt4433 - If set, bbaasshh does not print a warning message if an - attempt is made to use a quoted compound array assign- - ment as an argument to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion - errors non-fatal errors that cause the current command - to fail (the default behavior is to make them fatal + If set, bbaasshh does not print a warning message if an + attempt is made to use a quoted compound array assign- + ment as an argument to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion + errors non-fatal errors that cause the current command + to fail (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit), and does not reset - the loop state when a shell function is executed (this - allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect + the loop state when a shell function is executed (this + allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee - If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- - names and directory names when performing completion. + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- - lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted - in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear - in shell variable references in words to be completed. - This means that dollar signs in variable names that - expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any - dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, - either. This is active only when bash is using back- - slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is - set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that + expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. ddiirreexxppaanndd - If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results - of word expansion when performing filename completion. - This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- - fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- + fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in - the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' - and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' + and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the - debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to - the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set after invocation, behav- + If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the + debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to + the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set after invocation, behav- ior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above. - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a - description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by default. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave - as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- parisons. That is, the current locale's collating - sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- - late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case + sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- + late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named - by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt - If set, command substitution inherits the value of the - eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word - and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored - in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, the - message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- played. nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- - tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. nnuullllgglloobb - If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see - PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. pprrooggccoommpp If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- @@ -5633,50 +5646,50 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled by default. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote - removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote + removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an + find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta- - tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- + tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- plied, or if job control is not enabled. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and op- - erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of - the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. - tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation - depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- + depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- dence is used when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -5693,120 +5706,120 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval- - uated according to precedence using the rules listed + uated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. - When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- + When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- graphically using ASCII ordering. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] - The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell - receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a - single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its - original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the - shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each - _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap - commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no - arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the - list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option - causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- - responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name - defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a + single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its + original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the + shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. + If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap + commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no + arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the + list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option + causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- + responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name + defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit - from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- - cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, - _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the - first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- ishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to - the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command - following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the - last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using - !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) option. - Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or - reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or + reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when - one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is + one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] - With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if + With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a - string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or - _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, - builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, - then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is - returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the + string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or + _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, + builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, + then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is + returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci- fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not - return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, + return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessar- - ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is - used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable + ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is + used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is - not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell + not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSSaabbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] - Provides control over the resources available to the shell and - to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set - for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a - non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up - to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a + non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the - current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, - respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the - soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is + current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, + respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the + soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter- preted as follows: @@ -5815,12 +5828,12 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --cc The maximum size of core files created --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") - --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children --ii The maximum number of pending signals --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory - --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set) @@ -5829,53 +5842,53 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority --ss The maximum stack size --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds - --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single user - --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its children --xx The maximum number of file locks --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals --TT The maximum number of threads - If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the - new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, - then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except - for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte - blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values; + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the + new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, + then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except + for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte + blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values; and, when in Posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in 512-byte incre- ments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu- ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with - a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is - interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by - _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is - printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- - bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode - was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and false otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is - supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] - For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, - and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be - unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- - tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option - is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, - _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn - has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are - supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- - able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each - unset variable or function is removed from the environment - passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- + and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option + is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, + _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn + has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are + supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- + able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each + unset variable or function is removed from the environment + passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub- sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- @@ -5883,23 +5896,23 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [_i_d _._._.] Wait for each specified child process and return its termination - status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if - a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if + a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If _i_d is not given, all currently active child pro- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the --nn - option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and - returns its exit status. If the --ff option is supplied, and job + option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and + returns its exit status. If the --ff option is supplied, and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt forces _i_d to terminate before returning - its status, intead of returning when it changes status. If _i_d - specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is - 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the + its status, intead of returning when it changes status. If _i_d + specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is + 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at - invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used - to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It - behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +o changing directories with ccdd @@ -5908,16 +5921,16 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o specifying command names containing // - +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. + +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. builtin command - +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command - +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup - +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at startup +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- @@ -5926,10 +5939,10 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another command - +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options to the eennaabbllee builtin command - +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command @@ -5939,14 +5952,14 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell + MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. SSEEEE AALLSSOO _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey - _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- + _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- _t_i_e_s, IEEE -- http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode @@ -5964,7 +5977,7 @@ FFIILLEESS _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c The individual per-interactive-shell startup file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t - The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file @@ -5978,14 +5991,14 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should - make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest - version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/. - Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g - command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged - to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may - be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may + be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. ALL bug reports should include: @@ -5996,7 +6009,7 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS A description of the bug behaviour A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug - _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed @@ -6013,10 +6026,10 @@ BBUUGGSS Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not - handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a - process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in - the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between - parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a + handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between + parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit. Array variables may not (yet) be exported. diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index 86579006..6e78f34b 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Wed Mar 22 15:35:08 EDT 2017 +.\" Last Change: Tue Apr 4 14:55:46 EDT 2017 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2017 March 22" "GNU Bash 4.4" +.TH BASH 1 "2017 April 4" "GNU Bash 4.4" .\" .\" There's some problem with having a `@' .\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. @@ -8768,6 +8768,8 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: .B \-d The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate each input line, rather than newline. +If \fIdelim\fP is the empty string, \fBread\fP will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. .TP .B \-n Copy at most diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index c602ace7..2418fc3d 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -780,6 +780,12 @@ the time information. Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a subshell). +See +COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT +for a description of a subshell environment. +If the lastpipe option is enabled using the shopt builtin +(see the description of shopt below), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.  

Lists

@@ -855,7 +861,7 @@ An AND list has the form is executed if, and only if, command1 -returns an exit status of zero. +returns an exit status of zero (success).

An OR list has the form @@ -1463,7 +1469,7 @@ question mark

the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn -(one to three digits) +(one to three octal digits)
\xHH
@@ -3388,10 +3394,12 @@ The unset builtin is used to destroy arrays. unset name[subscript] -destroys the array element at index subscript. +destroys the array element at index subscript, +for both indexed and associative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname expansion. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. unset name, where name is an array, or unset name[subscript], where subscript is * or @, removes the entire array. @@ -5452,6 +5460,16 @@ local variable var from func1, shadowing any global variable named var.

+The unset builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, unset will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the local scope is unset, it will remain so +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible. +

+ The FUNCNEST variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to @@ -13820,6 +13838,6 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.

This document was created by man2html from bash.1.
-Time: 22 March 2017 16:12:40 EDT +Time: 03 April 2017 16:34:05 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index ff4e58ea..cfd522fd 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ decoded as follows: question mark '\NNN' the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to - three digits) + three octal digits) '\xHH' the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) @@ -586,16 +586,20 @@ information. If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. - Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note -Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the -exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' -option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, -the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) -command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit -successfully. If the reserved word '!' precedes the pipeline, the exit -status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above. -The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before -returning a value. + Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is +a separate process (*note Command Execution Environment::). If the +'lastpipe' option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt +Builtin::), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell +process. + + The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command +in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set +Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, the pipeline's return status is +the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero +status, or zero if all commands exit successfully. If the reserved word +'!' precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of +the exit status as described above. The shell waits for all commands in +the pipeline to terminate before returning a value.  File: bash.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands @@ -633,7 +637,7 @@ executed with left associativity. COMMAND1 && COMMAND2 COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of -zero. +zero (success). An OR list has the form COMMAND1 || COMMAND2 @@ -656,11 +660,12 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Compound Commands, Next: Coprocesses, Prev: Lists, Up * Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. * Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. -Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each construct -begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a -corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (*note -Redirections::) associated with a compound command apply to all commands -within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. +Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. Each +construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any +redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly +overridden. In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, @@ -705,14 +710,16 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done - Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the - resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If 'in - WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command executes the COMMANDS once - for each positional parameter that is set, as if 'in "$@"' had been - specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return status is the - exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no - items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are executed, and the - return status is zero. + Expand WORDS (*note Shell Expansions::), and execute COMMANDS once + for each member in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the + current member. If 'in WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command + executes the COMMANDS once for each positional parameter that is + set, as if 'in "$@"' had been specified (*note Special + Parameters::). + + The return status is the exit status of the last command that + executes. If there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no + commands are executed, and the return status is zero. An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported: @@ -764,20 +771,21 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac 'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to - the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the 'nocasematch' shell - option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt - Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the - case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is used to separate - multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates a pattern list. - A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a - CLAUSE. + the first PATTERN that matches WORD. The match is performed + according to the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::. + If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' + in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed + without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is + used to separate multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates + a pattern list. A list of patterns and an associated command-list + is known as a CLAUSE. Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command - substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before - matching is attempted. Each PATTERN undergoes tilde expansion, - parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic - expansion. + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note Shell + Parameter Expansion::) before matching is attempted. Each PATTERN + undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command + substitution, and arithmetic expansion. There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches @@ -904,7 +912,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero or one instances of 'a', then a 'b': - [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] + [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]] That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value. @@ -917,7 +925,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is equivalent to the above: - pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' + pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b' [[ $line =~ $pattern ]] If you want to match a character that's special to the regular @@ -1252,6 +1260,14 @@ script displays var=global func1 + The 'unset' builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, 'unset' will unset it; otherwise +the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as +described above. If a variable at the local scope is unset, it will +remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible. + Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The '-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only @@ -6205,8 +6221,10 @@ quotes. NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by -filename expansion. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the -entire array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array. +filename expansion. Unsetting the last element of an array variable +does not unset the variable. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, +removes the entire array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the +entire array. The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a' option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an @@ -10854,9 +10872,9 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words * !: Pipelines. (line 9) * [[: Conditional Constructs. - (line 121) + (line 122) * ]]: Conditional Constructs. - (line 121) + (line 122) * {: Command Grouping. (line 21) * }: Command Grouping. (line 21) * case: Conditional Constructs. @@ -10878,7 +10896,7 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words * in: Conditional Constructs. (line 28) * select: Conditional Constructs. - (line 79) + (line 80) * then: Conditional Constructs. (line 7) * time: Pipelines. (line 9) @@ -11485,121 +11503,121 @@ Node: Escape Character14462 Node: Single Quotes14947 Node: Double Quotes15295 Node: ANSI-C Quoting16573 -Node: Locale Translation17826 -Node: Comments18722 -Node: Shell Commands19340 -Node: Simple Commands20212 -Node: Pipelines20843 -Node: Lists23586 -Node: Compound Commands25315 -Node: Looping Constructs26318 -Node: Conditional Constructs28781 -Node: Command Grouping39703 -Node: Coprocesses41182 -Node: GNU Parallel43014 -Node: Shell Functions46987 -Node: Shell Parameters53696 -Node: Positional Parameters58109 -Node: Special Parameters59009 -Node: Shell Expansions62346 -Node: Brace Expansion64440 -Node: Tilde Expansion67274 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion69622 -Node: Command Substitution83754 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion85109 -Node: Process Substitution86041 -Node: Word Splitting87161 -Node: Filename Expansion89105 -Node: Pattern Matching91479 -Node: Quote Removal95465 -Node: Redirections95760 -Node: Executing Commands105318 -Node: Simple Command Expansion105988 -Node: Command Search and Execution107918 -Node: Command Execution Environment110254 -Node: Environment113238 -Node: Exit Status114897 -Node: Signals116567 -Node: Shell Scripts118534 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands121049 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins123083 -Node: Bash Builtins143683 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior172328 -Node: The Set Builtin172673 -Node: The Shopt Builtin183086 -Node: Special Builtins198984 -Node: Shell Variables199963 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables200400 -Node: Bash Variables202504 -Node: Bash Features232297 -Node: Invoking Bash233196 -Node: Bash Startup Files239145 -Node: Interactive Shells244248 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?244658 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?245307 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior246122 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions249610 -Node: Shell Arithmetic253976 -Node: Aliases256793 -Node: Arrays259341 -Node: The Directory Stack264425 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins265209 -Node: Controlling the Prompt268177 -Node: The Restricted Shell270939 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode272764 -Node: Job Control283115 -Node: Job Control Basics283575 -Node: Job Control Builtins288543 -Node: Job Control Variables293270 -Node: Command Line Editing294426 -Node: Introduction and Notation296097 -Node: Readline Interaction297720 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials298911 -Node: Readline Movement Commands300694 -Node: Readline Killing Commands301654 -Node: Readline Arguments303572 -Node: Searching304616 -Node: Readline Init File306802 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax307949 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs328136 -Node: Sample Init File330661 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands333778 -Node: Commands For Moving334982 -Node: Commands For History336831 -Node: Commands For Text341126 -Node: Commands For Killing344515 -Node: Numeric Arguments346996 -Node: Commands For Completion348135 -Node: Keyboard Macros352326 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands353013 -Node: Readline vi Mode358889 -Node: Programmable Completion359796 -Node: Programmable Completion 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+Node: Pipelines20849 +Node: Lists23781 +Node: Compound Commands25520 +Node: Looping Constructs26532 +Node: Conditional Constructs29027 +Node: Command Grouping40082 +Node: Coprocesses41561 +Node: GNU Parallel43393 +Node: Shell Functions47366 +Node: Shell Parameters54565 +Node: Positional Parameters58978 +Node: Special Parameters59878 +Node: Shell Expansions63215 +Node: Brace Expansion65309 +Node: Tilde Expansion68143 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion70491 +Node: Command Substitution84623 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion85978 +Node: Process Substitution86910 +Node: Word Splitting88030 +Node: Filename Expansion89974 +Node: Pattern Matching92348 +Node: Quote Removal96334 +Node: Redirections96629 +Node: Executing Commands106187 +Node: Simple Command Expansion106857 +Node: Command Search and Execution108787 +Node: Command Execution Environment111123 +Node: Environment114107 +Node: Exit Status115766 +Node: Signals117436 +Node: Shell Scripts119403 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands121918 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins123952 +Node: Bash Builtins144552 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior173197 +Node: The Set Builtin173542 +Node: The Shopt Builtin183955 +Node: Special Builtins199853 +Node: Shell Variables200832 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables201269 +Node: Bash Variables203373 +Node: Bash Features233166 +Node: Invoking Bash234065 +Node: Bash Startup Files240014 +Node: Interactive Shells245117 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?245527 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?246176 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior246991 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions250479 +Node: Shell Arithmetic254845 +Node: Aliases257662 +Node: Arrays260210 +Node: The Directory Stack265372 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins266156 +Node: Controlling the Prompt269124 +Node: The Restricted Shell271886 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode273711 +Node: Job Control284062 +Node: Job Control Basics284522 +Node: Job Control Builtins289490 +Node: Job Control Variables294217 +Node: Command Line Editing295373 +Node: Introduction and Notation297044 +Node: Readline Interaction298667 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials299858 +Node: Readline Movement Commands301641 +Node: Readline Killing Commands302601 +Node: Readline Arguments304519 +Node: Searching305563 +Node: Readline Init File307749 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax308896 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs329083 +Node: Sample Init File331608 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands334725 +Node: Commands For Moving335929 +Node: Commands For History337778 +Node: Commands For Text342073 +Node: Commands For Killing345462 +Node: Numeric Arguments347943 +Node: Commands For Completion349082 +Node: Keyboard Macros353273 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands353960 +Node: Readline vi Mode359836 +Node: Programmable Completion360743 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins368204 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example378090 +Node: Using History Interactively383342 +Node: Bash History Facilities384026 +Node: Bash History Builtins387027 +Node: History Interaction391319 +Node: Event Designators394283 +Node: Word Designators395502 +Node: Modifiers397139 +Node: Installing Bash398541 +Node: Basic Installation399678 +Node: Compilers and Options402369 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures403110 +Node: Installation Names404773 +Node: Specifying the System Type405591 +Node: Sharing Defaults406307 +Node: Operation Controls406980 +Node: Optional Features407938 +Node: Reporting Bugs418464 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell419658 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License436510 +Node: Indexes461687 +Node: Builtin Index462141 +Node: Reserved Word Index468968 +Node: Variable Index471416 +Node: Function Index487094 +Node: Concept Index500397  End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf index a971a7ac..4b290fbc 100644 Binary files a/doc/bash.pdf and b/doc/bash.pdf differ diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps index 7dee5f9d..2f6fc853 100644 --- a/doc/bash.ps +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.3 -%%CreationDate: Wed Mar 22 16:11:15 2017 +%%CreationDate: Mon Apr 3 16:33:53 2017 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic @@ -666,1671 +666,1654 @@ F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 348 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85 (total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)108 376.8 R(The)6.073 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.573 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.323 G 1.073(riable may be).25 F -(used to specify the format of the time information.)108 388.8 Q -(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 405.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F2(Lists)87 -422.4 Q F0(A)108 434.4 Q F1(list)2.849 E F0 .349(is a sequence of one o\ -r more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.849 F F2(;)2.85 E -F0(,)A F2(&)2.85 E F0(,)A F2(&&)2.85 E F0 2.85(,o)C(r)-2.85 E F2(||)2.85 -E F0 2.85(,a)C .35(nd option-)-2.85 F(ally terminated by one of)108 -446.4 Q F2(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2() -2.5 E F0(.)A .961(Of these list operators,)108 463.2 R F2(&&)3.461 E F0 -(and)3.461 E F2(||)3.461 E F0(ha)3.461 E 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961 -(qual precedence, follo).15 F .96(wed by)-.25 F F2(;)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 -E F2(&)3.46 E F0 3.46(,w)C .96(hich ha)-3.46 F 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .96 -(qual prece-).15 F(dence.)108 475.2 Q 2.5(As)108 492 S -(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F1(list) -2.5 E F0(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 -(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 508.8 R F2(&) +(used to specify the format of the time information.)108 388.8 Q .655 +(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 405.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .656 +(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 F(See)5.656 E +F4 .656(COMMAND EXE-)3.156 F 1.106(CUTION ENVIR)108 417.6 R(ONMENT)-.27 +E F0 1.106(for a description of a subshell en)3.356 F 3.606 +(vironment. If)-.4 F(the)3.606 E F2(lastpipe)3.606 E F0 1.105 +(option is enabled)3.606 F .744(using the)108 429.6 R F2(shopt)3.244 E +F0 -.2(bu)3.244 G .744(iltin \(see the description of).2 F F2(shopt) +3.245 E F0(belo)3.245 E .745 +(w\), the last element of a pipeline may be run by)-.25 F +(the shell process.)108 441.6 Q F2(Lists)87 458.4 Q F0(A)108 470.4 Q F1 +(list)2.85 E F0 .35(is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by\ + one of the operators)2.85 F F2(;)2.849 E F0(,)A F2(&)2.849 E F0(,)A F2 +(&&)2.849 E F0 2.849(,o)C(r)-2.849 E F2(||)2.849 E F0 2.849(,a)C .349 +(nd option-)-2.849 F(ally terminated by one of)108 482.4 Q F2(;)2.5 E F0 +(,)A F2(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2()2.5 E F0(.)A .96 +(Of these list operators,)108 499.2 R F2(&&)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 E F2(||) +3.46 E F0(ha)3.46 E 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual precedence, follo).15 +F .961(wed by)-.25 F F2(;)3.461 E F0(and)3.461 E F2(&)3.461 E F0 3.461 +(,w)C .961(hich ha)-3.461 F 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual prece-).15 F +(dence.)108 511.2 Q 2.5(As)108 528 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E +(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 +(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 +(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 544.8 R F2(&) 2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 -(cutes the command in the).15 F F1(bac)2.529 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 -(in)2.529 E 2.876(as)108 520.8 S 2.876(ubshell. The)-2.876 F .376 -(shell does not w)2.876 F .375 -(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .375 -(Commands sepa-)5.375 F .848(rated by a)108 532.8 R F2(;)3.348 E F0 .848 -(are e)3.348 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F -.849(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .849(The return) -5.849 F(status is the e)108 544.8 Q(xit status of the last command e) +(cutes the command in the).15 F F1(bac)2.528 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 +(in)2.528 E 2.875(as)108 556.8 S 2.875(ubshell. The)-2.875 F .375 +(shell does not w)2.875 F .375 +(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .376 +(Commands sepa-)5.376 F .849(rated by a)108 568.8 R F2(;)3.349 E F0 .849 +(are e)3.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F +.848(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .848(The return) +5.848 F(status is the e)108 580.8 Q(xit status of the last command e) -.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences \ -of one or more pipelines separated by the)108 561.6 R F2(&&)3.436 E F0 -(and)3.436 E F2(||)3.436 E F0 .936(control operators,)3.436 F(respecti) -108 573.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 +of one or more pipelines separated by the)108 597.6 R F2(&&)3.437 E F0 +(and)3.437 E F2(||)3.437 E F0 .937(control operators,)3.437 F(respecti) +108 609.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G -2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F1(command1)144 590.4 Q F2(&&) -2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 607.2 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe) +2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F1(command1)144 626.4 Q F2(&&) +2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 643.2 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F1(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e) -2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 624 Q F1 -(command1)144 640.8 Q F2(||)2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 657.6 -Q F0 .728(is e)3.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F1 -(command1)3.429 E F0 .729(returns a non-zero e)3.229 F .729(xit status.) --.15 F .729(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108 -669.6 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted in the list.).15 E F2(Compound Commands)87 686.4 Q F0(A)108 698.4 -Q F1 1.054(compound command)3.554 F F0 1.054(is one of the follo)3.554 F -3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F1(list)3.553 E F0 -1.053(in a command')3.553 F 3.553(sd)-.55 G 1.053(escription may be) --3.553 F 1.026(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne) -108 710.4 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.027(wed by a ne)-.25 -F 1.027(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4) -72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(4)198.45 E 0 Cg EP +2.5 E(xit status of zero \(success\).)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 +660 Q F1(command1)144 676.8 Q F2(||)2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2) +108.2 693.6 Q F0 .729(is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .729 +(cuted if and only if).15 F F1(command1)3.429 E F0 .729 +(returns a non-zero e)3.229 F .729(xit status.)-.15 F .728 +(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108 705.6 Q +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted in the list.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E +(4)198.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(\()108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)144 84 Q F0 .011(is e)2.512 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see) --.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT) --.27 E F0(belo)2.261 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 96 S 1.063 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Compound Commands)87 84 Q F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.053 +(compound command)3.553 F F0 1.053(is one of the follo)3.553 F 3.553 +(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F2(list)3.553 E F0 1.054 +(in a command')3.554 F 3.554(sd)-.55 G 1.054(escription may be)-3.554 F +1.027(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne)108 108 R +1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.026(wed by a ne)-.25 F 1.026 +(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 120 Q(\()108 136.8 Q F2(list) +A F0(\))A F2(list)144 136.8 Q F0 .011(is e)2.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .011 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see)-.4 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0 +(belo)2.262 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 148.8 S 1.064 (riable assignments and b)1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064 -(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 108 Q +(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 160.8 Q (fect after the command completes.)-.25 E(The return status is the e)5 E -(xit status of)-.15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E -F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)144 124.8 Q F0 .402(is simply e)2.902 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list) -5.401 E F0 .401(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .401(wline or)-.25 -F 3.214(semicolon. This)144 136.8 R .714(is kno)3.214 F .714(wn as a) --.25 F F1(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 -(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .715(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list) -3.215 E F0 5.715(.N)C(ote)-5.715 E .22(that unlik)144 148.8 R 2.72(et) --.1 G .22(he metacharacters)-2.72 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()2.72 E F0 -(and)2.72 E F3(\))2.72 E F0(,)A F3({)2.72 E F0(and)2.72 E F3(})2.719 E -F0(are)2.719 E F1 -.37(re)2.719 G .219(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 -.219(and must occur where a reserv)2.719 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 160.8 S -.256(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .256(Since the)5.256 F 2.756 -(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.756 G .257(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .257 -(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.757(ym)-.15 G .257(ust be separated)-2.757 F -(from)144 172.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0 -(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(\(\()108 -189.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 201.6 Q F1 --.2(ex)2.552 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .052(is e)2.552 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 2.551(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-2.551 E F2 .051(ARITHMETIC EV)2.551 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E -(TION)144 213.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)4.91 F .411 -(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the return status is \ -0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 225.6 Q(This is e)5 E -(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2 -(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(")A F0(.)A F3([[)108 242.4 Q F1 -.2(ex) -2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(]])2.5 E F0 1.3 -(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 254.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G -1.299(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex) -3.799 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.273 -(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 266.4 R -4.774(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.774 E F2(CONDITION)4.774 E 2.274(AL EXPRES-)-.18 -F(SIONS)144 278.4 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.633 G 1.133 +(xit status of)-.15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 177.6 Q F2(list)2.5 E +F0 2.5(;})C F2(list)144 177.6 Q F0 .401(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F2(list) +5.401 E F0 .402(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 +F 3.215(semicolon. This)144 189.6 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a) +-.25 F F2(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 +(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F2(list) +3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 201.6 R 2.719(et) +-.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F1(\()2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1 +(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F1({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719 +E F2 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22 +(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 213.6 S .257 +(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd) +-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256(ord break, the) +-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 225.6 Q F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 +E(\(\()108 242.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 +254.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F +2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E F3 .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E +(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 266.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v) +4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the retur\ +n status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 278.4 Q +(This is e)5 E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(let ") +2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(")A F0(.)A F1([[)108 295.2 Q +F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(]])2.5 E F0 1.299 +(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 307.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.3(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.8 G +(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.274 +(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 319.2 R +4.773(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.773 E F3(CONDITION)4.773 E 2.273(AL EXPRES-)-.18 +F(SIONS)144 331.2 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.632 G 1.133 (rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133 (xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F -F3([[)3.632 E F0(and)144 290.4 Q F3(]])2.963 E F0 2.963(;t)C .463 -(ilde e)-2.963 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) --.25 F .464(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .464 +F1([[)3.633 E F0(and)144 343.2 Q F1(]])2.964 E F0 2.964(;t)C .464 +(ilde e)-2.964 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) +-.25 F .463(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .463 (xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081 -(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 302.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G +(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 355.2 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081 -(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F33.58 E F0 -(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 314.4 Q -(When used with)144 332.4 Q F3([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E -F0(and)2.5 E F3(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .502(When the)144 -350.4 R F3(==)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F3(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ +(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F13.581 E F0 +(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 367.2 Q +(When used with)144 385.2 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E +F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144 +403.2 R F1(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F1(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-) 3.002 F .81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 -362.4 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F3 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM) +415.2 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F1 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM) -.15 G(atching)-3.31 E F0 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he) --3.31 E F3(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 374.4 Q F0 1.389 -(shell option were enabled.)3.889 F(The)6.389 E F3(=)3.889 E F0 1.389 -(operator is equi)3.889 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.389(lent to).25 F F3(==)3.89 -E F0 6.39(.I)C 3.89(ft)-6.39 G(he)-3.89 E F3(nocasematch)3.89 E F0 -(shell)3.89 E .272(option is enabled, the match is performed without re) -144 386.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .271 -(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.271 E 1.067 -(return v)144 398.4 R 1.068(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F F3 -(==)A F0 3.568(\)o)C 3.568(rd)-3.568 G 1.068(oes not match \()-3.568 F -F3(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.068(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-3.568 F(An) -144 410.4 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the\ - quoted portion to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 -(An additional binary operator)144 428.4 R(,)-.4 E F3(=~)2.743 E F0 +-3.31 E F1(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 427.2 Q F0 1.39 +(shell option were enabled.)3.89 F(The)6.39 E F1(=)3.889 E F0 1.389 +(operator is equi)3.889 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.389(lent to).25 F F1(==)3.889 +E F0 6.389(.I)C 3.889(ft)-6.389 G(he)-3.889 E F1(nocasematch)3.889 E F0 +(shell)3.889 E .271 +(option is enabled, the match is performed without re)144 439.2 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G .272(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.272 +E 1.068(return v)144 451.2 R 1.068(alue is 0 if the string matches \() +-.25 F F1(==)A F0 3.568(\)o)C 3.568(rd)-3.568 G 1.068(oes not match \() +-3.568 F F1(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.067(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.) +-3.568 F(An)144 463.2 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted \ +to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 +(An additional binary operator)144 481.2 R(,)-.4 E F1(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243 -(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F3(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E -F3(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 +(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F1(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E +F1(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 (used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144 -440.4 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954 -(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 452.4 R F1 +493.2 R 1.953(xtended re)-.15 F 1.953(gular e)-.15 F 1.953 +(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 505.2 R F2 -.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207 (return v)2.707 F .207 -(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345 -(otherwise. If)144 464.4 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846 +(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.346 +(otherwise. If)144 517.2 R .846(the re)3.346 F .846(gular e)-.15 F .845 (xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F -(xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 476.4 S -.667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the)5.667 F F3(nocasematch)3.167 E F0 .667 +(xpression')-.15 E 3.345(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.345 E -.25(va)144 529.2 S +.666(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the)5.667 F F1(nocasematch)3.167 E F0 .667 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .592(the case of alphabetic characters.)144 -488.4 R(An)5.592 E 3.092(yp)-.15 G .593 -(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.092 F(-)-.2 -E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 500.4 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016 +(ga)-.15 G .667(rd to).05 F .593(the case of alphabetic characters.)144 +541.2 R(An)5.593 E 3.093(yp)-.15 G .592 +(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.093 F(-)-.2 +E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 553.2 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016 (et e)-.1 F 1.016(xpressions in re)-.15 F 1.016(gular e)-.15 F 1.016 -(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 512.4 Q 4.435(,s)-.65 -G 1.935 -(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.435 -F 4.436(ets. If)-.1 F 1.936(the pattern is)4.436 F .265 -(stored in a shell v)144 524.4 R .265(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264 -(ariable e)-.25 F .264 -(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.773(as)144 -536.4 S 3.773(tring. Substrings)-3.773 F 1.274 -(matched by parenthesized sube)3.773 F 1.274(xpressions within the re) --.15 F 1.274(gular e)-.15 F 1.274(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 548.4 Q --.15(ve)-.2 G 3.097(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.097 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F -(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0 -.597(The element of)5.097 F F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E -F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0)-.15 G(is)-.001 E .049 -(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 560.4 R .049 -(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .05(element of)2.55 F F2 --.27(BA)2.55 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 572.4 Q(x)-.15 -E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 -E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .786 -(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 590.4 R .785 +(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 565.2 Q 4.436(,s)-.65 +G 1.936 +(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.436 +F 4.435(ets. If)-.1 F 1.935(the pattern is)4.435 F .264 +(stored in a shell v)144 577.2 R .264(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264 +(ariable e)-.25 F .265 +(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.774(as)144 +589.2 S 3.774(tring. Substrings)-3.774 F 1.274 +(matched by parenthesized sube)3.774 F 1.273(xpressions within the re) +-.15 F 1.273(gular e)-.15 F 1.273(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 601.2 Q +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.096(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F +(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0 +.597(The element of)5.097 F F3 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E +F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0i)-.15 G(s)-3.097 E .049 +(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 613.2 R .049 +(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .049(element of)2.549 F F3 +-.27(BA)2.549 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 625.2 Q(x) +-.15 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F2 +(n)2.5 E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 643.2 R .786 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144 -602.4 Q F3(\()144 620.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(\)) -2.5 E F0 .522(Returns the v)180 632.4 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex) +655.2 Q F1(\()144 673.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)) +2.5 E F0 .523(Returns the v)180 685.2 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex) 3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o) -5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F -(operators.)180 644.4 Q F3(!)144 656.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) --.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 668.4 S(ue if).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F1 -.2(ex)144 680.4 S(pr).2 E -(ession1)-.37 E F3(&&)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 692.4 S(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1) --.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.) -2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 704.4 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(||)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 716.4 S(ue if either).35 -E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr) -.2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(5)198.45 E 0 Cg EP +(operators.)180 697.2 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(5) +198.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(&&)3.641 E F0(and)3.641 E F1(||)3.641 E F0 1.141 -(operators do not e)3.641 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141 -(if the v)3.641 F 1.14(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.64 G(pr).2 E(ession1) --.37 E F0 1.14(is suf)3.64 F 1.14(\214cient to)-.25 F -(determine the return v)144 96 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E -(xpression.)-.15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 112.8 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5 -([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5 -(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .423 -(The list of w)144 124.8 R .423(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.923 -E F0 .423(is e)2.923 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F -.424(The v)5.424 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.924 E F0 .424(is set to) -2.924 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 136.8 R F2(list) -3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F -.653(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 -(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .648(command e) -144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.148 E F0 .648 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(!)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E +F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S(ue if).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 +(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F2 -.2(ex)144 108 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1 +(&&)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 120 S +(ue if both).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 +-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144 +132 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1(||)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 144 S(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 +E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 160.8 Q F1(&&)3.64 E F0(and)3.64 E F1(||) +3.64 E F0 1.14(operators do not e)3.64 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E F2 +-.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141(if the v)3.641 F 1.141 +(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0 1.141 +(is suf)3.641 F 1.141(\214cient to)-.25 F(determine the return v)144 +172.8 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F1 +-.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([) +2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .424(The list of w)144 201.6 R +.424(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.924 E F0 .423(is e)2.924 F +.423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .423(The v)5.423 F +(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to)2.923 F .653 +(each element of this list in turn, and)144 213.6 R F2(list)3.153 E F0 +.653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653 +(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 +(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e) +144 225.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.149 E F0 .648 (once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).) --.25 E .154(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153 -(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653 -(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F -(follo)144 172.8 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).) +-.25 E .153(The return status is the e)144 237.6 R .153 +(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654 +(cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F +(follo)144 249.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 (results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E +(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 266.4 S(r).25 E F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2 -(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e) -144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) -3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236 -(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-3.736 E F3 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) --.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e) -5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e) -3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144 -225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F +(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e) +144 278.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) +3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235 +(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-3.735 E F3 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 290.4 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) +-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e) +5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e) +3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144 +302.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 -(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e) -3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144 -237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F +(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e) +3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144 +314.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 (xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G -2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G -.228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 249.6 R .227 -(alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 -(list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f) -.15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728 -E -.15(ex)144 261.6 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1 -(select)108 278.4 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) +2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G +.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 326.4 R .228 +(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 +(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f) +.15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727 +E -.15(ex)144 338.4 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1 +(select)108 355.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) -.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 -.433(The list of w)144 290.4 R .433(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in) -2.933 E F0 .432(is e)2.933 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) --.15 F .432(The set of e)5.432 F .432(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .842 -(is printed on the standard error)144 302.4 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 +.432(The list of w)144 367.2 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in) +2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) +-.15 F .433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843 +(is printed on the standard error)144 379.2 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 (ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he) --3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .843 -(is omitted, the posi-)3.343 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) -144 314.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 +-3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842 +(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) +144 391.2 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 (w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a) -2.451 F .213(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213 -(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.213 -F 1.538(played w)144 338.4 R 1.538(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.538(alue of) --.25 F F2(name)4.398 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.218 F 4.037(ord. If) --.1 F 1.537(the line is empty)4.037 F 4.037(,t)-.65 G 1.537(he w)-4.037 -F 1.537(ords and)-.1 F .065(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.565 -(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.565 F(An) -5.066 E 2.566(yo)-.15 G .066(ther v)-2.566 F .066(alue read causes)-.25 -F F2(name)144.36 362.4 Q F0 .954(to be set to null.)3.634 F .954 -(The line read is sa)5.954 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.453(di).15 G 3.453(nt) --3.453 G .953(he v)-3.453 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.453 E(Y)-.828 E F4 -(.)A F0(The)5.453 E F2(list)3.543 E F0 .953(is e)4.133 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.953(cuted after).15 F .071(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br) +2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 403.2 R .213 +(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214 +F 1.537(played w)144 415.2 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of) +-.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If) +-.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038 +F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 427.2 R 2.566 +(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An) +5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25 +F F2(name)144.36 439.2 Q F0 .953(to be set to null.)3.633 F .953 +(The line read is sa)5.953 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.454(di).15 G 3.454(nt) +-3.454 G .954(he v)-3.454 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.454 E(Y)-.828 E F4 +(.)A F0(The)5.454 E F2(list)3.544 E F0 .954(is e)4.134 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.954(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 451.2 R F1(br) 2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571 (cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select) -2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .072(xit status of the)-.15 F -(last command e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E +2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F +(last command e)144 463.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 403.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 -E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 +-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 480 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E +F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 (pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...) -2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 415.2 Q F1(case)3.265 E F0 .764 -(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 +2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 492 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764 +(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F -F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .595 -(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 427.2 R .595(xpansion \(see) --.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .596(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.096 E -3.096(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.096 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.096 E -.15(ex)144 -439.2 S 1.72(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.72(xpansion, parameter and v) +F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .596 +(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 504 R .595(xpansion \(see) +-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .595(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.095 E +3.095(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.095 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.095 E -.15(ex)144 +516 S 1.72(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.72(xpansion, parameter and v) -.15 F 1.72(ariable e)-.25 F 1.72(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.72 (xpansion, com-)-.15 F 1.268 -(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 451.2 R -.25 +(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 528 R -.25 (va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G -1.269(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .203(using tilde e)144 463.2 R -.203(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .203(ariable e)-.25 F .203 +1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .203(using tilde e)144 540 R .203 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .203(ariable e)-.25 F .203 (xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .203(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F -.232(tion, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R .233(If the)5.233 F F1 +.233(tion, and process substitution.)144 552 R .233(If the)5.233 F F1 (nocasematch)2.733 E F0 .233 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed)2.733 F .234 -(without re)144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .234 +(without re)144 564 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .234 (rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .234 (When a match is found, the corresponding)5.234 F F2(list)2.734 E F0 -.625(is e)144 499.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.125(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.125 E -F1(;;)3.125 E F0 .625(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attem\ -pted after the \214rst pattern)3.125 F 2.932(match. Using)144 511.2 R F1 -(;&)2.932 E F0 .432(in place of)2.932 F F1(;;)2.932 E F0 .432(causes e) -2.932 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .432(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list) -2.932 E F0 .431(associated with the ne)2.931 F(xt)-.15 E .866 -(set of patterns.)144 523.2 R(Using)5.866 E F1(;;&)3.366 E F0 .866 -(in place of)3.366 F F1(;;)3.366 E F0 .866 -(causes the shell to test the ne)3.366 F .866 -(xt pattern list in the state-)-.15 F .878(ment, if an)144 535.2 R 2.178 --.65(y, a)-.15 H .878(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .878(cute an).15 F 3.378 +.625(is e)144 576 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.125(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.125 E F1 +(;;)3.125 E F0 .625(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempt\ +ed after the \214rst pattern)3.125 F 2.931(match. Using)144 588 R F1(;&) +2.931 E F0 .431(in place of)2.931 F F1(;;)2.932 E F0 .432(causes e)2.932 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .432(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)2.932 E +F0 .432(associated with the ne)2.932 F(xt)-.15 E .866(set of patterns.) +144 600 R(Using)5.866 E F1(;;&)3.366 E F0 .866(in place of)3.366 F F1 +(;;)3.366 E F0 .866(causes the shell to test the ne)3.366 F .866 +(xt pattern list in the state-)-.15 F .877(ment, if an)144 612 R 2.177 +-.65(y, a)-.15 H .877(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .878(cute an).15 F 3.378 (ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-3.378 E F2(list)3.378 E F0 .878 -(on a successful match.)3.378 F .878(The e)5.878 F .877 -(xit status is zero if no)-.15 F(pattern matches.)144 547.2 Q +(on a successful match.)3.378 F .878(The e)5.878 F .878 +(xit status is zero if no)-.15 F(pattern matches.)144 624 Q (Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2(list) -2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2(list) -2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1 -(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 576 Q F1(if) -2.977 E F2(list)3.067 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 640.8 Q F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E +F1(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 652.8 Q F1 +(if)2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 (cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 -E F0 1.088(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088 +2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.977 E F2(list)2.977 +E F0 1.087(is e)144 664.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087 (cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 (xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list) -3.587 E F0 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted and the).15 F -.103(command completes.)144 600 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.103 F F1(else) +3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F +.104(command completes.)144 676.8 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F1(else) 2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103 (cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e) --.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)108 -628.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 -(done)2.5 E(until)108 640.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2 -(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 652.8 Q F1(while)3.45 E F0 -.95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 -F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F -F2(list-1)144 664.8 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 -(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205 -(command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205 -(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 676.8 R -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F2(list-2)3.19 E F0 .6(is e)3.12 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.599(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.189 E F0 -.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 688.8 S .204(it status.).15 -F .204(The e)5.204 F .204(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.704 E F0 -(and)2.704 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .205(commands is the e)2.704 F .205 -(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 700.8 S(cuted in).15 -E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e) --.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22) -144.29 E(6)198.45 E 0 Cg EP +-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 688.8 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while) +108 705.6 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 +(done)2.5 E F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(6)198.45 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(copr)3.713 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.213(is a shell command preceded by the) -3.713 F F1(copr)3.712 E(oc)-.18 E F0(reserv)3.712 E 1.212(ed w)-.15 F -3.712(ord. A)-.1 F 1.212(coprocess is e)3.712 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.212 -(cuted asyn-).15 F .574(chronously in a subshell, as if the command had\ - been terminated with the)108 108 R F1(&)3.075 E F0 .575 -(control operator)3.075 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G .575(ith a tw)-3.075 F(o-)-.1 E --.1(wa)108 120 S 2.5(yp).1 G(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E -(The format for a coprocess is:)108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18 -E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 --.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F0(])A .709 -(This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E -F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 .708 -(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR)3.208 -E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.708 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 -(must not be supplied if)108 182.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 +SF(until)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 +E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 96 Q F1(while)3.45 E +F0 .95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list) +.15 F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list) +3.45 F F2(list-1)144 108 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 +(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205 +(command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205 +(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 120 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F2(list-2)3.189 E F0 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.19 E F0 +.6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 132 S .205(it status.).15 F .205 +(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.705 E F0(and) +2.705 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204 +(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 144 S(cuted in).15 E +F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e)-.1 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(Copr)87 160.8 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 +172.8 Q F2(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212 +(is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F1(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0 +(reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213 +(coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\ +onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) +108 184.8 R F1(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G +.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 196.8 S 2.5(yp).1 G +(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The format for a coprocess is:) +108 213.6 Q F1(copr)144 230.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 +E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 +E F0(])A .708(This creates a coprocess named)108 247.2 R F2 -.27(NA) +3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 +.708(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR) +3.209 E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.709 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 +(must not be supplied if)108 259.2 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108 -194.4 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44 +271.2 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44 (When the coprocess is e)6.44 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.44 (cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F 1.44(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 -(Arrays)108 206.4 Q F0(belo)3.67 E 1.17(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA)3.67 -G(ME).27 E F0 1.17(in the conte)3.67 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.171(The standard output of)6.171 F F2 -(command)3.871 E F0(is)4.441 E 2.029 -(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 218.4 R -.15 +(Arrays)108 283.2 Q F0(belo)3.671 E 1.171(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA) +3.671 G(ME).27 E F0 1.171(in the conte)3.671 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.17(The standard output of) +6.17 F F2(command)3.87 E F0(is)4.44 E 2.029 +(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 295.2 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.029 (cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F2 -.27 -(NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.856([0]. The)B 1.356(standard input of) -3.856 F F2(command)4.056 E F0 1.357 -(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.626 F -.15 +(NA)108 307.2 S(ME).27 E F0 3.857([0]. The)B 1.357(standard input of) +3.857 F F2(command)4.057 E F0 1.356 +(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.627 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .103 -(shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 242.4 R F2 -.27 +(shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 319.2 R F2 -.27 (NA)2.603 G(ME).27 E F0 2.603([1]. This)B .103 -(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.603(yr)-.15 G .103 -(edirections spec-)-2.603 F 1.271(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4 +(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.604(yr)-.15 G .104 +(edirections spec-)-2.604 F 1.272(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 331.2 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.771 E F0(belo)3.521 E 3.771 (w\). The)-.25 F 1.271(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.771 F -1.272(guments to)-.18 F .515 -(shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 266.4 R .515 +1.271(guments to)-.18 F .515 +(shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 343.2 R .515 (ord e)-.1 F 3.015(xpansions. The)-.15 F .515 (\214le descriptors are not a)3.015 F -.25(va)-.2 G .515(ilable in).25 F -3.636(subshells. The)108 278.4 R 1.136(process ID of the shell spa)3.636 +3.637(subshells. The)108 355.2 R 1.137(process ID of the shell spa)3.637 F 1.137(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.137(cute the coprocess is a) -.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.137(ilable as the v).25 F 1.137(alue of the)-.25 F --.25(va)108 290.4 S(riable).25 E F2 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0 2.5 +.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.136(ilable as the v).25 F 1.136(alue of the)-.25 F +-.25(va)108 367.2 S(riable).25 E F2 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0 2.5 (_PID. The)B F1(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin command may be used to w).2 E (ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336 -(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 -307.2 R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1 -G .335(ys returns success.).1 F -(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 319.2 Q(xit status of) --.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 336 Q -F0 2.697(As)108 348 S .198 -(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G -.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 -(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 360 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5 -H(et of positional parameters.).25 E -(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 376.8 +(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 384 +R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .336(command al)2.836 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .336 +(ys returns success.).1 F(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 +396 Q(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 412.8 Q F0 2.698(As)108 424.8 S .198 +(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.698 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G +.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 +(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 436.8 S .5 -.25(ew s) +-2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E +(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 453.6 Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C -(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 388.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 465.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 ([\(\)])2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir) -.37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144 -400.8 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402 +.37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.402(This de\214nes a function named)144 +477.6 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402 (ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F -1.402(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 412.8 Q .162 +1.403(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.903 E F0(reserv)144 489.6 Q .162 (ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F (The)5.162 E F2(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound) -2.662 F(command)144 424.8 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see) +2.662 F(command)144 501.6 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see) 3.354 E F1 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 436.8 +2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 513.6 Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044 -(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.902(,w) -.15 G .402(ith one e)-2.902 F .402(xception: If the)-.15 F F1(function) +(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.901(,w) +.15 G .401(ith one e)-2.901 F .401(xception: If the)-.15 F F1(function) 2.901 E F0(reserv)2.901 E .401(ed w)-.15 F .401(ord is used, b)-.1 F -.401(ut the parentheses are not sup-)-.2 F .047 -(plied, the braces are required.)144 460.8 R F2(compound\255command) +.402(ut the parentheses are not sup-)-.2 F .047 +(plied, the braces are required.)144 537.6 R F2(compound\255command) 5.047 E F0 .047(is e)2.547 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .047(cuted whene).15 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)2.547 E F0 .047(is speci\214ed as the)2.547 F -1.68(name of a simple command.)144 472.8 R 1.68(When in)6.68 F F2 1.68 -(posix mode)4.18 F F0(,)A F2(name)4.179 E F0 1.679 -(may not be the name of one of the)4.179 F(POSIX)144 484.8 Q F2 .014 -(special b)2.513 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0 5.014(.A)C .314 -.15(ny r)-5.014 H +1.679(name of a simple command.)144 549.6 R 1.679(When in)6.679 F F2 +1.679(posix mode)4.179 F F0(,)A F2(name)4.179 E F0 1.68 +(may not be the name of one of the)4.179 F(POSIX)144 561.6 Q F2 .014 +(special b)2.514 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0 5.014(.A)C .314 -.15(ny r)-5.014 H .014(edirections \(see).15 F F3(REDIRECTION)2.514 E F0(belo)2.264 E .014 -(w\) speci\214ed when a function is)-.25 F 1.12 -(de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 496.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 3.619(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.619 G 1.119 +(w\) speci\214ed when a function is)-.25 F 1.119 +(de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 573.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 3.619(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.619 G 1.12 (it status of a function de\214nition is).15 F .217(zero unless a synta\ x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 -508.8 R 2.717(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 520.8 S .546(cuted, the e) -.15 F .546(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .545 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 -(cuted in the body).15 F(.)-.65 E(\(See)144 532.8 Q F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E +585.6 R 2.716(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 597.6 S .545(cuted, the e) +.15 F .545(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .546 +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .546 +(cuted in the body).15 F(.)-.65 E(\(See)144 609.6 Q F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(COMMENTS)72 549.6 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 561.6 R 1.282 -.15 +(COMMENTS)72 626.4 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 638.4 R 1.282 -.15 (ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G (_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2 -(bu)108 573.6 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F +(bu)108 650.4 S .951(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.451 F (UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25 -F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E F0 .951 -(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604 -(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 585.6 R -.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) -.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 597.6 Q F0 -1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836 -(omments. The)-3.837 F F1(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E -F0 1.336(option is on by def)3.836 F 1.336(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108 -609.6 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 626.4 S -.438(OT) -.11 G(ING).438 E F2(Quoting)108 638.4 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F +F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.452 E F0 .952 +(causes that w)3.452 F(ord)-.1 E .605 +(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 662.4 R +.604(An interacti)5.605 F .904 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .604(hell without the) +.15 F F1(interacti)3.104 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 674.4 Q F0 +1.336(option enabled does not allo)3.836 F 3.836(wc)-.25 G 3.836 +(omments. The)-3.836 F F1(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E +F0 1.337(option is on by def)3.837 F 1.337(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108 +686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 703.2 S -.438(OT) +.11 G(ING).438 E F2(Quoting)108 715.2 Q F0 .478(is used to remo)2.978 F .777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477 (he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477 -(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 +(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .477(Quoting can be)5.477 F .184 (used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 -650.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 -(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 662.4 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 -679.2 R F2(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288 -(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) -2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F -(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 691.2 Q 1.345 -(When the command history e)108 708 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 -(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 -(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) --.25 F F2(history e)108 720 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5(,u) --.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +727.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .185(ed w)-.15 F .185 +(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2017 March 22)144.29 E(7)198.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(escape c)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G -(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 100.8 S .474 -(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F0 2.974 -(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974 G(he)-2.974 E F1 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E -(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474 -(es the literal v)-.15 F .474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475 -(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 112.8 Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F -1.553(xception of . If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F2(\\) -4.053 E F0( pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.122 -(quoted, the)108 124.8 R F2(\\)3.622 E F0(. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F3(\\)4.053 E F0( pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.123 +(quoted, the)108 199.2 R F3(\\)3.623 E F0( is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F -(ef)108 136.8 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 -(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 153.6 R .295 +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.122(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F +(ef)108 211.2 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 +(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 228 R .295 (es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) -.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E -(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 165.6 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 -(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 182.4 R .034 +(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 240 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .034 +(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 256.8 R .034 (es the literal v)-.15 F .034 (alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 -194.4 S .108(ception of).15 F F2($)2.608 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.608 E F0(,)A -F2(\\)2.608 E F0 2.608(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.608 F .107 -(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)2.607 E F0 5.107(.W)C .107 -(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F1 .107(posix mode)2.607 F F0 2.607(,t)C -(he)-2.607 E F2(!)2.607 E F0 .107(has no)2.607 F 1.397 -(special meaning within double quotes, e)108 206.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +268.8 S .107(ception of).15 F F3($)2.607 E F0(,)A F3<92>2.607 E F0(,)A +F3(\\)2.607 E F0 2.607(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.607 F .107 +(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F3(!)2.607 E F0 5.107(.W)C .107 +(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F1 .108(posix mode)2.608 F F0 2.608(,t)C +(he)-2.608 E F3(!)2.608 E F0 .108(has no)2.608 F 1.398 +(special meaning within double quotes, e)108 280.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.897(nw).15 G 1.397(hen history e)-3.897 F 1.397(xpansion is enabled.) --.15 F 1.398(The characters)6.398 F F2($)3.898 E F0(and)3.898 E F2<92> -3.898 E F0 .045(retain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 -218.4 R .044(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-) -5.045 F(lo)108 230.4 Q .601(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602 -(wing characters:)-.25 F F2($)3.102 E F0(,)A F2<92>3.102 E F0(,)A F2(") -3.935 E F0(,).833 E F2(\\)3.102 E F0 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F2() -3.102 E F0 5.602(.A)C .602(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .131 -(double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 242.4 R .131 -(If enabled, history e)5.131 F .13(xpansion will be performed unless an) --.15 F F2(!)2.63 E F0 -(appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 254.4 Q -(The backslash preceding the)5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 271.2 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 -E F2(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H -(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF --.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 288 -S .211(rds of the form).8 F F2($)2.711 E F0<08>A F1(string)A F0 2.711 -<0861>C .211(re treated specially)-2.711 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w) --5.211 F .211(ord e)-.1 F .212(xpands to)-.15 F F1(string)2.712 E F0 -2.712(,w)C .212(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.712 F(-)-.2 E .605 -(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 300 R .604 +-.15 F 1.397(The characters)6.397 F F3($)3.897 E F0(and)3.897 E F3<92> +3.897 E F0 .044(retain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 +292.8 R .045(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-) +5.045 F(lo)108 304.8 Q .602(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602 +(wing characters:)-.25 F F3($)3.102 E F0(,)A F3<92>3.102 E F0(,)A F3(") +3.935 E F0(,).833 E F3(\\)3.102 E F0 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F3() +3.102 E F0 5.602(.A)C .601(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .13 +(double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 316.8 R .131 +(If enabled, history e)5.131 F .131 +(xpansion will be performed unless an)-.15 F F3(!)2.631 E F0 +(appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 328.8 Q +(The backslash preceding the)5 E F3(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 345.6 Q F3(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F3(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H +(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G +(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 362.4 S .212 +(rds of the form).8 F F3($)2.712 E F0<08>A F1(string)A F0 2.712<0861>C +.211(re treated specially)-2.712 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w)-5.211 F +.211(ord e)-.1 F .211(xpands to)-.15 F F1(string)2.711 E F0 2.711(,w)C +.211(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.711 F(-)-.2 E .604 +(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 374.4 R .605 (Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo) -108 312 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 324 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 324 Q F2 -(\\b)144 336 Q F0(backspace)180 336 Q F2(\\e)144 348 Q(\\E)144 360 Q F0 -(an escape character)180 360 Q F2(\\f)144 372 Q F0(form feed)180 372 Q -F2(\\n)144 384 Q F0(ne)180 384 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 396 -Q F0(carriage return)180 396 Q F2(\\t)144 408 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 -408 Q F2(\\v)144 420 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 420 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 -432 Q F0(backslash)180 432 Q F2<5c08>144 444 Q F0(single quote)180 444 Q -F2(\\")144 456 Q F0(double quote)180 456 Q F2(\\?)144 468 Q F0 -(question mark)180 468 Q F2(\\)144 480 Q F1(nnn)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 480 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E -(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 -492 Q F1(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 492 Q -(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0 -(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F2 -(\\u)144 504 Q F1(HHHH)A F0 1.506 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 516 R 1.507 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHH) -4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 528 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F2 -(\\U)144 540 Q F1(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 552 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHHH-) -3.047 E(HHH)180 564 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F2(\\c)144 576 Q F1(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 576 S(ontrol-)-2.5 E F1(x)A -F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 592.8 Q(xpanded result is single-quoted, a\ -s if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 609.6 S -.14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F2($)A F0 -(")A F1(string)A F0 .14 -("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .496 -(to the current locale.)108 621.6 R .495(If the current locale is)5.496 -F F2(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F2(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495 -(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .495(If the string is trans-)5.495 -F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 633.6 Q/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 650.4 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 662.4 Q -F1(par)4.592 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .842(is an entity that stores v)4.072 F -3.342(alues. It)-.25 F .842(can be a)3.342 F F1(name)3.343 E F0 3.343 -(,an).18 G(umber)-3.343 E 3.343(,o)-.4 G 3.343(ro)-3.343 G .843 -(ne of the special characters)-3.343 F .823(listed belo)108 674.4 R -3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F2 .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E -F0 5.823(.A)C F1(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a) -3.503 F F1(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823 -(riable has a).25 F F1(value)108 686.4 Q F0 .368(and zero or more)2.868 -F F1(attrib)2.868 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 -(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F2(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.869 G .369(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F0 -(belo)108 698.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.755(Ap)108 715.2 -S .255(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.755 F 2.754 -(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .254(alid v)-.25 F -2.754(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.754(av)2.754 G .254(ariable is set, it)-3.004 -F(may be unset only by using the)108 727.2 Q F2(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22) -144.29 E(8)198.45 E 0 Cg EP +108 386.4 Q(ws:)-.25 E F3(\\a)144 398.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 398.4 Q +F3(\\b)144 410.4 Q F0(backspace)180 410.4 Q F3(\\e)144 422.4 Q(\\E)144 +434.4 Q F0(an escape character)180 434.4 Q F3(\\f)144 446.4 Q F0 +(form feed)180 446.4 Q F3(\\n)144 458.4 Q F0(ne)180 458.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 +G(ine)-2.5 E F3(\\r)144 470.4 Q F0(carriage return)180 470.4 Q F3(\\t) +144 482.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 482.4 Q F3(\\v)144 494.4 Q F0 -.15(ve) +180 494.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F3(\\\\)144 506.4 Q F0(backslash)180 506.4 +Q F3<5c08>144 518.4 Q F0(single quote)180 518.4 Q F3(\\")144 530.4 Q F0 +(double quote)180 530.4 Q F3(\\?)144 542.4 Q F0(question mark)180 542.4 +Q F3(\\)144 554.4 Q F1(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 +554.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(one to three octal digits\))2.5 E F3(\\x)144 566.4 Q F1(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 566.4 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F3(\\u)144 578.4 Q F1(HHHH)A F0 +1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 590.4 R 1.506 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHH) +4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 602.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F3 +(\\U)144 614.4 Q F1(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 626.4 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHHH-) +3.048 E(HHH)180 638.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E F3(\\c)144 650.4 Q F1(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 650.4 S(ontrol-) +-2.5 E F1(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 667.2 Q(xpanded result is si\ +ngle-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad) +108 684 S .14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F +F3($)A F0(")A F1(string)A F0 .14 +("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .495 +(to the current locale.)108 696 R .495(If the current locale is)5.495 F +F3(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F3(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495 +(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .496(If the string is trans-)5.496 +F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 708 Q +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(8)198.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 9 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(A)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)2.79 E F0 -(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F1(name)144 100.8 -Q F0(=[)A F1(value)A F0(])A(If)108 117.6 Q F1(value)3.022 E F0 .232 -(is not gi)2.912 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .232(n, the v).15 F .232 -(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.233 E F1(values)3.023 -E F0(under)3.003 E .233(go tilde e)-.18 F .233(xpansion, parameter)-.15 -F .515(and v)108 129.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 84 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)4.593 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .843 +(is an entity that stores v)4.073 F 3.343(alues. It)-.25 F .843 +(can be a)3.343 F F2(name)3.342 E F0 3.342(,an).18 G(umber)-3.342 E +3.342(,o)-.4 G 3.342(ro)-3.342 G .842(ne of the special characters) +-3.342 F .822(listed belo)108 108 R 3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 5.823(.A)C F2 +(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a)3.503 F F2(name) +3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823(riable has a).25 F F2 +(value)108 120 Q F0 .369(and zero or more)2.869 F F2(attrib)2.869 E +(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 +(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F3(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 +(belo)108 132 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 +E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.754 +(Ap)108 148.8 S .254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.754 +F 2.754(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255(alid v) +-.25 F 2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255(ariable is set, it) +-3.005 F(may be unset only by using the)108 160.8 Q F3(unset)2.5 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F4(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 177.6 Q F2 +(variable)2.79 E F0(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E +F2(name)144 194.4 Q F0(=[)A F2(value)A F0(])A(If)108 211.2 Q F2(value) +3.023 E F0 .233(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F +.232(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F2(values) +3.022 E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232 +(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F .515(and v)108 223.2 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F +.515(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) --3.015 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 -141.6 Q 2.698(w\). If)-.25 F .198(the v)2.698 F .198(ariable has its) --.25 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198 -(ute set, then)-.2 F F1(value)2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 -G .199(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .199(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(n).15 E .902(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 153.6 R .902 +-3.015 E F4(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 235.2 Q 2.699 +(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F F3 +(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F2(value) +2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198 +(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 247.2 R .901 (xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F3 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F -F0(belo)3.401 E 3.401(w\). W)-.25 F .901 -(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.178(with the e)108 165.6 R -1.178(xception of)-.15 F F3("$@")3.678 E F0 1.178(as e)3.678 F 1.179 -(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F3 1.179(Special P) -3.679 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.179(.P)C 1.179(athname e)-6.329 F 1.179 -(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.649(performed. Assignment)108 177.6 R 1.149 -(statements may also appear as ar)3.649 F 1.148(guments to the)-.18 F F3 -(alias)3.648 E F0(,)A F3(declar)3.648 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(typeset)3.648 -E F0(,)A F3(export)3.648 E F0(,)A F3 -.18(re)108 189.6 S(adonly).18 E F0 -3.288(,a)C(nd)-3.288 E F3(local)3.288 E F0 -.2(bu)3.288 G .788 -(iltin commands \().2 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 3.288 -(commands\). When)3.288 F(in)3.289 E F1 .789(posix mode)3.289 F F0 3.289 -(,t)C .789(hese b)-3.289 F .789(uiltins may)-.2 F 1.496 -(appear in a command after one or more instances of the)108 201.6 R F3 -(command)3.996 E F0 -.2(bu)3.996 G 1.496 -(iltin and retain these assignment).2 F(statement properties.)108 213.6 -Q .376(In the conte)108 230.4 R .376 +F0(belo)3.401 E 3.402(w\). W)-.25 F .902 +(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 259.2 R +1.179(xception of)-.15 F F3("$@")3.679 E F0 1.179(as e)3.679 F 1.179 +(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F3 1.178(Special P) +3.678 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.178(.P)C 1.178(athname e)-6.328 F 1.178 +(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.648(performed. Assignment)108 271.2 R 1.148 +(statements may also appear as ar)3.648 F 1.149(guments to the)-.18 F F3 +(alias)3.649 E F0(,)A F3(declar)3.649 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(typeset)3.649 +E F0(,)A F3(export)3.649 E F0(,)A F3 -.18(re)108 283.2 S(adonly).18 E F0 +3.289(,a)C(nd)-3.289 E F3(local)3.289 E F0 -.2(bu)3.289 G .789 +(iltin commands \().2 F F2(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 3.288 +(commands\). When)3.289 F(in)3.288 E F2 .788(posix mode)3.288 F F0 3.288 +(,t)C .788(hese b)-3.288 F .788(uiltins may)-.2 F 1.496 +(appear in a command after one or more instances of the)108 295.2 R F3 +(command)3.996 E F0 -.2(bu)3.996 G 1.497 +(iltin and retain these assignment).2 F(statement properties.)108 307.2 +Q .377(In the conte)108 324 R .377 (xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376 -(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377 -(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.631 -(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 242.4 R(ariable') --.25 E 4.13(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.13 E 1.63(vious v)-.25 F 4.13(alue. This) --.25 F 1.63(includes ar)4.13 F 1.63(guments to)-.18 F -.2(bu)108 254.4 S -.163(iltin commands such as).2 F F3(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 E F0 .164 -(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E -F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .164(+= is)2.664 F .252 -(applied to a v)108 266.4 R .252(ariable for which the)-.25 F F1(inte) +(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .376(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .376 +(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.63 +(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 336 R(ariable') +-.25 E 4.131(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.131 E 1.631(vious v)-.25 F 4.131 +(alue. This)-.25 F 1.631(includes ar)4.131 F 1.631(guments to)-.18 F -.2 +(bu)108 348 S .164(iltin commands such as).2 F F3(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 +E F0 .164(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F2(declar)A +(ation)-.15 E F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .163(+= is)2.663 F .251 +(applied to a v)108 360 R .251(ariable for which the)-.25 F F2(inte) 2.752 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.752 E .252(ute has been set,)-.2 -F F1(value)2.752 E F0 .251(is e)2.751 F -.25(va)-.25 G .251 +F F2(value)2.752 E F0 .252(is e)2.752 F -.25(va)-.25 G .252 (luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E .05 -(sion and added to the v)108 278.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 2.55(sc)-.55 G .05 +(sion and added to the v)108 372 R(ariable')-.25 E 2.55(sc)-.55 G .05 (urrent v)-2.55 F .05(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.55 (luated. When).25 F .05(+= is applied to an array v)2.55 F(ari-)-.25 E -.459(able using compound assignment \(see)108 290.4 R F3(Arrays)2.959 E -F0(belo)2.959 E .459(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.959(sv)-.55 G +.458(able using compound assignment \(see)108 384 R F3(Arrays)2.959 E F0 +(belo)2.959 E .459(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.959(sv)-.55 G .459(alue is not unset \(as it is when using)-3.209 F .265(=\), and ne) -108 302.4 R 2.765(wv)-.25 G .265(alues are appended to the array be) --3.015 F .265(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.765(sm) --.55 G .265(aximum inde)-2.765 F 2.765(x\()-.15 G(for)-2.765 E(inde)108 -314.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.402(da).15 G .902 -(rrays\) or added as additional k)-3.402 F -.15(ey)-.1 G.15 E .901 -(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F 1.201 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E -5.901(.W)-.65 G .901(hen applied to a string-)-5.901 F -.25(va)108 326.4 -S(lued v).25 E(ariable,)-.25 E F1(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E +108 396 R 2.765(wv)-.25 G .265(alues are appended to the array be)-3.015 +F .265(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.765(sm)-.55 G +.265(aximum inde)-2.765 F 2.765(x\()-.15 G(for)-2.765 E(inde)108 408 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.401(da).15 G .901(rrays\) or added as additional k) +-3.401 F -.15(ey)-.1 G.15 E .901(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F +1.201 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.901(.W)-.65 G .902 +(hen applied to a string-)-5.901 F -.25(va)108 420 S(lued v).25 E +(ariable,)-.25 E F2(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E (xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G -(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 343.2 S .882(ariable can be assigned the) --3.632 F F1(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882 +(alue.)-2.75 E 3.383(Av)108 436.8 S .883(ariable can be assigned the) +-3.633 F F2(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882 (ute using the)-.2 F F33.382 E F0 .882(option to the)3.382 F F3 -(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.383 E F3(local)3.383 E F0 -.2(bu)3.383 -G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 355.2 R -F3(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.816 E F3(local)2.816 E F0(belo)2.816 -E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F1(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.815(,o)C -2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 4.04 -(able. This)108 367.2 R(allo)4.04 E 1.54(ws v)-.25 F 1.54 +(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.382 E F3(local)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 +G .882(iltin com-).2 F .315(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 448.8 R +F3(declar)2.815 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.815 E F3(local)2.815 E F0(belo)2.815 +E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F2(namer)2.816 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.816(,o)C +2.816(rar)-2.816 G .316(eference to another v)-2.816 F(ari-)-.25 E 4.04 +(able. This)108 460.8 R(allo)4.04 E 1.54(ws v)-.25 F 1.54 (ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 6.54(.W)-.65 G(hene)-6.54 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.04(rt).15 G 1.54(he nameref v)-4.04 F 1.54 (ariable is referenced,)-.25 F .54 -(assigned to, unset, or has its attrib)108 379.2 R .54 -(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F1(namer)3.04 +(assigned to, unset, or has its attrib)108 472.8 R .54 +(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F2(namer)3.04 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.04 E .54(ute itself\),)-.2 F .352 -(the operation is actually performed on the v)108 391.2 R .352 +(the operation is actually performed on the v)108 484.8 R .352 (ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.852(sv) --.55 G 2.852(alue. A)-3.102 F .352(nameref is)2.852 F .972 -(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 403.2 R .971 -(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F -2.5(function. F)108 415.2 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E +-.55 G 2.852(alue. A)-3.102 F .351(nameref is)2.851 F .971 +(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 496.8 R .972 +(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .972(gument to the)-.18 F +2.5(function. F)108 508.8 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E (ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E -(gument, running)-.18 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 433.2 Q -F0 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 451.2 R(ariable)-.25 +(gument, running)-.18 E/F6 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 526.8 Q +F0 .303(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 544.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v) --.25 F .303(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E -3.592(ment. References)108 463.2 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F3 +-.25 F .302(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E +3.592(ment. References)108 556.8 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F3 -.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F0 3.592(,a)C 1.092(nd changes to its attrib) --3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .143 -(ments, and attrib)108 475.2 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F +-3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .144 +(ments, and attrib)108 568.8 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F .144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F3($1)2.644 E -F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .144 -(ariable in a)-.25 F F3 -.25(fo)108 487.2 S(r).25 E F0 .868 -(loop has the nameref attrib)3.368 F .868(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .867 -(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .867 +F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .143 +(ariable in a)-.25 F F3 -.25(fo)108 580.8 S(r).25 E F0 .867 +(loop has the nameref attrib)3.367 F .867(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .868 +(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .868 (ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509 -(will be established for each w)108 499.2 R .509 +(will be established for each w)108 592.8 R .509 (ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009 (cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108 -511.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.193(nt).15 G(he)-4.193 E F3(namer)4.193 E(ef) --.18 E F0(attrib)4.193 E 4.193(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.493 -.4(r, n).15 H 1.693(ameref v).4 F 1.692 -(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F 1.692(ariables and subscripted) --.25 F .101(array v)108 523.2 R 2.601(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F .101 -(can be unset using the)2.601 F F32.602 E F0 .102(option to the) -2.602 F F3(unset)2.602 E F0 -.2(bu)2.602 G 2.602(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F -(if)2.602 E F3(unset)2.602 E F0 .102(is e)2.602 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E -.443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 535.2 R .442 -(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .442 +604.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.192(nt).15 G(he)-4.192 E F3(namer)4.192 E(ef) +-.18 E F0(attrib)4.192 E 4.192(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.492 -.4(r, n).15 H 1.692(ameref v).4 F 1.693 +(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F 1.693(ariables and subscripted) +-.25 F .102(array v)108 616.8 R 2.602(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F .102 +(can be unset using the)2.602 F F32.602 E F0 .102(option to the) +2.602 F F3(unset)2.602 E F0 -.2(bu)2.601 G 2.601(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F +(if)2.601 E F3(unset)2.601 E F0 .101(is e)2.601 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E +.442(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 628.8 R .442 +(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .443 (ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E -(will be unset.)108 547.2 Q F3 -.2(Po)87 564 S(sitional P).2 E -(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 576 Q F1 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter) +(will be unset.)108 640.8 Q F3 -.2(Po)87 657.6 S(sitional P).2 E +(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 669.6 Q F2 .706(positional par)4.456 F(ameter) -.15 E F0 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\ - the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 -(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 588 R 2.944(sa)-.55 -G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 600 Q F3(set)3.333 -E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional parameters\ - may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F(The)5.834 E -(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function i\ -s e)108 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E F2(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0 -(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When a positional parameter consisting o\ -f more than a single digit is e)108 628.8 R 1.403 -(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 640.8 Q F2(EXP) -2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(Special P)87 657.6 Q -(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108 669.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.675 -(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F -(them is not allo)108 681.6 Q(wed.)-.25 E F3(*)108 693.6 Q F0 .224 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 693.6 R -.223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662 -(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 705.6 R .662 -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 -(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 717.6 R 1.082 -(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e) --.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E -2.548(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 729.6 R 2.549 -(xpands to a single w)-.15 F 2.549(ord with the v)-.1 F 2.549 -(alue of each parameter)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22) -144.29 E(9)198.45 E 0 Cg EP + the single digit 0.)3.936 F(Posi-)5.705 E .444 +(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 681.6 R 2.944(sa) +-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G .445(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 693.6 Q F3 +(set)3.334 E F0 -.2(bu)3.334 G .834(iltin command.).2 F .833(Positional\ + parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.834 F +(The)5.833 E(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shel\ +l function is e)108 705.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E F4 +(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.403(When a positional par\ +ameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108 722.4 R 1.404 +(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(9)198.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 3.068 -(separated by the \214rst character of the)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(IFS)5.568 E F0 3.068(special v)5.318 F 5.568(ariable. That)-.25 F 3.067 -(is, ")5.568 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($*)A F0 5.567("i)C 5.567(se)-5.567 -G(qui)-5.567 E -.25(va)-.25 G 3.067(lent to).25 F(")144 96 Q F2($1)A/F3 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)A F2($2)A F3(c)A F2(...)A F0 1.519(", where)B F3 -(c)4.219 E F0 1.519(is the \214rst character of the v)4.329 F 1.52 -(alue of the)-.25 F F1(IFS)4.02 E F0 -.25(va)3.77 G 4.02(riable. If).25 -F F1(IFS)4.02 E F0 1.52(is unset, the)3.77 F .833 -(parameters are separated by spaces.)144 108 R(If)5.833 E F1(IFS)3.333 E -F0 .832(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)3.083 F(ening) --.15 E(separators.)144 120 Q F2(@)108 132 Q F0 .605 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 132 R .606 -(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114 -(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 144 R .114(xpands to a separate w)-.15 -F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .113(is, ")2.613 F F2($@)A F0 2.613("i)C 2.613 -(se)-2.613 G(qui)-2.613 E -.25(va)-.25 G .113(lent to ").25 F F2($1)A F0 -2.613("")C F2($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E .134 -(If the double-quoted e)144 156 R .134(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F -.135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined) --.15 F .151(with the be)144 168 R .151(ginning part of the original w) --.15 F .151(ord, and the e)-.1 F .15 -(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .337 -(the last part of the original w)144 180 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(braces \(see)108 +84 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) +-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Special P)87 100.8 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 +1.675(The shell treats se)108 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.675 +(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.674 +(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F +(them is not allo)108 124.8 Q(wed.)-.25 E F2(*)108 136.8 Q F0 .223 +(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 136.8 R +.224(When the e)5.224 F .224(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .663 +(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 148.8 R .662 +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 +(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.081(those w)144 160.8 R 1.081 +(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.082(ord splitting and pathname e) +-.1 F 3.582(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.082(the e)3.582 F(xpansion)-.15 E +.915(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 172.8 R .914 +(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .914(ord with the v)-.1 F .914 +(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .89 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 184.8 R F1(IFS)3.39 E F0 .89 +(special v)3.14 F 3.39(ariable. That)-.25 F .891(is, ")3.391 F F2($*)A +F0 3.391("i)C 3.391(se)-3.391 G(qui)-3.391 E -.25(va)-.25 G .891 +(lent to ").25 F F2($1)A/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)A F2($2)A F3(c)A F2 +(...)A F0(",)A(where)144 196.8 Q F3(c)3.533 E F0 .832 +(is the \214rst character of the v)3.643 F .832(alue of the)-.25 F F1 +(IFS)3.332 E F0 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332(riable. If).25 F F1(IFS)3.332 E F0 +.832(is unset, the parameters are)3.082 F(separated by spaces.)144 208.8 +Q(If)5 E F1(IFS)2.5 E F0 +(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 E +(ening separators.)-.15 E F2(@)108 220.8 Q F0 .605 +(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 220.8 R +.606(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114 +(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 232.8 R .114(xpands to a separate w) +-.15 F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .113(is, ")2.613 F F2($@)A F0 2.613("i)C +2.613(se)-2.613 G(qui)-2.613 E -.25(va)-.25 G .113(lent to ").25 F F2 +($1)A F0 2.613("")C F2($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E .134 +(If the double-quoted e)144 244.8 R .134(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 +F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135 +(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)-.15 F .151(with the be)144 +256.8 R .151(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .151(ord, and the e) +-.1 F .15(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .337 +(the last part of the original w)144 268.8 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338 (there are no positional parameters, ")2.837 F F2($@)A F0 2.838("a)C(nd) -2.838 E F2($@)2.838 E F0 -.15(ex)2.838 G(pand).15 E -(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 192 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 204 Q F0 -(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 204 Q F2 -(?)108 216 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 216 Q +(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 280.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 292.8 Q F0 +(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 292.8 Q +F2(?)108 304.8 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 304.8 Q (xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 -E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F2108 228 Q F0 .882 -(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 228 R --.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G +E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F2108 316.8 Q F0 .882 +(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 316.8 +R -.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G .881(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the) -144 240 Q F22.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 252 Q F0 .214 -(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)144 252 R .214 +144 328.8 Q F22.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 340.8 Q F0 .214 +(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)144 340.8 R .214 (In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214 (xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F -(shell, not the subshell.)144 264 Q F2(!)108 276 Q F0 .499(Expands to t\ -he process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whet\ -her e)144 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E -(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 288 Q F2(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(shell, not the subshell.)144 352.8 Q F2(!)108 364.8 Q F0 .499(Expands \ +to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, \ +whether e)144 364.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E +(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 376.8 Q F2(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E F1(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)2.25 E -(w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 300 Q F0 1.691 -(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 300 R 1.692 +(w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 388.8 Q F0 1.691 +(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 388.8 R 1.692 (This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.692 E F2(bash)4.192 E -F0(is)4.192 E(in)144 312 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw).1 G .578 +F0(is)4.192 E(in)144 400.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw).1 G .578 (ith a \214le of commands,)-3.078 F F2($0)3.078 E F0 .578 (is set to the name of that \214le.)3.078 F(If)5.577 E F2(bash)3.077 E F0 .577(is started with the)3.077 F F23.077 E F0 .368 -(option, then)144 324 R F2($0)2.869 E F0 .369(is set to the \214rst ar) -2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369 -(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E(-)-.2 E -(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 336 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H -2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F2(_)108 348 -Q F0 .055(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)144 -348 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .054 -(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .691 -(as passed in the en)144 360 R .691(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691 -(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E 3.191(,e)-.65 G .692 -(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .692(gument to the)-.18 F(pre)144 372 Q -.571(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.071(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571 -(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .77 -.1(ke e) -.2 H .57(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 384 S 1.6 -(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6 +(option, then)144 412.8 R F2($0)2.869 E F0 .369 +(is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e) +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E +(-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 424.8 Q -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25 +(iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E +F2(_)108 436.8 Q F0 .055 +(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)144 436.8 R +-.2(vo)-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .054(he shell or shell script being e).1 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .691(as passed in the en)144 448.8 R .691 +(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E +3.191(,e)-.65 G .692(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .692(gument to the) +-.18 F(pre)144 460.8 Q .571(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.071 +(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G .77 -.1(ke e).2 H .57(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 472.8 S +1.6(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6 (xported to that command.)-.15 F 1.6(When checking mail, this)6.6 F (parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently being check)144 -396 Q(ed.)-.1 E F2(Shell V)87 412.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 -424.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F2 -.3(BA) -108 441.6 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 -441.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E -F0(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 453.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.549(Ac)144 465.6 S .049 +484.8 Q(ed.)-.1 E F2(Shell V)87 501.6 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 +513.6 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F2 -.3(BA) +108 530.4 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 +530.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E +F0(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 542.4 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.549(Ac)144 554.4 S .049 (olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.549 F .049(Each w) 5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 -(gument for the)-.18 F F22.548 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 477.6 +(gument for the)-.18 F F22.548 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 566.4 R F2(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 1.398(SHELL B)3.898 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.398(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) 3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .477(appearing in)144 -489.6 R F1 -.27(BA)2.977 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .477(are those reported as) +578.4 R F1 -.27(BA)2.977 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .477(are those reported as) 2.727 F F3(on)3.207 E F0(by)3.217 E F2(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.476(.I)C 2.976 (ft)-5.476 G .476(his v)-2.976 F .476(ariable is in the en)-.25 F -(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 501.6 Q F2(bash)3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\ +(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 590.4 Q F2(bash)3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\ ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.141 F -3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 513.6 Q -(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 525.6 S(SHPID).3 E -F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 537.6 R F2(bash) +3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 602.4 Q +(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 614.4 S(SHPID).3 E +F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 626.4 R F2(bash) 2.688 E F0 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187(fers from)-.25 F F2($$)2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F .548 -(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 549.6 R F2(bash) +(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 638.4 R F2(bash) 3.048 E F0 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .549(Assignments to)5.549 -F F1 -.27(BA)3.049 G(SHPID).27 E F0(ha)144 561.6 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H +F F1 -.27(BA)3.049 G(SHPID).27 E F0(ha)144 650.4 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F2 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SHPID).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 573.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 1.195(An associati)144 -585.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195(ariable whose m\ +-2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 662.4 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 1.195(An associati)144 +674.4 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195(ariable whose m\ embers correspond to the internal list of aliases as main-)-.25 F .16 -(tained by the)144 597.6 R F2(alias)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66 +(tained by the)144 686.4 R F2(alias)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66 (iltin. Elements).2 F .16 (added to this array appear in the alias list; ho)2.66 F(we)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503 -(array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 609.6 R +(array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 698.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 7.003(df).15 G 4.503(rom the alias list.)-7.003 F(If) -9.502 E F2 -.3(BA)144 621.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 +9.502 E F2 -.3(BA)144 710.4 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 633.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .934(An array v)144 645.6 R -.934(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 -(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F -F2(bash)3.435 E F0 -.15(exe)144 657.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F -.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\ -n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 669.6 S .141(cuted with).15 F F2(.) -2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F2(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa) --2.641 G 2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142 -(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142 -(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.631(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 -681.6 R F1 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F1 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.63 -(only when in)4.88 F -.15(ex)144 693.6 S(tended deb).15 E -(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F2(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E -F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E -(w\))-.25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 705.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .979(An array v)144 -717.6 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current) --.25 F F2(bash)3.48 E F0 -.15(exe)3.48 G .98(cution call stack.).15 F -(The)5.98 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at th\ -e top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 729.6 R -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(10)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(10)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.424 -(call is at the bottom.)144 84 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)6.424 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .934(An array v)144 96 R .934 +(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 +(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F +F1(bash)3.435 E F0 -.15(exe)144 108 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535 +(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell function or\ + script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 120 S .141(cuted with).15 F F1(.)2.641 E F0 +(or)2.641 E F1(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa)-2.641 G +2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142 +(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142 +(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.631(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 +132 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F2 -.27(BA)5.13 G +(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.63(only when in)4.88 F -.15(ex)144 144 S(tended deb) +.15 E(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug) +-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo) +.2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 156 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .979(An array v)144 +168 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 +F F1(bash)3.48 E F0 -.15(exe)3.48 G .98(cution call stack.).15 F(The) +5.98 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top\ + of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 180 R 1.424 +(call is at the bottom.)144 192 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 -F/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)144 96 S(SH_ARGV).27 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets)6.697 F F1 -.27(BA)4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E -F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb)-.15 F 2.197 -(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(description of the)144 108 Q/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F3(shopt) -2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F3 -.3(BA)108 120 S -(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .25(When referenced, this v)144 132 R .25(ariable e) --.25 F .251 +F F2 -.27(BA)144 204 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F3(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets) +6.697 F F2 -.27(BA)4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F +2.197(xtended deb)-.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F +(description of the)144 216 Q F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the) +2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3 +(BA)108 228 S(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .25(When referenced, this v)144 240 R .25 +(ariable e)-.25 F .251 (xpands to the name of the shell or shell script \(identical to)-.15 F -F3($0)2.751 E F0 2.751(;s)C(ee)-2.751 E 1.224 -(the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 144 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.724(\). Assignment).15 F(to)3.724 E F3 -.3(BA)3.724 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 +F1($0)2.751 E F0 2.751(;s)C(ee)-2.751 E 1.224 +(the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 252 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.724(\). Assignment).15 F(to)3.724 E F1 -.3(BA)3.724 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 1.224(causes the v)3.724 F(alue)-.25 E .247 -(assigned to also be assigned to)144 156 R F3($0)2.747 E F0 5.247(.I)C -(f)-5.247 E F3 -.3(BA)2.747 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .247 +(assigned to also be assigned to)144 264 R F1($0)2.747 E F0 5.247(.I)C +(f)-5.247 E F1 -.3(BA)2.747 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .247 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.747 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n) -.15 E(if it is subsequently reset.)144 168 Q F3 -.3(BA)108 180 S -(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 192 R .968 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .668 +.15 E(if it is subsequently reset.)144 276 Q F1 -.3(BA)108 288 S +(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 300 R .968 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .668 (rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to the internal has\ -h table of commands)-.25 F .195(as maintained by the)144 204 R F3(hash) +h table of commands)-.25 F .195(as maintained by the)144 312 R F1(hash) 2.695 E F0 -.2(bu)2.695 G 2.695(iltin. Elements).2 F .196 (added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .852(unsetting array elements currently does no\ -t cause command names to be remo)144 216 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df).15 G -.852(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 228 R F3 -.3(BA)2.5 G +t cause command names to be remo)144 324 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df).15 G +.852(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 336 R F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G (SH_CMDS).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 240 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242 -(The command currently being e)144 252 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 348 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242 +(The command currently being e)144 360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 (cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 (cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F (command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144 -264 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)108 -276 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 288 Q -(gument to the)-.18 E F32.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation option.).2 E F3 -.3(BA)108 300 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .693 -(An array v)144 312 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ -n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144 324 -R F1(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469(si).1 G -1.9 -.4 -(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F3(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F3(]})A F0 .97 -(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 336 R F3 -(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F3(]})A F0 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 -E F3(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F3(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G -17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F3(${B)144 348 Q(ASH_LINENO[) --.3 E F4($i-1)A F3(]})A F0 .115 -(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F1 +372 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)108 +384 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 396 Q +(gument to the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 408 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .693 +(An array v)144 420 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ +n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144 432 +R F2(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469(si).1 G -1.9 -.4 +(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .97 +(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 444 R F1 +(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 +E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G +17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F1(${B)144 456 Q(ASH_LINENO[) +-.3 E F4($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115 +(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2 (LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144 -360 Q(.)-.55 E F3 -.3(BA)108 372 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E --.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 384 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\ +468 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 480 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 492 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\ directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable b)-4.07 F -(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 396 Q F3(enable)2.5 E F0(command.) -2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 408 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .005(An array v)144 -420 R .005(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F3(=~)2.506 -E F0 .006(binary operator to the)2.506 F F3([[)2.506 E F0 .006 -(conditional com-)2.506 F 2.507(mand. The)144 432 R .007 +(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 504 Q F1(enable)2.5 E F0(command.) +2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 516 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .005(An array v)144 +528 R .005(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)2.506 +E F0 .006(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.506 E F0 .006 +(conditional com-)2.506 F 2.507(mand. The)144 540 R .007 (element with inde)2.507 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 (he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .006(gular e) --.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .997(The element with inde)144 444 R(x)-.15 E +-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .997(The element with inde)144 552 R(x)-.15 E F4(n)3.497 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.497 F F4(n)3.498 E F0 .998(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 -(sion. This)144 456 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E -F3 -.3(BA)108 468 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .126(An array v)144 480 R .125(ar\ +(sion. This)144 564 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E +F1 -.3(BA)108 576 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .126(An array v)144 588 R .125(ar\ iable whose members are the source \214lenames where the corresponding \ -shell function)-.25 F .78(names in the)144 492 R F1(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) +shell function)-.25 F .78(names in the)144 600 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) -.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78 -(The shell function)5.78 F F3(${FUNCN)3.281 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F3(]})A -F0(is)3.281 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 504 Q F3(${B)2.5 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i)A F3(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F3(${B)2.5 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F3(]})A F0(.)A F3 -.3(BA)108 516 S +(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.281 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A +F0(is)3.281 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 612 Q F1(${B)2.5 E +(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E +(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 624 S (SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .296 -(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 528 R .296 +(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 636 R .296 (vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .296(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 540 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v) -2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F3 -.3(BA)108 552 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.644 -(Ar)144 564 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144 +(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 648 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v) +2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 660 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.644 +(Ar)144 672 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144 (ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 -(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F3(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145 -(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 576 S -(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F3 -.3 -(BA)144 594 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F3(])A F0(The major v)264 594 Q -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3 -(BA)144 606 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F3(])A F0(The minor v)264 606 Q -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3(BA) -144 618 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F3(])A F0(The patch le)264 618 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 630 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F3(])A -F0(The b)264 630 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 642 S -(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F3(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)264 642 Q -F4(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3(BA)144 654 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F3 -(])A F0(The v)264 654 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E F2(.)A -F3 -.3(BA)108 666 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 -(Expands to a string describing the v)144 678 Q -(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(COMP_CW)108 -690 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 702 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E -F3(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 -(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F -(ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 714 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 -(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F -1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F3(Pr)144 726 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E -(11)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145 +(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 684 S +(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3 +(BA)144 702 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)264 702 Q +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3 +(BA)144 714 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)264 714 Q +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(11)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(COMP_KEY)108 84 Q F0(The k)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k) -.15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 -.15(ey s)-2.6 H -(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H -(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 108 Q F0 1.208 -(The current command line.)144 120 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 +SF -.3(BA)144 84 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)264 +84 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E 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F1(Pr)144 192 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 204 Q F0(The k)144 216 Q .3 +-.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 +-.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 +H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 228 Q F0 1.208 +(The current command line.)144 240 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 (ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F -2.848(mands in)144 132 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 +2.848(mands in)144 252 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 (yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849 (acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.849(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F -F0(belo)144 144 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 156 Q F0 .667(The inde) -144 168 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167(ft)-3.167 G .666 +F0(belo)144 264 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 276 Q F0 .667(The inde) +144 288 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167(ft)-3.167 G .666 (he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 (ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15 F .666(If the)5.666 F .534 (current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 -180 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 -(${#COMP_LINE})144 192 Q F0 7.006(.T)C 2.006(his v)-7.006 F 2.006 +300 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 +(${#COMP_LINE})144 312 Q F0 7.006(.T)C 2.006(his v)-7.006 F 2.006 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.005 (ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.005(xternal commands)-.15 -F(in)144 204 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G +F(in)144 324 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G (he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108 -216 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 228 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ +336 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 348 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion) --.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 240 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5 -(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2 -(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or listing completions after successi) --2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 252 Q F0 4.091(,f)C -1.591(or listing alternati)-4.091 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092 -(np)-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@) -4.092 E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w) --4.092 F 1.592(ord is not)-.1 F 1.553(unmodi\214ed, or)144 264 R F2(%) -4.053 E F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v) -6.552 F 1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552 -(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 276 S 2.928 +-.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 360 R F2 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 +2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f) +C .337(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t) +-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 372 Q F0 4.091(,f)C 1.591 +(or listing alternati)-4.091 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092(np) +-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)4.092 +E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w)-4.092 +F 1.592(ord is not)-.1 F 1.553(unmodi\214ed, or)144 384 R F2(%)4.053 E +F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v)6.552 F +1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552 +(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 396 S 2.928 (ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429 (yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929 (acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.429 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144 -288 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 300 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0 -1.336(The set of characters that the)144 312 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G +408 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 420 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0 +1.336(The set of characters that the)144 432 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G (adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335 (ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. If) -144 324 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 +144 444 R F3(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126 G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G -(ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 336 Q F1(COMP_W)108 348 Q(ORDS)-.1 E -F0 .654(An array v)144 360 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E +(ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 456 Q F1(COMP_W)108 468 Q(ORDS)-.1 E +F0 .654(An array v)144 480 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E F0(belo)3.154 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w) --.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.332(line. The)144 372 R +-.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.332(line. The)144 492 R 1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F3 (COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.083 E .832(described abo)144 -384 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.832(.T).15 G .832(his v)-5.832 F .832 +504 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.832(.T).15 G .832(his v)-5.832 F .832 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .831 (ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.331 (db).1 G 3.331(yt)-3.331 G .831(he programmable)-3.331 F(completion f) -144 396 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 408 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) -144 420 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E +144 516 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 528 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) +144 540 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E .169 (w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) --.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 432 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) --.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 444 Q -.55(AC) --.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 456 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 552 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) +-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 564 Q -.55(AC) +-.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 576 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26 (w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F -1.094(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 468 R 3.594 +1.094(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 588 R 3.594 (ya)-.15 G 1.095(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.595 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.595 G 3.595(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.595 E 1.432 -(members of this array v)144 480 R 1.432 +(members of this array v)144 600 R 1.432 (ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 -F 1.431(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 492 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E +F 1.431(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 612 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546 -.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746 -F(ariable)-.25 E .351(will not change the current directory)144 504 R +F(ariable)-.25 E .351(will not change the current directory)144 624 R 5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.85 -(ni).15 G(f)-2.85 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 516 Q F1(EPOCHREAL)108 -528 Q(TIME)-.92 E F0 .337(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e) -144 540 R .338(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 -F(\(see)144 552 Q F2(time)2.917 E F0 .417 +(ni).15 G(f)-2.85 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 636 Q F1(EPOCHREAL)108 +648 Q(TIME)-.92 E F0 .337(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e) +144 660 R .338(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 +F(\(see)144 672 Q F2(time)2.917 E F0 .417 (\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .416 (alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.416(.A)-.65 G .416 -(ssignments to)-5.416 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.916 E(AL)144 564 Q(TIME)-.828 E F0 +(ssignments to)-5.416 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.916 E(AL)144 684 Q(TIME)-.828 E F0 1.09(are ignored.)3.34 F(If)6.09 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E F0 1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.591(ni).15 G 3.591(fi)-3.591 G 3.591(ti)-3.591 G(s)-3.591 E -(subsequently reset.)144 576 Q F1(EPOCHSECONDS)108 588 Q F0 .338 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 600 R .337 -(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 -612 Q F2(time)4.041 E F0 4.041(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.041 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(is unset, it)3.792 F -(loses its special properties, e)144 624 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G -2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -(EUID)108 636 Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)144 636 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 --.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G -1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103 -(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 648 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 660 Q(AME) --.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 672 R .479 -(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) --.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277 -(The element with inde)144 684 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276 -(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384 -(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 696 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4 -10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385 -(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .076 -(tion is e)144 708 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.576(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) -2.576 E F3(FUNCN)2.576 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.326 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H -2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.575 E -(AME)-.18 E F0 .075(is unset, it loses its)2.325 F -(special properties, e)144 720 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 -768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(12)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(subsequently reset.)144 696 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22) +144.29 E(12)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 13 13 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .11(This v)144 84 -R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA) -2.611 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E -F0 5.111(.E)C .111(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 -96 S(ME).2 E F0 1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA) -3.904 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E -F0 1.404(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 108 R -.15(Fo) -5.012 G 2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G -.012(alled from the \214le)-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2 -($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184(at line number)144 120 R F1(${B)3.684 E -(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller) -3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G 1.183 -(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F(this information.)144 -132 Q F1(GR)108 144 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228(An array v)144 156 R 1.228(ar\ -iable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a memb\ -er)-.25 F 6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E .572(ments to)144 168 R/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2 -H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. 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Assignments)B(to)4.041 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EPOCHSECONDS) +4.041 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E +F0 1.542(is unset, it)3.792 F(loses its special properties, e)144 120 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(EUID)108 132 Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef) +144 132 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103 +(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103 +(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103 +(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 144 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 156 Q(AME) +-.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 168 R .479 +(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277 +(The element with inde)144 180 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276 +(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384 +(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 192 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4 +10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385 +(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .076 +(tion is e)144 204 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.576(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) +2.576 E F3(FUNCN)2.576 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.326 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H +2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.575 E +(AME)-.18 E F0 .075(is unset, it loses its)2.325 F +(special properties, e)144 216 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .11(This v)144 +234 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO) +.3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111 +(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 246 S(ME).2 E F0 +1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO) +.3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404 +(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 258 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G +2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A +F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le) +-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184 +(at line number)144 270 R F1(${B)3.684 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1 +(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G +1.183(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F +(this information.)144 282 Q F1(GR)108 294 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228 +(An array v)144 306 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of wh\ +ich the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E +.572(ments to)144 318 R F3(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 +-.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F3 +(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.072(ni).15 G 3.071(fi)-3.072 G 3.071(ti)-3.071 G(s)-3.071 E +(subsequently reset.)144 330 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 342 Q F0 .355 +(The history number)144 354 R 2.855(,o)-.4 G 2.855(ri)-2.855 G(nde) -2.855 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356 (he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3 (HISTCMD)2.856 E F0 .356(is unset, it)2.606 F -(loses its special properties, e)144 216 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G +(loses its special properties, e)144 366 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -(HOSTN)108 228 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 -(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 240 Q F1 -(HOSTTYPE)108 252 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\ - describes the type of machine on which)144 264 R F1(bash)2.722 E F0 -.222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 276 R(def) -2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 288 Q F0 1.408(Each\ +(HOSTN)108 378 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 +(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 390 Q F1 +(HOSTTYPE)108 402 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\ + describes the type of machine on which)144 414 R F1(bash)2.722 E F0 +.222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 426 R(def) +2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 438 Q F0 1.408(Each\ time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\ -ber representing the)144 300 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ -arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 312 R .078 -(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 324 R .306 +ber representing the)144 450 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ +arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 462 R .078 +(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 474 R .306 (alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.307 E F3(LINENO)2.807 E F0 .307(is unset, it loses its)2.557 F -(special properties, e)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 348 Q +(special properties, e)144 486 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 498 Q (CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\ -es the system type on which)144 360 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .898(is e)3.398 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 372 Q F2 +es the system type on which)144 510 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .898(is e)3.398 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 522 Q F2 (cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E -(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 384 Q F0 .293 -(An array v)144 396 R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.793 E F0 +(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 534 Q F0 .293 +(An array v)144 546 R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.793 E F0 (belo)2.793 E .293(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .294 (xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.794 E F0 -.2(bu)2.794 G .294 -(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 408 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 -(OLDPWD)108 420 Q F0(The pre)144 432 Q(vious w)-.25 E +(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 558 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 +(OLDPWD)108 570 Q F0(The pre)144 582 Q(vious w)-.25 E (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(OPT)108 444 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 456 R 1.627 +(OPT)108 594 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 606 R 1.627 (alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 -(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 468 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 480 Q F0 1.651(The inde)144 492 R 4.151 +(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 618 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 630 Q F0 1.651(The inde)144 642 R 4.151 (xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651(he ne)-4.151 F 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F 1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.152 E F0 -.2(bu) -4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 504 +4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 654 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 -516 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ -g system on which)144 528 R F1(bash)2.829 E F0 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 540 Q -(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 552 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US) -.95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 564 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays) +666 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ +g system on which)144 678 R F1(bash)2.829 E F0 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 690 Q +(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 702 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US) +.95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 714 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays) 3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61 (xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F -(the most-recently-e)144 576 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E -(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 -(PPID)108 588 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 588 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G -2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E -F1(PWD)108 600 Q F0(The current w)144 600 Q -(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(RANDOM)108 612 Q F0 .566 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 624 R .565 -(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.565 E .01 -(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 636 -R .01(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)2.51 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If) -4.51 E F3(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E -(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 648 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 660 Q F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 672 R -F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) --.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F3 1.546(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 -E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 684 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(READLINE_POINT)108 696 Q F0 .313 -(The position of the insertion point in the)144 708 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G -(adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G -.313(or use with)-2.813 F F5 .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0(\(see)2.814 E F3 -(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 720 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(13) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(the most-recently-e)144 726 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E +(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(13)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 14 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(REPL)108 84 Q(Y)-.92 E F0(Set to the line of input read by the)144 96 -Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 -E(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 108 Q F0 .795(Each time t\ -his parameter is referenced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 -120 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795(cation is returned.).2 F .712(If a v)144 132 R -.712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SECONDS)3.212 E/F3 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 -(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .408 -(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 144 R .408 +SF(PPID)108 84 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 84 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G +2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E +F1(PWD)108 96 Q F0(The current w)144 96 Q +(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +(RANDOM)108 108 Q F0 .566 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 120 R .565 +(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.565 E .01 +(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 132 +R .01(alue to)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(RANDOM)2.51 E/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.51 E F2(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E +(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 156 Q F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 168 R +F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) +-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.546(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 +E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 180 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 +(READLINE_POINT)108 192 Q F0 .313 +(The position of the insertion point in the)144 204 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G +(adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G +.313(or use with)-2.813 F F4 .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0(\(see)2.814 E F2 +(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 216 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 228 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 +(Set to the line of input read by the)144 240 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.) +-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 252 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\ +ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 264 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795 +(cation is returned.).2 F .712(If a v)144 276 R .712 +(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F3(,)A F0 .712(the v) +2.962 F .712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 +F .408(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 288 R .408 (alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .407 -(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 156 Q -.15(ve) +(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 300 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 168 Q F0 3.262(Ac)144 180 S +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 312 Q F0 3.262(Ac)144 324 S .763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w) 5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 -(gument for the)-.18 F F1144 192 Q F0 1.174(option to the)3.674 F +(gument for the)-.18 F F1144 336 Q F0 1.174(option to the)3.674 F F1(set)3.674 E F0 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.173 (SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.423 E -3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 204 R F2 -(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F/F4 10 +3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 348 R F2 +(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .02 -(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 216 Q F1(bash) +(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 360 Q F1(bash) 3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ d before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 -F(This v)144 228 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 240 Q -(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 252 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 264 Q F0 -(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 264 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G +F(This v)144 372 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 384 Q +(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 396 Q F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 408 Q F0 +(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 408 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G (nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 -E(.)-.65 E .993(The follo)108 280.8 R .993(wing v)-.25 F .994 +E(.)-.65 E .993(The follo)108 424.8 R .993(wing v)-.25 F .994 (ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 (bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .994 -(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 292.8 -Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 309.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 -1.193(The v)144 321.6 R 1.193(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F +(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 436.8 +Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 453.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 +1.193(The v)144 465.6 R 1.193(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.693(sc)-.55 G 1.192(ompatibility le)-3.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.692 (l. See).15 F 1.192(the description of the)3.692 F F1(shopt)3.692 E F0 --.2(bu)3.692 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 333.6 Q 2.871(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.871 E +-.2(bu)3.692 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 477.6 Q 2.871(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.871 E F1 .371(SHELL B)2.871 F(UIL)-.1 E .371(TIN COMMANDS)-.92 F F0 .372 (for a description of the v)2.872 F .372(arious compatibility le)-.25 F -(v-)-.25 E .361(els and their ef)144 345.6 R 2.861(fects. The)-.25 F +(v-)-.25 E .361(els and their ef)144 489.6 R 2.861(fects. The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.861 G .361 (lue may be a decimal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte).25 F .36 (ger \(e.g., 42\) corre-)-.15 F 1.75 -(sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 357.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.251(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)4.251 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 1.751 (is unset or set to the empty)5.201 F .578(string, the compatibility le) -144 369.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578 +144 513.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578 (et to the def)-3.078 F .578(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.078 (ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3(BA)3.078 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0(is) -4.028 E .248(set to a v)144 381.6 R .248(alue that is not one of the v) +4.028 E .248(set to a v)144 525.6 R .248(alue that is not one of the v) -.25 F .248(alid compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .249 (ls, the shell prints an error message and).15 F 1.12 -(sets the compatibility le)144 393.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.62(lt).15 G +(sets the compatibility le)144 537.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.62(lt).15 G 3.619(ot)-3.62 G 1.119(he def)-3.619 F 1.119(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.619(ersion. The)-.15 F -.25(va)3.619 G 1.119(lid compatibility le) .25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls).15 E .575 -(correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 405.6 R F1 +(correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 549.6 R F1 (shopt)3.075 E F0 -.2(bu)3.076 G .576(iltin described belo).2 F 3.076 -(w\()-.25 G .576(for e)-3.076 F(xam-)-.15 E(ple,)144 417.6 Q F1 +(w\()-.25 G .576(for e)-3.076 F(xam-)-.15 E(ple,)144 561.6 Q F1 (compat42)2.5 E F0(means that 4.2 and 42 are v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E 2.5 (alues\). The)-.25 F(current v)2.5 E(ersion is also a v)-.15 E(alid v) --.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 429.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .506 -(If this parameter is set when)144 441.6 R F1(bash)3.006 E F0 .506(is e) +-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 573.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .506 +(If this parameter is set when)144 585.6 R F1(bash)3.006 E F0 .506(is e) 3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .505 (alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .354 -(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 453.6 R F4 +(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 597.6 R F5 (~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.355(.T).31 G .355(he v)-5.355 F .355 (alue of)-.25 F F2 -.27(BA)2.855 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .355(is subjected) -2.605 F .525(to parameter e)144 465.6 R .525 +2.605 F .525(to parameter e)144 609.6 R .525 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 -(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 477.6 Q +(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 621.6 Q F2 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 (is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) -108 489.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 501.6 +108 633.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 645.6 R .48(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F (,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.981 E F0 .481(will write the trace output gener)2.981 -F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 513.6 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x) -5.614 F F0 3.114(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T) --.55 G 3.114(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F2 -.27(BA)144 -525.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne) -2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. 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F0(\).)A F3(OPTERR)108 252 Q F0 .389 -(If set to the v)144 264 R .389(alue 1,)-.25 F F3(bash)2.889 E F0 .389 -(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F3(getopts)2.89 E F0 --.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 .36(SHELL B)144 276 R(UIL) --.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTERR) +ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 384 Q +(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 396 Q F0 .389 +(If set to the v)144 408 R .389(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.889 E F0 .389 +(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.89 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .36(SHELL B)144 420 R(UIL) +-.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR) 5.36 E F0 .359(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 288 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3 -.74(PA)108 300 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587 -(The search path for commands.)144 300 R .588 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 432 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 444 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587 +(The search path for commands.)144 444 R .588 (It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) -5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 312 R F1 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION) +5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 456 R F2 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION) 2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 -(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 324 S -.535(lue of).25 F F1 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 468 S +.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 (indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 (null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 336 R .868 +-3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 480 R .868 (The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) --.1 F(administrator who installs)144 348 Q F3(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C +-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 492 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C (common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 360 Q -F0(.)A F3(POSIXL)108 372 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 384 R -.472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F3(bash)2.971 +(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 504 Q +F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 516 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 528 R +.472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .471 (posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011 -(the startup \214les, as if the)144 396 R F3(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 +(the startup \214les, as if the)144 540 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 (in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 -(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 408 Q F3(bash)2.5 +(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 552 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(enables)2.5 E F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) -2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F4(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(PR)108 420 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 -(If set, the v)144 432 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F3(PR) -108 444 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 -(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 456 R .676 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 564 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 +(If set, the v)144 576 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR) +108 588 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 600 R .676 (alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 -(nents to retain when e)144 468 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F3(\\w)3.423 -E F0(and)3.423 E F3(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) -3.423 F F1(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E -(Characters remo)144 480 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F3(PS0)108 492 Q F0 1.174(The v) -144 492 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) --.15 F F1(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 +(nents to retain when e)144 612 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 +E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) +3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E +(Characters remo)144 624 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 636 Q F0 1.174(The v) +144 636 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) +-.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 (w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 504 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(PS1)108 516 Q F0 .064(The v)144 516 R -.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F1(PR) +(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 648 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 660 Q F0 .064(The v)144 660 R +.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR) 2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 -(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 528 R -(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F3(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 --.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F3(PS2)108 540 Q F0 .118(The v)144 540 R .118 -(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1) +(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 672 R +(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 684 Q F0 .118(The v)144 684 R .118 +(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) 2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The) -5.117 E(def)144 552 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F3(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G -(.).74 E F3(PS3)108 564 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 564 R 1.115 -(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F3(select) -3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F1 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR) -144 576 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F3(PS4)108 588 Q F0 -.101(The v)144 588 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101 -(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F3(bash)144 600 Q F0 .334 -(displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F -.335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(PS4)2.835 E F0 .335(is repli-)2.585 F -(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 612 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 -G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E -(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F3(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F3 -(SHELL)108 624 Q F0 .664(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 636 R -.664(ept in this en)-.1 F .664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 -F .663(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 648 Q F3(bash) -2.5 E F0(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5 -(sl)-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F3(TIMEFORMA)108 660 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826 -(The v)144 672 R .826 -(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F -3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 684 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F3(time)3.149 E F0 -(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F -(The)5.648 E F3(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 -(an escape sequence that is e)144 696 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F -.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F -(and their meanings are as follo)144 708 Q -(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +5.117 E(def)144 696 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G +(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 708 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 708 R 1.115 +(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) +3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR) +144 720 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2017 March 22)144.29 E(17)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -2338,7144 +2321,7170 @@ BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(%%)144 84 Q F0 2.5(Al)194 84 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[) -144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0 -(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 96 Q F1(%[)144 108 Q F2(p)A F1(][l]U)A -F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 108 Q F1(%[)144 120 -Q F2(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.) -194 120 Q F1(%P)144 132 Q F0 -(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 132 Q .87 -(The optional)144 148.8 R F2(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) -3.37 F F2(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 +SF(PS4)108 84 Q F0 .101(The v)144 84 R .101(alue of this parameter is e) +-.25 F .101(xpanded as with)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1 +(and the v)2.35 F .1(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash) +144 96 Q F0 .334(displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335 +(cution trace.).15 F .335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .335(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.835 E F0 .335(is repli-) +2.585 F(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 108 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5 +(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.) +.15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 +E F1(SHELL)108 120 Q F0 .664(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 132 +R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F .664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If) +-.25 F .663(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 144 Q F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 +E 2.5(sl)-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 156 Q(T)-.95 E F0 +.826(The v)144 168 R .826 +(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F +3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 180 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0 +(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F +(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 +(an escape sequence that is e)144 192 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F +(and their meanings are as follo)144 204 Q +(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 222 Q F0 2.5 +(Al)194 222 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 234 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 +234 Q F1(%[)144 246 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0 +(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 246 Q F1(%[)144 258 Q +F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 +258 Q F1(%P)144 270 Q F0 +(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 270 Q .87 +(The optional)144 286.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) +3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 (he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A) -144 160.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025 +144 298.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025 (lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026 (At most three places after the)5.025 F .538 -(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 172.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F2 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 310.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F3 (p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E -F2(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 184.8 Q -(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 201.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0 +F3(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 322.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 339.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F -F2(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F2(SS)A F0(.)A F2(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 213.6 Q F2(p)2.5 E F0 +F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) +3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 351.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 (determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.365 -(If this v)144 230.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 +(If this v)144 368.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 E F0 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) -144 242.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 +144 380.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 (.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 (alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 -254.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E +392.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E (wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108 -266.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 278.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) --.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def) -3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 --.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 290.4 Q F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31 +404.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 416.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) +-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941 +(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 +G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 428.4 Q F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31 (command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F .611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(fter).15 E F3(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F -.886(ing from a terminal.)144 302.4 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 +(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F +.886(ing from a terminal.)144 440.4 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .885 -(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 314.4 +(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 452.4 S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1 (Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 -F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 326.4 -Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 338.4 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 350.4 +F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 464.4 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 476.4 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 488.4 R F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391 (alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39 -(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 362.4 Q 2.5(su)-.55 -G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 374.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 386.4 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 500.4 Q 2.5(su)-.55 +G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 512.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 524.4 R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 (he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 -(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 398.4 R +(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 536.4 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ - for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 410.4 S .366(isting stopped job) + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 548.4 S .366(isting stopped job) .15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366 (wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F 1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 -422.4 R(The)6.125 E F2(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this) -3.805 F(conte)144 434.4 Q 1.132 +560.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this) +3.805 F(conte)144 572.4 Q 1.132 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) -6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 +6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 (he string supplied must)-3.633 F .625 -(match the name of a stopped job e)144 446.4 R .624(xactly; if set to) --.15 F F2(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624 +(match the name of a stopped job e)144 584.4 R .624(xactly; if set to) +-.15 F F3(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624 (he string supplied needs to match a)-3.124 F .884 -(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 458.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) --5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 -(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 470.4 Q F1(%?)3.334 E -F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F3 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 +(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 596.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) +-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 608.4 Q F1(%?)3.334 E +F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) -.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315 -(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 482.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 +(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 620.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 (ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F -F1(%)2.816 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 494.4 Q(.)-.55 -E F1(histchars)108 506.4 Q F0 2.07(The tw)144 518.4 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57 +F1(%)2.816 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 632.4 Q(.)-.55 +E F1(histchars)108 644.4 Q F0 2.07(The tw)144 656.4 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57 (rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07 -(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.569 E(OR) --.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 530.4 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715 -(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F F2 1.216 +(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)4.569 E(OR) +-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 668.4 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F F3 1.216 (history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G 1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798(signals the start of a history e) -144 542.4 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B -.798(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G -(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 554.4 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G +144 680.4 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B +.798(second character is the)3.298 F F3(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G +(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 692.4 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G .239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.739 F .24 (vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .576 -(ing one string for another in the command.)144 566.4 R .575(The def) +(ing one string for another in the command.)144 704.4 R .575(The def) 5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .575 (optional third character is the)3.075 F .223(character which indicates\ that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \ -char)144 578.4 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 590.4 R 1.294 +char)144 716.4 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 728.4 R 1.294 (ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293 (history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F -.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 602.4 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 -F .38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F -(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 614.4 Q F1(Arrays)87 631.2 Q -(Bash)108 643.2 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G -.89(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 655.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 -F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F -.329(an array)108 667.2 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) --.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F -5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328 -(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 679.2 R -1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 -(xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 -H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 -691.2 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 -(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 708 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F -4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F -F2(name)4.962 E F0([)A F2(sub-)A(script)108 720 Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 -6.548(.T)C(he)-6.548 E F2(subscript)4.388 E F0 1.549 -(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.728 F 1.549(xpression that must e)-.15 -F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.549(luate to a number).25 F 6.549(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.349 -E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(18)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(18)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S -1.98(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.48(da).15 G(rray) --4.48 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)4.48 E -4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)4.48 E F0(\(see) -4.48 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.979 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 96 Q 2.5 -<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .379 +(skipped for the remaining w)144 84 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F .38 +(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F +(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(Arrays)87 112.8 Q(Bash)108 124.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891 +(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891 +(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391 +(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89(ariable may be used as an) +-3.641 F(inde)108 136.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the) +-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e) +.2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074 +(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F .329(an array)108 +148.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr)-.15 G .329 +(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(do).15 G +2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F 5.328(.I)-.65 G +(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328(rrays are refer)-2.828 +F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 160.8 R 1.595 +(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 +(xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 +H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 +172.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 +(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 189.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F +4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)4.962 E F0([)A F2(sub-)A(script)108 201.6 +Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 6.548(.T)C(he)-6.548 E F2(subscript)4.388 E F0 +1.549(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.728 F 1.549(xpression that must e) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.549(luate to a number).25 F 6.549(.T)-.55 G(o) +-7.349 E -.15(ex)108 213.6 S 1.98(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 4.48(da).15 G(rray)-4.48 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1 +(declar)4.48 E 4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F2(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.979 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 225.6 Q +2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0 (is also accepted; the)2.5 E F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E -(Associati)108 112.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E +(Associati)108 242.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 -129.6 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 +259.2 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 (ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F -(attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 141.6 Q +(attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 271.2 Q (.)-.65 E 1.647 -(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 158.4 -R F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647 +(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 288 R +F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647 (... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each) --4.147 F F2(value)108 170.4 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.332 F F2 +-4.147 F F2(value)108 300 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.332 F F2 (subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.833 (ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F2(string)4.333 E F0(.)A .164 -(When assigning to inde)108 182.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 +(When assigning to inde)108 312 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 (rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163 (ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.663(xi)-.15 G 2.663 -(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 194.4 R -3.91(xo)-.15 G 3.91(ft)-3.91 G 1.41 -(he element assigned is the last inde)-3.91 F 3.911(xa)-.15 G 1.411 -(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-3.911 F(Inde)108 206.4 Q -(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E(When assigning to an associati)108 223.2 Q -.3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.) --2.5 E .24(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 240 R F1(declar)2.74 -E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 +(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 324 R 3.91 +(xo)-.15 G 3.91(ft)-3.91 G 1.41(he element assigned is the last inde) +-3.91 F 3.911(xa)-.15 G 1.411(ssigned to by the statement plus one.) +-3.911 F(Inde)108 336 Q(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E +(When assigning to an associati)108 352.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 +E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.)-2.5 E .24 +(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 369.6 R F1(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 (vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F2(name)108 -252 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 1.917 +381.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 1.917 (syntax introduced abo)4.416 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 (hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) -4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F2(name)4.777 E F0 1.917(is sub-) -4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 264 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416 +4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 393.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.616(,t)-.4 G .115 (hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.616 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.615(oo).15 G .115(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E -(of)108 276 Q F2(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 -.15 -(eg a)-3.338 H(ti).15 E 1.138 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .838 +(of)108 405.6 Q F2(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 +-.15(eg a)-3.338 H(ti).15 E 1.138 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .838 (ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 3.338(,a)-.65 G .838 (nd an inde)-3.338 F 3.338(xo)-.15 G 3.338<66ad>-3.338 G 3.338(1r)-3.338 -G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 288 Q(An)108 304.8 Q +G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 417.6 Q(An)108 434.4 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076(lement of an array may be referenced using ${) -3.576 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075 (braces are required to a)3.575 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541 -(con\215icts with pathname e)108 316.8 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2 +(con\215icts with pathname e)108 446.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2 (subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541 (xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057 -(These subscripts dif)108 328.8 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 +(These subscripts dif)108 458.4 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 (ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056 -(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 340.8 Q F2(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B +(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 470.4 Q F2(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B .52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521 (alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F -1.375(of the)108 352.8 R F3(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375 +1.375(of the)108 482.4 R F3(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375 (ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 (xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w) 3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108 -364.8 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F +494.4 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759 -(within a w)108 376.8 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 +(within a w)108 506.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 (ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108 -388.8 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ +518.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016 -F .228(to the e)108 400.8 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +F .228(to the e)108 530.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 (Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727 -(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 412.8 +(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 542.4 S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F2(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or) 3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 -(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .295(ments in the array)108 424.8 +(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .295(ments in the array)108 554.4 R 5.295(.I)-.65 G 2.795(ft)-5.295 G(he)-2.795 E F2(subscript)3.135 E F0 .295(used to reference an element of an inde)3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.794(da).15 G .294(rray e)-2.794 F -.25(va)-.25 G .294 (luates to a number).25 F .628 -(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 436.8 R .928 -.15(ve t) +(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 566.4 R .928 -.15(ve t) -.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .629(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F 3.129(xo)-.15 G 3.129(ft)-3.129 G .629(he array)-3.129 F 3.129(,s)-.65 G 3.129(on)-3.129 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.129 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(indices count back from the end of the array)108 448.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G +(indices count back from the end of the array)108 578.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G (nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 -465.6 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +595.2 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An) -108 477.6 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 +108 607.2 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 494.4 -Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E +F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 624 Q +(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E 2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -.417(It is possible to obtain the k)108 511.2 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() +.417(It is possible to obtain the k)108 640.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() .15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.918 (alues. ${)-.25 F F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .418(]} and ${)B F1 -(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 523.2 S .75 +(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 652.8 S .75 (pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name) 3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .749 (he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 -535.2 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 -E F2(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 552 Q F1(unset)2.766 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G -(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A +664.8 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F2(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 681.6 Q F1(unset) +2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 +G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) --.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 564 Q F0 6.319(.N)C -2.25 -.15(eg a) --6.319 H(ti).15 E 1.619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.319(ubscripts to inde).15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.819(da).15 G 1.319 -(rrays are interpreted as described abo)-3.819 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.318 -(.C).15 G 1.318(are must be tak)-6.318 F 1.318(en to)-.1 F -.2(avo)108 -576 S .297(id unw).2 F .297(anted side ef)-.1 F .297 -(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(unset)5.297 E F2 -(name)2.798 E F0 2.798(,w)C(here)-2.798 E F2(name)2.798 E F0 .298 -(is an array)2.798 F 2.798(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.798 E F1(unset)2.798 E F2 -(name)108 588 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E +-.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 693.6 Q F0 3.975(,f)C 1.475 +(or both inde)-3.975 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.975(da).15 G 1.474(nd associati) +-3.975 F 1.774 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.974(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) +.05 E 1.774 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.474(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G 3.974(da).15 G 1.474(rrays are interpreted as)-3.974 F 2.206 +(described abo)108 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 7.206(.C).15 G 2.206 +(are must be tak)-7.206 F 2.206(en to a)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 2.206(id unw) +.2 F 2.207(anted side ef)-.1 F 2.207(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E .53(Unsetting the last element of an array v)108 717.6 +R .529(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F1(unset) +5.529 E F2(name)3.029 E F0 3.029(,w)C(here)-3.029 E F2(name)3.029 E F0 +.529(is an)3.029 F(array)108 729.6 Q 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E F1(unset)2.5 +E F2(name)2.5 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 -604.8 Q F1(declar)3.574 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.574 E F0 3.574(,a)C -(nd)-3.574 E F1 -.18(re)3.574 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.574 G 1.073 -(iltins each accept a).2 F F13.573 E F0 1.073 -(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.573(da).15 G 1.073 -(rray and a)-3.573 F F13.573 E F0 .338 -(option to specify an associati)108 616.8 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) -.15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) --2.838 F F12.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) -5.338 E F1 -.18(re)2.839 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.839 G(iltin).2 E .441 -(accepts a)108 628.8 R F12.941 E F0 .441 -(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441 -(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he) --5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.94 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)108 640.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E -(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 657.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ -rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 669.6 R 3.26 -(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 -(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 681.6 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F2(br) -2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e) -2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(par)2.869 E .369 -(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369 -(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 693.6 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e) -2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 -E .418(The order of e)108 710.4 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 -(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .419 -(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 722.4 S -2.675(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 -F 2.675(ashion\); w)-.1 F 2.675(ord splitting; and pathname)-.1 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(19)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S -(pansion.).15 E .257 -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 100.8 R -.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(pr)2.757 E .257(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .257 -(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 E -(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 112.8 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.573 E F0 +3.573(,a)C(nd)-3.573 E F1 -.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G +1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F F13.573 E F0 1.073 +(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074 +(rray and a)-3.574 F F13.574 E F0 .339 +(option to specify an associati)108 96 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 +E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) +-2.838 F F12.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) +5.338 E F1 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44 +(accepts a)108 108 R F12.941 E F0 .441 +(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441 +(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he) +-5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)108 120 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E +(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F2 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 136.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ +rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 148.8 R 3.26 +(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 +(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 160.8 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 +E F3 .369(tilde e)2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(par)2.869 E .369 +(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3 .37 +(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 172.8 Q F0(,).24 E F3(arithmetic e) +2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 +E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F3(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 +E .419(The order of e)108 189.6 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 +(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .418 +(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 201.6 S +.195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F +.196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) +-.15 E(sion.)108 213.6 Q .257 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 230.4 R +.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F3(pr)2.757 E .257 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 +E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 242.4 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G (ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) --.15 E .003(After these e)108 129.6 R .003 +-.15 E .002(After these e)108 259.2 R .003 (xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w) --.15 F .002(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.502(du).15 G .002 -(nless the)-2.502 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 141.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 -E F0(\).)A 1.486(Only brace e)108 158.4 R 1.486(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486 +-.15 F .003(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(du).15 G .003 +(nless the)-2.503 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 271.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F3(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 +E F0(\).)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 288 R 1.487(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487 (ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487 -(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 -(ex)108 170.4 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F -1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 -(ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the) --.15 F -.15(ex)108 182.4 S(pansions of ").15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($@) -A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")-2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5 -(se)-2.5 G(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 199.2 Q F1(Br)108.58 211.2 Q .606(ace e) --.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 +(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 +(ex)108 300 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F +1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 +(ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the) +-.15 F -.15(ex)108 312 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") +-2.5 E F1(${)A F3(name)A F1([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1 +(Brace Expansion)87 328.8 Q F3(Br)108.58 340.8 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F +(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F -.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 223.2 Q F1 .415 +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 352.8 Q F3 .415 (pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 235.2 R F1(pr)2.651 E(eamble) +(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 364.8 R F3(pr)2.652 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 247.2 R -.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G +F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 376.8 R +.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F3(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 (contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ -ch resulting string, e)108 259.2 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) -108 271.2 Q .719(Brace e)108 288 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F -.719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 +ch resulting string, e)108 388.8 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) +108 400.8 Q .718(Brace e)108 417.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 +F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 (xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) -108 300 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0(d,c,b) -A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As)108 -316.8 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742 -(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.242 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A -F2(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F1(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F1(y) -3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743(gers or single characters,) --.15 F(and)108 328.8 Q F1(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G +108 429.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0 +(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As) +108 446.4 S .743(equence e)-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743 +(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.243 E F3(x)A F1(..)A F3(y)A F1([..)A F3(incr)A +F1(]})A F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F3(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F3(y) +3.242 E F0 .742(are either inte)3.242 F .742(gers or single characters,) +-.15 F(and)108 458.4 Q F3(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G .532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G .532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 -(xpression e)-.15 F .531(xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108 -340.8 R F1(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F1(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi) --2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077 -(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)2.577 E F0 .078 -(to force each term to ha)2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015 -(same width.)108 352.8 R .015(When either)5.015 F F1(x)2.515 E F0(or) -2.515 E F1(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\ +(xpression e)-.15 F .532(xpands to each)-.15 F .078(number between)108 +470.4 R F3(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F3(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi) +-2.578 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.078(.S).15 G .078(upplied inte)-5.078 F .077 +(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F3(0)2.577 E F0 .077 +(to force each term to ha)2.577 F .377 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014 +(same width.)108 482.4 R .014(When either)5.014 F F3(x)2.514 E F0(or) +2.514 E F3(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell att\ empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143 -(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 364.8 R +(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 494.4 R 6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F -(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 376.8 S 1.064(pands to each character le) -.15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E -F1(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G -1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .983 -(that both)108 388.8 R F1(x)3.483 E F0(and)3.483 E F1(y)3.483 E F0 .983 -(must be of the same type.)3.483 F .984 +(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 506.4 S 1.064(pands to each character le) +.15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F3(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E +F3(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G +1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .984 +(that both)108 518.4 R F3(x)3.484 E F0(and)3.484 E F3(y)3.484 E F0 .983 +(must be of the same type.)3.484 F .983 (When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.983 F(ference) --.25 E(between each term.)108 400.8 Q(The def)5 E -(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108 417.6 -R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581 -(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 -(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 -(are preserv)108 429.6 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 -(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016 -(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 441.6 Q +-.25 E(between each term.)108 530.4 Q(The def)5 E +(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 547.2 +R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 +(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582 +(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016 +(are preserv)108 559.2 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 +(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015 +(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 571.2 Q (xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 458.4 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132 -(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\ -t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 470.4 R 3.441 -(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 -(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 -(unchanged. A)108 482.4 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0 -.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 -(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91 -(sion. T)108 494.4 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41 +-.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 588 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132(\ +xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\ + one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 600 R 3.441(alid sequence e) +-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 +(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 +(unchanged. A)108 612 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255 +(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 +(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911 +(sion. T)108 624 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411 (id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F -F2(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion, and inhibits brace e)108 506.4 Q -(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F2(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\ +F1(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion, and inhibits brace e)108 636 Q +(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F1(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\ ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\ -gs to be generated is)108 523.2 R(longer than in the abo)108 535.2 Q .3 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 552 -Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 564 Q(cho)144 576 Q -(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) --.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 592.8 R .618 +gs to be generated is)108 652.8 R(longer than in the abo)108 664.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 +681.6 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 693.6 Q(cho)144 +705.6 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 +E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E 2.468(Brace e)108 722.4 R 2.467 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F -.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 -(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 604.8 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G -.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 616.8 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 -(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 -(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) -3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 628.8 Q F0 .515 -(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 -(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) -3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436 -(If strict compatibility with)108 640.8 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 -(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2 -(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437 -(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 652.8 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2 -(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 669.6 S -(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 681.6 R 1.087(ord be)-.1 F -1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.086 -('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ - \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) -108 693.6 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) --5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\ - are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 705.6 R .725 -(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 717.6 Q .522 -(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522 -(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 729.6 Q F4 -(.)A F0(If)6.736 E F3(HOME)4.736 E F0 2.236 -(is unset, the home directory of the user e)4.486 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.236 -(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(20)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +2.467(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)4.967 E F0(.)A F1(sh)7.467 E F0 2.467 +(does not treat)4.967 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(20) +193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Otherwise, the ti\ -lde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated with the sp\ -eci\214ed login name.)108 84 Q .092 -(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 100.8 R .092 -(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PWD) -2.592 E F0 .092(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093 -(If the tilde-pre\214x is)5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 112.8 S .904 -(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E -F1(OLDPWD)3.404 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .904 -(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo) -5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641 -(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 124.8 R/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(N)4.141 E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x) --4.142 F 1.642(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F -1.438(replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack,\ - as it w)108 136.8 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F/F4 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu)108 148.8 S .454(iltin in).2 F --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G .454 -(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F .454 -(the characters follo)2.954 F .455(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x) --.25 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .632 +(opening or closing braces specially when the)108 84 R 3.132(ya)-.15 G +.632(ppear as part of a w)-3.132 F .632(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .633 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)108 96 Q F0 +(remo)2.778 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.778(sb).15 G .278(races from w)-2.778 F +.278(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 2.778(xpansion. F)-.15 F +.277(or e)-.15 F .277(xample, a w)-.15 F .277(ord entered to)-.1 F F1 +(sh)2.777 E F0(as)108 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})3.848 E +F0 1.349(appears identically in the output.)3.848 F 1.349(The same w) +6.349 F 1.349(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 1.349(\214le1 \214le2)5.759 F F0 +1.349(after e)3.869 F 1.349(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)108 120 Q F0 +5.903(.I)C 3.403(fs)-5.903 G .903(trict compatibility with)-3.403 F F1 +(sh)3.403 E F0 .902(is desired, start)3.403 F F1(bash)3.402 E F0 .902 +(with the)3.402 F F1(+B)3.402 E F0 .902(option or disable brace e)3.402 +F(xpansion)-.15 E(with the)108 132 Q F1(+B)2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E +F1(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti) +87 148.8 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 160.8 R 1.086(ord be) +-.1 F 1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 +1.087('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\ +slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\ +ed a)108 172.8 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685 +(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\ +\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 184.8 R +.726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 196.8 Q +.523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 +(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) +-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 208.8 Q/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287 +(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287 +(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\ +ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ +with the speci\214ed login name.)108 220.8 Q .093 +(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 237.6 R .092 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 +(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is) +5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 249.6 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 +.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo) +5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 261.6 R F2(N)4.142 +E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641 +(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\ +ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 +273.6 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 285.6 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G +.455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F +.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454 +(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F (consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.) -108 160.8 Q(If the login name is in)108 177.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +108 297.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 314.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E -(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 194.4 R .167 +(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 331.2 R .167 (ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) --.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F4(:)2.667 E -F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F4(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E -.467(these cases, tilde e)108 206.4 R .467(xpansion is also performed.) --.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .468 +-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E +F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E +.468(these cases, tilde e)108 343.2 R .468(xpansion is also performed.) +-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .467 (ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 -218.4 Q F1 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F2(,)A F1(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F2(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F1(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F2(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E -(alue.)-.25 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 235.2 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606 -(The `)108 247.2 R F4($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606 -(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.106 F 1.605 -(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.105 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 259.2 R -.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .407 -(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033 -(tect the v)108 271.2 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033 -(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032 -(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 -283.2 Q 1.189 -(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 -300 R F4(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a) --3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 -312 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex) -108 324 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 340.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A -1.204(The v)144 352.8 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)3.704 E(ameter)-.15 -E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204(The braces are required when) -6.204 F F3(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.205(is a positional)4.435 F -.264(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 364.8 R F3(par) -4.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 -(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.676 -(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 376.8 R(The)7.677 E F3(par) -5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.677(is a shell parameter as described abo) -5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F4 -.74(PA)144 388.8 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o) -C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F4(Arrays)A F0 -(\).)A .347(If the \214rst character of)108 405.6 R F3(par)2.846 E +355.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E +(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 372 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605(The `) +108 384 R F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605(haracter introduces parameter e) +-4.105 F 1.606(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F +4.106(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 396 +R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F +.406(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032 +(tect the v)108 408 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032 +(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033 +(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 420 +Q 1.19(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `) +108 436.8 R F1(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 +(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F 2.15 +(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 448.8 R 2.15 +(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 460.8 S +(pansion.).15 E(${)108 477.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.205 +(The v)144 489.6 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when)6.204 F +F2(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264 +(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 501.6 R F2(par)4.014 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 +(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.677 +(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 513.6 R(The)7.677 E F2(par) +5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.676(is a shell parameter as described abo) +5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 525.6 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o) +C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A F0 +(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 542.4 R F2(par)2.846 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F -F4(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F3(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) -2.846 F F3(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.846(,i)C 2.846(ti)-2.846 G -(ntroduces)-2.846 E 2.634(al)108 417.6 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.634 H 2.634 -(lo).25 G 2.634(fv)-2.634 G .134(ariable indirection.)-2.884 F F4(Bash) +F1(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F2(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) +2.846 F F2(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G +(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.635(al)108 554.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.635 H 2.635 +(lo).25 G 2.635(fv)-2.635 G .135(ariable indirection.)-2.885 F F1(Bash) 5.134 E F0 .134(uses the v)2.634 F .134(alue of the v)-.25 F .134 -(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F3(par)2.635 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.135(as the)2.635 F 1.004(name of the v)108 429.6 R 1.003 +(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.634 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.134(as the)2.634 F 1.003(name of the v)108 566.4 R 1.003 (ariable; this v)-.25 F 1.003(ariable is then e)-.25 F 1.003 (xpanded and that v)-.15 F 1.003 -(alue is used in the rest of the substitution,)-.25 F .594 -(rather than the v)108 441.6 R .594(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)3.094 E +(alue is used in the rest of the substitution,)-.25 F .595 +(rather than the v)108 578.4 R .595(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.095 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 3.095(itself. This)3.095 F .595(is kno)3.095 F .595 -(wn as)-.25 F F3(indir)3.095 E .595(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.595 -(.I)C(f)-5.595 E F3(par)3.095 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .595(is a nameref,) -3.095 F .478(this e)108 453.6 R .478(xpands to the name of the v)-.15 F -.478(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F3(par)2.977 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .477 -(instead of performing the complete indi-)2.977 F 2.163(rect e)108 465.6 +(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)3.095 E .595(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.594 +(.I)C(f)-5.594 E F2(par)3.094 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .594(is a nameref,) +3.094 F .477(this e)108 590.4 R .477(xpands to the name of the v)-.15 F +.477(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(par)2.978 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .478 +(instead of performing the complete indi-)2.978 F 2.164(rect e)108 602.4 R 4.663(xpansion. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)4.663 G 2.163 -(ceptions to this are the e).15 F 2.163(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F4(!)A F3 -(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F4(*)A F0 4.663(}a)C 2.163(nd ${)-4.663 F F4(!)A F3 -(name)A F0([)A F3(@)A F0 2.164(]} described)B(belo)108 477.6 Q 3.8 -.65 +(ceptions to this are the e).15 F 2.163(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A F2 +(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 4.663(}a)C 2.163(nd ${)-4.663 F F1(!)A F2 +(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 2.163(]} described)B(belo)108 614.4 Q 3.8 -.65 (w. T)-.25 H(he e).65 E(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)-2.5 E -.334(In each of the cases belo)108 494.4 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F3(wor)3.484 E +.334(In each of the cases belo)108 631.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E (d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 -F(and arithmetic e)108 506.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.089 -(When not performing substring e)108 523.2 R 1.089 +F(and arithmetic e)108 643.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.09 +(When not performing substring e)108 660 R 1.089 (xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25 G -(e.g.,)-3.589 E F4(:-)3.59 E F0(\),)A F4(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09 -(tests for a)3.59 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 535.2 Q(Omitti\ -ng the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E -(${)108 552 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F4<3aad>A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A -F4 .723(Use Default V)144 564 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F3 -(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.) -3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 576 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3 -(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 588 Q F3(par) -A(ameter)-.15 E F4(:=)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F4 2.004 -(Assign Default V)144 600 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F3 -(par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.234 F -2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)4.845 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.005 -(is assigned to)5.275 F F3(par)144 612 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.279(.T).73 G -.279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)4.029 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278 -(Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F -(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 624 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) -108 636 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F4(:?)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F4 -.535(Display Err)144 648 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C -(f)-5.535 E F3(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 -(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.035 E -(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 660 R -.662(fect if)-.25 F F3(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 E F0 .661(is not present\) is\ - written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.932 F -(interacti)144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) --2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 684 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F4(:+)A F3 -(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F4 .745(Use Alter)144 696 R .745(nate V)-.15 F -(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F3(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 708 Q F3(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(is substituted.)3.27 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(21) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(e.g.,)-3.589 E F1(:-)3.589 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)3.589 E F0 1.089 +(tests for a)3.589 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 672 Q(Omittin\ +g the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E +(${)108 688.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) +A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 700.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 +E F2(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F +.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.) +3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 712.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2 +(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 +Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(21)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(:)A F1(of)A -(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1(of)A -(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion)144 -108 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E F0 -.002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.081 -(character speci\214ed by)144 120 R F1(of)3.581 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.081 -(.I)C(f)-6.081 E F1(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F2(@)3.582 E +/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(:=)A F1 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 2.005(Assign Default V)144 96 R(alues)-.92 E +F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F1(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005 +(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F 2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.844 E +(d)-.37 E F0 2.004(is assigned to)5.274 F F1(par)144 108 Q(ameter)-.15 E +F0 5.278(.T).73 G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.028 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279 +(Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F +(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 120 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) +108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 +.535(Display Err)144 144 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C +(f)-5.535 E F1(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 +(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .661(sage to that ef)144 156 R +.661(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 E F0 .662(is not present\) is\ + written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.931 F +(interacti)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) +-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 180 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F1 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 192 R .745(nate V)-.15 F +(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 204 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 216 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 228 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion) +144 240 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E +F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.082 +(character speci\214ed by)144 252 R F1(of)3.582 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.082 +(.I)C(f)-6.082 E F1(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F2(@)3.582 E F0 3.582(,a)C 3.582(ni)-3.582 G(nde)-3.582 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.582(da).15 -G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F2(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.582 E F2(*) -3.582 E F0 3.582(,o)C 3.582(ra)-3.582 G(n)-3.582 E(associati)144 132 Q +G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F2(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.581 E F2(*) +3.581 E F0 3.581(,o)C 3.581(ra)-3.581 G(n)-3.581 E(associati)144 264 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722 (fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(length) -3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042 -(substring of the v)144 144 R .042(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.542 E(ameter) --.15 E F0 .043(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.542 F F1(of) -2.543 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .043(and e)2.543 F .043(xtending to the)-.15 F -.847(end of the v)144 156 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 -E F1(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .846 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .846(ARITHMETIC EV)3.346 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 168 Q(w\).)-.25 E -(If)144 192 Q F1(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 +3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043 +(substring of the v)144 276 R .043(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.543 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0 .042(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F F1(of) +2.542 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the)-.15 F +.846(end of the v)144 288 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 +E F1(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .847 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV)3.347 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 300 Q(w\).)-.25 E +(If)144 324 Q F1(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 (luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 (alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F -.046(end of the v)144 204 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) +.045(end of the v)144 336 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F1(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G .046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F -(of)144 216 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .203 -(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 228 R -.558(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.058 E(fset)-.18 E -F0 .558(and that result.)3.058 F .557(Note that a ne)5.557 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .857 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .557(set must be).25 -F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 240 Q -.2(vo) +(of)144 348 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202 +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 360 R +.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E +F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25 +F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 372 Q -.2(vo) -.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansion.).15 E(If)144 264 Q F1(par)2.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.958 E -F2(@)2.958 E F0 2.958(,t)C .458(he result is)-2.958 F F1(length)2.959 E -F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .459(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of) -2.959 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.459(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.109 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .096(is tak)144 276 R .096 +(pansion.).15 E(If)144 396 Q F1(par)2.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.959 E +F2(@)2.959 E F0 2.959(,t)C .459(he result is)-2.959 F F1(length)2.959 E +F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .458(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of) +2.958 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.458(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.108 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .095(is tak)144 408 R .095 (en relati)-.1 F .396 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.596(oo).15 G .096 (ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.596 F 2.596(,s)-.4 G 2.596(oa)-2.596 G 2.596(no)-2.596 G -.25(ff)-2.596 G .096(set of -1 e) -.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .095(luates to).25 F 1.321 -(the last positional parameter)144 288 R 6.322(.I)-.55 G 3.822(ti)-6.322 +.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .096(luates to).25 F 1.322 +(the last positional parameter)144 420 R 6.322(.I)-.55 G 3.822(ti)-6.322 G 3.822(sa)-3.822 G 3.822(ne)-3.822 G 1.322(xpansion error if)-3.972 F F1(length)3.822 E F0 -.25(eva)3.822 G 1.322 -(luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 300 Q(If)144 324 Q F1(par) -3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.014 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014 +(luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 432 Q(If)144 456 Q F1(par) +3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014 (da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 -F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081(the array be)144 -336 R 1.081(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A -(fset)-.18 E F0 3.581(]}. A)B(ne)3.581 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.082(is tak)3.582 F 1.082 -(en relati)-.1 F 1.382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.582(oo).15 G 1.082(ne greater) --3.582 F 1.08(than the maximum inde)144 348 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft) --3.58 G 1.08(he speci\214ed array)-3.58 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti) --6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.579(ne)-3.579 G 1.079(xpansion error if) --3.729 F F1(length)3.579 E F0 -.25(eva)3.579 G 1.079(luates to a).25 F -(number less than zero.)144 360 Q(Substring e)144 384 Q +F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082(the array be)144 +468 R 1.082(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A +(fset)-.18 E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081(is tak)3.581 F 1.081 +(en relati)-.1 F 1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo).15 G 1.081(ne greater) +-3.581 F 1.079(than the maximum inde)144 480 R 3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft) +-3.579 G 1.079(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti) +-6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G 1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 +F F1(length)3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08(luates to a).25 F +(number less than zero.)144 492 Q(Substring e)144 516 Q (xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E 1.93(Substring inde)144 408 R +(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E 1.931(Substring inde)144 540 R 1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in \ -which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 420 Q .307(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F -2.807(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307 -(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F F2($0)2.806 E F0 -.306(is pre\214x)2.806 F(ed)-.15 E(to the list.)144 432 Q(${)108 448.8 Q -F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 460.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A -(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .084(Names matching pr)144 472.8 R -(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.084(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F .084 -(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.585 E -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-)-2.585 E .258 -(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 484.8 R F3(IFS)2.758 E F0 -.257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.757 E F0 .257 -(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F -(within double quotes, each v)144 496.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 513.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) -A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 525.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 -(]})A F2 2.035(List of array k)144 537.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f) +which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 552 Q .306(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F +2.806(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307 +(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F F2($0)2.807 E F0 +.307(is pre\214x)2.807 F(ed)-.15 E(to the list.)144 564 Q(${)108 580.8 Q +F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 592.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A +(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085(Names matching pr)144 604.8 R +(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084 +(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-)-2.584 E .257 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 616.8 R F3(IFS)2.757 E F0 +.257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258 +(is used and the e)2.758 F .258(xpansion appears)-.15 F +(within double quotes, each v)144 628.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 645.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) +A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 657.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 +(]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 669.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f) -7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)4.536 F 2.036 (ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E .596(assigned in)144 549.6 R F1(name)3.096 E F0 -5.596(.I)C(f)-5.596 E F1(name)3.096 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.096 F -3.095(,e)-.65 G .595(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .595 -(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.595 E F1(@)144 561.6 Q F0 +-.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E .595(assigned in)144 681.6 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 +5.595(.I)C(f)-5.595 E F1(name)3.095 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.095 F +3.095(,e)-.65 G .595(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .596 +(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E F1(@)144 693.6 Q F0 (is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k) --.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 -578.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 590.4 S .47 -(rameter length).1 F F0 5.47(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v) --5.47 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471 -(is substituted.)2.971 F(If)5.471 E F1(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 -602.4 Q F0(is)4.439 E F2(*)3.709 E F0(or)3.709 E F2(@)3.709 E F0 3.708 -(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 -(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) -6.208 E F1(par)4.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.208(is an)4.438 F .348 -(array name subscripted by)144 614.4 R F2(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F2(@) -2.849 E F0 2.849(,t)C .349(he v)-2.849 F .349 -(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.349 -(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.349 E F1(par)145.25 626.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .456 -(is an inde)3.686 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.956(da).15 G .456 -(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.956 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.955(,t)-.4 G .455 -(hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 638.4 R 1.272 --.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.472(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) --3.472 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -3.473(,s)C 3.473(on)-3.473 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.473 H(ti).15 E 1.273 --.15(ve i)-.25 H .973(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) -144 650.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 -G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 667.2 Q F1 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 679.2 Q F1 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 691.2 -Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F -(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 -(is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F -.151(name e)144 703.2 R 2.651(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152 -(the pattern matches the be)2.652 F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .152 -(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4(the e)144 715.2 R 1.4(xpansion is the e) --.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 -E F0 1.4(with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2 -(#)A F0 -.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `) -144 727.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.) -.74 F(If)5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E -F0(or)2.781 E F2(*)2.782 E F0 2.782(,t)C .282(he pattern)-2.782 F +-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(22)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(remo)144 84 Q -.25 -(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A +F1 -.1(Pa)144 96 S .471(rameter length).1 F F0 5.471(.T)C .471 +(he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If)5.47 E F2(par) +4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 108 Q F0(is)4.438 E F1(*)3.708 E F0(or)3.708 +E F1(@)3.708 E F0 3.708(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 +(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) +6.209 E F2(par)4.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.209(is an)4.439 F .349 +(array name subscripted by)144 120 R F1(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F1(@) +2.849 E F0 2.849(,t)C .349(he v)-2.849 F .349 +(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.348 +(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.348 E F2(par)145.25 132 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455 +(is an inde)3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456 +(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456 +(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 144 R 1.273 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.473 +F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F2(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.472(,s)C +3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272 -.15(ve i)-.25 +H .972(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array)144 156 Q 2.5 +(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 172.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F1(#)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 184.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E +F1(##)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo)144 196.8 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 +H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T) +C(he)-6.196 E F2(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .152(name e)144 +208.8 R 2.652(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152(the pattern matches the be)2.652 +F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.652 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .151(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4 +(the e)144 220.8 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4 +(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.4 +(with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F1(#)A F0 +-.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)144 232.8 +R(`)-.74 E F1(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If) +5.281 E F2(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F1(@)2.781 E F0(or) +2.781 E F1(*)2.781 E F0 2.781(,t)C .281(he pattern)-2.781 F(remo)144 +244.8 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .401(tant list.)144 96 R(If) -5.401 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)4.151 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401 -(is an array v)3.631 F .401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F2(*)2.901 E F0 2.902(,t)C .402 -(he pattern remo)-2.902 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.902(lo).25 G(peration)-2.902 -E(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 108 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 124.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 136.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 148.8 Q .347 -.1 -(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.147(.T)C(he) --5.147 E F1(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .146 +-3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .402(tant list.)144 256.8 R +(If)5.402 E F2(par)4.152 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.632 F +.401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F1(*) +2.901 E F0 2.901(,t)C .401(he pattern remo)-2.901 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.901 +(lo).25 G(peration)-2.901 E +(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 268.8 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 285.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F1(%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 297.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F1(%%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo)144 309.6 Q .346 -.1 +(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.146(.T)C(he) +-5.146 E F2(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 -160.8 S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 +321.6 S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 (the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v) --.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73 -G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 172.8 R .226 -(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F1 +-.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73 +G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 333.6 R .226 +(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F2 (par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226 -(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 184.8 S F2 -(%).74 E F0 1.521 -.74('' c)D .042 -(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 -1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F1(par)3.792 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F2(@)2.542 E F0(or)2.542 E F2(*)2.542 E F0 -2.542(,t)C(he)-2.542 E .441(pattern remo)144 196.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G -2.941(lo).25 G .441 +(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 345.6 S F1 +(%).74 E F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042 +(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F1(%%)A F0 +1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F2(par)3.792 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F1(@)2.541 E F0(or)2.541 E F1(*)2.541 E F0 +2.541(,t)C(he)-2.541 E .44(pattern remo)144 357.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.94 +(lo).25 G .441 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --2.941 F .44(xpansion is the)-.15 F .24(resultant list.)144 208.8 R(If) -5.24 E F1(par)3.99 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .24(is an array v)3.47 F .241 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.741 E F2(*)2.741 E -F0 2.741(,t)C .241(he pattern remo)-2.741 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.741(lo).25 -G(per)-2.741 E(-)-.2 E +-2.94 F .441(xpansion is the)-.15 F .241(resultant list.)144 369.6 R(If) +5.241 E F2(par)3.991 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .241(is an array v)3.471 F .241 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.74 E F1(*)2.74 E +F0 2.74(,t)C .24(he pattern remo)-2.74 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.74(lo).25 G +(per)-2.74 E(-)-.2 E (ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -220.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 237.6 Q F1(par)A -(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa) -144 249.6 S(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 E F0 6.107(.T)C -(he)-6.107 E F1(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 +381.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 398.4 Q F2(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa) +144 410.4 S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 6.106(.T)C +(he)-6.106 E F2(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion.)144 261.6 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.033 -(is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) -3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.034(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.034 -(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 273.6 Q F0 5.161(.I)C(f) --5.161 E F1(pattern)2.661 E F0(be)2.661 E .161(gins with)-.15 F F2(/) -2.661 E F0 2.661(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.661 F F1(pattern)2.661 E F0 -.16(are replaced with)2.661 F F1(string)2.66 E F0 5.16(.N)C .16 -(ormally only the)-5.16 F .806(\214rst match is replaced.)144 285.6 R -(If)5.806 E F1(pattern)3.306 E F0(be)3.306 E .806(gins with)-.15 F F2(#) -3.306 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.307(tm)-3.306 G .807(ust match at the be)-3.307 -F .807(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 297.6 S .621 -(lue of).25 F F1(par)3.121 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.621(.I)C(f)-5.621 E F1 -(pattern)3.121 E F0(be)3.121 E .621(gins with)-.15 F F2(%)3.121 E F0 -3.121(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.121 G .62(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F -.62(xpanded v)-.15 F .62(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 309.6 Q(ameter)-.15 E -F0 6.253(.I)C(f)-6.253 E F1(string)3.753 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) -3.753 F F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F2(/) -3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.254(may be) -3.754 F 2.732(omitted. If)144 321.6 R(the)2.732 E F2(nocasematch)2.732 E -F0 .231(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.732 -F -.05(ga)-.15 G .231(rd to the).05 F .187 -(case of alphabetic characters.)144 333.6 R(If)5.187 E F1(par)3.937 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.417 E F2(@)2.687 E F0(or)2.687 E F2(*)2.688 E F0 -2.688(,t)C .188(he substitution operation is applied to each)-2.688 F -.446(positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 345.6 R .446 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.445 E F1(par)4.195 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .445(is an array v)3.675 F(ari-)-.25 E .462 -(able subscripted with)144 357.6 R F2(@)2.962 E F0(or)2.962 E F2(*)2.962 -E F0 2.962(,t)C .463 +(sion.)144 422.4 Q F2 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 +(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F2(pattern) +3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033 +(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F2(string)144 434.4 Q F0 5.16(.I)C(f)-5.16 +E F2(pattern)2.66 E F0(be)2.66 E .16(gins with)-.15 F F1(/)2.66 E F0 +2.66(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.66 F F2(pattern)2.661 E F0 .161 +(are replaced with)2.661 F F2(string)2.661 E F0 5.161(.N)C .161 +(ormally only the)-5.161 F .807(\214rst match is replaced.)144 446.4 R +(If)5.807 E F2(pattern)3.307 E F0(be)3.307 E .807(gins with)-.15 F F1(#) +3.307 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.306(tm)-3.306 G .806(ust match at the be)-3.306 +F .806(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 458.4 S .62 +(lue of).25 F F2(par)3.12 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.62(.I)C(f)-5.62 E F2 +(pattern)3.12 E F0(be)3.12 E .62(gins with)-.15 F F1(%)3.12 E F0 3.12 +(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.12 G .621(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .621 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .621(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)144 470.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E +F0 6.254(.I)C(f)-6.254 E F2(string)3.754 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) +3.753 F F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F1(/) +3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(may be) +3.753 F 2.731(omitted. If)144 482.4 R(the)2.731 E F1(nocasematch)2.731 E +F0 .231(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.731 +F -.05(ga)-.15 G .232(rd to the).05 F .188 +(case of alphabetic characters.)144 494.4 R(If)5.188 E F2(par)3.938 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.418 E F1(@)2.688 E F0(or)2.688 E F1(*)2.687 E F0 +2.687(,t)C .187(he substitution operation is applied to each)-2.687 F +.445(positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 506.4 R .446 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.446 E F2(par)4.196 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .446(is an array v)3.676 F(ari-)-.25 E .463 +(able subscripted with)144 518.4 R F1(@)2.963 E F0(or)2.963 E F1(*)2.963 +E F0 2.963(,t)C .462 (he substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in) --2.962 F(turn, and the e)144 369.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.) --.15 E(${)108 386.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A -(${)108 398.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${) -108 410.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 -422.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .438 -(Case modi\214cation)144 434.4 R F0 5.438(.T)C .438(his e)-5.438 F .437 -(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par) -2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F1(pattern)144 446.4 Q -F0 1.406(is e)3.906 F 1.407 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.907 -(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.407(character in the)3.907 F -.15(ex)144 458.4 -S 1.232(panded v).15 F 1.232(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732 +-2.963 F(turn, and the e)144 530.4 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.) +-.15 E(${)108 547.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A +(${)108 559.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(^^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${) +108 571.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 +583.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A F1 .437 +(Case modi\214cation)144 595.2 R F0 5.437(.T)C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 +(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F2(par) +2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F2(pattern)144 607.2 Q +F0 1.407(is e)3.907 F 1.407 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.906 +(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.406(character in the)3.906 F -.15(ex)144 619.2 +S 1.231(panded v).15 F 1.231(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F2(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732 (,a)C 1.232(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is)-3.732 F(con)144 -470.4 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 +631.2 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 (pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.924 F -5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F2(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F --.15(ve)144 482.4 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F -F1(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F2(,)3.11 E F0 .61 +5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F1(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F +-.15(ve)144 643.2 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F +F2(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F1(,)3.11 E F0 .61 (operator con)3.11 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .61(rts matching uppercase).15 F -1.547(letters to lo)144 494.4 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E -F0(and)4.047 E F2(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F +1.548(letters to lo)144 655.2 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F1(^^)4.047 E +F0(and)4.047 E F1(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.547(rt each matched character in the e).15 F(xpanded) --.15 E -.25(va)144 506.4 S .634(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.134 E F0(and)3.134 -E F2(,)3.134 E F0 -.15(ex)3.134 G .634(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .633(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .633 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.133(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 518.4 Q F0 .78 -(is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C +-.15 E -.25(va)144 667.2 S .633(lue; the).25 F F1(^)3.133 E F0(and)3.133 +E F1(,)3.133 E F0 -.15(ex)3.133 G .633(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .634(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .634 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.134(alue. If)-.25 F F2(pattern)144 679.2 Q F0 .78 +(is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F1(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C .78(hich matches e)-3.28 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .78(ry character).15 F 5.78 -(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F2(@)3.28 -E F0(or)3.28 E F2(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\ -n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 530.4 R -(xpansion)-.15 E .468(is the resultant list.)144 542.4 R(If)5.468 E F1 +(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F2(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F1(@)3.28 +E F0(or)3.28 E F1(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\ +n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 691.2 R +(xpansion)-.15 E .469(is the resultant list.)144 703.2 R(If)5.469 E F2 (par)4.218 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .468(is an array v)3.698 F .468 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F2(*)2.969 E -F0 2.969(,t)C .469(he case modi\214ca-)-2.969 F(tion operation is appli\ -ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 554.4 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 571.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 583.2 S .86 -(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86 -(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F -F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(or information about)144 595.2 R F1 -(par)2.653 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.653 F -.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.154(.E)C(ach)-5.154 -E F1(oper)2.654 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .154(is a sin-)2.654 F(gle letter:)144 -607.2 Q F2(Q)144 631.2 Q F0 1.065(The e)180 631.2 R 1.065 -(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) -3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.064(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F -(reused as input.)180 643.2 Q F2(E)144 655.2 Q F0 .44(The e)180 655.2 R -.441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .441(with backslash escape sequences)2.941 -F -.15(ex)180 667.2 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E -F0(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 679.2 Q F0 1.073(The e)180 679.2 R -1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 -(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 691.2 Q F2(PR) -2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 703.2 Q F0 1.137 -(The e)180 703.2 R 1.138 -(xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F -F2(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 715.2 Q --.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 -Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(23)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F1(*)2.968 E +F0 2.968(,t)C .468(he case modi\214ca-)-2.968 F(tion operation is appli\ +ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 715.2 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(23)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(a)144 84 Q F0(The e)180 84 Q -(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E(alues representing) --.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a) -D(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 100.8 Q F2(par)5.331 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is)4.811 E F1(@)4.081 E F0(or)4.081 E F1(*)4.081 E F0 4.081(,t)C 1.58 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(@)A F1 +(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 96 S .86(rameter transf).1 F +(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86 +(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F +F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 108 R F1 +(par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F +.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153 +E F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144 +120 Q F2(Q)144 144 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 144 R 1.064 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) +3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.065(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F +(reused as input.)180 156 Q F2(E)144 168 Q F0 .441(The e)180 168 R .441 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) +2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .44(with backslash escape sequences)2.94 F -.15 +(ex)180 180 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0 +(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 192 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 192 R 1.073 +(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 +(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 204 Q F2(PR)2.5 +E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 216 Q F0 1.138(The e) +180 216 R 1.138 +(xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F +F2(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 228 Q -.25 +(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(a)144 240 Q F0 +(The e)180 240 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E +(alues representing)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D +(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 256.8 Q F1(par)5.33 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is)4.81 E F2(@)4.08 E F0(or)4.08 E F2(*)4.08 E F0 4.08(,t)C 1.581 (he operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the) --4.081 F -.15(ex)144 112.8 S .346(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F -(If)5.346 E F2(par)4.096 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an array v)3.576 F -.347(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.847 E F0(or)2.847 E F1(*) -2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .347(he case)-2.847 F 1.204(modi\214cation operat\ -ion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 124.8 -R 1.203(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 136.8 Q 1.849 -(The result of the e)144 160.8 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F -1.849(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 1.85(xpansion as described)-.15 -F(belo)144 172.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(Command Substitution)87 189.6 Q F2 -1.698(Command substitution)108 201.6 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697 -(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.697 -(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 213.6 Q F1($\()144 230.4 Q F2 -(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 242.4 Q F1<92>144 254.4 Q F2(command) -A F1<92>A(Bash)108 271.2 Q F0 .088(performs the e)2.588 F .088 -(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.588 E F0 -.089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089(vironment and replacing the command) +-4.08 F -.15(ex)144 268.8 S .347(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F +(If)5.347 E F1(par)4.097 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an array v)3.577 F +.346(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.846 E F0(or)2.846 E F2(*) +2.846 E F0 2.846(,t)C .346(he case)-2.846 F 1.204(modi\214cation operat\ +ion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 280.8 +R 1.204(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 292.8 Q 1.85 +(The result of the e)144 316.8 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F +1.849(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 1.849(xpansion as described) +-.15 F(belo)144 328.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 345.6 +Q F1 1.697(Command substitution)108 357.6 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697 +(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698 +(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 369.6 Q F2($\()144 386.4 Q F1 +(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 398.4 Q F2<92>144 410.4 Q F1(command) +A F2<92>A(Bash)108 427.2 Q F0 .089(performs the e)2.589 F .089 +(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.589 E F0 +.088(in a subshell en)2.589 F .088(vironment and replacing the command) -.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an) -108 283.2 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.) --.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b) -108 295.2 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F +108 439.2 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.) +-.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .192(lines are not deleted, b) +108 451.2 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.) --.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.692 E F2(\214le) -2.692 E F1(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 307.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 -G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1 +-.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F2($\(cat)2.691 E F1(\214le) +2.691 E F2(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 463.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 +G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F2 (\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\ - used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 324 R(xcept)-.15 E -.314(when follo)108 336 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.814 E F0(,)A F1<92> -2.814 E F0 2.814(,o)C(r)-2.814 E F1(\\)2.814 E F0 5.314(.T)C .315(he \ + used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 480 R(xcept)-.15 E +.315(when follo)108 492 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.815 E F0(,)A F2<92> +2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F2(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \ \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command su\ -b-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 348 R 1.387(using the $\()3.887 F -F2(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386 -(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.887 F 3.886(eu)-.1 G -3.886(pt)-3.886 G 1.386(he com-)-3.886 F -(mand; none are treated specially)108 360 Q(.)-.65 E .894 -(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 376.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H +b-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 504 R 1.386(using the $\()3.886 F +F1(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 +(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G +3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F +(mand; none are treated specially)108 516 Q(.)-.65 E .894 +(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 532.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 388.8 Q .422 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 405.6 R .422 -(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .422(xpansion are not performed)-.15 -F(on the results.)108 417.6 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 434.4 Q F0 -1.034(Arithmetic e)108 446.4 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034 +(quotes with backslashes.)108 544.8 Q .422 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 561.6 R .422 +(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15 +F(on the results.)108 573.6 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)87 590.4 Q F0 +1.035(Arithmetic e)108 602.4 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035 (ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F -1.035(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F -(The format for arithmetic e)108 458.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() -144 475.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 492 Q -F2 -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165 -(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.906 F .165 -(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .23 -(treated specially)108 504 R 5.23(.A)-.65 G .23(ll tok)-5.23 F .231 +1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F +(The format for arithmetic e)108 614.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F2($\(\() +144 631.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)\))A F0(The)108 648 Q +F1 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165 +(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166 +(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .231 +(treated specially)108 660 R 5.231(.A)-.65 G .231(ll tok)-5.231 F .231 (ens in the e)-.1 F .231(xpression under)-.15 F .231(go parameter and v) --.18 F .231(ariable e)-.25 F .231(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.06 -(tution, and quote remo)108 516 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.56(l. The).25 F 1.059 -(result is treated as the arithmetic e)3.56 F 1.059(xpression to be e) --.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.559(luated. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)108 528 S -(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.378(The e)108 544.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G -1.378(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F -3.878(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV) -3.878 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F0(If)5.879 E F2 -.2(ex)108 556.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in) -2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.) --.1 E F1(Pr)87 573.6 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 585.6 Q .405 -(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F -2.905(si)-.55 G .405 -(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 -(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 597.6 Q F1(<\()3.25 E F2 -(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.25 E F1(>\()3.25 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E -F0 5.75(.T)C .751(he process)-5.75 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751 -(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 -(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .148 -(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 609.6 R .148 -(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.647 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.647 E F1(>\()2.647 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E -F0 .559(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 621.6 R .559 -(vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G -(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.06 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .56 -(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.06 F(ar)108 633.6 Q .309 -(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F2(list)2.808 E F0 -5.308(.P)C .308(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) --5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 645.6 Q F2(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) --2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F1(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 -(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .896(When a)108 662.4 R -.25(va) --.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ -h parameter and v).25 F .897(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 674.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 --.75(Wo)87 691.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 703.2 R 1.142 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 -(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 715.2 Q -F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 -768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(24)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-.18 F .23(ariable e)-.25 F .23(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.059 +(tution, and quote remo)108 672 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.559(l. The).25 F +1.059(result is treated as the arithmetic e)3.559 F 1.06 +(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.56(luated. Arithmetic).25 F +-.15(ex)108 684 S(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 700.8 R +-.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 +(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) +-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +(If)5.878 E F1 -.2(ex)108 712.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f) +2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(24)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .063 -(The shell treats each character of)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS) -2.563 E F0 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Pr)87 84 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Pr)108 +96 Q .405(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process') +-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 +(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 +(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 108 Q F1(<\()3.251 E F2 +(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.251 E F1(>\()3.251 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751 +(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 +(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .147 +(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 120 R .148 +(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.648 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.648 E F1(>\()2.648 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 132 R .56 +(vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G +(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.059 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .559 +(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 144 Q .308 +(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F2(list)2.808 E F0 +5.308(.P)C .309(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) +-5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 156 Q F2(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) +-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F1(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 +(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 172.8 R -.25(va) +-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ +h parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 184.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)87 201.6 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 213.6 R 1.143 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 225.6 Q +F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 +(The shell treats each character of)108 242.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) -.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.) -108 96 R(If)5.207 E F1(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F -.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -()2.707 E F0(,)A .836(the def)108 108 R .836 -(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F2()3.336 E F0(,)A F2()3.336 -E F0 3.336(,a)C(nd)-3.336 E F2()3.336 E F0 .837(at the be)3.336 -F .837(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .346(the pre)108 120 R -.345(vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys) --.15 G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F1(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345 +108 254.4 R(If)5.207 E F3(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F +.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F1()2.708 E F0 +(,)A .837(the def)108 266.4 R .837(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1 +()3.337 E F0(,)A F1()3.337 E F0 3.337(,a)C(nd)-3.337 E F1 +()3.337 E F0 .836(at the be)3.336 F .836 +(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .345(the pre)108 278.4 R .345 +(vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15 +G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F3(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345 (characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es) --.15 E 1.236(to delimit w)108 132 R 3.736(ords. If)-.1 F F1(IFS)3.736 E -F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.237 -(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F2(space)108 -144 Q F0(,)A F2(tab)2.507 E F0 2.507(,a)C(nd)-2.507 E F2(newline)2.507 E -F0 .007(are ignored at the be)2.507 F .006(ginning and end of the w)-.15 -F .006(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .92(ter is in the v) -108 156 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an)3.17 E F1(IFS)3.42 E -F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E 3.42(yc)-.15 G .92 -(haracter in)-3.42 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0 .921(that is not)3.17 F F1(IFS) -3.421 E F0(whitespace,)3.171 E .429(along with an)108 168 R 2.928(ya) --.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 +-.15 E 1.237(to delimit w)108 290.4 R 3.737(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)3.737 +E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.236 +(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)108 +302.4 Q F0(,)A F1(tab)2.506 E F0 2.506(,a)C(nd)-2.506 E F1(newline)2.506 +E F0 .006(are ignored at the be)2.506 F .006(ginning and end of the w) +-.15 F .007(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .921 +(ter is in the v)108 314.4 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an) +3.17 E F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E +3.42(yc)-.15 G .92(haracter in)-3.42 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(that is not) +3.17 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(whitespace,)3.17 E .428(along with an)108 326.4 +R 2.928(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 (whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As)5.428 G -.428(equence of)-2.928 F F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428(whitespace charac-)2.678 -F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 180 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G -(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(IFS)2.5 E F0(is null, no w)2.25 E -(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.927(Explicit null ar)108 196.8 R 1.927 -(guments \()-.18 F F2 .833("").833 G F0(or)3.594 E F2 .833<0808>5.26 G +.428(equence of)-2.928 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .429(whitespace charac-)2.679 +F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 338.4 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 +G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0(is null, no w)2.25 E +(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.927(Explicit null ar)108 355.2 R 1.927 +(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G F0(or)3.594 E F1 .833<0808>5.26 G F0 4.427(\)a)C 1.927 (re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-4.427 F(Unquoted) -6.927 E .485(implicit null ar)108 208.8 R .485 +6.927 E .484(implicit null ar)108 367.2 R .484 (guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .484 -(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .784 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.984(ov).15 -G .484(alues, are remo)-3.234 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.984(d. If).15 F(a)2.984 -E 1.571(parameter with no v)108 220.8 R 1.571(alue is e)-.25 F 1.571 -(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F 1.572 -(gument results and is retained and)-.18 F .724 -(passed to a command as an empty string.)108 232.8 R .724 -(When a quoted null ar)5.724 F .723(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F -.723(ord whose)-.1 F -.15(ex)108 244.8 S .175 +(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .785 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.985(ov).15 +G .485(alues, are remo)-3.235 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.985(d. If).15 F(a)2.985 +E 1.572(parameter with no v)108 379.2 R 1.572(alue is e)-.25 F 1.571 +(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F 1.571 +(gument results and is retained and)-.18 F .723 +(passed to a command as an empty string.)108 391.2 R .724 +(When a quoted null ar)5.724 F .724(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F +.724(ord whose)-.1 F -.15(ex)108 403.2 S .176 (pansion is non-null, the null ar).15 F .176(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. That).15 F .176(is, the w)2.676 F(ord)-.1 E/F3 10 -/Courier@0 SF -5.1672.676 F F0(becomes)2.676 E F32.676 -E F0 .176(after w)2.676 F .176(ord split-)-.1 F(ting and null ar)108 -256.8 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 -273.6 Q(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 -290.4 S(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 302.4 R .371 -(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F22.871 E F0 .371 -(option has been set,)2.871 F F2(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F -.37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F2(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F2(?)2.87 E F0 2.87 -(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F2([)2.87 E F0(.)A .677 -(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 314.4 R .677 -(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F/F4 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .678 -(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562 -(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 326.4 R -F1 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo) -2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .561(no matching \214lenames)3.061 F .008 -(are found, and the shell option)108 338.4 R F2(nullglob)2.508 E F0 .008 -(is not enabled, the w)2.508 F .009(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .009 -(If the)5.009 F F2(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .009(option is)2.509 F .443 -(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 350.4 R .443(ord is remo)-.1 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.943(d. If).15 F(the)2.942 E F2(failglob)2.942 E F0 .442 -(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.942 F 1.38 -(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 362.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F F2 -(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .104 -(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 374.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G -.104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .103 -(When a pattern is used)5.103 F .377(for pathname e)108 386.4 R .377 -(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 -E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .378 -(wing a slash must be)-.25 F 1.354(matched e)108 398.4 R(xplicitly)-.15 -E 3.854(,u)-.65 G 1.354(nless the shell option)-3.854 F F2(dotglob)3.854 -E F0 1.354(is set.)3.854 F 1.354(The \214lenames)6.354 F F2 -.63(``) -3.854 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.354 E F2 -.63(``)3.853 G(..).63 -E -.63('')-.55 G F0 1.353(must al)6.983 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.353(ys be).1 F -.425(matched e)108 410.4 R(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.925(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve) --3.175 G 2.925(ni).15 G(f)-2.925 E F2(dotglob)2.925 E F0 .425(is set.) +(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. That).15 F .176(is, the w)2.676 F(ord)-.1 E/F4 10 +/Courier@0 SF -5.1672.676 F F0(becomes)2.675 E F42.675 +E F0 .175(after w)2.675 F .175(ord split-)-.1 F(ting and null ar)108 +415.2 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 +432 Q(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 +448.8 S(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 460.8 R .37 +(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F12.87 E F0 .37 +(option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F +.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0 +2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678 +(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 472.8 R .677 +(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E +F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562 +(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 484.8 R +F3 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo) +2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .562(no matching \214lenames)3.062 F .009 +(are found, and the shell option)108 496.8 R F1(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .008 +(is not enabled, the w)2.509 F .008(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .008 +(If the)5.008 F F1(nullglob)2.508 E F0 .008(option is)2.508 F .442 +(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 508.8 R .442(ord is remo)-.1 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.942(d. If).15 F(the)2.943 E F1(failglob)2.943 E F0 .443 +(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.943 F 1.38 +(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 520.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F F1 +(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .103 +(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 532.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G +.104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .104 +(When a pattern is used)5.104 F .378(for pathname e)108 544.8 R .378 +(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 +E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .377 +(wing a slash must be)-.25 F 1.353(matched e)108 556.8 R(xplicitly)-.15 +E 3.853(,u)-.65 G 1.353(nless the shell option)-3.853 F F1(dotglob)3.854 +E F0 1.354(is set.)3.854 F 1.354(The \214lenames)6.354 F F1 -.63(``) +3.854 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.354 E F1 -.63(``)3.854 G(..).63 +E -.63('')-.55 G F0 1.354(must al)6.984 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.354(ys be).1 F +.425(matched e)108 568.8 R(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.925(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve) +-3.175 G 2.925(ni).15 G(f)-2.925 E F1(dotglob)2.925 E F0 .425(is set.) 2.925 F .425(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.425 -F -.1(wa)-.1 G .425(ys be).1 F .56(matched e)108 422.4 R(xplicitly)-.15 -E 5.56(.I)-.65 G 3.06(no)-5.56 G .56(ther cases, the)-3.06 F F2 -.63(``) +F -.1(wa)-.1 G .425(ys be).1 F .56(matched e)108 580.8 R(xplicitly)-.15 +E 5.56(.I)-.65 G 3.06(no)-5.56 G .56(ther cases, the)-3.06 F F1 -.63(``) 3.06 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .56(character is not treated specially) -5.56 F 5.56(.S)-.65 G .56(ee the description of)-5.56 F F2(shopt)3.06 E -F0(belo)108 434.4 Q 3.595(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.595 E F1 1.096(SHELL B)3.595 +5.56 F 5.56(.S)-.65 G .56(ee the description of)-5.56 F F1(shopt)3.06 E +F0(belo)108 592.8 Q 3.596(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.596 E F3 1.096(SHELL B)3.596 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.096(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 1.096 -(for a description of the)3.346 F F2(nocaseglob)3.596 E F0(,)A F2 -(nullglob)3.596 E F0(,)A F2(failglob)3.596 E F0 3.596(,a)C(nd)-3.596 E -F2(dotglob)108 446.4 Q F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 463.2 Q F1 -(GLOBIGNORE)2.631 E F0 .131(shell v)2.381 F .131 +(for a description of the)3.346 F F1(nocaseglob)3.596 E F0(,)A F1 +(nullglob)3.596 E F0(,)A F1(failglob)3.595 E F0 3.595(,a)C(nd)-3.595 E +F1(dotglob)108 604.8 Q F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 621.6 Q F3 +(GLOBIGNORE)2.63 E F0 .13(shell v)2.38 F .131 (ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 -F F4(pattern)2.63 E F0 5.13(.I).24 G(f)-5.13 E F1(GLO-)2.63 E(BIGNORE) -108 475.2 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that also matche\ -s one of the patterns in)4.264 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is)4.265 E -(remo)108 487.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.915(df).15 G 1.415 -(rom the list of matches.)-3.915 F 1.415(If the)6.415 F F2(nocaseglob) -3.915 E F0 1.415(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.414 -(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)108 499.2 Q F0 .146 -(is performed without re)2.396 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .146(rd to case.).05 F -.146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F2 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E -F0(and)5.147 E F2 -.63(``)2.647 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .147 -(are al)5.777 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .147(ys ignored when).1 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)108 -511.2 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 +F F2(pattern)2.631 E F0 5.131(.I).24 G(f)-5.131 E F3(GLO-)2.631 E +(BIGNORE)108 633.6 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ +so matches one of the patterns in)4.265 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) +4.264 E(remo)108 645.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.914(df).15 G 1.414 +(rom the list of matches.)-3.914 F 1.415(If the)6.415 F F1(nocaseglob) +3.915 E F0 1.415(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.415 +(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 657.6 Q F0 .147 +(is performed without re)2.397 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .147(rd to case.).05 F +.146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F1 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E +F0(and)5.146 E F1 -.63(``)2.646 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .146 +(are al)5.776 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .146(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 +669.6 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of) --.25 F .682(enabling the)108 523.2 R F2(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682 -(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a) --.15 F F2 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) -5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 535.2 Q -1.185(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F -F2 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) --.1 E F2 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184 -(one of the patterns in)6.184 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F0(The)108 547.2 Q F2(dotglob)3.131 E F0 .631 -(option is disabled when)3.131 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632 -(is unset.)2.882 F .632(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 -F(the)108 559.2 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F2 -.1(Pa)108 -576 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 592.8 Q 3.138(yc) --.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other than the special \ -pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H -(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 604.8 R 1.12 -(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12 -(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 -(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 616.8 R .576 -(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) --.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 628.8 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 645.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2(*)144 662.4 Q F0 .376 -(Matches an)180 662.4 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376 -(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F .376(When the)5.376 F F2 -(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 674.4 -Q F2(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 -(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 -E F2(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 -(will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\ -.)180 686.4 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)3.558 E -F0(,)A(tw)180 698.4 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C -(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F2(?)144 710.4 Q -F0(Matches an)180 710.4 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(25)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-.25 F .683(enabling the)108 681.6 R F1(dotglob)3.183 E F0 .682 +(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.183 F .682(ginning with a) +-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) +5.682 F 2.282 -.8(To g)5.682 H .682(et the old).8 F(beha)108 693.6 Q +1.184(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.184(ginning with a)-.15 F +F1 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) +-.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.185 +(one of the patterns in)6.185 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.685 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(.)A F0(The)108 705.6 Q F1(dotglob)3.132 E F0 .632 +(option is disabled when)3.132 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632 +(is unset.)2.882 F .631(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 +F(the)108 717.6 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4) +72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(25)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 26 26 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF([...])144 84 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 84 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579 -(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578 -(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684 -(denotes a)180 96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E +SF -.1(Pa)108 84 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 +100.8 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other \ +than the special pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65 +(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 112.8 R 1.12 +(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12 +(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 +(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 124.8 R .576 +(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) +-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 136.8 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 153.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 170.4 Q F0 .377 +(Matches an)180 170.4 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376 +(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1 +(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 182.4 +Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 +(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 +E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 +(will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\ +.)180 194.4 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E +F0(,)A(tw)180 206.4 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C +(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 218.4 Q +F0(Matches an)180 218.4 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E +F1([...])144 230.4 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 230.4 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 +(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579 +(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .685 +(denotes a)180 242.4 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c) -3.184 H .684(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F -3.185(oc)-.1 G .685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.713(,u).15 G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G -1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.212 -(If the)6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 120 R 1.123(wing the) --.25 F F1([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0 1.124(or a) -6.123 F F1(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G 1.124 -(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F .895 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 132 R .894 -(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .375(and the v) -180 144 R .375(alues of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_COLLA)2.875 E -(TE)-.855 E F0(or)2.625 E F3(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375 -(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.976 -.8(To o)5.376 H .376(btain the tra-).8 -F .068(ditional interpretation of range e)180 156 R .068 -(xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.568 E F0 .067(is equi)2.567 F --.25(va)-.25 G .067(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.567 E F0 2.567(,s)C .067 -(et v)-2.567 F(alue)-.25 E .156(of the)180 168 R F1(LC_ALL)2.656 E F0 -.156(shell v)2.656 F .156(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C +3.184(oc)-.1 G .684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 254.4 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.712(,u).15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc) +-.55 G 1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F +1.213(If the)6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 266.4 R 1.124 +(wing the)-.25 F F1([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F1(!)3.624 E F0 +1.124(or a)6.124 F F1(^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G +1.123(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 278.4 R .895 +(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .376(and the v) +180 290.4 R .376(alues of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_COLLA)2.875 +E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)2.625 E F3(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F +.375(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.975 -.8(To o)5.375 H .375 +(btain the tra-).8 F .067(ditional interpretation of range e)180 302.4 R +.067(xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.567 E F0 .068(is equi)2.568 +F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.568 E F0 2.568(,s)C .068 +(et v)-2.568 F(alue)-.25 E .157(of the)180 314.4 R F1(LC_ALL)2.657 E F0 +.157(shell v)2.657 F .157(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C 2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0 -.157(shell option.)2.657 F(A)5.157 E F12.657 E F0(may)2.657 E .193(\ +.156(shell option.)2.656 F(A)5.156 E F12.656 E F0(may)2.656 E .193(\ be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.) -180 180 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .193(may be matched by)2.693 F -(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 192 Q -.4(Wi)180 -210 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.07 E F0(and)3.07 E F1(])3.07 E F0(,)A F2 -.15(ch) -3.07 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.071 E F2(class)A F1 -(:])A F0 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F2(class)3.071 E F0 -(is one of the follo)180 222 Q -(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173 -(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 234 R 8.173 -(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 246 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 -4.289(Ac)180 258 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289(yc) +180 326.4 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .194(may be matched by)2.693 F +(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 338.4 Q -.4(Wi) +180 356.4 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F2 +-.15(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.07 E F2(class)A F1 +(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F2(class)3.07 E F0(is one of the follo) +180 368.4 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 +8.173(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 380.4 R 8.173 +(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 392.4 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 +4.29(Ac)180 404.4 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc) -.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 --.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.29 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 270 Q -.4(Wi) -180 288 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F1(])4.537 E F0 4.537 -(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F2 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F0 2.036 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.536 E F2(c)A F1(=]) -A F0 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ - collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 300 R -(the character)180 312 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 330 S(thin).4 E F1 -([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 -E F2(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2(symbol) -2.5 E F0(.)A .705(If the)108 346.8 R F1(extglob)3.205 E F0 .705 -(shell option is enabled using the)3.205 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.205 G .704(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .704(ral e).15 F .704 -(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .255(are recognized.)108 -358.8 R .255(In the follo)5.255 F .255(wing description, a)-.25 F F2 +-.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 416.4 Q -.4(Wi) +180 434.4 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 +(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F2 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F2(c)A F1(=]) +A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ + collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 446.4 R +(the character)180 458.4 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 476.4 S(thin).4 +E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.) +2.5 E F2(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2 +(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .704(If the)108 493.2 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705 +(shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705 +(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108 +505.2 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F2 (pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 -(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.756 E +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.755 E F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo) -108 370.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 394.8 Q F2 +108 517.2 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 541.2 Q F2 (pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 406.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 418.8 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 430.8 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 442.8 Q F2 +(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 553.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 565.2 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 577.2 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 589.2 Q F2 (pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 454.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 466.8 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 478.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np) -.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 490.8 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) -.833 E F0(Matches an)180 502.8 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi) --.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E .969(Complicated e)108 -519.6 R .969(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .969 -(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.268 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .968 +(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 601.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 613.2 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 625.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np) +.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 637.2 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) +.833 E F0(Matches an)180 649.2 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi) +-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E .968(Complicated e)108 +666 R .968(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .968 +(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.269 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .969 (specially when the patterns contain).65 F 1.23 -(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 531.6 R 1.23 +(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 678 R 1.23 (Using separate matches ag)6.23 F 1.23(ainst shorter strings, or)-.05 F (using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f)108 -543.6 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 560.4 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 -E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 572.4 R 1.113 +690 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 706.8 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E +F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 718.8 R 1.112 (xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) -3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E F0 -1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 584.4 Q .3 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 601.2 Q F0 .545 -(Before a command is e)108 613.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 -(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E -(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405 -(by the shell.)108 625.2 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\ -ds' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to) --.25 F(dif)108 637.2 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les\ - the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02 -(Redirection may also be)6.02 F .215 -(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 649.2 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E -.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .875(may precede or appear an)108 -661.2 R .875(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0 -.875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.376(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5.876(.R).77 G -.876(edirections are)-5.876 F(processed in the order the)108 673.2 Q 2.5 -(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\ -h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\ -stead be preceded by a w)108 690 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {)108 -702 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 -(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 -(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 714 S -.679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.18 F -F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 -(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 726 Q F0 -.599(}, the v)B .599(alue of)-.25 F F2(varname)3.099 E F0 .599 -(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.099 F .6(If {)5.6 F F2 -(varname)A F0 3.1(}i)C 3.1(ss)-3.1 G .6(upplied, the redirection)-3.1 F +3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0 +1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 730.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(26)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.238(persists be) -108 84 R 1.238(yond the scope of the command, allo)-.15 F 1.238 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 84 Q F0 .545(Before a command is e)108 +96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E(ected)-.37 E F0 .545 +(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405(by the shell.)108 108 +R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws commands' \214le handles to be \ +duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to)-.25 F(dif)108 120 Q 1.02(\ +ferent \214les, and can change the \214les the command reads from and w\ +rites to.)-.25 F 1.019(Redirection may also be)6.019 F .215 +(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 132 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E +.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .876(may precede or appear an)108 +144 R .876(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0 .875 +(or may follo)4.145 F 3.375(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5.875(.R).77 G +.875(edirections are)-5.875 F(processed in the order the)108 156 Q 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\ +h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\ +stead be preceded by a w)108 172.8 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {) +108 184.8 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 +(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 +(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 196.8 +S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.179 +F F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 208.8 Q +F0 .6(}, the v)B .6(alue of)-.25 F F2(varname)3.1 E F0 .599 +(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.1 F .599(If {)5.599 F F2 +(varname)A F0 3.099(}i)C 3.099(ss)-3.099 G .599 +(upplied, the redirection)-3.099 F 1.238(persists be)108 220.8 R 1.238 +(yond the scope of the command, allo)-.15 F 1.238 (wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor)-.25 F -(himself.)108 96 Q .283(In the follo)108 112.8 R .284(wing descriptions\ -, if the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst character\ - of the redirect-)-.25 F .513(ion operator is)108 124.8 R/F1 10 +(himself.)108 232.8 Q .284(In the follo)108 249.6 R .283(wing descripti\ +ons, if the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst charac\ +ter of the redirect-)-.25 F .512(ion operator is)108 261.6 R/F3 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 (he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) -3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F -(redirection operator is)108 136.8 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(redirection operator is)108 273.6 Q F3(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C (he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) --2.5 E .824(The w)108 153.6 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824 -(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825 -(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463 -(jected to brace e)108 165.6 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462 -(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 177.6 R -.866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F +-2.5 E .825(The w)108 290.4 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 +(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462 +(jected to brace e)108 302.4 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463 +(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 314.4 R +.867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F .867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 -F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 189.6 S(rd,).1 E F1 +F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 326.4 S(rd,).1 E F3 (bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 206.4 Q -.15 -(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 223.2 Q F1(>)2.5 -E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 240 Q -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command) --2.5 E(ls 2)144 256.8 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 273.6 R F2(dirlist)3.027 +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 343.2 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 360 Q F3(>)2.5 E +F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F3(>&)A F0(1)A +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 376.8 +Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 +393.6 Q F3(>&)A F0(1)A F3(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 410.4 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 (as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F -(output before the standard output w)108 285.6 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E -F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 302.4 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) --.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F -(wing)-.25 E 3.478(table. If)108 314.4 R .978 -(the operating system on which)3.478 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 -(is running pro)3.478 F .977 +(output before the standard output w)108 422.4 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E +F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F3(Bash)108 439.2 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) +-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F +(wing)-.25 E 3.477(table. If)108 451.2 R .977 +(the operating system on which)3.477 F F3(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 +(is running pro)3.478 F .978 (vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F -(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 326.4 Q -(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 343.2 Q(v/fd/)-.15 -E F2(fd)A F0(If)180 355.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E +(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 463.2 Q +(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3(/de)144 480 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E +F2(fd)A F0(If)180 492 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E (ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 367.2 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0 -(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 379.2 Q F1(/de)144 391.2 Q -(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 403.2 Q F1(/de) -144 415.2 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 -427.2 Q F1(/de)144 439.2 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0 -(If)180 451.2 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 -(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 463.2 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 -475.2 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 487.2 Q F2 +(is duplicated.)2.5 E F3(/de)144 504 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 516 Q F3(/de)144 528 Q(v/stdout) +-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 540 Q F3(/de)144 552 Q +(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 564 Q F3(/de) +144 576 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F3(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 588 Q F2 (host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 499.2 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(vice name,)180 600 Q F3(bash)2.5 E F0 +(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F3(/de)144 +612 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F3(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 624 Q F2(host) +2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 +(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(vice name,)180 636 Q F3(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 -516 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 -E(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 \ -should be used with care, as the)108 532.8 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947 -(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F -(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 544.8 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 -561.6 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +652.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) +-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .947(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ +an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 669.6 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946 +(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F +(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 681.6 Q(.)-.65 E F3(Redir)87 +698.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 573.6 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 -(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 585.6 Q F2 +108 710.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 722.4 Q F2 (n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 -(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 602.4 Q([)144 619.2 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 636 Q(ecting Output) --.18 E F0 .174 -(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 648 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175 -(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 660 R -F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 -.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F --.15(ex)108 672 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E -(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 688.8 Q([)144 705.6 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154 -(If the redirection operator is)108 722.4 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C -.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) -2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(27)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E +(27)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .658(will f)108 84 -R .658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 -(xpansion of)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15 -(ex)3.158 G .657(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657 -(If the redi-)5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 96 R/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409 -(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F2(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 -F F2(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409(option to the)2.909 F F2(set)2.909 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409(iltin command).2 F -(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 84 Q([)144 100.8 Q/F1 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<)A F1(wor)A(d) +-.37 E F2(Redir)87 117.6 Q(ecting Output)-.18 E F0 .175 +(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) +108 129.6 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 +(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 141.6 +R F1(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F1(n)3.684 E F0 +.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F +-.15(ex)108 153.6 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E +(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 170.4 Q([)144 187.2 Q +F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 +(If the redirection operator is)108 204 R F2(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C +.155(nd the)-2.655 F F2(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) +2.654 F F2(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 216 R .657 +(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658(xpansion of) +-.15 F F1(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658(ists and is a re) +.15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-)5.658 F .409 +(rection operator is)108 228 R F2(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt) +-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F2(>)2.909 E F0 .409 +(and the)2.909 F F2(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409(option to the)2.909 +F F2(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408(iltin command).2 F +(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 240 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)-2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 124.8 S(pending Redir).25 E -(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642(Redirection of output in this f)108 136.8 R -.642(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 148.8 R F1(n)2.973 E F0 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 256.8 S(pending Redir).25 E +(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641(Redirection of output in this f)108 268.8 R +.642(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 280.8 R F1(n)2.974 E F0 2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F1(n)3.334 E F0 -.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108 -160.8 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E -(The general format for appending output is:)108 177.6 Q([)144 194.4 Q -F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 211.2 Q -(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 -(This construct allo)108 223.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F1(n)3.333 E F0 +.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108 +292.8 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 309.6 Q([)144 326.4 Q +F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 343.2 Q +(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 +(This construct allo)108 355.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -235.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(There are tw)108 252 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +367.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(There are tw)108 384 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F2 -(&>)144 268.8 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 280.8 Q F2(>&)144 292.8 Q -F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 309.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(&>)144 400.8 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 412.8 Q F2(>&)144 424.8 Q +F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 441.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 326.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 -E F2(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 343.2 R F1(wor) +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 458.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F2(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 475.2 R F1(wor) 2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or) --.15 F F22.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G -.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 355.2 Q +-.15 F F22.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G +.114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 487.2 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E -(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 372 S -(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 -(This construct allo)108 384 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\ +(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 504 S +(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 +(This construct allo)108 516 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\ e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F -(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 396 Q +(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 528 Q (xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E (The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 -412.8 Q F2(&>>)144 429.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 -(This is semantically equi)108 446.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -(>>)144 463.2 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 -480 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -(Her)87 496.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redir\ +544.8 Q F2(&>>)144 561.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +(This is semantically equi)108 578.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 +(>>)144 595.2 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 +612 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 +(Her)87 628.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redir\ ection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until \ -a line containing only)108 508.8 R F1(delimiter)108.35 520.8 Q F0 .615 -(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615 +a line containing only)108 640.8 R F1(delimiter)108.35 652.8 Q F0 .614 +(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 -F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 532.8 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E +F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 664.8 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E -(The format of here-documents is:)108 549.6 Q([)144 566.4 Q F1(n)A F0(]) -A F2(<<)A F0([)A F2A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 578.4 Q -(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 590.4 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108 -607.2 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302 -(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .415(is performed on)108 -619.2 R F1(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.415(.I).77 G 2.915(fa)-5.415 G .715 --.15(ny p)-2.915 H .415(art of).15 F F1(wor)3.255 E(d)-.37 E F0 .415 -(is quoted, the)3.685 F F1(delimiter)3.265 E F0 .415 -(is the result of quote remo)3.645 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.915(lo).25 G(n) --2.915 E F1(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .773 -(and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 631.2 R 3.274 -(xpanded. If)-.15 F F1(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 .774 -(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.274 F 2.59 -(are subjected to parameter e)108 643.2 R 2.59 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.59 -(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 655.2 Q F2(\\)2.5 -E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0 -(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601 -(If the redirection operator is)108 672 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t) -C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\ - the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 684 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G -(his allo)-5 E -(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) --.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 700.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 -2.5(Av)108 712.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) -144 729.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<<<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 -768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(28)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(The format of here-documents is:)108 681.6 Q([)144 698.4 Q F1(n)A F0(]) +A F2(<<)A F0([)A F2A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 710.4 Q +(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 722.4 Q F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(28)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)3.292 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.292 E .792 -(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792 -(ariable e)-.25 F .791(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F --.15(ex)108 96 S 1.187(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G -3.687(l. P).25 F 1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F -1.187(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.188(The result is)6.187 F -.375(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 108 R .374(wline append\ -ed, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F -(tor)108 120 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).) -2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 136.8 Q F0 -(The redirection operator)108 148.8 Q([)144 165.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&) -A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 -(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 182.4 R(If)5.127 E -F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .302 +(No parameter and v)108 84 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .301 +(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .415(is performed on)108 +96 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.415(.I).77 G +2.915(fa)-5.415 G .715 -.15(ny p)-2.915 H .415(art of).15 F F1(wor)3.255 +E(d)-.37 E F0 .415(is quoted, the)3.685 F F1(delimiter)3.265 E F0 .415 +(is the result of quote remo)3.645 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.915(lo).25 G(n) +-2.915 E F1(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .774 +(and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 108 R 3.274 +(xpanded. If)-.15 F F1(wor)3.273 E(d)-.37 E F0 .773 +(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.273 F 2.59 +(are subjected to parameter e)108 120 R 2.59 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.59 +(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 132 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(\\)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0 +(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 +E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 +(If the redirection operator is)108 148.8 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 +(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\ + and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 160.8 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5 +(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E +(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) +-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 177.6 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(Av)108 189.6 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) +144 206.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<<<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 223.2 Q +F1(wor)3.291 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .792 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 235.2 S +1.188(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F +1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187 +(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.187(The result is)6.187 F .374 +(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 247.2 R .375(wline appended\ +, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor) +108 259.2 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E +F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 276 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 +288 Q([)144 304.8 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127 +(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 321.6 R(If)5.127 E +F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 -194.4 Q F1(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G -2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G -2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149 -(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 206.4 R(If)5.149 E F1(wor) -2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F22.649 E -F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.) -2.89 F(If)5.15 E F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F -(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 218.4 Q -(The operator)108 235.2 Q([)144 252 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 .444 -(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 268.8 R -(If)5.444 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .443 -(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357 -(tor 1\) is used.)108 280.8 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F1(wor) -4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\ -utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.754(occurs. If)108 292.8 R F1(wor) -3.094 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.524 G .254(luates to).25 F F22.754 E -F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F1(n)3.114 E F0 .254 +333.6 Q F1(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G +2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G +2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0 +.458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15 +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 345.6 R(If)5.15 E F1(wor) +2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F22.65 E F0 +2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F1(n)3.009 E F0 .149 +(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F1(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,) +2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 357.6 Q +(The operator)108 374.4 Q([)144 391.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A +(d)-.37 E F0 .443 +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 408 R(If) +5.443 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .444 +(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F 1.358 +(tor 1\) is used.)108 420 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F1(wor)4.198 +E(d)-.37 E F0 1.357(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output,\ + a redirection error)4.628 F 2.753(occurs. If)108 432 R F1(wor)3.093 E +(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.523 G .253(luates to).25 F F22.754 E F0 +2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F1(n)3.114 E F0 .254 (is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F1(n)2.754 E F0 -.253(is omitted, and)2.754 F F1(wor)2.753 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.753 E -.965(not e)108 304.8 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F2 -3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966 +.254(is omitted, and)2.754 F F1(wor)2.754 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.754 E +.966(not e)108 444 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F2 +3.466 E F0 3.466(,t)C .965 (he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) --3.466 F(pre)108 316.8 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 333.6 Q -(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 345.6 Q([) -144 362.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(digit)A F2A F0(mo)108 379.2 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F1 -(digit)3.036 E F0 .536(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F1(n)3.036 E F0 -3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt)-3.036 G .535 -(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F1(n)3.035 E F0 -.535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 391.2 Q F1(digit)5 E F0 +-3.466 F(pre)108 456 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 472.8 Q +(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 484.8 Q([) +144 501.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(digit)A F2A F0(mo)108 518.4 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G .535(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F1 +(digit)3.035 E F0 .535(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F1(n)3.035 E F0 +3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt)-3.035 G .536 +(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F1(n)3.036 E F0 +.536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 530.4 Q F1(digit)5 E F0 (is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.)A(Similarly) -108 408 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 424.8 Q F1 -(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(digit)A F2A F0(mo)108 441.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F1(digit)2.785 E F0 -.285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F1(n)2.785 E F0 2.785(,o).24 G 2.785 -(rt)-2.785 G .286(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F -F1(n)2.786 E F0 .286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 453.6 Q F2 -(Opening File Descriptors f)87 470.4 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 -(The redirection operator)108 482.4 Q([)144 499.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>) +108 547.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 564 Q F1 +(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(digit)A F2A F0(mo)108 580.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F1(digit)2.786 E F0 +.286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F1(n)2.786 E F0 2.786(,o).24 G 2.786 +(rt)-2.786 G .285(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F +F1(n)2.785 E F0 .285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 592.8 Q F2 +(Opening File Descriptors f)87 609.6 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 621.6 Q([)144 638.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>) A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 -516 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 +655.2 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 (to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor) -108 528 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G +108 667.2 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G (le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 544.8 Q F1(Aliases)108 556.8 Q F0(allo)3.173 -E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674 -(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 684 Q F1(Aliases)108 696 Q F0(allo)3.174 E +3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674 +(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673 (ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ -ses that may be set and unset with the)108 568.8 R F2(alias)2.893 E F0 -(and)2.893 E F2(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2 -F(\(see)108 580.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 -E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 -(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F -(check)108 592.8 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473 -(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472 -(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F2(/)2.972 E F0(,)A -F2($)2.972 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 604.8 Q F2(=)3.611 E F0 -1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell) --3.611 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 -(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112 -(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 616.8 R 1.12 -(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G -1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119 -(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 628.8 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 -F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514 -(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F -.296(not e)108 640.8 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 -(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F2(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F2 -.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F2 -(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 652.8 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F -3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543 -(alue is a)-.25 F F1(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne) --3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 664.8 Q(ord follo)-.1 E -(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 -E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 681.6 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0 -(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2 -(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284 -(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 698.4 R .284 -(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E -.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see) -108 710.4 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 -(Aliases are not e)108 727.2 R 1.22 -(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u) -.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F2(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22 -(shell option is set)3.72 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E -(29)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +ses that may be set and unset with the)108 708 R F2(alias)2.894 E F0 +(and)2.894 E F2(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2 +F(\(see)108 720 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E +1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 +(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 +F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(29)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 30 30 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(using)108 84 Q/F1 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)2.5 E F0(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1 -(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 -E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .436 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(check)108 84 Q +.472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472(If so, that w)5.472 F .473 +(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473 +(The characters)5.473 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/)2.973 E F0(,)A F1($) +2.973 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 96 Q F1(=)3.612 E F0 1.112 +(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell)-3.612 +F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E +F0 1.112(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H +1.111(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 108 R 1.119 +(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G +1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12 +(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 120 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F +.514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513 +(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F +.295(not e)108 132 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 +(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1 +.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1 +(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 144 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F +3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542 +(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne) +-3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 156 Q(ord follo)-.1 E +(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 +E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 172.8 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 +(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1 +(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284 +(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 189.6 R .284 +(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E +.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see) +108 201.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) +-.25 E 1.22(Aliases are not e)108 218.4 R 1.22 +(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u) +.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F1(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22 +(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 230.4 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F3 +(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 +E .435 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -100.8 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 -(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337 -(one complete line of input before e)108 112.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 +247.2 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1 +(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338 +(one complete line of input before e)108 259.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 (cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338 -(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338 -(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 124.8 S .904 -(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 +(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337 +(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 271.2 S .904 +(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 (cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904 -(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161 -(another command does not tak)108 136.8 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 +(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162 +(another command does not tak)108 283.2 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F -1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277 -(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 148.8 R .277 +1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277 +(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 295.2 R .277 (fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha) -2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108 -160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F +2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108 +307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F .699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\ -n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .613 -(because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 172.8 R .612 +n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .612 +(because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 319.2 R .613 (As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not)5.612 F -.2 -(av)108 184.8 S .058(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15 +(av)108 331.2 S .059(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.558(cuted. T).15 F 2.558(ob)-.8 G 2.558(es)-2.558 G .058 -(afe, al)-2.558 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .059 +(afe, al)-2.558 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .058 (ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and).1 F(do not use)108 -196.8 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 213.6 -S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 230.4 Q F0 3.468(As)108 242.4 S .968 -(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E F2 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 254.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ -ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316 -(mands associated with that function name is e)108 266.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315 -(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035 -(shell; no ne)108 278.4 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 -(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036 -F .64(function is e)108 290.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F +343.2 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 360 S +2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E/F4 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 376.8 Q F0 3.467(As)108 388.8 S .967 +(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 +H(nder).15 E F3 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 +.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 400.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ +ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315 +(mands associated with that function name is e)108 412.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316 +(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036 +(shell; no ne)108 424.8 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 +(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 +F .639(function is e)108 436.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F .639 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 302.4 -R F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532 -(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F -.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 314.4 Q F2(FUNCN)2.5 E +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 448.8 +R F1(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532 +(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F +.532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 460.8 Q F3(FUNCN)2.5 E (AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 -331.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 +477.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -1.214(these e)108 343.2 R 1.214(xceptions: the)-.15 F F2(DEB)3.714 E(UG) --.09 E F0(and)3.464 E F1(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 -(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F1(trap)3.715 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.715 G 1.215(iltin under).2 F F2(SHELL)3.715 E -.09(BU)108 355.2 S(IL) -.09 E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479 +1.215(these e)108 489.6 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F F3(DEB)3.715 E(UG) +-.09 E F0(and)3.465 E F1(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 +(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F1(trap)3.714 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F3(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 501.6 S(IL) +.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F1(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E -.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 367.2 R F2(declar) +-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F1(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E +.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 513.6 R F3(declar) 2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) -.25 F F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 -(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 379.2 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F1 +(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 525.6 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F1 (DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F1(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 -(traps\), and the)2.572 F F2(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321 -F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 391.2 Q F1(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 -(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 408 S .655 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F3(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 537.6 Q F1(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 554.4 S .656 (riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F1(local) -3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.656 E -3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F .051(their v)108 420 R .051 +3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.655 E +3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F .05(their v)108 566.4 R .05 (alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.051(.I) --.55 G 2.55(fav)-5.051 G .05(ariable is declared)-2.8 F F1(local)2.55 E -F0 2.55(,t)C .05(he v)-2.55 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.55(sv)-.55 G(isi-)-2.55 -E 1.186(ble scope is restricted to that function and its children \(inc\ -luding the functions it calls\).)108 432 R 1.186(Local v)6.186 F -(ariables)-.25 E("shado)108 444 Q .155(w" v)-.25 F .155 +-.55 G 2.551(fav)-5.051 G .051(ariable is declared)-2.801 F F1(local) +2.551 E F0 2.551(,t)C .051(he v)-2.551 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.551(sv)-.55 G +(isi-)-2.551 E 1.186(ble scope is restricted to that function and its c\ +hildren \(including the functions it calls\).)108 578.4 R 1.185(Local v) +6.185 F(ariables)-.25 E("shado)108 590.4 Q .154(w" v)-.25 F .154 (ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .155(vious scopes.) --.25 F -.15(Fo)5.155 G 2.654(ri).15 G .154(nstance, a local v)-2.654 F -.154(ariable declared)-.25 F .669(in a function hides a global v)108 456 -R .67(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer to the\ - local v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .688(able, lea)108 468 R .688 +-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.155 G 2.655(ri).15 G .155(nstance, a local v)-2.655 F +.155(ariable declared)-.25 F .67(in a function hides a global v)108 +602.4 R .669(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer\ + to the local v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .688(able, lea)108 614.4 R .688 (ving the global v)-.2 F .688(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .688 (When the function returns, the global v)5.688 F .688 -(ariable is once ag)-.25 F(ain)-.05 E(visible.)108 480 Q .726 -(The shell uses)108 496.8 R/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .726 -(dynamic scoping)3.226 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.226 F(ariable')-.25 E -3.227(sv)-.55 G .727(isibility within functions.)-3.227 F -.4(Wi)5.727 G -.727(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .008(visible v)108 508.8 R .008 +(ariable is once ag)-.25 F(ain)-.05 E(visible.)108 626.4 Q .727 +(The shell uses)108 643.2 R F2 .727(dynamic scoping)3.227 F F0 .726 +(to control a v)3.227 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.226(sv)-.55 G .726 +(isibility within functions.)-3.226 F -.4(Wi)5.726 G .726 +(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 655.2 R .007 (ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 (alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .007(cution to reach).15 F .813(the current function.) -108 520.8 R .813(The v)5.813 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 -(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .814 -(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.314(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.314 E(an)108 532.8 Q -2.117 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .817 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cution to reach).15 F .814(the current function.) +108 667.2 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 +(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813 +(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 679.2 Q +2.116 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .816 (hether that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.).65 -F .816(This is also the v)5.816 F .816(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va) -108 544.8 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E -(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 -561.6 S 2.723(re).15 G .223(xample, if a v)-2.873 F(ariable)-.25 E F5 -(var)2.723 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.723 F F5(func1) -2.723 E F0 2.724(,a)C(nd)-2.724 E F5(func1)2.724 E F0 .224 -(calls another function)2.724 F F5(func2)2.724 E F0(,)A .464 -(references to)108 573.6 R F5(var)2.964 E F0 .464(made from within)2.964 -F F5(func2)2.964 E F0 .464(will resolv)2.964 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.963(ot) --2.964 G .463(he local v)-2.963 F(ariable)-.25 E F5(var)2.963 E F0(from) -2.963 E F5(func1)2.963 E F0 2.963(,s)C(hado)-2.963 E .463(wing an)-.25 F -(y)-.15 E(global v)108 585.6 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F5(var)2.5 E F0(.)A -(The)108 602.4 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0 -.25(va)3.528 G 1.028 -(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 -(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E .044(If the b)108 631.2 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18(re) -2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 -(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 643.2 R 1.011 -(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G -1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012 -(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 655.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213 -(When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213 -(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) -108 667.2 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E -2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) --2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 684 R F1 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E -F0(or)3.859 E F1(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F -3.39(mands. 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A).2 F 1.297(function de\214nition may be)3.797 F(GNU Bash 4.4) -72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(30)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +F .817(This is also the v)5.816 F .817(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va) +108 691.2 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E +(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 708 +S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(var) +2.724 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F2(func1)2.723 +E F0 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F2(func1)2.723 E F0 .223 +(calls another function)2.723 F F2(func2)2.723 E F0(,)A .463 +(references to)108 720 R F2(var)2.963 E F0 .463(made from within)2.963 F +F2(func2)2.963 E F0 .463(will resolv)2.963 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.964(ot) +-2.964 G .464(he local v)-2.964 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(var)2.964 E F0(from) +2.964 E F2(func1)2.964 E F0 2.964(,s)C(hado)-2.964 E .464(wing an)-.25 F +(y)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(30)193.45 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 31 31 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .16 -(deleted using the)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.66 E F0 .16 -(option to the)2.66 F F1(unset)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.661 -(iltin. 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Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 108 Q -(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .371 -(Functions may be recursi)108 124.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) --5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(global v)108 84 Q +(ariable named)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(var)2.5 E F0(.)A(The)108 +100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483 +(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .482 +(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.982 E F0 .19 +(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 112.8 R .19 +(ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19 +(alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f) +-5.19 E 3.576(av)108 124.8 S 1.076(ariable at the local scope is unset,\ + it will remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the functio\ +n)-3.826 F 3.247(returns. 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By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141 -(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 148.8 Q .3 --.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 -165.6 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.297 -(The shell allo)108 177.6 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297 +(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 360 Q .3 +-.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 +376.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298 +(The shell allo)108 388.8 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297 (xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297 -(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.798 E F0 -(and)4.798 E F1(declar)108 189.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.684 G .183 -(iltin commands, the).2 F F1(\(\()2.683 E F0 .183(compound command, and) -2.683 F F1 .183(Arithmetic Expansion)2.683 F F0 2.683(\). Ev)B .183 -(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 201.6 Q 1.057(ed-width inte)-.15 F +(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F2(let)4.797 E F0 +(and)4.797 E F2(declar)108 400.8 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.683 G .183 +(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()2.683 E F0 .183(compound command, and) +2.683 F F2 .183(Arithmetic Expansion)2.683 F F0 2.683(\). Ev)B .183 +(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 412.8 Q 1.058(ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 -(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .829 -(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 213.6 R(vity)-.25 E +(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .828 +(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 424.8 R(vity)-.25 E 3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 -(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F -(lo)108 225.6 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le) -5.44 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F -(of decreasing precedence.)108 237.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 -254.4 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1A F0 -.25(va)144 266.4 S -(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108 278.4 Q F3(id) -A F12.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 290.4 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5108 302.4 S F0 -(unary minus and plus)144 302.4 Q F1 2.5(!~)108 314.4 S F0 -(logical and bitwise ne)144 314.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 -326.4 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 326.4 S(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 338.4 S -F0(multiplication, di)144 338.4 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad> -108 350.4 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 350.4 Q F1(<< >>)108 362.4 Q F0 -(left and right bitwise shifts)144 362.4 Q F1(<= >= < >)108 374.4 Q F0 -(comparison)144 386.4 Q F1(== !=)108 398.4 Q F0(equality and inequality) -144 398.4 Q F1(&)108 410.4 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 410.4 Q F1(^)108 422.4 Q -F0(bitwise e)144 422.4 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|) -108 434.4 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 434.4 Q F1(&&)108 446.4 Q F0(logical AND) -144 446.4 Q F1(||)108 458.4 Q F0(logical OR)144 458.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 -470.4 S(pr).2 E F1(?)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 -(conditional operator)144 482.4 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 494.4 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G +(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .829(The fol-)5.829 F +(lo)108 436.8 Q .44(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .439(The le) +5.439 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls are listed in order).15 F +(of decreasing precedence.)108 448.8 Q F1(id)108 465.6 Q F2(++)A F1(id) +2.5 E F2A F0 -.25(va)144 477.6 S +(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2(++)108 489.6 Q F1(id) +A F22.5 E F1(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 501.6 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5108 513.6 S F0 +(unary minus and plus)144 513.6 Q F2 2.5(!~)108 525.6 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)144 525.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 +537.6 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 537.6 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 549.6 S +F0(multiplication, di)144 549.6 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> +108 561.6 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 561.6 Q F2(<< >>)108 573.6 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)144 573.6 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 585.6 Q F0 +(comparison)144 597.6 Q F2(== !=)108 609.6 Q F0(equality and inequality) +144 609.6 Q F2(&)108 621.6 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 621.6 Q F2(^)108 633.6 Q +F0(bitwise e)144 633.6 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|) +108 645.6 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 645.6 Q F2(&&)108 657.6 Q F0(logical AND) +144 657.6 Q F2(||)108 669.6 Q F0(logical OR)144 669.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 +681.6 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 +(conditional operator)144 693.6 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 705.6 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G -(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 506.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 518.4 S -(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 530.4 Q .68 -(Shell v)108 547.2 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 -(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 -(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 559.2 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 -F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 -(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 571.2 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G -1.041(hell v)-3.541 F 1.041(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.466 -(using the parameter e)108 583.2 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 -(The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.39 -(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 595.2 R 1.389 -(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.889(nt).15 G(he) --3.889 E F3(inte)3.889 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.889 E 1.389 -(ute using)-.2 F F1(declar)3.889 E 3.889(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.889 E F0(is) -3.889 E .332(assigned a v)108 607.2 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v) -2.832 F .332(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832 -(As)5.332 G .332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 --.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib) -2.832 E .333(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 619.2 Q -(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406 -(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 636 R -3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.) --.15 E .112(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 648 R 2.612(et)-.1 G .112 -(he form [)-2.612 F F3(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F3(base) -2.612 E F0 .113(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .534 -(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 660 R F3(n)3.034 E F0 .534 -(is a number in that base.)3.034 F(If)5.533 E F3(base#)3.033 E F0 .533 -(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.033 F .512(When specifying)108 672 -R F3(n)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 -(he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-3.012 F .513 -(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .943 -(@, and _, in that order)108 684 R 5.943(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.943 E F3(base) -3.443 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.443 F .942 -(wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F -(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 696 Q .234 -(Operators are e)108 712.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234 -(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 -(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235 -(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 724.8 S -(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(31)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(31)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 84 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256 -(Conditional e)108 96 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2 -(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F2([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255 -(iltin commands to test).2 F .77(\214le attrib)108 108 R .77 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 84 S(pr1).2 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(,)2.5 +E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 96 Q .68(Shell v)108 112.8 R .68 +(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 +(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 124.8 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 +F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 +(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 136.8 S 1.04(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.54(As)6.04 G +1.04(hell v)-3.54 F 1.04(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25(va) +-.25 G 1.041(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.467 +(using the parameter e)108 148.8 R 1.467(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 +(The v)6.467 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.466(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.389 +(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 160.8 R 1.389 +(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.89(nt).15 G(he)-3.89 +E F1(inte)3.89 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.89 E 1.39(ute using)-.2 +F F2(declar)3.89 E 3.89(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.89 E F0(is)3.89 E .333 +(assigned a v)108 172.8 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)2.832 F .332 +(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832(As)5.332 G +.332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 -.15(ve i)-.2 +H(ts).15 E F1(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.832 E .332 +(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 184.8 Q(xpression.)-.15 E +1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 +201.6 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.407(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F +(xadecimal.)-.15 E .113(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 213.6 R 2.613(et)-.1 +G .113(he form [)-2.613 F F1(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F1 +(base)2.612 E F0 .112(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .533 +(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 225.6 R F1(n)3.033 E F0 .533 +(is a number in that base.)3.033 F(If)5.534 E F1(base#)3.034 E F0 .534 +(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.034 F .513(When specifying)108 +237.6 R F1(n)3.013 E F0 3.013(,t)C .513 +(he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-3.013 F .512 +(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .942 +(@, and _, in that order)108 249.6 R 5.942(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.942 E F1(base) +3.442 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.442 F .943 +(wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F +(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 261.6 Q +.235(Operators are e)108 278.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235 +(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 +(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234 +(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 290.4 S +(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 307.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255 +(Conditional e)108 319.2 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[) +2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and) +2.755 E F2([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F +.77(\214le attrib)108 331.2 R .77 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77 (Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E .426 -(unary or binary primaries.)108 120 R F2(Bash)5.426 E F0 .426 +(unary or binary primaries.)108 343.2 R F2(Bash)5.426 E F0 .426 (handles se)2.926 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .426 (ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 2.926(ya)-.15 G .426 (re used in e)-2.926 F 2.926(xpressions. If)-.15 F .193 -(the operating system on which)108 132 R F2(bash)2.693 E F0 .193 +(the operating system on which)108 355.2 R F2(bash)2.693 E F0 .193 (is running pro)2.693 F .193 (vides these special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it)-.15 F -.589(will emulate them internally with this beha)108 144 R .589 -(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)3.089 E F0 -(ar)3.089 E .589(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F3 -(/de)108 156 Q(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 2.916(,t)C .416(hen \214le descriptor) --2.916 F F3(n)2.917 E F0 .417(is check)2.917 F 2.917(ed. If)-.1 F(the) -2.917 E F3(\214le)2.917 E F0(ar)2.917 E .417 -(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F3(/de)2.917 E(v/stdin) --.15 E F0(,)A F3(/de)108 168 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F3 +.589(will emulate them internally with this beha)108 367.2 R .589 +(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E F1(\214le)3.089 E F0(ar)3.089 E .589 +(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)108 379.2 Q +(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 2.917(,t)C .417(hen \214le descriptor)-2.917 F F1(n) +2.917 E F0 .417(is check)2.917 F 2.917(ed. If)-.1 F(the)2.917 E F1 +(\214le)2.917 E F0(ar)2.917 E .417 +(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F1(/de)2.916 E(v/stdin) +-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)108 391.2 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1 (/de)2.5 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C (le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5 -(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 +(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721 (Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 184.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 196.8 -Q 1.095(When used with)108 214.8 R F2([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C(he)-3.595 -E F2(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) -3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 -E F2(test)3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 -226.8 Q F2108 250.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 250.8 S -(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 -262.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 262.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2108 -274.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 274.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2 -108 286.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 286.8 S(ue if).35 E F3 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2 -108 298.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 298.8 S(ue if).35 E F3 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 310.8 Q F3 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 310.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2108 322.8 -Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 322.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2108 334.8 Q F3 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 334.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 346.8 Q F3 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 346.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G -(it is set.)-2.5 E F2108 358.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 -358.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F2108 370.8 Q F3(\214le) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 370.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2108 382.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 382.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2108 394.8 Q F3(fd) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 394.8 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F3(fd)4.47 E -F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2108 406.8 Q F3 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 406.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2108 -418.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 418.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2108 430.8 Q F3 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 430.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +108 408 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 420 Q +1.096(When used with)108 438 R F2([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596 E +F2(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) +3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095 +E F2(test)3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 +450 Q F2108 474 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 474 S(ue if).35 E +F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 486 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 486 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2108 498 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 498 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2108 510 +Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 510 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2108 522 Q +F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 522 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 534 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +534 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 +E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2108 546 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +546 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2108 558 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 558 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 570 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 570 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) +-2.5 E F2108 582 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 582 S(ue if).35 +E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).) +.15 E F2108 594 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 594 S(ue if).35 E +F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2108 +606 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 606 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2 +108 618 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 618 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E +F1(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2108 630 +Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 630 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2 +108 642 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 642 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2108 654 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 654 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2108 -442.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 442.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 -E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2108 454.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.35(Tr)144 454.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 466.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.35(Tr)144 466.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +666 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 666 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E +.3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2108 678 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 678 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 690 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 690 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F2 -108 478.8 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 478.8 S(ue if).35 E F3 +108 702 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 702 S(ue if).35 E F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E -(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2108 490.8 Q F3 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 490.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F3(\214le1)108 502.8 Q F2 -(\255ef)2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 514.8 S(ue if).35 E F3 -(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 -E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F3(\214le1)108 526.8 Q F02.5 E F2 -(nt)A F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 538.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le1)2.5 -E F0(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F3 -(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F3(\214le1)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F3 -(\214le1)108 550.8 Q F02.5 E F2(ot)A F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 -562.8 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F3(\214le2) -2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and).15 E F3(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2108 574.8 Q -F3(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 586.8 S .263(ue if the shell option).35 -F F3(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 -(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F2 -2.762 E F0(option to the)144 598.8 Q F2(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2108 610.8 Q F3(varname)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 622.8 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F3(varname) -2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F2 -108 634.8 Q F3(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 646.8 S(ue if the shell v) -.35 E(ariable)-.25 E F3(varname)2.79 E F0 -(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E F2108 658.8 Q F3(string) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 670.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F3(string)2.5 E -F0(is zero.)2.5 E F3(string)108 682.8 Q F2108 694.8 Q F3(string) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 706.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F3(string)2.84 E -F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(32) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2108 714 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 714 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(32)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 33 33 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(==)2.5 E F1 -(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 96 Q F2(=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr) -144 108 S .861(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F2(=)5.861 E F0 .861 -(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E F0 .862 -(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144 120 -R F2([[)2.946 E F0 .446 -(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746 --.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 132 Q F0(\).)A F1 -(string1)108 148.8 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 160.8 S -(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 177.6 Q F2(<)2.5 -E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 189.6 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E +/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\255ef)2.5 E +F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0 +(and)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 E +(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F1(\214le1)108 108 Q F02.5 E F2(nt)A +F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 120 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0 +(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F1 +(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1 +(\214le1)108 132 Q F02.5 E F2(ot)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +144 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 +E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and).15 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2108 156 Q F1 +(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 168 S .262(ue if the shell option).35 F F1 +(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 +(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F2 +2.763 E F0(option to the)144 180 Q F2(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2108 192 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 204 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname)2.79 +E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F2108 +216 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 228 S(ue if the shell v).35 E +(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname)2.79 E F0(is set and is a name reference.) +2.68 E F2108 240 Q F1(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 252 S +(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F1(string) +108 264 Q F2108 276 Q F1(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 288 S +(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F1 +(string1)108 304.8 Q F2(==)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 316.8 Q F2 +(=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 328.8 S .862 +(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F2(=)5.861 E F0 .861 +(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E F0 .861 +(command for POSIX conformance.)3.361 F .446(When used with the)144 +340.8 R F2([[)2.946 E F0 .446 +(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .747 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 352.8 Q F0(\).)A F1 +(string1)108 369.6 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 381.6 S +(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 398.4 Q F2(<)2.5 +E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 410.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 -E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 206.4 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)144 218.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1 +E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 427.2 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)144 439.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1 (string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33 -235.2 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(OP)144 247.2 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2 +456 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(OP)144 468 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.635 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2 (\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385 (.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1 -(ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ -s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 259.2 -R F1(ar)144 271.2 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.589(,r)C(especti)-3.589 E -.15(ve) --.25 G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.099 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.589 E F1(ar) -3.919 E(g2)-.37 E F0 1.089(may be positi)3.609 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -3.589(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H -(nte).15 E 3.59(gers. When)-.15 F 1.09(used with the)3.59 F F2([[)3.59 E -F0(command,)144 283.2 Q F1(Ar)4.22 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(Ar)4.22 -E(g2)-.37 E F0 .71(are e)3.23 F -.25(va)-.25 G .71 -(luated as arithmetic e).25 F 3.209(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .709 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.209 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 295.2 Q F0(abo) -2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 312 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .613 -(When a simple command is e)108 324 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 -(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614 -(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.) -108 336 Q(1.)108 352.8 Q 1.849(The w)144 352.8 R 1.849 -(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 -(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 364.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 381.6 Q 1.163(The w)144 381.6 R -1.163(ords that are not v)-.1 F 1.164 -(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.664(xpanded. If)-.15 -F(an)3.664 E 3.664(yw)-.15 G 1.164(ords remain)-3.764 F .776(after e)144 -393.6 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 +(ar)2.884 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ +s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 480 R +F1(ar)144 492 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.59(,r)C(especti)-3.59 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.1 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.59 E F1(ar)3.92 E(g2) +-.37 E F0 1.089(may be positi)3.61 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589(rn).15 +G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E +3.589(gers. When)-.15 F 1.089(used with the)3.589 F F2([[)3.589 E F0 +(command,)144 504 Q F1(Ar)4.219 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.209 E F1(Ar)4.219 E +(g2)-.37 E F0 .71(are e)3.23 F -.25(va)-.25 G .71 +(luated as arithmetic e).25 F 3.21(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .71 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.21 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 516 Q F0(abo)2.25 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP) +72 532.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .614(When a simple command is e)108 544.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .614(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .613 +(wing e)-.25 F .613(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F +(rections, from left to right.)108 556.8 Q(1.)108 573.6 Q 1.848(The w) +144 573.6 R 1.848(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 +F 1.849(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 585.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 602.4 Q 1.164(The w)144 602.4 R +1.164(ords that are not v)-.1 F 1.164 +(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.663(xpanded. If)-.15 +F(an)3.663 E 3.663(yw)-.15 G 1.163(ords remain)-3.763 F .775(after e)144 +614.4 R .775(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .775(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 (en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E -(are the ar)144 405.6 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 422.4 Q -(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 422.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u) +(are the ar)144 626.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 643.2 Q +(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 643.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u) -.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.) -108 439.2 Q .716(The te)144 439.2 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 -E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 +108 660 Q .717(The te)144 660 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F0 +.717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 (goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 451.2 R .339 +.339(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 672 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 463.2 Q -.332(If no command name results, the v)108 480 R .332 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 684 Q .332 +(If no command name results, the v)108 700.8 R .332 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 492 S .757 +2.832(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.832 E -.25(va)108 712.8 S .757 (riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757 -(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 504 R -(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677 -(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677 -(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F -(the command e)108 516 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 -(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 532.8 R -.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 544.8 -Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 -(If there is a command name left after e)108 561.6 R 1.064(xpansion, e) --.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F -4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108 -573.6 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 -(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 585.6 R .466 -(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 597.6 -Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 614.4 Q F0 -.547(After a command has been split into w)108 626.4 R .546 -(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 638.4 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E -(en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\ -mpts to locate it.)108 655.2 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 -(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 667.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G -.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS) -2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 679.2 Q 2.5 -(uiltins. 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If)108 724.8 +R(an)3.177 E 3.177(yo)-.15 G 3.177(ft)-3.177 G .677 +(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.177 F .677 +(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .676(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(33)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 34 34 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .72 -(search of the directories in)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA) -3.22 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .719 -(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F -.719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ - a de\214ned shell function named)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(command_not_f)3.456 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 108 Q F0 5.278(.I)C -2.778(ft)-5.278 G .278(hat function e)-2.778 F .278(xists, it is in)-.15 -F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.778(dw).1 G .277 -(ith the original command and the original command')-2.778 F 2.777(sa) --.55 G -.18(rg)-2.777 G(uments).18 E .775(as its ar)108 120 R .775 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the command e)108 +84 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149 +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 100.8 R +.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65 +(vironment. 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Unless)-.25 F -.134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F -(the shell.)108 564 Q<83>108 580.8 Q 1.056(the shell')144 580.8 R 3.556 -(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056 -(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) --3.556 F(mand)144 592.8 Q<83>108 609.6 Q(the current w)144 609.6 Q -(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 626.4 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144 -626.4 Q<83>108 643.2 Q .856(shell v)144 643.2 R .857 -(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 -(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 -(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 655.2 Q(vironment) --.4 E<83>108 672 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v)144 -672 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306 -(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 684 Q -2.5(Ac)108 700.8 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G -2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E -(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\ -ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 717.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 729.6 S .245(ubshell en) --2.745 F .245(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244 -(vironment, e)-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F +(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 688.8 Q +(options enabled at in)144 688.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) +.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F4(set) +2.5 E F0<83>108 705.6 Q(options enabled by)144 705.6 Q F4(shopt)2.5 E F0 (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(34)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 35 35 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .358 -(reset to the v)108 84 R .358 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E<83>108 84 Q +(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias)2.5 E +F0<83>108 100.8 Q -.25(va)144 100.8 S +(rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E +(alue of)-.25 E F1($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PPID)2.5 E F0 .426 +(When a simple command other than a b)108 117.6 R .427 +(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .427 +(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.927(di).1 G 2.927(nas) +-2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 129.6 S .134(cution en).15 F .134 +(vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F +.133(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .133(alues are inherited from)-.25 F +(the shell.)108 141.6 Q<83>108 158.4 Q 1.055(the shell')144 158.4 R +3.555(so)-.55 G 1.055(pen \214les, plus an)-3.555 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G +1.056 +(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) +-3.556 F(mand)144 170.4 Q<83>108 187.2 Q(the current w)144 187.2 Q +(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 204 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144 +204 Q<83>108 220.8 Q .857(shell v)144 220.8 R .857 +(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 +(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 +(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 232.8 Q(vironment) +-.4 E<83>108 249.6 Q .306(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v) +144 249.6 R .307(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.807(sp)-.55 G +.307(arent, and traps ignored)-2.807 F(by the shell are ignored)144 +261.6 Q 2.5(Ac)108 278.4 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5 +(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E +(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E +(vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\ +ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 295.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744(as)108 307.2 S .244(ubshell en) +-2.744 F .244(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .245 +(vironment, e)-.4 F .245(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F +.359(reset to the v)108 319.2 R .358 (alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 -G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 96 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 -(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-) --.4 E(ment cannot af)108 108 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15 -(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.376(Subshells spa)108 -124.8 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 +G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .358(commands that are in)2.858 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .856(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 331.2 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.357 +(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .857(made to the subshell en)3.357 F(viron-) +-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 343.2 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G +-.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.377(Subshells spa)108 +360 R 1.377(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent) -3.877 F 2.5(shell. When)108 136.8 R(not in)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405(If a command is follo)108 -153.6 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.905 E F0 .404 -(and job control is not acti)2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G .404 -(he def)-2.904 F .404(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .197 -(is the empty \214le)108 165.6 R F2(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197 -(.O)C .197(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc) -.1 G .198(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell) --2.697 F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 177.6 Q/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR)72 194.4 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.354 -(When a program is in)108 206.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G -4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg)-4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na) -.25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353(rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F2(en) -4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.353 -(his is a list of)-7.353 F F2(name)108 218.4 Q F0A F2(value)A F0 -(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F2(value)A F0(.).18 E -1.485(The shell pro)108 235.2 R 1.485(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.485(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985 -(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.486 -(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 247.2 Q .144(viron\ +F13.876 E F0 1.376(option from the parent)3.876 F 2.5(shell. When) +108 372 R(not in)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 +E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0 +(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .404(If a command is follo)108 388.8 R +.404(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.904 E F0 .405(and job control is not acti) +2.904 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.905(,t).15 G .405(he def)-2.905 F .405 +(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .198(is the empty \214le)108 +400.8 R F3(/de)2.698 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.198(.O)C .198 +(therwise, the in)-5.198 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.698(dc).1 G .197 +(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.698 F +(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 412.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ENVIR)72 429.6 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.353(When a program is in)108 441.6 +R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G 4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg) +-4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na).25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353 +(rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F3(en)4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 +E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.354(his is a list of)-7.353 F F3(name)108 453.6 Q +F0A F3(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F3 +(value)A F0(.).18 E 1.486(The shell pro)108 470.4 R 1.486(vides se)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.486(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F +3.985(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.485 +(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 482.4 Q .144(viron\ ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\ - it for)-.4 F F2 -.2(ex)2.643 G(port).2 E F0 .143(to child pro-)3.323 F -2.703(cesses. Ex)108 259.2 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F + it for)-.4 F F3 -.2(ex)2.644 G(port).2 E F0 .144(to child pro-)3.324 F +2.704(cesses. Ex)108 494.4 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar) -2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.704 -(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.704 E 1.153 -(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 271.2 R -3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.153 -(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 283.2 Q .64 +2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.703 +(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.703 E 1.153 +(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 506.4 R +3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.154 +(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 518.4 Q .64 (vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64 (alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.) --.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 295.2 +-.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 530.4 R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58 (cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58 (nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F -.3(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 307.2 R 2.8(yp)-.15 G .3 -(airs remo)-2.8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.8 G(he)-2.801 -E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .301(command, plus an)2.801 F 2.801(ya)-.15 G .301 -(dditions via the)-2.801 F F1(export)2.801 E F0(and)2.801 E F1(declar) -108 319.2 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .563(The en)108 -336 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F2 .563(simple command)3.403 -F F0 .562 +.301(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 542.4 R 2.801(yp)-.15 G .301 +(airs remo)-2.801 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.801(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.801 G(he) +-2.801 E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .3(command, plus an)2.8 F 2.8(ya)-.15 G .3 +(dditions via the)-2.8 F F1(export)2.8 E F0(and)2.8 E F1(declar)108 +554.4 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .562(The en)108 +571.2 R .562(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F3 .562(simple command) +3.402 F F0 .563 (or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F -.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 348 R .502 -.15(ve i) --.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F -.203(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 360 Q(vironment seen by that command.) --.4 E .81(If the)108 376.8 R F13.31 E F0 .81 -(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81 -(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0 .81 -(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 388.8 Q +.203(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 583.2 R .502 -.15(ve i) +-.15 H(n).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F .202(fect only the) +-.25 F(en)108 595.2 Q(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the) +108 612 R F13.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set) +3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F +F3(all)3.64 E F0 .81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en) +108 624 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) --.4 E(When)108 405.6 Q F1(bash)3.585 E F0(in)3.585 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 3.585(sa).1 G 3.585(ne)-3.585 G 1.085(xternal command, the v) --3.735 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.585 E F0 1.086 +-.4 E(When)108 640.8 Q F1(bash)3.586 E F0(in)3.586 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.586(sa).1 G 3.586(ne)-3.586 G 1.086(xternal command, the v) +-3.736 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.586 E F0 1.085 (is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 417.6 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3 -(EXIT ST)72 434.4 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151(The e)108 446.4 R -.151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151 -(cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2 -(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15 -(lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 458.4 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F -.347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F -1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25 -F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 470.4 Q 5.507(.E)-.65 G -.507(xit statuses from shell b)-5.507 F .507 +(passed to that command in its en)108 652.8 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F4 +(EXIT ST)72 669.6 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 681.6 R +.15(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v) +.15 F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F3(waitpid)2.651 E F0 .151 +(system call or equi)2.651 F -.25(va)-.25 G .151(lent func-).25 F 2.848 +(tion. Exit)108 693.6 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 +(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F +1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .347(alues abo)-.25 +F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 705.6 Q 5.506(.E)-.65 G +.506(xit statuses from shell b)-5.506 F .507 (uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F -(Under)5.506 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 -482.4 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 -(Fo)108 499.2 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G -.873(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F -.873(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873 -(xit status of)-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 511.2 R 2.549(An) -5.049 G .049(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 -(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) --2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 523.2 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) -2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E -(xit status.)-.15 E .404 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 540 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 -(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 552 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 568.8 -Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E -(xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) --.15 E .081(Shell b)108 585.6 R .081 -(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C -2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 -2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F -(the)108 597.6 Q 2.967(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967(cute. All).15 F --.2(bu)2.967 G .467(iltins return an e).2 F .468 -(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.4 G .468(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 609.6 Q(guments.)-.18 -E F1(Bash)108 626.4 Q F0 .202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 638.4 -Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1 -(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3 -(SIGN)72 655.2 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 667.2 Q F1(bash)3.182 E F0 .682 -(is interacti)3.182 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.182(,i).15 G 3.182(nt)-3.182 G -.682(he absence of an)-3.182 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683(raps, it ignores) --3.183 F F4(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .683(\(so that)2.933 F F1 .683(kill 0) -3.183 F F0 .683(does not kill an)3.183 F(interacti)108 679.2 Q .758 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H .458(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.958 E F0 .458 -(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.708 F F1(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.958 G .457(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .457(In all cases,)5.457 F -F1(bash)108 691.2 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0 -(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 -E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 -E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 708 Q 1.064 -(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F1(bash)3.564 E F0(ha)3.564 E 1.365 -.15 -(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.065 -(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 4.948(parent. When)108 720 -R 2.447(job control is not in ef)4.948 F 2.447 -(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)4.947 E F0(and) -4.697 E F4(SIGQ)4.947 E(UIT)-.09 E F0(in)4.697 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(35)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(Under)5.507 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 +717.6 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(35)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 36 36 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.022 -(addition to these inherited handlers.)108 84 R 1.023 -(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)6.022 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E(board-generated job control signals)108 96 Q/F1 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTTIN)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1(SIGTT)2.25 E -(OU)-.162 E F2(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F1(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F2(.)A F0 2.046 -(The shell e)108 112.8 R 2.046(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045 -(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F1(SIGHUP)4.545 E F2(.)A F0 2.045 -(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 -.15(ve s)-.25 -H 2.045(hell resends the).15 F F1(SIGHUP)108 124.8 Q F0 1.004 -(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent) -6.004 F F1(SIGCONT)3.505 E F0 1.005(to ensure that the)3.255 F 3.505(yr) --.15 G(ecei)-3.505 E 1.305 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F1(SIGHUP)108 136.8 -Q F2(.)A F0 2.53 -.8(To p)5.43 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shel\ -l from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G .929(rom the)-3.429 F 1.356 -(jobs table with the)108 148.8 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)3.856 E(wn) --.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.856 G 1.356(iltin \(see).2 F F1 1.356(SHELL B)3.856 F -(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.607 E 1.357 -(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.357(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 -(SIGHUP)108 160.8 Q F0(using)2.25 E F3(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A -.166(If the)108 177.6 R F3(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 -(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F3(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F3(bash) -2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F1(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(Fo)108 84 S +3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G .873 +(urposes, a command which e)-3.373 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873 +(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .872(An e)5.872 F .872(xit status of) +-.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 96 R 2.548(An)5.048 G .049 +(on-zero e)-2.548 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 +(ailure. 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When) +108 304.8 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 +(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and) +2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653 +(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 316.8 R .653 +(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 328.8 Q F4 +(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4 +(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 345.6 R 2.045 +(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E +F5(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.346 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 357.6 Q F0 +1.005(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004 +(Stopped jobs are sent)6.005 F F4(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004 +(to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 369.6 Q F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p) +5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal\ + to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15 +G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 381.6 R F2(diso) +3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 G 1.357(iltin \(see).2 F F4 1.356 +(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.606 E +1.356(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.356(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F4 +(SIGHUP)108 393.6 Q F0(using)2.25 E F2(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A +.166(If the)108 410.4 R F2(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 +(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F2(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F2(bash) +2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F4(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108 -189.6 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 206.4 Q F3(bash)3.046 E F0 .546(is w)3.046 F +422.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 439.2 Q F2(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap) --3.046 F .663(will not be e)108 218.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .663 -(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F3(bash)3.163 E -F0 .662(is w)3.163 F .662(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 -(via the)108 230.4 R F3(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ -eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F3 +-3.046 F .662(will not be e)108 451.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 +(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F2(bash)3.163 E +F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 +(via the)108 463.2 R F2(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ +eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F2 (wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F -(return immediately with an e)108 242.4 Q +(return immediately with an e)108 475.2 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72 -259.2 Q(OL)-.329 E/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 271.2 S 4.568(bc) -.25 G(ontr)-4.568 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.068(refers to the ability to selecti) -5.078 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067(ly stop \().15 F F5(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t) -C 2.067(he e)-4.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.067 -(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 283.2 Q F5 -.37(re)C -(sume).37 E F0 3.201(\)t)C .701(heir e)-3.201 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 -(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(JOB CONTR)72 492 Q(OL)-.329 E F1 -.25 +(Jo)108 504 S 4.567(bc).25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.067 +(refers to the ability to selecti)5.077 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067 +(ly stop \().15 F F1(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.068(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 516 Q F1 +-.37(re)C(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.702(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 (ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702 -(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.002 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) --.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 295.2 Q(ernel')-.1 -E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E -F3(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .785(The shell associates a)108 312 R F5(job)5.025 -E F0 .785(with each pipeline.)3.515 F .784(It k)5.785 F .784 -(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .784 -(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .34(listed with the)108 324 R F3(jobs) -2.84 E F0 2.84(command. 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When)2.841 F F2(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 +(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F1(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E +(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 568.8 +Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 585.6 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\ +umber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline ass\ +ociated)108 602.4 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 614.4 R .732 (All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) -5.732 F(.)-.4 E F3(Bash)5.733 E F0(uses)3.233 E(the)108 393.6 Q F5(job) -4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.063 -.8 -(To f)108 410.4 T 1.463(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) -.7 F 1.462(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F -.87(notion of a)108 422.4 R F5(curr)3.37 E .87(ent terminal pr)-.37 F -.871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .871 +5.733 F(.)-.4 E F2(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 626.4 Q F1(job) +4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.062 -.8 +(To f)108 643.2 T 1.462(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) +.7 F 1.463(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F +.871(notion of a)108 655.2 R F1(curr)3.371 E .871(ent terminal pr)-.37 F +.871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .87 (embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023 (group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 -434.4 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F F1(SIG-)2.522 E(INT)108 446.4 Q -F2(.)A F0 1.346(These processes are said to be in the)5.846 F F5(for) -3.847 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F5(Bac)6.927 E -(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.347(processes are those whose process)4.617 -F .146(group ID dif)108 458.4 R .146(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 -(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145 -(board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .16 -(ground processes are allo)108 470.4 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F +667.2 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F F4(SIG-)2.523 E(INT)108 679.2 Q +F5(.)A F0 1.347(These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F1(for) +3.846 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F1(Bac)6.926 E +(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.346(processes are those whose process)4.616 +F .145(group ID dif)108 691.2 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 +(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 +(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16 +(ground processes are allo)108 703.2 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F 2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) --2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.052(minal. 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Job)B(number)3.458 E F5(n)3.818 E F0 .957 -(may be referred to as)3.697 F F3(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 -(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ -ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) -108 648 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F3(%ce)3.09 E F0 -.59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 660 Q F3(ce)3.464 E F0(job)3.464 E -5.964(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.964 G .963 -(re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F3(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 -(reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F3(%?ce)3.463 E -F0 3.463(,o)C 3.463(nt)-3.463 G .963(he other)-3.463 F .086 -(hand, refers to an)108 672 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 -(ob containing the string)-2.587 F F3(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 -(in its command line.)2.587 F .087 -(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 684 Q F3(bash) -2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 -(he symbols)-5.018 F F3(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F3(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 -(refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F -F5(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) --2.518 F .494(the last job stopped while it w)108 696 R .495 -(as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F -(The)5.495 E F5(pr)4.245 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .495(ious job).15 F F0 .495 -(may be)3.225 F .788(referenced using)108 708 R F3<25ad>3.288 E F0 5.788 -(.I)C 3.288(ft)-5.788 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.288 F F3(%+) -3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F3<25ad>3.287 E F0 .787 -(can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.787(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.787 E -.256(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 720 R F3 -(jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa) --.1 G .257(ys \215agged with a).1 F F3(+)2.757 E F0(,)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 -768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(36)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 715.2 R .551 +(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F6 .551 +(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F +2.098(terminal are sent a)108 727.2 R F4 2.098(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)4.598 F +(OU\))-.162 E F0 2.098(signal by the k)4.348 F(ernel')-.1 E 4.598(st) +-.55 G 2.098(erminal dri)-4.598 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.898 -.4(r, w).15 H +2.098(hich, unless caught,).4 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22) +144.29 E(36)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 37 37 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .411(and the pre) -108 84 R .411(vious job with a)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.911 E -F0 5.411(.A)C .411(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .41 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(suspends the process.)108 84 Q 1.087(If the operating system on which) +108 100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088 +(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 +(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 112.8 S +.302(ping the).8 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302 +(character \(typically)3.572 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 +(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 +F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 124.8 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0 +7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F2 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 +2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F1(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C +(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ +mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 +136.8 R(to)108 148.8 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 +(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F +F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895 +(background, the)108 160.8 R F1(fg)3.395 E F0 .895 +(command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F +F1(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F1(^Z) +3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 172.8 Q .948(fect immediately) +-.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948 +(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) +108 184.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 201.6 R .777 +(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F1 +(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 213.6 +Q F2(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). 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The)108 508.8 R F1 2.928 E F0 .428(option will force)2.928 F F1(wait)2.928 E F0 .428 (to w)2.928 F .428(ait until the job or process terminates)-.1 F -(before returning.)108 295.2 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 312 Q -(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108 324 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645 -(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.145 E -F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F2(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645 -(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .427 -(and the secondary prompt)108 336 R F2(PS2)2.927 E F0 .427 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.677 F F1(Bash)5.428 E -F0(displays)2.928 E F2(PS0)2.928 E F0(after)2.678 E .038 -(it reads a command b)108 348 R .038(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.038(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.038 E F0(displays)2.537 E F2(PS4)2.537 E -F0 .037(as described abo)2.287 F .337 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .037 -(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.121(mand when the)108 360 R F1 -3.621 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.621 F F1(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo) +(before returning.)108 520.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 537.6 Q +(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 549.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644 +(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E +F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645 +(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .428 +(and the secondary prompt)108 561.6 R F3(PS2)2.928 E F0 .427 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.678 F F1(Bash)5.427 E +F0(displays)2.927 E F3(PS0)2.927 E F0(after)2.677 E .037 +(it reads a command b)108 573.6 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.037(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.037 E F0(displays)2.537 E F3(PS4)2.538 E +F0 .038(as described abo)2.288 F .338 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .038 +(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.122(mand when the)108 585.6 R F1 +3.622 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.622 F F1(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo) 3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a) -.25 F(number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \ -as follo)108 372 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 384 Q F0 -(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 384 Q F1(\\d)144 396 Q F0 -(the date in "W)180 396 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E -(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 408 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)A -F1(})A F0(the)180 420 Q F4(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F -F4(strftime)3.927 E F0 1.427 +as follo)108 597.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 609.6 Q F0 +(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 609.6 Q F1(\\d)144 621.6 Q F0 +(the date in "W)180 621.6 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E +(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 633.6 Q F2(format)A F1(})A F0(the)180 +645.6 Q F2(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)3.926 F F2(strftime) +3.926 E F0 1.427 (\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 -432 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0 +657.6 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0 (results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E -(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 444 Q F0 -(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 444 Q F1(\\h)144 456 Q F0 -(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 456 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 468 Q F0 -(the hostname)180 468 Q F1(\\j)144 480 Q F0 -(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 480 Q F1(\\l)144 -492 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 492 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de) --2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 504 Q F0(ne)180 504 Q(wline)-.25 E F1 -(\\r)144 516 Q F0(carriage return)180 516 Q F1(\\s)144 528 Q F0 -(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 528 Q F1($0)2.5 E F0 -(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144 -540 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 540 Q F1(\\T) -144 552 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 552 Q F1 -(\\@)144 564 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 564 Q F1 -(\\A)144 576 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 576 Q F1 -(\\u)144 588 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 588 Q F1(\\v)144 -600 Q F0(the v)180 600 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 612 Q F0(the release of)180 612 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 624 Q F0 .115(the current w) -180 624 R .115(orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E F2 -($HOME)2.615 E F0(abbre)2.365 E .116(viated with a tilde \(uses the v) --.25 F .116(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)180 636 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 -E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 648 Q F0 -(the basename of the current w)180 648 Q(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w) --.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde) --.25 E F1(\\!)144 660 Q F0(the history number of this command)180 660 Q -F1(\\#)144 672 Q F0(the command number of this command)180 672 Q F1(\\$) -144 684 Q F0(if the ef)180 684 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H -(ID is 0, a).15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E -(\\)144 696 Q F4(nnn)A F0 -(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 696 Q F4(nnn)2.5 E -F1(\\\\)144 708 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 708 S(ackslash)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 -768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(37)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 669.6 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 669.6 Q F1(\\h)144 681.6 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 681.6 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 693.6 +Q F0(the hostname)180 693.6 Q F1(\\j)144 705.6 Q F0 +(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 705.6 Q F1(\\l) +144 717.6 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 717.6 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22) +144.29 E(37)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 38 38 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\[)144 84 Q F0(be)180 84 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing cha\ -racters, which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F -(control sequence into the prompt)180 96 Q F1(\\])144 108 Q F0 -(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 108 Q .119 -(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 124.8 R -.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positio\ -n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\ -tory \214le \(see)108 136.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 -E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)108 148.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is t\ -he position in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541 -(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 160.8 R +SF(\\n)144 84 Q F0(ne)180 84 Q(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 96 Q F0 +(carriage return)180 96 Q F1(\\s)144 108 Q F0 +(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 108 Q F1($0)2.5 E F0 +(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144 +120 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 120 Q F1(\\T) +144 132 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 132 Q F1 +(\\@)144 144 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 144 Q F1 +(\\A)144 156 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 156 Q F1 +(\\u)144 168 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 168 Q F1(\\v)144 +180 Q F0(the v)180 180 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 192 Q F0(the release of)180 192 Q F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 204 Q F0 .116(the current w) +180 204 R .116(orking directory)-.1 F 2.616(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.616 E/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF($HOME)2.616 E F0(abbre)2.366 E .115 +(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .115(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR) +180 216 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E +F1(\\W)144 228 Q F0(the basename of the current w)180 228 Q +(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0 +(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 240 Q F0 +(the history number of this command)180 240 Q F1(\\#)144 252 Q F0 +(the command number of this command)180 252 Q F1(\\$)144 264 Q F0 +(if the ef)180 264 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E +F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 276 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 276 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E +F1(\\\\)144 288 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 288 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 300 Q +F0(be)180 300 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ +could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F +(control sequence into the prompt)180 312 Q F1(\\])144 324 Q F0 +(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 324 Q .12 +(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 340.8 R +.119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positi\ +on in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hi\ +story \214le \(see)108 352.8 R F2(HIST)4.085 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 +(belo)108 364.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\ + the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .54 +(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 376.8 R .546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546 (xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F -.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 172.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F +.352(tion, arithmetic e)108 388.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852 -F(description of the)108 184.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E +(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .351(shell option \(see the)2.852 +F(description of the)108 400.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) --.25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 201.6 Q F0 .151 +-.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 417.6 Q F0 .15 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 213.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 -(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 225.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 -(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F13.709 E F0 1.209 -(option to the)3.709 F F1 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G -3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 237.6 Q .851 +108 429.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1 +(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E 1.209(is gi)108 441.6 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.709(na).15 G 3.709(ts)-3.709 G 1.209(hell in)-3.709 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G 3.709(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 +(editing is also used when using the)3.709 F F13.708 E F0 1.208 +(option to the)3.708 F F1 -.18(re)3.708 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.708 G +3.708(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 453.6 Q .851 (ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F -3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .851 -(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 249.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .852 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 465.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) -3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 .85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 261.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) +(\(see)108 477.6 Q F2 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) -3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 -(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E -(emacs)108 273.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 -(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 290.4 Q +(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.263 E +(emacs)108 489.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 506.4 Q F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) -108 302.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) -2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1 -(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 314.4 R -(Similarly)6.153 E(,)-.65 E F4(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153 -(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652 -(oM)-3.652 G 1.152(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke) -108 326.4 S .83(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G -2.13 -.65(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F4(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F4(x)3.33 -E F0 3.33(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 -H .831(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 -H .831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 338.4 R F4 .6(meta pr)3.1 F -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F4(x)A F0 -.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F4(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) --3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 -(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 350.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H -(hile pressing the).15 E F4(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) -.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 367.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 -(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F4(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G -.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho) -108 379.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G -3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 +108 518.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A +1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 530.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,) +-.65 E F3(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) +-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653(oM)-3.653 G 1.153 +(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 542.4 S .831 +(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)3.591 G 2.131 -.65 +(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F3(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F F3(x)3.331 E F0 +3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .83 +(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .83 +(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 554.4 R F3 .599(meta pr)3.099 F +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F3 +(x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099 +(rp)-3.099 G .6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6 +(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 566.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H +(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) +.65 E .62(Readline commands may be gi)108 583.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 +(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G +.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E +(ho)108 595.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti) +.4 G 3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 -(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 391.2 R 1.018 +(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 607.2 R 1.018 (ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C -1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 -(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 403.2 Q +1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018 +(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 619.2 Q (vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) --.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 420 R F4 +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 636 R F3 (killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 -(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 -(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F4 -(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 432 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F -.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F4 +(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 +(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F3 +(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 648 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F +.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 .029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H .029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) --.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 444 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 +-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 660 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 (Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 456 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 472.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ -tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 484.8 -R F4(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092 -(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 496.8 R .196(en from the v) +108 672 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 688.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ +tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 700.8 +R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091 +(name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 712.8 R .196(en from the v) -.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196 -(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)2.696 -E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ +(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)2.696 +E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .197(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\ -nd the k)108 508.8 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035(indings and).15 F -.25 -(va)108 520.8 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15(There are only a fe) -6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149 -(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736 -(lines are ignored.)108 532.8 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737 -(ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737 -(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .737 -(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 544.8 R -(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E -(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 561.6 R .987(ault k)-.1 F --.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F4(inputr) -3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 -(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 573.6 Q -(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 590.4 S 2.5(re).15 G -(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 607.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 619.2 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 -631.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 643.2 -Q F4(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G -(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F4 -(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo) -108 660 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F4 --.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F4(ESC) -3.761 E F0(,).72 E F4(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F4(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0(,).73 -E F4(RET)3.761 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(RETURN)108 672 Q F0(,)1.1 E F4(SPC)2.5 E -F0(,).72 E F4(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F4 --.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 -(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 688.8 R .209(ws k)-.25 -F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 -(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) --.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 700.8 Q F4(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A +nd the k)108 724.8 R 1.334 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.034(indings and).15 F (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(38)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 39 39 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(Readline K)87 84 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 -(The syntax for controlling k)108 96 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 -(indings in the).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.366(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366 -(All that is required is the name of the)5.366 F .264(command or the te) -108 108 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264 -(equence to which it should be bound.).15 F .263(The name may be speci-) -5.264 F .853(\214ed in one of tw)108 120 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 -(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853 -(ame, possibly with).15 F F2(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F2(Contr) -3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15 -(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 132 Q .161(When using the form)108 148.8 R F1 --.1(ke)2.661 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.661 -E F2(macr)2.661 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .16 -(is the name of a k)2.84 F .46 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .16(pelled out in Eng-) -.15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 160.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni) -144 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 196.8 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E -(Control-o: "> output")144 208.8 Q .698(In the abo)108 225.6 R .998 -.15 -(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F2(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G -(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F2(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 237.6 Q F1 -(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F2 -(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)108 84 S +1.149(riables are set.).25 F 1.149(There are only a fe)6.149 F 3.649(wb) +-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.15 +(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.15 E .737 +(lines are ignored.)108 96 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a) +-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F +.737(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .736 +(indicate conditional)3.236 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 108 R +(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E +(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def)108 124.8 R .986(ault k)-.1 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 +F .987(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 136.8 +Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 153.6 S 2.5(re).15 G +(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 170.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 182.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 +194.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 206.4 +Q F2(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G +(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F2 +(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.261(The follo) +108 223.2 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F +F2 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F2 +(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F2(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F2(NEWLINE)3.76 E F0 +(,).73 E F2(RET)3.76 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(RETURN)108 235.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F2 +(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F2(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G +(nd)-2.5 E F2 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 +(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 252 R .209(ws k)-.25 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 +(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) +-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 264 Q F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1 +(Readline K)87 280.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 +(The syntax for controlling k)108 292.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 +(indings in the).15 F F2(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 +(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) +5.366 F .263(command or the te)108 304.8 R .264(xt of a macro and a k) +-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.) +.15 F .264(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .853(\214ed in one of tw)108 +316.8 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15 +(ey n)-.1 H .853(ame, possibly with).15 F F2(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or) +3.353 E F2(Contr)3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853 +(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 328.8 Q .16 +(When using the form)108 345.6 R F1 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F2 +(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.66 E F2(macr)2.66 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 +-.1(ke)2.66 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .161(is the name of a k)2.84 F .461 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .161(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 357.6 R(or e) +-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)144 381.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 393.6 Q +(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E(Control-o: "> output")144 405.6 Q .699 +(In the abo)108 422.4 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F2(C\255u) +3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve) +-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F2(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 +(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 434.4 Q F1 +(backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd)-2.758 E F2 +(C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F .259 (xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 -249.6 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 -(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 266.4 R F1("k)2.555 -E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F2(macr) -2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 -(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 -(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284 -(denoting an entire k)108 278.4 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ +446.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 +(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 463.2 R F1("k)2.556 +E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F2(macr) +2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055 +(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15 +(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284 +(denoting an entire k)108 475.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F -(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 290.4 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H -.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386 -(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F -(are not recognized.)108 302.4 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 326.4 Q -.15(ve) +(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 487.2 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H +.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385 +(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F +(are not recognized.)108 499.2 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 523.2 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 338.4 Q -("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 350.4 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315 -(In this e)108 367.2 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag) -3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 535.2 Q +("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314 +(In this e)108 564 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag) +3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 -.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 379.2 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G -.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2 -(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3 -(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A -(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 396 Q F1 -<5c43ad>144 408 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 408 Q F1<5c4dad>144 420 Q F0 -(meta pre\214x)180 420 Q F1(\\e)144 432 Q F0(an escape character)180 432 -Q F1(\\\\)144 444 Q F0(backslash)180 444 Q F1(\\")144 456 Q F0 -(literal ")180 456 Q F1<5c08>144 468 Q F0(literal \010)180 468 Q(In add\ -ition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslas\ -h escapes is a)108 484.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 496.8 -Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 496.8 Q F1(\\b)144 508.8 Q F0(backspace)180 -508.8 Q F1(\\d)144 520.8 Q F0(delete)180 520.8 Q F1(\\f)144 532.8 Q F0 -(form feed)180 532.8 Q F1(\\n)144 544.8 Q F0(ne)180 544.8 Q(wline)-.25 E -F1(\\r)144 556.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 556.8 Q F1(\\t)144 568.8 Q F0 -(horizontal tab)180 568.8 Q F1(\\v)144 580.8 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 580.8 S -(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 592.8 Q F2(nnn)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 592.8 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E -(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 -604.8 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 604.8 Q -(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 -(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141 -(When entering the te)108 621.6 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ - quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09 -(Unquoted te)108 633.6 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F -.089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089 -(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 -645.6 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E -F1(Bash)108 662.4 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25 -F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 -(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0 --.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 674.4 R .346 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.545 E F0 .045 -(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 -(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 686.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E -(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(Readline V)87 703.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 715.2 -R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F -(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 -(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 727.2 Q(c)-.37 E -F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(39)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 576 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(ESC [ 1 1 ~) +3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3(Function Key 1) +2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 +592.8 Q F1<5c43ad>144 604.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 604.8 Q F1<5c4dad> +144 616.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 616.8 Q F1(\\e)144 628.8 Q F0 +(an escape character)180 628.8 Q F1(\\\\)144 640.8 Q F0(backslash)180 +640.8 Q F1(\\")144 652.8 Q F0(literal ")180 652.8 Q F1<5c08>144 664.8 Q +F0(literal \010)180 664.8 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\ +equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 681.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 +G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 693.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 693.6 Q F1(\\b) +144 705.6 Q F0(backspace)180 705.6 Q F1(\\d)144 717.6 Q F0(delete)180 +717.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(39)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 40 40 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(set)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 -.79(Except where noted, readline v)108 100.8 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 -F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E -F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79 -(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v)108 112.8 R .448 -(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v) --.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449 -(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 +SF(\\f)144 84 Q F0(form feed)180 84 Q F1(\\n)144 96 Q F0(ne)180 96 Q +(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 108 Q F0(carriage return)180 108 Q F1(\\t)144 +120 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 120 Q F1(\\v)144 132 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 132 S +(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 144 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 144 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E +(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 +156 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 156 Q +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142 +(When entering the te)108 172.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ + quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089 +(Unquoted te)108 184.8 R .089(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 +F .09(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09 +(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 +196.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E +F1(Bash)108 213.6 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43(ws the current readline k)-.25 F +.73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the) +.15 F F1(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 225.6 R .345 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.546 E F0 .046 +(option to the)2.546 F F1(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046 +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 237.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 +(Readline V)87 254.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 266.4 +R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F +(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 +(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 278.4 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 295.2 Q F2 +(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108 +312 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues) +-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 +F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .449(nized v) +108 324 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F +.448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448 +(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467 (\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) 2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 -F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467 -(he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 -136.8 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 153.6 Q F0 .01 -(Controls what happens when readline w)144 165.6 R .011 -(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none) -2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E -.94(rings the bell.)144 177.6 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E -F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25 -(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0 -(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 189.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G -(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 201.6 Q F0 -.055(If set to)144 213.6 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ -empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F -(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 225.6 Q -.15 +F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468 +(he v)-5.468 F .468(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 +348 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 364.8 Q F0 .011 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 376.8 R .011 +(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F1(none)2.51 +E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94 +(rings the bell.)144 388.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 +3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) +-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A +(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 400.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.) +-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 412.8 Q F0 .056 +(If set to)144 424.8 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempt\ +s to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F +(ernel')-.1 E 2.555(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 436.8 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) --.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 237.6 Q(en \(Off\)) --.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 249.6 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 +-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 448.8 Q(en \(Off\)) +-.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 460.8 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 (eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 (he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F -(parenthesis is inserted.)144 261.6 Q F1(color)108 273.6 Q +(parenthesis is inserted.)144 472.8 Q F1(color)108 484.8 Q (ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) -144 285.6 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\ +144 496.8 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\ eadline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F -2.936(completions using a dif)144 297.6 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F -7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.935 -(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 309.6 Q -F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 321.6 Q -(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.579(If set to)144 333.6 R F1(On)4.079 E -F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif) --4.079 F 1.58(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5 -(type. The)144 345.6 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v) --.1 E(alue of the)-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 -E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 357.6 Q(`#')-.63 E('\)) --.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 369.6 R -F1(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 381.6 Q F1 +2.935(completions using a dif)144 508.8 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F +7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.936 +(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 520.8 Q +F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 532.8 Q +(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.58(If set to)144 544.8 R F1(On)4.08 E +F0 4.08(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.08 +F 1.579(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 +556.8 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E +(alue of the)-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E +(ariable.)-.25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 568.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 +E F0 .884(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 580.8 R F1 +(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 592.8 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 (in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(-1\))108 -393.6 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possible \ -matches when performing completion.)144 405.6 R .194(The v)144 417.6 R +604.8 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possible \ +matches when performing completion.)144 616.8 R .193(The v)144 628.8 R .193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \ -screen width.)-.25 F 2.693(Av)5.193 G .193(alue of 0 will)-2.943 F -(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 429.6 Q(The def)5 E -(ault v)-.1 E(alue is -1.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 441.6 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 453.6 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 +screen width.)-.25 F 2.694(Av)5.194 G .194(alue of 0 will)-2.944 F +(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 640.8 Q(The def)5 E +(ault v)-.1 E(alue is -1.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 652.8 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 664.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 (,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\ insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 -(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 465.6 Q F0 .093(If set to)144 -477.6 R F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor) +(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 676.8 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 +688.8 R F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor) 2.593 E(e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F -.093(yphens \()-.05 F F2A F0 2.593(\)a)C .094(nd underscores)-2.593 -F(\()144 489.6 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va) +.093(yphens \()-.05 F F2A F0 2.593(\)a)C .093(nd underscores)-2.593 +F(\()144 700.8 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va) -.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E .3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 -H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1(completion\255pr)108 501.6 Q -(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length in charact\ -ers of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions that is di\ -splayed)144 513.6 R 1.274(without modi\214cation.)144 525.6 R 1.274 -(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x) --.25 F 1.275(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 537.6 S(lue are rep\ -laced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 -(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 549.6 Q F0 .53 -(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 561.6 R .529 -(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the) -144 573.6 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F -.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v) --.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 585.6 R -.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \ -the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 597.6 S .237 -(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie) --.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G -.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 609.6 Q F1(con)108 -621.6 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to)144 633.6 -R F1(On)3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .912 --.15(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541 -(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) -144 645.6 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .542(meta pr)3.042 -F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 657.6 Q F0 2.5(\). The)B(def)2.5 E(ault is)-.1 E F2 -(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut readline will set it to)-2.7 E F2(Of)2.5 E(f) --.18 E F0(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)2.5 E F1 -(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 669.6 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 681.6 R -F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 -(ord completion.)-.1 F .038 -(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) -144 693.6 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 705.6 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 -1.21(When set to)144 717.6 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G -1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 -(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 729.6 Q -.15(ey)-.1 -G(board.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(40)193.45 E -0 Cg EP +H(lename matching and completion.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(40)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 41 41 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 84 Q F0 .142 -(Controls whether readline be)144 96 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F -.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(Emacs)2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode) -5.141 E F0(can be set to either)144 108 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -(vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 120 Q F0 .051(Thi\ -s string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary p\ -rompt when emacs editing)144 132 R .293(mode is acti)144 144 R -.15(ve) --.25 G 5.293(.T).15 G .293(he v)-5.293 F .293(alue is e)-.25 F .293 +SF(completion\255pr)108 84 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 +.829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possi\ +ble completions that is displayed)144 96 R 1.275 +(without modi\214cation.)144 108 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 +(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 +(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 120 S(lue are replaced with an \ +ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 +(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 132 Q F0 .529 +(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 144 R .53 +(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) +144 156 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061 +F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56(ger v) +-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 168 R +.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \ +the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 180 S .237 +(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie) +-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G +.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 192 Q F1(con)108 204 +Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 216 R F1(On) +3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613 +(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 +(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) +144 228 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +.541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 240 Q F0 2.5(\). The)B(def)2.5 E +(ault is)-.1 E F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut readline will set it to)-2.7 E +F2(Of)2.5 E(f)-.18 E F0(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)2.5 +E F1(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 252 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 264 R +F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 +(ord completion.)-.1 F .038 +(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) +144 276 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 +(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 288 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211 +(When set to)144 300 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G +1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21 +(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 312 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 324 Q F0 .141 +(Controls whether readline be)144 336 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F +.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.642 E F0 +(or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.142 E F0 +(can be set to either)144 348 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 360 Q F0 .051(This string i\ +s displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when\ + emacs editing)144 372 R .292(mode is acti)144 384 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +5.292(.T).15 G .292(he v)-5.292 F .293(alue is e)-.25 F .293 (xpanded lik)-.15 F 2.793(eak)-.1 G .593 -.15(ey b)-2.893 H .293 -(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control).15 F(pre\214x)144 156 -Q .601(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.101 -(ilable. Use).25 F .601(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)3.101 F .602 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control).15 F(pre\214x)144 396 +Q .602(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.101 +(ilable. Use).25 F .601(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)3.101 F .601 (gin and end)-.15 F .019(sequences of non-printing characters, which ca\ -n be used to embed a terminal control sequence into)144 168 R -(the mode string.)144 180 Q F1(enable\255brack)108 192 Q -(eted\255paste \(Off\))-.1 E F0 1.221(When set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.721 +n be used to embed a terminal control sequence into)144 408 R +(the mode string.)144 420 Q F1(enable\255brack)108 432 Q +(eted\255paste \(Off\))-.1 E F0 1.222(When set to)144 444 R F1(On)3.721 E F0 3.721(,r)C 1.221(eadline will con\214gure the terminal in a w) -3.721 F 1.221(ay that will enable it to insert each)-.1 F .353 -(paste into the editing b)144 216 R(uf)-.2 E .353(fer as a single strin\ -g of characters, instead of treating each character as if)-.25 F .543 -(it had been read from the k)144 228 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.043(board. This) -.15 F .543(can pre)3.043 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .544 +(paste into the editing b)144 456 R(uf)-.2 E .353(fer as a single strin\ +g of characters, instead of treating each character as if)-.25 F .544 +(it had been read from the k)144 468 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.043(board. This) +.15 F .543(can pre)3.043 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .543 (nt pasted characters from being interpreted as).15 F(editing commands.) -144 240 Q F1(enable\255k)108 252 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 -(When set to)144 264 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 +144 480 Q F1(enable\255k)108 492 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892 +(When set to)144 504 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F -(tems need this to enable the arro)144 276 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 -G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 288 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 -(When set to)144 300 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 516 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 +G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 528 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 +(When set to)144 540 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 -(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 312 Q +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 552 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 324 Q F0(If set to)144 336 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 564 Q F0(If set to)144 576 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) --.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 348 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 360 R F1(On) -3.839 E F0 3.839(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \ -the same location on each history line)-3.839 F(retrie)144 372 Q -.15 +-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 588 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.338(If set to)144 600 R F1(On) +3.838 E F0 3.838(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \ +the same location on each history line)-3.838 F(retrie)144 612 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G (ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(history\255size \(unset\))108 384 Q F0 .948 -(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 396 R -.15(ve)-.2 G -3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .949 -(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 E .483 -(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 408 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483 -(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482(set to a v) -2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .277 -(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 420 R .277(By def)5.277 F -.278(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .278 -(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 432 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.411 E F0 .911(shell v)3.411 -F 3.411(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.411 F F2 -(history\255size)3.41 E F0 .91(to a non-numeric v)3.41 F(alue,)-.25 E -(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 444 Q F1 -(horizontal\255scr)108 456 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448 -(When set to)144 468 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 -(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449 +(history\255size \(unset\))108 624 Q F0 .949 +(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 636 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .948 +(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.448(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.598 E .482 +(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 648 R 2.982(we)-.25 G .483 +(ntries are sa)-2.982 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .483(set to a v) +2.983 F .483(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .278 +(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 660 R .277(By def)5.278 F +.277(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .277 +(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 672 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.41 E F0 .91(shell v)3.41 F +3.41(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.41 F F2 +(history\255size)3.411 E F0 .911(to a non-numeric v)3.411 F(alue,)-.25 E +(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 684 Q F1 +(horizontal\255scr)108 696 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 +(When set to)144 708 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 +(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ - ne)144 480 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 492 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 504 -Q F0 1.061(If set to)144 516 R F1(On)3.561 E F0 3.561(,r)C 1.062(eadlin\ -e will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the eighth b\ -it from the)-3.561 F .336(characters it reads\), re)144 528 R -.05(ga) --.15 G .335(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F -.335(The name)5.335 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.835 E F0(is)2.835 E 2.864(as) -144 540 S(ynon)-2.864 E .364(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The) --.25 F(def)2.864 E .364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864 -(,b)C .364(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .365 -(if the locale contains)2.865 F(eight-bit characters.)144 552 Q F1 -(isear)108 564 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) --.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\ -ental search without subsequently e)144 576 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E -.934(ing the character as a command.)144 588 R .935(If this v)5.935 F -.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 -(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 600 Q F2 -(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) -108 612 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 -624 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 -(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .068 -(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 636 R F0 2.568(,a)C -(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068 -(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) -2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 648 R -.25(va)-.25 -G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C -1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) -4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 660 Q(fects the def)-.25 -E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 672 S -(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 684 R -F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 -(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .668 -.15(ey s) --.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 696 R -1.656 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.356(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar) --.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.355(an tak)-3.856 F 3.855(ea) --.1 G(dditional)-3.855 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 708 R .62 --.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.82(equence\). If).15 F .32(no input is recei)2.82 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(dw).15 G .32(ithin the timeout,)-2.82 F F2 -.37(re) -2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .907(use the shorter b)144 720 R .907 -(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25 -(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .906 -(alue of)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(41)193.45 E -0 Cg EP + ne)144 720 R(w)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(41) +193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 42 42 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .05 -(1000 means that)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)2.55 G(adline) +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(line.)144 84 Q/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(input\255meta \(Off\))108 96 Q F0 1.062(If set to)144 +108 R F1(On)3.562 E F0 3.562(,r)C 1.061(eadline will enable eight-bit i\ +nput \(that is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the)-3.562 F .335 +(characters it reads\), re)144 120 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335 +(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .336(The name) +5.336 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.836 E F0(is)2.836 E 2.865(as)144 132 S(ynon) +-2.865 E .365(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)-.25 F(def)2.864 E +.364(ault is)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864 +(,b)C .364(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .364 +(if the locale contains)2.864 F(eight-bit characters.)144 144 Q F1 +(isear)108 156 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) +-.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\ +ental search without subsequently e)144 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E +.935(ing the character as a command.)144 180 R .935(If this v)5.935 F +.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934 +(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F2(ESC)3.434 E F0(and)144 192 Q F2 +(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) +108 204 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 216 +R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 +(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.021 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .069 +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 228 R F0 2.568(,a)C +(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068 +(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) +2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 240 R -.25(va)-.25 +G 1.543(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C +1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) +4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 252 Q(fects the def)-.25 +E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 264 S +(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 276 R +F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 +(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 288 R +1.656 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.356(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar) +-.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.356(an tak)-3.856 F 3.856(ea) +-.1 G(dditional)-3.856 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 300 R .62 +-.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.82(equence\). If).15 F .32(no input is recei)2.82 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(dw).15 G .32(ithin the timeout,)-2.82 F F2 -.37(re) +2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .906(use the shorter b)144 312 R .907 +(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25 +(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907 +(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 324 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline) .37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 -(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 96 R(alue,)-.25 E -F1 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 -(ait until another k)-.1 F .351 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.551(sp).15 G(ressed) --2.551 E(to decide which k)144 108 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equence to complete.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mark\255dir)108 120 Q -(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 132 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 336 R(alue,)-.25 +E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 +(ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed) +-2.552 E(to decide which k)144 348 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 360 Q(ectories \(On\)) +-.18 E F0(If set to)144 372 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E F2(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 144 Q F0(If set to)144 -156 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) --.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F2 -(*)A F0(\).)A F2(mark\255symlink)108 168 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E -(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 180 R F2(On)2.675 E F0 +.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 384 Q F0(If set to)144 +396 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) +-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1 +(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 408 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E +(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 420 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 192 -Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F2 -(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 204 Q F0 .193(This v)144 216 R -.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 -(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 -(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 -(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 228 R .456 -(If set to)5.456 F F2(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) --2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F -(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 240 Q F2 -(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 252 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 -1.586(If set to)144 264 R F2(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 432 +Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 444 Q F0 .192(This v)144 456 R +.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192 +(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193 +(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 468 R .456 +(If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) +-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F +(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 480 Q F1 +(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 492 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +1.585(If set to)144 504 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) --4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 276 Q -(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F2(output\255meta \(Off\))108 288 Q F0 -.506(If set to)144 300 R F2(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \ +-4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 516 Q +(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 528 Q F0 +.507(If set to)144 540 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \ display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ -ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 312 Q .885(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 -(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F F1(Of)3.384 E(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C -.884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F1(On)3.384 E F0 .884 -(if the locale contains)3.384 F(eight-bit characters.)144 324 Q F2 -(page\255completions \(On\))108 336 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 348 R F2(On) -3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F1(mor) +ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 552 Q .884(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 +(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)3.384 E(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C +.884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On)3.384 E F0 .885 +(if the locale contains)3.384 F(eight-bit characters.)144 564 Q F1 +(page\255completions \(On\))108 576 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 588 R F1(On) +3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor) 3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 (ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F -(tions at a time.)144 360 Q F2 -(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 372 Q F0 1.319 -(If set to)144 384 R F2(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\ -play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819 -F(order)144 396 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 -E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 408 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E -F0 .698(If set to)144 420 R F2(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699 +(tions at a time.)144 600 Q F1 +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 612 Q F0 1.318 +(If set to)144 624 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will dis\ +play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.818 +F(order)144 636 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 +E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 648 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E +F0 .699(If set to)144 660 R F1(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699 (eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) --3.198 F F2(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 432 S +-3.199 F F1(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 672 S 2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 -(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)144 444 S(adline) -.18 E F0(.)A F2(sho)108 456 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E -F0 .303(This alters the def)144 468 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304 -(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F2(On) -2.804 E F0 2.804(,w)C .304(ords which ha)-2.904 F .604 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 684 S(adline) +.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 696 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E +F0 .304(This alters the def)144 708 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304 +(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On) +2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H (ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ -isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 480 R(bell.)144 492 Q F2 -(sho)108 504 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 -(This alters the def)144 516 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 -(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to) --.1 F F2(sho)144 528 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C -4.191(fs)-6.691 G 1.691(et to)-4.191 F F2(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 -(ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 -(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 540 R 3.539 -(yp)-.15 G 1.039 -(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F -3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\ -s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 552 Q F2 -(sho)108 564 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.019 -(If set to)144 576 R F2(On)3.519 E F0 3.519(,a)C 1.018 -(dd a character to the be)-3.519 F 1.018 -(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs)-.15 F -(\(@\), vi command \(:\) or vi insertion \(+\).)144 588 Q F2 -(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 600 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 612 R -F2(On)2.594 E F0 2.594(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.594 F .095 -(ault completion beha)-.1 F .095 -(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 624 Q -2.546(so)-.55 G .046(nly acti)-2.546 F .346 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 -(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.545(ord. If)-.1 -F .045(enabled, readline does not)2.545 F 1.394(insert characters from \ -the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 636 R -1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 648 Q -(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F2 -(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 660 Q F0 1.198(This string\ - is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt wh\ -en vi editing)144 672 R .521(mode is acti)144 684 R .821 -.15(ve a)-.25 -H .522(nd in command mode.).15 F .522(The v)5.522 F .522(alue is e)-.25 -F .522(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.022(eak)-.1 G .822 -.15(ey b)-3.122 H .522 -(inding, so the standard).15 F .87(set of meta- and control pre\214x)144 -696 R .869(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G -3.369(ilable. Use).25 F .869(the \\1 and \\2)3.369 F .386(escapes to be) -144 708 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which \ -can be used to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 720 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 -768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(42)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 720 R(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(42)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 43 43 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 84 Q F0 1.198(This strin\ -g is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt w\ -hen vi editing)144 96 R .782(mode is acti)144 108 R 1.083 -.15(ve a)-.25 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(bell.)144 84 Q/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sho)108 96 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\)) +-.1 E F0 5.346(This alters the def)144 108 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) +-.1 F F1(sho)144 120 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C +4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 +(ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 132 R 3.54 +(yp)-.15 G 1.039 +(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F +3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\ +es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 144 Q F1 +(sho)108 156 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.018 +(If set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.518 E F0 3.518(,a)C 1.018 +(dd a character to the be)-3.518 F 1.018 +(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs)-.15 F +(\(@\), vi command \(:\) or vi insertion \(+\).)144 180 Q F1 +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 192 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 204 R +F1(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095 +(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094 +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 216 Q +2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 +(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. 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Use).25 F .87(the \\1 and \\2)3.37 F .387(escapes to be) +144 300 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which \ +can be used to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 312 Q F1 +(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 324 Q F0 1.198(This string\ + is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt wh\ +en vi editing)144 336 R .783(mode is acti)144 348 R 1.083 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .783(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .783(The v)5.783 F .783(alue is e) -.25 F .783(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.283(eak)-.1 G 1.083 -.15(ey b)-3.383 H -.783(inding, so the standard).15 F .87 -(set of meta- and control pre\214x)144 120 R .869 -(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.369 -(ilable. Use).25 F .869(the \\1 and \\2)3.369 F .386(escapes to be)144 -132 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can \ -be used to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 144 Q F1 -(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 156 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 168 R F1(On) +.783(inding, so the standard).15 F .869 +(set of meta- and control pre\214x)144 360 R .869 +(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.37 +(ilable. Use).25 F .87(the \\1 and \\2)3.37 F .387(escapes to be)144 372 +R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be u\ +sed to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 384 Q F1 +(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 396 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 408 R F1(On) 3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346 (st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (stat)3.346 E F0 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 180 Q F1 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 196.8 Q F0 .05 -(Readline implements a f)108 208.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ -he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097 -(which allo)108 220.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +(when listing possible completions.)144 420 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 436.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 448.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096 +(which allo)108 460.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 -(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096 -(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 249.6 Q F0(The)144 249.6 Q F1($if)2.962 -E F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on t\ -he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .478 -(or the application using readline.)144 261.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 +(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097 +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 489.6 Q F0(The)144 489.6 Q F1($if)2.963 +E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\ +he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .477 +(or the application using readline.)144 501.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 (xt of the test e)-.15 F .477 (xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F -(are required to isolate it.)144 273.6 Q F1(mode)144 290.4 Q F0(The)180 -290.4 Q F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 +(are required to isolate it.)144 513.6 Q F1(mode)144 530.4 Q F0(The)180 +530.4 Q F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 (directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 (sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 -(mode. This)180 302.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F +(mode. This)180 542.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to) -3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 314.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E +3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 554.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E (d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735 -(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 326.4 -Q F1(term)144 343.2 Q F0(The)180 343.2 Q F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 -(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 355.2 R +(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 566.4 +Q F1(term)144 583.2 Q F0(The)180 583.2 Q F1(term=)3.196 E F0 .696 +(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15 +(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 595.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 -(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 367.2 Q F1(=)3.232 -E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 607.2 Q F1(=)3.231 +E F0 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 -379.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 +619.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 (to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0 -2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 396 Q F0(The)180 408 +2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 636 Q F0(The)180 648 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503 (construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 -420 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 -(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180 -432 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397 -(ci\214c program.)180 444 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +660 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 +(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .501(particular v) +180 672 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F +.801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F +.396(ci\214c program.)180 684 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 456 Q -(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 480 Q F0 -(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 492 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 -E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 504 Q F1($endif)180 516 Q -($endif)108 532.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)144 532.8 Q -(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.) -2.5 E F1($else)108 549.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 549.6 Q -F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 566.4 Q F0 -.356(This directi)144 578.4 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 -(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 -(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) -144 590.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 --.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1 -($include)144 614.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 631.2 Q -(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 643.2 R .835 -(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E -.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 655.2 Q -(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E -(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 -E .697(Incremental searches be)108 672 R .697 -(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F -.698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113 -(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 684 R .112 -(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 -E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542 -(incremental search requires only as man)108 696 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542 -(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.542 -(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224(acters present in the v) -108 708 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E -F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 -(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F 2.315 -(If that v)108 720 R 2.315(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F -2.315(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an)-.25 F -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(43)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 696 Q +(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 720 Q F0 +(Bash)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(43)193.45 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.34 -(incremental search.)108 84 R 1.34(Control-G will abort an incremental \ -search and restore the original line.)6.34 F 1.34(When the)6.34 F(searc\ -h is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes\ - the current line.)108 96 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214)108 112.8 T 1.339(nd othe\ -r matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R as \ -appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675(search backw)108 124.8 R -.675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674 -(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674 -(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 136.8 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 -H .174 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(#Q)180 84 S +(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E +("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($endif)180 +108 Q($endif)108 124.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)144 124.8 Q +(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.) +2.5 E F1($else)108 141.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 141.6 Q +F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 158.4 Q F0 +.357(This directi)144 170.4 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357 +(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356 +(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) +144 182.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 +E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 206.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 +E F1(Sear)87 223.2 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 235.2 R .834 +(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E +.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 247.2 Q +(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E +(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 +E .698(Incremental searches be)108 264 R .698 +(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F +.697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112 +(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 276 R .112 +(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 +E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542 +(incremental search requires only as man)108 288 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542 +(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.541 +(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224(acters present in the v) +108 300 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E +F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 +(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 +(If that v)108 312 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 +F .096(mental search.)108 324 R .096(Control-G will abort an incrementa\ +l search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097(When the search is) +5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing the search string beco\ +mes the current line.)108 336 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214)108 352.8 T 1.339(nd \ +other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R\ + as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674(search backw)108 +364.8 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F +.675(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E +5.675(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 376.8 R .475 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E -.541(instance, a)108 148.8 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ne)3.041 E(wline) --.15 E F0 .541(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e) -3.041 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F -(history list.)108 160.8 Q .653 -(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 177.6 R .653 -(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 -F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E -(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 189.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E +.54(instance, a)108 388.8 R F2(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 +400.8 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 +417.6 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 +(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E +(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 429.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ -re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 206.4 R(The searc\ +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 446.4 R(The searc\ h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ -rent line.)108 218.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline Command Names)87 -235.2 Q F0 1.391(The follo)108 247.2 R 1.391 +rent line.)108 458.4 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 475.2 Q F0 1.392 +(The follo)108 487.2 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 259.2 R .122 -(names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 -H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121 -(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 271.2 Q F1(point)3.41 E -F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F1(mark)3.411 E -F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db) -.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F2(set\255mark)108 283.2 Q F0 2.5 +3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 499.2 R .121 +(names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122 +(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 511.2 Q F2(point)3.411 +E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark) +3.411 E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41 +(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 523.2 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E -(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F1 -.37(re) -2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F2(Commands f)87 300 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E -(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 312 Q F0(Mo)144 324 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F2 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 336 Q F0(Mo)144 348 Q .3 -.15(ve t) --.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)108 360 S -(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 372 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) -.15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 -384 Q F0(Mo)144 396 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E -F2 -.25(fo)108 408 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 420 -Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F -.523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .522 +(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 540 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E +(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 552 Q F0(Mo)144 564 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 576 Q F0(Mo)144 588 Q .3 -.15(ve t) +-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 600 S +(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 612 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +.15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 +624 Q F0(Mo)144 636 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E +F1 -.25(fo)108 648 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 660 +Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F +.523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523 (ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 432 Q F2(backward\255w)108 444 Q(ord \(M\255b\)) --.1 E F0(Mo)144 456 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(ters and digits\).)144 672 Q F1(backward\255w)108 684 Q(ord \(M\255b\)) +-.1 E F0(Mo)144 696 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 468 Q F2(shell\255f)108 480 Q -(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 492 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) -.15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W) --.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F -(ters.)144 504 Q F2(shell\255backward\255w)108 516 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 -528 Q .908 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre) -.15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .609 -(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 540 Q -F2(pr)108 552 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 -.891(Attempt to mo)144 564 R 1.191 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .891 -(oint to the same ph).15 F .891(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F -.89(vious ph)-.25 F .89(ysical screen line.)-.05 F .87(This will not ha) -144 576 R 1.17 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .87(he desired ef).15 F .87 -(fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.37(eu)-.1 G -3.37(pm)-3.37 G .87(ore than one)-3.37 F(ph)144 588 Q(ysical line or if\ - point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen wid\ -th.)-.05 E F2(next\255scr)108 600 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .638 -(Attempt to mo)144 612 R .938 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .638(oint to the same ph) -.15 F .637(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F .637(xt ph)-.15 F .637 -(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .008(will not ha)144 624 R .309 -.15 -(ve t)-.2 H .009(he desired ef).15 F .009 -(fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.509(eu)-.1 G -2.509(pm)-2.509 G .009(ore than one ph)-2.509 F(ysical)-.05 E .772(line\ - or if the length of the current Readline line is not greater than the \ -length of the prompt plus)144 636 R(the screen width.)144 648 Q F2 -(clear\255scr)108 660 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 -(Clear the screen lea)144 672 R .993 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G -.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F -(current line without clearing the screen.)144 684 Q F2 -.18(re)108 696 -S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 -708 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(44)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 708 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(44)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 45 45 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(Commands f)87 84 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E -(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 96 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159 -(Accept the line re)144 108 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159 +SF(shell\255f)108 84 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .784 +-.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484 +(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W)-.1 F .484 +(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F(ters.)144 108 +Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 120 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 132 Q .909 +-.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609 +(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .608 +(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 144 Q +F1(pr)108 156 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 +.89(Attempt to mo)144 168 R 1.19 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .89 +(oint to the same ph).15 F .891(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F +.891(vious ph)-.25 F .891(ysical screen line.)-.05 F .87 +(This will not ha)144 180 R 1.17 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .87(he desired ef).15 F +.87(fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.37(eu)-.1 G +3.37(pm)-3.37 G .87(ore than one)-3.37 F(ph)144 192 Q(ysical line or if\ + point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen wid\ +th.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 204 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .637 +(Attempt to mo)144 216 R .937 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .637(oint to the same ph) +.15 F .638(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F .638(xt ph)-.15 F .638 +(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .009(will not ha)144 228 R .309 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H .009(he desired ef).15 F .009 +(fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.509(eu)-.1 G +2.509(pm)-2.509 G .008(ore than one ph)-2.509 F(ysical)-.05 E .772(line\ + or if the length of the current Readline line is not greater than the \ +length of the prompt plus)144 240 R(the screen width.)144 252 Q F1 +(clear\255scr)108 264 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 +(Clear the screen lea)144 276 R .993 +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G +.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F +(current line without clearing the screen.)144 288 Q F1 -.18(re)108 300 +S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 +312 Q F1(Commands f)87 328.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E +(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 340.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158 +(Accept the line re)144 352.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .158 (rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty) -5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699 -(according to the state of the)144 120 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR) -3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 -(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 132 Q F1(pr)108 144 -Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0(Fetch the pre)144 -156 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 E -(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 168 Q -F0(Fetch the ne)144 180 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E -(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 192 Q F0(Mo)144 204 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 216 Q F0(Mo)144 228 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.65 -G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 -240 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.471 -(Search backw)144 252 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.47(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 264 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 276 S -(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131 -(Search forw)144 288 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 -F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)-.25 -F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 300 Q F1(non\255incr)108 -312 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E -(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw)144 324 R .164(ar\ -d through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremen\ -tal search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 336 S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E -(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 348 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear) --.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 360 R -1.354(ard through the history using a non-incremental search for a stri\ -ng supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 372 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 -384 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 396 R .249(a\ -rd through the history for the string of characters between the start o\ -f the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144 408 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255sear)108 420 Q -(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 432 R .951(ard through t\ -he history for the string of characters between the start of the curren\ -t)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 444 Q(This is a non-incremental search.) -5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear)108 456 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 -.951(Search backw)144 468 R .951(ard through the history for the string\ - of characters between the start of the current)-.1 F .007 -(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 480 R/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B .007 -(search string may match an)2.507 F .007(ywhere in a history)-.15 F 2.5 -(line. This)144 492 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -(history\255substring\255sear)108 504 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 -.249(Search forw)144 516 R .249(ard through the history for the string \ -of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .318 -(and the point.)144 528 R .319(The search string may match an)5.318 F -.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .319(This is a non-incremental) -5.319 F(search.)144 540 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 552 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 564 R .622 -(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 -F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144 -576 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)3.294 E F0 -3.294(,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F3(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794 -(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .795 -(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 588 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292 -(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) --2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 -(ument inserts the).18 F F3(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291 -(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 600 R .281(vious command.) --.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)2.781 E F0 .281 -(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282 -(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 612 Q -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 624 Q -2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308 -(Insert the last ar)144 636 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 -(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307 -(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 648 S .203(th a numeric ar).4 -F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) --.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204 -E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E -(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 660 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 -(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 -(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E -1.396(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 672 R(An)6.396 E -3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.397 -(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.697 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls) -.15 E .492(determines the direction to mo)144 684 R .792 -.15(ve t)-.15 -H .492(hrough the history).15 F 5.491(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G -(ti).05 E .791 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .491 -(ument switches the direction).18 F .494 -(through the history \(back or forw)144 696 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F -.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 -(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 -708 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) --.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(45)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699 +(according to the state of the)144 364.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F +.699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 376.8 Q F1(pr)108 +388.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 +(Fetch the pre)144 400.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 +E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 412.8 +Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 424.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 +E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 436.8 Q F0(Mo)144 448.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) +-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 460.8 Q F0(Mo)144 472.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 +(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18 +(re v)108 484.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 +1.47(Search backw)144 496.8 R 1.471 +(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.471 +(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E +(This is an incremental search.)144 508.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 520.8 S +(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.132 +(Search forw)144 532.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary) +-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 544.8 Q F1 +(non\255incr)108 556.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H +(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw) +144 568.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ +sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 580.8 S +(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 592.8 Q +(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 +E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 604.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ +a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 +616.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 628.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) +-.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 640.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ + the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F +(and the point.)144 652.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 +(history\255sear)108 664.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw) +144 676.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ +etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 688.8 Q +(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear) +108 700.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 712.8 R .951(\ +ard through the history for the string of characters between the start \ +of the current)-.1 F .007(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 +724.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B .007 +(search string may match an)2.507 F .006(ywhere in a history)-.15 F +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(45)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 46 46 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 84 Q F0 .623 -(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 96 R .622 -(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622 -(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 108 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 -(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(line. This)144 +84 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(history\255substring\255sear)108 96 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 +.248(Search forw)144 108 R .249(ard through the history for the string \ +of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .319 +(and the point.)144 120 R .319(The search string may match an)5.319 F +.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .318(This is a non-incremental) +5.318 F(search.)144 132 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 144 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G +<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 156 R .622 +(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 +F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .795(at point.)144 +168 R -.4(Wi)5.795 G .794(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294(,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F +F2(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794 +(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .794(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 180 Q .291 +(vious command be)-.25 F .291(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F +2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +-.18(rg).15 G .291(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B +.292(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 192 R .282 +(vious command.)-.25 F .282(Once the ar)5.282 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 +E F0 .281(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .281 +(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 204 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 216 Q +2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307 +(Insert the last ar)144 228 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 +(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308 +(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 240 S .204(th a numeric ar).4 +F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) +-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.203(.S)C(uccessi)-5.203 +E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.703 E +(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 252 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 +(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 +(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E +1.397(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 264 R(An)6.396 E +3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.396 +(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.696 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls) +.15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 276 R .791 -.15(ve t)-.15 +H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G +(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492 +(ument switches the direction).18 F .494 +(through the history \(back or forw)144 288 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F +.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 +(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 +300 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) +-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 312 Q F0 .622 +(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 324 R .622 +(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623 +(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 336 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 +(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 (YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G (or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 120 Q F0 .938 -(Perform history e)144 132 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F -(See)5.939 E F2(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-) --3.439 F(tion of history e)144 144 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) -108 156 Q F0 1.627(Perform history e)144 168 R 1.627 -(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.626 E F2 -(HIST)4.126 E(OR)-.162 E 3.876(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.876 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 -(belo)144 180 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E -(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 192 Q F0 .394 -(Perform alias e)144 204 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F -(See)5.395 E F2(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 216 Q F1 -(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 228 Q F0 -(Perform history and alias e)144 240 Q(xpansion on the current line.) --.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 252 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) -.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 264 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) +(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 348 Q F0 .939 +(Perform history e)144 360 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.438(wf)-.25 G .938(or a descrip-) +-3.438 F(tion of history e)144 372 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) +108 384 Q F0 1.626(Perform history e)144 396 R 1.626 +(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.627 E F3 +(HIST)4.127 E(OR)-.162 E 3.877(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.877 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 +(belo)144 408 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E +(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 420 Q F0 .395 +(Perform alias e)144 432 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +.394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 444 Q F1 +(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 456 Q F0 +(Perform history and alias e)144 468 Q(xpansion on the current line.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 480 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) +.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 492 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) -.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 276 Q F0 .948 -(Accept the current line for e)144 288 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 -(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F -(history for editing.)144 300 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 504 Q F0 .947 +(Accept the current line for e)144 516 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 +(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F +(history for editing.)144 528 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G (ument is ignored.).18 E F1 -(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 312 Q F0(In)144 -324 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 +(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 540 Q F0(In)144 +552 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 (ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026 (cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0 -(attempts to in)144 336 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL) --.54 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F3(,)A F0 -(and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E -2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 -352.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4(end\255of\255\214le)108 364.8 -Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .799 -(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 376.8 R .799 -(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.298 -(ft)-5.799 G .798(his character is read when)-3.298 F .592 -(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 388.8 R -.593(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F -(as the end of input and returns)144 400.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1 -(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 412.8 Q F0 .442 -(Delete the character at point.)144 424.8 R .442 -(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.442 F F1 -(EOF)2.941 E F0(char)2.941 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 436.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) +(attempts to in)144 564 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL) +-.54 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0 +(and)2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt) +-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 580.8 Q(or Changing T) +-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 592.8 Q F1 +(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .798 +(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 604.8 R .799 +(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.299 +(ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .592 +(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 616.8 R +.592(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F +(as the end of input and returns)144 628.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F1 +(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 640.8 Q F0 .441 +(Delete the character at point.)144 652.8 R .442 +(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1 +(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 664.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) -2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H (or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) -108 448.8 Q F0 .552(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 460.8 R +108 676.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 688.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 -(umeric ar)-3.053 F .553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553 -(he deleted te).15 F .553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 472.8 Q F1 --.25(fo)108 484.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 496.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474 -(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F -(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 508.8 Q F1 -(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 520.8 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144 -532.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 -(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 -G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279 -(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 544.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 -(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 556.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 -(Insert a tab character)144 568.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 580.8 Q F0 -(Insert the character typed.)144 592.8 Q F1 -(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 604.8 Q F0 .322 -(Drag the character before point forw)144 616.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321 -(ving point forw)-.15 F .321(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 -(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 -628.8 R 3.683(oc)-.1 G 1.183(haracters before point.)-3.683 F(Ne)6.183 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 640.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E -.3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 -(transpose\255w)108 652.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144 -664.8 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) --.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w) --2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F -(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 676.8 Q 2.5 -(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 688.8 Q -(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 -700.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699 -(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 712.8 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 -Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(46)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552 +(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 700.8 Q +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(46)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 47 47 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(do)108 84 Q(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 96 Q -1.648(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148 -(ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 108 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 120 Q -(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 132 +SF -.25(fo)108 84 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 96 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 +(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 108 Q F1 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 120 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 +132 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This) +-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779 +(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278(,f)C +(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 144 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T) +108 156 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 168 Q(.)-.55 E F1 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 180 Q F0 +(Insert the character typed.)144 192 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\)) +108 204 Q F0 .321(Drag the character before point forw)144 216 R .321 +(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321 +(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322(ving point forw)-.15 F .322 +(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 +(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 228 +R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 240 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3 +-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 +(transpose\255w)108 252 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 +264 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) +-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) +-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 276 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 288 Q +(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 300 +R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 312 S(rd, b).1 E +(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 324 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 336 Q 1.647 +(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 +(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre) +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 348 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 360 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 372 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975 -(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 144 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 156 -S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 168 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438 -(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437 -(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)144 180 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15 -(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.) --.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 192 Q F1 -(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G -1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G -(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144 -204 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1 -(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469 -(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 216 R .958 -(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1 -(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457 -F(before point with a space.)144 228 Q(By def)5 E -(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 244.8 Q -(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 256.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144 -268.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 280.8 Q F0(Kill backw) -144 292.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 304.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 316.8 +-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 384 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 396 +S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 408 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437 +(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438 +(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 +(Wi)144 420 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 +(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F +(fects)-.25 E(only)144 432 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) +4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 +F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895 +(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 444 R -.15(ove)3.969 G +1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E +F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F +.957(pushing the te)144 456 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 +(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 +.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 468 Q +(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 +484.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 496.8 Q F0 +(Kill the te)144 508.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 520.8 Q F0(Kill backw) +144 532.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 544.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 556.8 Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E (The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) --2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 328.8 Q F0 +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 568.8 Q F0 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -340.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 352.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 364.8 R .729 -(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 376.8 S +580.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 592.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 604.8 R .728 +(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 616.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 388.8 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 400.8 Q(ord behind point.) +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 628.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 640.8 Q(ord behind point.) -.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 412.8 Q -(ord)-.1 E F0 .729(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 424.8 -R .728(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F -.728(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 436.8 S +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 652.8 Q +(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 664.8 +R .729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F +.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 676.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E (orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) -108 448.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 460.8 R 3.025 +108 688.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 700.8 R 3.025 (ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 472.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 484.8 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 496.8 R .365 -(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1 -F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144 -508.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 520.8 Q F0 .166(Kill the w) -144 532.8 R .166 -(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 544.8 Q -(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) --2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 556.8 Q F0 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 568.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 -580.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 592.8 Q(xt in the current re) --.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 604.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E -F0(Cop)144 616.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E -(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(copy\255backward\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 640.8 Q 4.801 -(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F -(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3 -(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 652.8 -Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 664.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E -F0(Cop)144 676.8 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo) --.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008 -(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 -F F1 -.25(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 688.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.) -A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 700.8 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 712.8 S -(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 -E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(47)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 712.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(47)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 48 48 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 84 Q F0 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 96 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +SF(unix\255w)108 84 Q(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w) +144 96 R .364(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365 +(ord boundary)-.1 F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365 +(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he) +-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144 108 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 120 Q +F0 .167(Kill the w)144 132 R .166 +(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) +-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 144 Q +(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 156 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 168 Q F1(kill\255r)108 180 +Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 192 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E +(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 204 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop) +144 216 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 +(copy\255backward\255w)108 228 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 240 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G +2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) +-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 252 +Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 264 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E +F0(Cop)144 276 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1 +F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T) +-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 +-.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 288 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(yank \(C\255y\))108 300 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 312 S +(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 +E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 324 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 336 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 112.8 Q -(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 124.8 Q +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 352.8 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 364.8 Q (gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 136.8 R .367 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 376.8 R .367 (gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 -(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .366(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 160.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 -E F0 .778(This is another w)144 172.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F -3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779 +(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 388.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 400.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 +E F0 .779(This is another w)144 412.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F +3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -184.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -196.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +424.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +436.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 208.8 R .898 -(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898 +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 448.8 R .898 +(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 (wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 -(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 220.8 R 1.23 +(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 460.8 R 1.23 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F(.)-.55 E .823(The ar)144 232.8 R .823 +-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 472.8 R .822 (gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 -(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .822(es the ar)-.1 F -(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 244.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 +(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F +(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 484.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing) -87 261.6 Q(complete \(T)108 273.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 -(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 285.6 R 1.137 +87 501.6 Q(complete \(T)108 513.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 +(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 525.6 R 1.137 (xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 297.6 Q .533(xt as a v) --.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) --.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F -.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) -144 309.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701 -(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702 +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 537.6 Q .532(xt as a v) +-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) +-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F +.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) +144 549.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 +(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 (If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 321.6 Q F1 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 333.6 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 345.6 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 357.6 Q F0 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 369.6 R .783 +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 561.6 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 573.6 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 585.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 597.6 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 609.6 R .783 (xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144 -381.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 393.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144 -405.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 +.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144 +621.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 633.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 +645.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F -1.194(possible completions.)144 417.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193 -(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 429.6 R .828 +1.193(possible completions.)144 657.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 669.6 R .828 (At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 -(\(subject to the setting of)144 441.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 +(\(subject to the setting of)144 681.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 -E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73 -(positions forw)144 453.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F +E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73 +(positions forw)144 693.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 (ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 -E(through the list.)144 465.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) +E(through the list.)144 705.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) 5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E -(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 477.6 Q F0 .82 -(Identical to)144 489.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 -(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 -(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 -(menu\255complete)144 501.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) -.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E -F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 513.6 Q F0 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 525.6 R -.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char) -2.735 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 537.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1 -(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425 -(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 549.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 561.6 Q F0 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 573.6 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 585.6 Q -F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 597.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255user)108 609.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 621.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) -108 633.6 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 645.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 -657.6 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 -669.6 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1(possible\255v)108 681.6 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E -F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 693.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 705.6 Q F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 717.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 -Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(48)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(48)193.45 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 49 49 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 84 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 96 Q +SF(menu\255complete\255backward)108 84 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 96 R F1 +(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 +(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 +(menu\255complete)144 108 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) +.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 120 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 132 R .234 +(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.734 +E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 144 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions) +2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 +156 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 168 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 180 Q(xt before point.)-.15 +E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 192 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 204 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 +(complete\255user)108 216 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 228 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) +108 240 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 252 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 +264 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 276 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(possible\255v)108 288 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 300 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 312 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 324 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 108 Q F0 .58 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 120 R .581 -(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581 -(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 132 R +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 336 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 348 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 360 Q F0 .581 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 372 R .581 +(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 +(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 384 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 144 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(\214nally e)144 396 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 156 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 408 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 420 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 180 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 R .425 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 432 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 444 R .425 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F -(for possible completion matches.)144 204 Q F1(dab)108 216 Q(br)-.1 E --.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611 -(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 228 R .611 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61 +(for possible completion matches.)144 456 Q F1(dab)108 468 Q(br)-.1 E +-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61 +(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 480 R .611 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 240 Q F1 -(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 252 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 492 Q F1 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 504 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ -in braces so)144 264 R(the list is a)144 276 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +in braces so)144 516 R(the list is a)144 528 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 292.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 -E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 304.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) -.833 E F0(Be)144 316.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 544.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 556.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 568.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 328.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 340.8 Q +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 580.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 592.8 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 352.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 -E F0(Re-e)144 364.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 -G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\ -ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 376.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1 -(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 388.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F0 -(Print the last k)144 400.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 604.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 616.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) +-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ + appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 628.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 +E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 640.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E +F0(Print the last k)144 652.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1 -(Miscellaneous)87 417.6 Q -.18(re)108 429.6 S.18 E -(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776 -(Read in the contents of the)144 441.6 R F2(inputr)4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 -1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)-.15 G 1.777 -(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 -453.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 465.6 Q F0 3.249 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 477.6 R -5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1 -(bell\255style)144 489.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 501.6 Q(wer)-.1 E -(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) -C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.738(If the meta\214ed character)144 513.6 R F2(x) -4.238 E F0 1.739 -(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.238 -F(meta\214ed lo)144 525.6 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G -(he beha)-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo) -2.5 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 537.6 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 -(Metafy the ne)144 549.6 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 561.6 Q F0 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 573.6 Q F1 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 585.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 597.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 -F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E -F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F -(return the line to its initial state.)144 609.6 Q F1 -(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 621.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 633.6 Q -(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 645.6 Q F0 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 657.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E -(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 669.6 Q F0(Sw) -144 681.6 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 -(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa) -144 693.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 705.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144 -717.6 S .536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 -(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) -144 729.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(49)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(Miscellaneous)87 669.6 Q -.18(re)108 681.6 S.18 E +(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777 +(Read in the contents of the)144 693.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 +1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776 +(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 +705.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(49)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 50 50 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(character\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 -3.543(Ac)144 96 S 1.043(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 -(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E +SF(abort \(C\255g\))108 84 Q F0 3.248 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 96 R 5.749 +(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1 +(bell\255style)144 108 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 120 Q(wer)-.1 E +(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1 2.5(,.)C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.739 +(If the meta\214ed character)144 132 R F2(x)4.239 E F0 1.739 +(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239 +F(meta\214ed lo)144 144 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha) +-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo)2.5 E +(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 156 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 +(Metafy the ne)144 168 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 +(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 180 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 192 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 204 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 216 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F +3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E +F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F +(return the line to its initial state.)144 228 Q F1 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 240 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 252 Q +(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 264 Q F0 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 276 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 288 Q F0(Sw)144 +300 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa) +144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 324 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 336 S +.535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt) +.15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 +(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) +144 348 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 360 Q +(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 372 S 1.044 +(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G +3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 +(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 108 Q F1 -(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 120 Q F0 1.827 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 132 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) --.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 144 R .791 -(Such sequences be)5.79 F .791 +(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 384 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 396 Q F0 1.826 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 408 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 420 R .791 +(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 (gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F -.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 156 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 -(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15(ve n) --.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) +.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 432 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 +(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n) +-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) -.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ -y characters into the editing b)144 168 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) --.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 180 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +y characters into the editing b)144 444 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) +-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 456 Q(ault, b)-.1 E (ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 -192 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 204 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481 -(gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1 -(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .48 -(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 216 Q .244 -(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.244 F .245 -(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .322 -(the characters at the be)144 228 R .321 +468 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 480 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v) +-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 +-.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 492 Q .245 +(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244 +(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321 +(the characters at the be)144 504 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is) --.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 240 R F1 -(comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832 -(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469 -(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 252 R 1.468 -(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F -1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 264 Q F0 .839 -(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 -(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F -(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 276 Q -.15 +(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is) +-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 516 R F1 +(comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831 +(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 528 R 1.468 +(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F +1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 540 Q F0 .84 +(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 +(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 552 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 288 Q -(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 300 R .791 -(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .791 -(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 312 +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 564 Q +(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 576 R .791 +(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792 +(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 588 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\ -le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 324 Q(ord \(C\255x *\)) --.1 E F0 .175(The w)144 336 R .176 +le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 600 Q(ord \(C\255x *\)) +-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 612 R .176 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 (xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 -(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 348 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 624 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 (an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) -144 360 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) -108 372 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 384 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F +144 636 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) +108 648 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 660 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 (glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F -.872(the line is redra)144 396 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G +.872(the line is redra)144 672 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 -(ex)144 408 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 420 Q F0 .626 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 432 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H -.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar) -5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 444 Q -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) -2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 456 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 -1.8(Print all of the settable readline v)144 468 R 1.799 -(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.799(alues to the readline output stream.) --.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 480 R .304 -(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 492 Q(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 504 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593 -(Print all of the readline k)144 516 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 -(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G -3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 528 Q -.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)144 540 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 552 Q -(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 564 Q -(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 580.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108 -592.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 -(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F -F2(compspec)108 604.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329 -(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 -F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the) --.25 F(programmable completion f)108 616.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .498 -(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 633.6 R .498 -(If the command w)5.498 F .497 -(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .233(the be)108 -645.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 -(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) -2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .234(If a comp-) -5.234 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ -used to generate the list of possible completions)108 657.6 R .822 -(for the w)108 669.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F -.823(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ -ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 681.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\ -r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ -rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 693.6 Q .298(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 -(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.298 F 2.799(yc)-.15 -G .299(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.799 F F12.799 E F0(option to) -108 705.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E -.817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\ - matching w)108 722.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 -(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E -(50)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ex)144 684 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 696 Q F0 .627 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 708 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar) +5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 720 Q +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E F2(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(50)193.45 E +0 Cg EP %%Page: 51 51 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(found, the def)108 -84 Q(ault)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0 -(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463 -(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 100.8 R -.464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F -.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 112.8 R .596 -(When the)5.596 F F13.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .595 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(dump\255v)108 84 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 1.799 +(Print all of the settable readline v)144 96 R 1.799 +(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.) +-.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 108 R .304 +(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) +144 120 Q(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 132 Q(os)-.18 E +F0 .592(Print all of the readline k)144 144 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G +3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 156 Q +.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)144 168 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 180 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 192 Q +(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 208.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 +220.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 +(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F +F2(compspec)108 232.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 +(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 +F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the) +-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 244.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497 +(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 261.6 R .497 +(If the command w)5.497 F .498 +(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 +273.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 +(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) +2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-) +5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ +used to generate the list of possible completions)108 285.6 R .823 +(for the w)108 297.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F +.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ +ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 309.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ +r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ +rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 321.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 +(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 +G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F12.798 E F0(option to) +108 333.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E +.817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\ + matching w)108 350.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 +(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 362.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 +E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 379.2 R +.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F +.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 391.2 R .595 +(When the)5.595 F F13.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .596 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F -(shell v)108 124.8 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E -F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 141.6 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 -G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 +(shell v)108 403.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 +(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 420 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G +1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 (xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F14.084 E F0 1.584 -(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 153.6 S -.555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554 -(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554 -(shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 165.6 Q(ut the)-.2 E F2 -(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 182.4 Q -.32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F -F12.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321 -(The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the) -108 194.4 R F2(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412 +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 432 S +.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 +(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 +(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 444 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 460.8 Q +.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 +F F12.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32 +(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108 +472.8 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 (ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F -.412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091 -(using brace e)108 206.4 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108 -218.4 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H -(nder).15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092 +(using brace e)108 484.8 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 +496.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H +(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 -230.4 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209 -(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209 -(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 242.4 Q -(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.238 -(After these matches ha)108 259.2 R 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238 -(een generated, an).15 F 3.738(ys)-.15 G 1.237 -(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.738 F F13.737 E -F0(and)3.737 E F13.737 E F0 3.375(options is in)108 271.2 R -.2 +508.8 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21 +(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 +(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209 +(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 520.8 Q +(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237 +(After these matches ha)108 537.6 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237 +(een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238 +(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F13.738 E +F0(and)3.738 E F13.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 549.6 R -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375 (the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375 -(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_LINE)5.876 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)5.626 E F3(,)A F2 -(COMP_KEY)108 283.2 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25 -(va)2.408 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 -(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157 -(Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108 -295.2 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -.986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2 +(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F4(,)A F3 +(COMP_KEY)108 561.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 +(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 +(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158 +(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108 +573.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3 (COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 -(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .347 -(the function or command is in)108 307.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347 -(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.846(\)i)C -2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments) --.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 319.2 R .263 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w) --2.763 F .264(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E .629(the w)108 331.2 -R .629(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 -(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .628 -(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .714(completions ag)108 343.2 R -.714(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ +(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346 +(the function or command is in)108 585.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 +(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C +2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments) +-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 597.6 R .264 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w) +-2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 609.6 +R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 +(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629 +(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 621.6 R +.715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) -108 355.2 Q(An)108 372 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with) --2.938 F F12.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F -2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437 -(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 384 Q F1(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og) -.65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457 -(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108 396 -Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne) -108 412.8 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081 -(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F12.581 E F0 .081 -(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na) --2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va) --.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858(stitution. It)108 424.8 R -.359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard \ -output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 -436.8 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .377 -(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 453.6 R -2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.876 -E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 465.6 R -.681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681 -(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682 -(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523 -(the w)108 477.6 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G -(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522 -(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 489.6 -R(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849 -(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1 -(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 501.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 -(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 -(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.264 E F1(nocase-)3.264 E(match)108 513.6 Q F0 -(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 -530.4 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586(re\214x and suf).15 -F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F13.087 E F0(and)3.087 E -F13.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) -3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\ -tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 542.4 Q .247 -(If the pre)108 559.2 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) --.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir) -2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F -F1(complete)108 571.2 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E -(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461 -(If the)108 588 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)2.962 -F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 -(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 -F(pletion is attempted and an)108 600 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G -(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56 -(By def)108 616.8 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559 -(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F -.631(of possible completions.)108 628.8 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 -E F1(bash)3.131 E F0 .631 -(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632 -(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 640.8 R -.559(If the)5.559 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) -3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.058 E F0 .558 -(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 652.8 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 -(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F1(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671 -(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) --.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F13.172 E(default)108 664.8 Q F0 1.207 -(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 -1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F -3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F -(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 -676.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) -2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ -desired, the programmable completion func-)108 693.6 R .633(tions force\ - readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ - to directories, subject)108 705.6 R 2.761(to the v)108 717.6 R 2.761 -(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 -(readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762 -(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 729.6 -Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(51)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +108 633.6 Q(An)108 650.4 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437 +(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F12.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437 +(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437 +(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 662.4 Q F1 +(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 +-.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 +(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F3(COMPREPL)108 +674.4 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 +E(Ne)108 691.2 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08 +(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F12.58 E F0 .081 +(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na) +-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 703.2 +R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standar\ +d output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 +715.2 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(51)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 52 52 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .191 -(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 84 R -.19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 -(tion with a def)108 96 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F/F1 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83 -(sp)-.55 G 1.33(ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.33(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion\ - should be retried by returning an e)108 108 R .93(xit status of 124.) --.15 F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the c\ -ompspec associated with the command on which completion is)108 120 R -.666(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 132 R .665 -(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665 -(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 -144 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 -G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F .084 -(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 156 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ -ompletion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E -.15 -(Fo)108 172.8 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 -(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .376 +(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 84 R 2.877 +<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF2.877 E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182 +(list. The)108 96 R .682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e) +3.182 F .681(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681 +(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522 +(the w)108 108 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G +(iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523 +(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 120 R +(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849 +(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading) +-3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 132 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 +(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 +(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F1(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 144 Q F0 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 +160.8 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15 +F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F13.087 E F0(and)3.087 E +F13.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) +3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\ +tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 172.8 Q .246 +(If the pre)108 189.6 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) +-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir) +2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F +F1(complete)108 201.6 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E +(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462 +(If the)108 218.4 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w) +2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 +(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 +F(pletion is attempted and an)108 230.4 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559 +(By def)108 247.2 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 +(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F +.632(of possible completions.)108 259.2 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1 +E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631 +(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631 +(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 271.2 R +.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) +3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559 +(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 283.2 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672 +(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671 +(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) +-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F13.171 E(default)108 295.2 Q F0 1.207 +(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 +1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F +3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F +(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 +307.2 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) +2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ +desired, the programmable completion func-)108 324 R .632(tions force r\ +eadline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links t\ +o directories, subject)108 336 R 2.762(to the v)108 348 R 2.762 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 +(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761 +(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 360 Q +(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E .19 +(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 376.8 +R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 +(tion with a def)108 388.8 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F +F1 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83(sp)-.55 G 1.33 +(ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.33(cuted as).15 +F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried\ + by returning an e)108 400.8 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a) +5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associat\ +ed with the command on which completion is)108 412.8 R .665 +(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 424.8 R .666 +(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666 +(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .084(restarts from the be)108 +436.8 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc) +-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F +.083(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 448.8 Q(uilt dynamicall\ +y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 +E -.15(Fo)108 465.6 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137 +(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F .137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F -(the command, the follo)108 184.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(the command, the follo)108 477.6 Q(wing def)-.25 E (ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 -E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 201.6 Q({)108 213.6 Q 6 -(.")144 225.6 S +E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 494.4 Q({)108 506.4 Q 6 +(.")144 518.4 S (/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 -237.6 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 -249.6 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 278.4 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 -.371(When the)108 290.4 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371 -(option to the)2.871 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 -(iltin is enabled, the shell 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A F0 .082 (On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) -108 367.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 -E F4(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 -379.2 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 +108 660 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1 E +F4(~/.bash_history)2.583 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 +672 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 (is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G -.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659 -(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 391.2 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F5 +.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .658 +(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 684 R .658(alue of)-.25 F F5 (HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 -.658(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 403.2 S +.659(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 696 S .142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 (alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142 -(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 415.2 Q 1.605 +(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 708 Q 1.604 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604 (wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .098 -(stamps for the preceding history line.)108 427.2 R .098 +(stamps for the preceding history line.)108 720 R .098 (These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.098 F -.098(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 439.2 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.559 E(T)-.855 E -F0 -.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 -(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F5 -($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.058(lines are)3.309 F .158 -(copied from the history list to)108 451.2 R F5($HISTFILE)2.658 E F6(.)A -F0 .158(If the)4.658 F F1(histappend)2.658 E F0 .159 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.659 F F1(shopt)108 -463.2 Q F0(under)2.582 E F5 .082(SHELL B)2.582 F(UIL)-.09 E .082 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082 -(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F -.196(history \214le is o)108 475.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(rwritten. If) -.15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.696 E F0 .197(is unset, or if the history \214le is\ - unwritable, the history is not sa)2.446 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .584 -(If the)108 487.2 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 -G .584 -(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25 -F .583(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.147(tory comment character)108 499.2 R -3.647(,s)-.4 G 3.647(ot)-3.647 G(he)-3.647 E 3.647(ym)-.15 G 1.147 -(ay be preserv)-3.647 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.148 -(This uses the history comment)6.148 F 1.377 -(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 511.2 -R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G -1.376(he history \214le is)-3.876 F .756 -(truncated to contain no more than)108 523.2 R F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E -F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 -(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 535.2 Q -(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E -(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .299 -(The b)108 552 R .299(uiltin command)-.2 F F1(fc)2.799 E F0(\(see)2.799 -E F5 .299(SHELL B)2.799 F(UIL)-.09 E .299(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) -2.549 E .298(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15(xe) --.15 G(-).15 E .471(cute a portion of the history list.)108 564 R(The) -5.471 E F1(history)2.971 E F0 -.2(bu)2.971 G .472 -(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .002 -(manipulate the history \214le.)108 576 R .001 -(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.002 F -.25(va) --.2 G .001(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 588 Q -(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 604.8 -R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 -(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) --3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.986 -E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 616.8 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G -.458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o) --.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F1 -(cmdhist)108 628.8 Q F0 .75 -(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 --.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 -(the same history entry)108 640.8 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 -(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G -1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F1(lithist)3.576 E F0 -.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 652.8 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 -H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374 -(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319 -(description of the)108 664.8 R F1(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 -(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F5 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F -(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318 -(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 -676.8 Q F3(HIST)72 693.6 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E -(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e)108 705.6 R .611 -(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .611 -(xpansion in)-.15 F F1(csh.)3.111 E F0 .611(This section)5.611 F .871 -(describes what syntax features are a)108 717.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 -(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87 -(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F -2.013(can be disabled using the)108 729.6 R F1(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 -(option to the)4.514 F F1(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014 -(iltin command \(see).2 F F5 2.014(SHELL B)4.514 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.014 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E -(52)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +.098(alue of)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(52) +193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 53 53 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(belo)108 84 Q 2.5 -(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E -1.306(History e)108 100.8 R 1.306(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ -ds from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repea\ -t)-.1 F .209(commands, insert the ar)108 112.8 R .209(guments to a pre) --.18 F .21 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the)108 84 Q/F1 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.558 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.309 G +3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 +(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F1 +($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.059(lines are)3.309 F .159 +(copied from the history list to)108 96 R F1($HISTFILE)2.659 E/F2 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .159(If the)4.659 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(histappend)2.658 E F0 .158 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.658 F F3(shopt)108 +108 Q F0(under)2.581 E F1 .081(SHELL B)2.581 F(UIL)-.09 E .081 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082 +(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F +.197(history \214le is o)108 120 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(rwritten. If).15 +F F1(HISTFILE)2.697 E F0 .196(is unset, or if the history \214le is unw\ +ritable, the history is not sa)2.447 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .583 +(If the)108 132 R F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.083 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 G +.584(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark) +.25 F .584(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.148(tory comment character)108 144 R +3.648(,s)-.4 G 3.648(ot)-3.648 G(he)-3.648 E 3.648(ym)-.15 G 1.147 +(ay be preserv)-3.648 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.147 +(This uses the history comment)6.147 F 1.376 +(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 156 R +1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.877(,t)-.65 G +1.377(he history \214le is)-3.877 F .757 +(truncated to contain no more than)108 168 R F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 +3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 +(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 180 Q +(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E +(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .298 +(The b)108 196.8 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)2.798 E F0(\(see) +2.798 E F1 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 +(belo)2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 208.8 R +(The)5.472 E F3(history)2.972 E F0 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471 +(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .001 +(manipulate the history \214le.)108 220.8 R .001 +(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.001 F -.25(va) +-.2 G .002(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 232.8 Q +(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.486(The shell allo)108 249.6 +R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 +(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) +-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F1(HISTCONTR)3.985 +E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 261.6 Q F0 -.25(va)2.707 G +.457(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .758 -.15(ve o) +-.2 H .458(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.458 E F3 +(cmdhist)108 273.6 Q F0 .75 +(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 +-.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 +(the same history entry)108 285.6 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 +(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G +1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.577 E F0 +.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 297.6 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 +H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373 +(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318 +(description of the)108 309.6 R F3(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318 +(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F +(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .319 +(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 +321.6 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 338.4 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE) +-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .611 +(The shell supports a history e)108 350.4 R .611 +(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61 +(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh.)3.11 E F0 .61(This section)5.61 F .87 +(describes what syntax features are a)108 362.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 +(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871 +(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F +2.014(can be disabled using the)108 374.4 R F3(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 +(option to the)4.514 F F3(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014 +(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 2.013(SHELL B)4.513 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.013 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 386.4 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F +.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E +(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.305(History e)108 403.2 R 1.305 +(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\ + input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .21 +(commands, insert the ar)108 415.2 R .21(guments to a pre)-.18 F .209 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 -F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 124.8 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 -141.6 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ -s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 153.6 S 3.2 +F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 427.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108 +444 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line is \ +read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 456 S 3.2 (rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2 (arts. The)-3.2 F .7 (\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during) -3.2 F 4.368(substitution. The)108 165.6 R 1.868(second is to select por\ -tions of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.368 F 1.867 -(The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 177.6 R/F1 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.162 G(ent).15 E F0 3.162(,a)C .663 -(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.162 F F1(wor) -3.163 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.663(.V)C(arious)-6.773 E F1(modi\214er)108 189.6 -Q(s)-.1 E F0 .227(are a)2.727 F -.25(va)-.2 G .227 -(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.727(ords. The)-.1 F .226 -(line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F -(ashion)-.1 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 201.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F1(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .352 -(-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .625 -(one w)108 213.6 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624 -(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .624 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 225.6 Q -/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.51 E F0 .177(by def)3.51 F 2.677(ault. Only) --.1 F .177(backslash \()2.677 F F2(\\).833 E F0 2.678(\)a).833 G .178 -(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.678 F .178 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.678(,b)-.4 G .178(ut the his-)-2.878 F .67 -(tory e)108 237.6 R .67(xpansion character is also treated as quoted if\ - it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a)-.15 F -(double-quoted string.)108 249.6 Q(Se)108 266.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 +3.2 F 4.367(substitution. The)108 468 R 1.868(second is to select porti\ +ons of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.367 F 1.868 +(The line)6.868 F .663(selected from the history is the)108 480 R/F5 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.163 G(ent).15 E F0 3.163(,a)C .663 +(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.163 F F5(wor) +3.162 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.662(.V)C(arious)-6.772 E F5(modi\214er)108 492 Q +(s)-.1 E F0 .226(are a)2.726 F -.25(va)-.2 G .226 +(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.726(ords. The)-.1 F .227 +(line is brok)2.726 F .227(en into w)-.1 F .227(ords in the same f)-.1 F +(ashion)-.1 E .352(as when reading input, so that se)108 504 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ral).15 E F5(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .351 +(-separated w)B .351(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .624 +(one w)108 516 R 3.124(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.124 G .624 +(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .625 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.125(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.125 E(is)108 528 Q F3 +(!)3.511 E F0 .178(by def)3.511 F 2.678(ault. Only)-.1 F .178 +(backslash \()2.678 F F3(\\).833 E F0 2.678(\)a).833 G .178 +(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.678 F .177 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.677(,b)-.4 G .177(ut the his-)-2.877 F .67 +(tory e)108 540 R .67(xpansion character is also treated as quoted if i\ +t immediately precedes the closing double quote in a)-.15 F +(double-quoted string.)108 552 Q(Se)108 568.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 (ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 278.4 T -3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 580.8 T +3.162(ni).25 G 3.162(fi)-3.162 G 3.162(ti)-3.162 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) --.25 F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2 -(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.162 E -F0(will also inhibit e)108 290.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 307.2 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.609 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11 -(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 319.2 R F2 +-.25 F F3(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F3 +(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F3(\()3.163 E +F0(will also inhibit e)108 592.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 609.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F3(shopt)2.61 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 +(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.142(If the)108 621.6 R F3 (histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F2(shopt) -3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and)-.25 F F2 --.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.642 E .461(being used, history sub\ -stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 331.2 R -5.461(.I)-.55 G .461(nstead, the e)-5.461 F .461(xpanded line)-.15 F -1.516(is reloaded into the)108 343.2 R F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E -F0 1.516(editing b)4.016 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516 -(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)6.516 E F2 -.18(re)4.015 G -(adline).18 E F0 1.515(is being used, and the)4.015 F F2(histr)108 355.2 -Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 -(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re) -3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 367.2 S -.25(ff).2 G -1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F23.661 E F0 1.161 -(option to the)3.661 F F2(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16 -(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 379.2 -S .055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F22.555 -E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F2(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G -.056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F -(end of the history list without actually e)108 391.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F3(shopt) +3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and)-.25 F F3 +-.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.643 E .461(being used, history sub\ +stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 633.6 R +5.46(.I)-.55 G .46(nstead, the e)-5.46 F .46(xpanded line)-.15 F 1.515 +(is reloaded into the)108 645.6 R F3 -.18(re)4.015 G(adline).18 E F0 +1.515(editing b)4.015 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516(fer for further modi\214cation.) +-.25 F(If)6.516 E F3 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E F0 1.516 +(is being used, and the)4.016 F F3(histr)108 657.6 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 +1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 +(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F3 -.18(re) +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 669.6 S -.25(ff).2 G +1.16(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.16 E F33.66 E F0 1.16 +(option to the)3.66 F F3(history)3.66 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.161 +(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 681.6 +S .056(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.056 E F32.556 +E F0 .056(option to the)2.556 F F3(history)2.555 E F0 -.2(bu)2.555 G +.055(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F +(end of the history list without actually e)108 693.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 408 R 2.2 +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 710.4 R 2.2 (ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e) --.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108 -420 R F2(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) -.15 E F2 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147 -(shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F -(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 432 Q F2 -(Ev)87 448.8 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 460.8 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\ - history list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e) -108 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5 -(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 489.6 -Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)144 489.6 R 1.607 -(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107 -(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F -(\(when the)144 501.6 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0 -(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 513.6 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to command line)144 -513.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 525.6 Q F1(n)A F0 -(Refer to the current command minus)144 525.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2 -(!!)108 537.6 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 537.6 Q(vious command.)-.25 E -(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 549.6 Q F1(string) -A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current positi\ -on in the history list starting with)144 549.6 R F1(string)144 561.6 Q -F0(.).22 E F2(!?)108 573.6 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the\ - most recent command preceding the current position in the history list\ - containing)144 585.6 R F1(string)144 597.6 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing) --5 E F2(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F1(string)2.84 E F0(is follo) -2.72 E(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 -SF(^)108 614.6 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 -.784(Quick substitution.)144 621.6 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F .784 -(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E F1 -(string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783 -(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 633.6 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1 -(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0 -(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 645.6 Q F0 -(The entire command line typed so f)144 645.6 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 --.75(Wo)87 662.4 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 674.4 S 1.313 -(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) --.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.314 -(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F -.53(from the w)108 686.4 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G -3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 -(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F2 -($)3.029 E F0(,)A F2(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F23.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) --3.029 E F2(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E 1.3 -(are numbered from the be)108 698.4 R 1.3 -(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301 -(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8 -F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 710.4 Q -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(53)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.147(description of)108 +722.4 R F3(histchars)3.647 E F0(abo)3.647 E 1.447 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) +.15 E F3 1.147(Shell V)3.647 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.146 +(shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 +Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(53)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 54 54 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF 2.5(0\()108 84 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 96 Q 2.5 -(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)108.36 108 Q F0(The)144 108 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w) -A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)108 120 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 120 Q 2.5 -(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 132 Q F0 .064 -(The last w)144 132 R 2.564(ord. This)-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar) -2.564 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064 -(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .063(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 -144 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)108 156 Q F0(The w)144 156 Q -(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2 -(x)108.77 168 Q F1A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 168 S(ange of w)-2.5 E -(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E -F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 180 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 180 R .315 -(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F -.315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315 -(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.816 E F0 .316(if there is)2.816 F -(just one w)144 192 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 204 Q F0 -(Abbre)144 204 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 216 Q -F0(Abbre)144 216 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1 -(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 -232.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 249.6 Q F0 .184 -(After the optional w)108 261.6 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 -G .183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F -.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 273.6 Q F1(h) -108 290.4 Q F0(Remo)144 290.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(Ev)87 100.8 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .204(An e)108 +112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command l\ +ine entry in the history list.).15 F .205(Unless the reference is abso-) +5.204 F(lute, e)108 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 +E F1(!)108 141.6 Q F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 141.6 R +1.608(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F1(blank)4.107 E F0 +4.107(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.607(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F +(\(when the)144 153.6 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0 +(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 165.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 +(Refer to command line)144 165.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 +177.6 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)144 177.6 Q F2(n) +2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(!!)108 189.6 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 189.6 Q +(vious command.)-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!) +108 201.6 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preced\ +ing the current position in the history list starting with)144 201.6 R +F2(string)144 213.6 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 225.6 Q F2(string)A F1([?])A +F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current positio\ +n in the history list containing)144 237.6 R F2(string)144 249.6 Q F0 5 +(.T).22 G(he trailing)-5 E F1(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F2 +(string)2.84 E F0(is follo)2.72 E(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.) +-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 266.6 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2 +(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .783(Quick substitution.)144 273.6 R .783 +(Repeat the pre)5.783 F .784(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1) +3.624 E F0(with)3.284 E F2(string2)3.284 E F0 5.784(.E).02 G(qui)-5.784 +E -.25(va)-.25 G .784(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 285.6 S(!!:s/).74 E F2 +(string1)A F0(/)A F2(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F1 +(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 297.6 Q F0 +(The entire command line typed so f)144 297.6 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 +-.75(Wo)87 314.4 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 326.4 S 1.314 +(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) +-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 1.313 +(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F +.529(from the w)108 338.4 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G +3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 +(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1 +($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F13.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) +-3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.53(.W)C(ords)-6.33 E 1.301 +(are numbered from the be)108 350.4 R 1.301 +(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.3 +(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.3 G 1.3(rds are).8 F +(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 362.4 Q +F1 2.5(0\()108 379.2 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 391.2 Q +2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E +F2(n)108.36 403.2 Q F0(The)144 403.2 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E +F1(^)108 415.2 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 415.2 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F +(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 427.2 Q F0 .063(The last w)144 427.2 +R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063(is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064 +(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F +.064(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 439.2 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E +F1(%)108 451.2 Q F0(The w)144 451.2 Q(ord matched by the most recent `?) +-.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 463.2 Q F1A F2(y)A F0 +2.5(Ar)144 463.2 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C +(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 475.2 Q F0 +.316(All of the w)144 475.2 R .316(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 +F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815 +('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.815 E F0 .315 +(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 487.2 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 +499.2 Q F0(Abbre)144 499.2 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +<78ad>108 511.2 Q F0(Abbre)144 511.2 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0 +(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E +(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 528 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E +(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1 +(Modi\214ers)87 544.8 Q F0 .183(After the optional w)108 556.8 R .183 +(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 G .184 +(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F .184 +(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 568.8 Q F1(h)108 +585.6 Q F0(Remo)144 585.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H (railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) -108 302.4 Q F0(Remo)144 302.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +108 597.6 Q F0(Remo)144 597.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H (ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) -108 314.4 Q F0(Remo)144 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +108 609.6 Q F0(Remo)144 609.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E (\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E -(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 326.4 Q F0(Remo)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15 +(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 621.6 Q F0(Remo)144 621.6 Q .3 -.15 (ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 -338.4 Q F0(Print the ne)144 338.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E -(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 350.4 Q F0 -(Quote the substituted w)144 350.4 Q -(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 362.4 Q F0 -(Quote the substituted w)144 362.4 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 +633.6 Q F0(Print the ne)144 633.6 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E +(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 645.6 Q F0 +(Quote the substituted w)144 645.6 Q +(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 657.6 Q F0 +(Quote the substituted w)144 657.6 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne) -2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 374.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E -F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 386.4 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221 -(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e) +2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 669.6 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E +F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 681.6 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221 +(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e) 3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G -.221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144 398.4 R .617 +.221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144 693.6 R .617 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) -5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616 -F .666(be quoted in)144 410.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) +5.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .617(The delimiter may)5.617 +F .666(be quoted in)144 705.6 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) 3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666 (If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166 (ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E -F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 422.4 R -(If)5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 -F F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774 -(fn)-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E -(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 434.4 Q F2(string) -2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1 -(&)108 446.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 446.4 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E -F1(g)108 458.4 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 458.4 R -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398 -(nt line.).15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A -F0 2.898('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 470.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2 -(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219 -(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218 -(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089 -(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 482.4 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09 -(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 494.4 Q F0(.)A -F1(G)108 506.4 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 506.4 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 -2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 523.2 Q(UIL)-.11 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 535.2 -R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ -receded by)-.2 F F1108 547.2 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F12.533 E F0 -.034(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E -F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E -F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and) -.2 F 1.549(do not treat)108 559.2 R F14.049 E F0(specially)4.049 E -6.549(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.549 E F1(exit)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(logout)4.049 E F0 -(,)A F1 -.18(re)4.049 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)4.049 E(eak)-.18 -E F0(,)A F1(continue)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(let)4.049 E F0 4.049(,a)C(nd) --4.049 E F1(shift)4.048 E F0 -.2(bu)4.048 G 1.548(iltins accept and).2 F -.26(process ar)108 571.2 R .26(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F -F12.76 E F0 .261(without requiring)2.76 F F12.761 E F0 5.261 -(.O)C .261(ther b)-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261 -(guments b)-.18 F .261(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154 -(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 583.2 R 1.154 -(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F13.654 E F0 1.154 -(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154(lid options and require).25 F F1 -3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 595.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 613.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A -(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 625.2 R .451 -(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) --.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)3.222 F -2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 637.2 R -(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 654 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E F0 -([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 666 Q(ce)-.18 E F2 -(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 -(Read and e)144 678 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 -(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 -(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458 -(status of the last command e)144 690 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458(cuted from) -.15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F2(\214lename) -5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608 -(names in)144 702 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -.608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename) -3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 --.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 3.332(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F2 -.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 -(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982 -(\214le is found in)144 726 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 -E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 -(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 -Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(54)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 717.6 R +(If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 +F F2(old)3.005 E F0 .275(substituted, or)3.545 F 2.775(,i)-.4 G 2.775 +(fn)-2.775 G 2.775(op)-2.775 G(re)-2.775 E(vi-)-.25 E +(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 729.6 Q F2(string) +2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(54)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 55 55 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)144 84 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112 -(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 -E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612(yb)-.15 G .112 -(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2(\214lename)144 96 Q F0 -1.697(is e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.197(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.697 -(the positional parameters are unchanged.)4.197 F 1.697(If the)6.697 F -/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF4.197 E F0 1.696(option is)4.197 F(enabled,) -144 108 Q F3(sour)3.617 E(ce)-.18 E F0 1.117(inherits an)3.617 F 3.617 -(yt)-.15 G 1.117(rap on)-3.617 F F3(DEB)3.617 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.618(;i)C -3.618(fi)-3.618 G 3.618(ti)-3.618 G 3.618(sn)-3.618 G 1.118(ot, an) --3.618 F(y)-.15 E F3(DEB)3.618 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.118(trap string is sa) -3.618 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.618(da).15 G(nd)-3.618 E .36 -(restored around the call to)144 120 R F3(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.86 -(,a)C(nd)-2.86 E F3(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .36(unsets the)2.86 F F3 -(DEB)2.86 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .36(trap while it e)2.86 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.86 -(cutes. If).15 F F32.86 E F0(is)2.86 E 1.435 -(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 132 R F3(DEB)3.935 E +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(&)108 84 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 84 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1 +(g)108 96 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)144 96 R -.15(ve)-.15 +G 2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) +.15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897 +('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 108 Q F1(:gs/)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(old) +A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.218('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.718 +('. If)B 1.218(used with `)3.718 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd) +-.15 G 1.219(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 +F .09(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 120 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G .089(nt line.).15 F(An)5.089 E F1(a)2.589 E F0 .089 +(may be used as a synon)2.589 F .089(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 132 Q F0(.)A +F1(G)108 144 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 144 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5 +('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 160.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 172.8 +R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ +receded by)-.2 F F1108 184.8 Q F0(accepts)2.534 E F12.534 E F0 +.034(to signify the end of the options.)2.534 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E +F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E +F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .033(iltins do not accept options and) +.2 F 1.548(do not treat)108 196.8 R F14.048 E F0(specially)4.048 E +6.549(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.549 E F1(exit)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(logout)4.049 E F0 +(,)A F1 -.18(re)4.049 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)4.049 E(eak)-.18 +E F0(,)A F1(continue)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(let)4.049 E F0 4.049(,a)C(nd) +-4.049 E F1(shift)4.049 E F0 -.2(bu)4.049 G 1.549(iltins accept and).2 F +.261(process ar)108 208.8 R .261(guments be)-.18 F .261(ginning with) +-.15 F F12.761 E F0 .261(without requiring)2.761 F F12.761 E +F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b)-5.261 F .26(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .26 +(guments b)-.18 F .26(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154 +(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 220.8 R 1.154 +(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F13.654 E F0 1.154 +(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154(lid options and require).25 F F1 +3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 250.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A +(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 262.8 R .452 +(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) +-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F +2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 274.8 R +(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 291.6 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 303.6 Q(ce)-.18 E +F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 +(Read and e)144 315.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 +(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 +(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458 +(status of the last command e)144 327.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458 +(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F2 +(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F +.608(names in)144 339.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2 +(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in) +-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 351.6 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.333(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.333 E F0 .832 +(is not in)3.333 F F2 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832 +(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981 +(\214le is found in)144 363.6 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 +E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin command is turned of).2 F .982(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144 +375.6 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)5.112 F +(y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F +2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2 +(\214lename)144 387.6 Q F0 1.697(is e)4.196 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.197 +(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.697(the positional parameters are unchanged.) +4.197 F 1.697(If the)6.697 F F14.197 E F0 1.697(option is)4.197 F +(enabled,)144 399.6 Q F1(sour)3.618 E(ce)-.18 E F0 1.118(inherits an) +3.618 F 3.618(yt)-.15 G 1.118(rap on)-3.618 F F1(DEB)3.618 E(UG)-.1 E F0 +3.618(;i)C 3.618(fi)-3.618 G 3.618(ti)-3.618 G 3.618(sn)-3.618 G 1.118 +(ot, an)-3.618 F(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.617 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.117 +(trap string is sa)3.617 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.617(da).15 G(nd)-3.617 E .36 +(restored around the call to)144 411.6 R F1(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 +2.86(,a)C(nd)-2.86 E F1(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .36(unsets the)2.86 F +F1(DEB)2.86 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .36(trap while it e)2.86 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.86 +(cutes. If).15 F F12.86 E F0(is)2.86 E 1.435 +(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 423.6 R F1(DEB)3.935 E (UG)-.1 E F0 1.435(trap, the ne)3.935 F 3.935(wv)-.25 G 1.435 -(alue is retained when)-4.185 F F3(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.763 -(completes. The)144 144 R 1.262 -(return status is the status of the last command e)3.763 F 1.262 -(xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 156 Q -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E F0 -(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F3(alias)108 172.8 Q F0([)2.5 E -F3A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..]) --2.5 E F3(Alias)144 184.8 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724 -(guments or with the)-.18 F F35.224 E F0 2.724 -(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F3(alias)5.225 E -F2(name)144 196.8 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F +(alue is retained when)-4.185 F F1(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.762 +(completes. The)144 435.6 R 1.262 +(return status is the status of the last command e)3.762 F 1.263 +(xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 447.6 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E +F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 464.4 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 476.4 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 +(guments or with the)-.18 F F15.224 E F0 2.724 +(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.224 E +F2(name)144 488.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 (guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name) -3.08 E F0(whose)144 208.8 Q F2(value)2.508 E F0 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15 +3.08 E F0(whose)144 500.4 Q F2(value)2.509 E F0 .009(is gi)2.509 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F2(value) 2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009 -(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 -(tution when the alias is e)144 220.8 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 +(ord to be check)-.1 F .008(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 +(tution when the alias is e)144 512.4 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 (or each)-.15 F F2(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579 -(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .578(is sup-)3.078 -F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 232.8 R 1.314 -(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F3(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 -(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E -(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 244.8 Q F3(bg)108 261.6 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144 -273.6 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745 -(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F3(&)3.244 E -F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 285.6 Q F0 .671 -(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) --3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F3 -(bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419 -(when job control is disabled or)144 297.6 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 -(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G -(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G -(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 309.6 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 -E F3(bind)108 326.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 -2.5(][)C F3(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F3(bind)108 338.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3 -A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F2 -(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F3-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F3(bind)108 350.4 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F32.5 E F2 -(\214lename)2.5 E F3(bind)108 362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 -G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F32.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F3(bind)108 374.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke) -2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(function\255name)A F3(bind)108 386.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke) -2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -.37(re)C -(adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 398.4 R F3 -.18(re) -2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 -(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 -(equence to a).15 F F3 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or) -2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 410.4 R F3 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E -F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F -.475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 -(.inputr)144 422.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.983(,b).31 G .484 -(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F -.484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 -(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 434.4 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 -446.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 458.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.159 G -(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.659(as the k)5.349 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af) -.15 F 2.658(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E -F2 -.1(ke)180 470.4 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193 -(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -(vi\255command)180 482.4 Q F0 4.114(,a)C(nd)-4.114 E F2(vi\255insert) -4.114 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.614 E F0 1.613(is equi)4.114 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.613(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.113 E F0(\()4.113 E F2(vi\255mo)A -(ve)-.1 E F0 1.613(is also a syn-)4.113 F(on)180 494.4 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F2 -(emacs)2.5 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F3144 506.4 Q F0 -(List the names of all)180 506.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(functions.)2.5 E F3144 518.4 Q F0(Display)180 518.4 Q F3 -.18(re) -2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E -(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3144 530.4 -Q F0(List current)180 530.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F3144 542.4 Q F0(Display)180 -542.4 Q F3 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 -G 1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) --.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 554.4 S 2.5(yt).1 G -(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3144 566.4 Q -F0(Display)180 566.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5 -(ys)-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo) --.15 G(utput.)-2.5 E F3144 578.4 Q F0(Display)180 578.4 Q F3 -.18 -(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3144 590.4 Q F0(List current)180 590.4 Q -F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues.)-.25 E F3144 602.4 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 -614.4 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A -F3144 626.4 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 638.4 Q --.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H -(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F3144 650.4 Q F2(function) -2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 662.4 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G -(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F3144 674.4 Q -F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 --.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 -(.)A F3144 698.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F3(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 710.4 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 -1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F -(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 722.4 Q F0 1.764(is e) -4.264 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F F1 -(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 -(riable to the contents of the).25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(55)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .579(is sup-)3.079 +F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 524.4 R 1.314 +(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 +(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E +(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 536.4 Q F1(bg)108 553.2 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 +565.2 R F2(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 +(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F1(&)3.245 E +F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 577.2 Q F0 .672 +(is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) +-3.172 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 +(bg)5.671 E F2(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418 +(when job control is disabled or)144 589.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 +(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G +(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F2(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G +(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 601.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 +E F1(bind)108 618 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 630 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 642 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 +(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 654 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G +(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 +(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 666 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 +G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 +(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 678 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 +G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -.37(re)C +(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 690 R F1 -.18(re) +2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239 +(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238 +(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or) +2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 702 R F1 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E +F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F +.476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 +(.inputr)144 714 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484 +(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F +.483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 +(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 726 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E +.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 +768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(55)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 56 56 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.18(re)180 84 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.853 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353 -(fer and the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25 -(va)3.603 G 1.353(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.011 -(insertion point.)180 96 R 2.011(If the e)7.011 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 -(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(READLINE_LINE)4.512 E F0(or)4.262 E F2(READLINE_POINT)180 108 Q/F3 9 +SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use) +180 96 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey) +-.1 G 2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.) +-.25 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180 +Q F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G +1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) +-.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 192 S 2.5(yt).1 G +(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 204 Q F0 +(Display)180 204 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys) +-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +(utput.)-2.5 E F1144 216 Q F0(Display)180 216 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 228 Q F0(List current)180 228 Q F1 +-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(alues.)-.25 E F1144 240 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 252 Q +.3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 264 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 276 Q -.15 +(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named).1 +E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 288 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 +(Unbind all k)180 300 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G(ound to the named) +-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 312 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq) +-.2 E F0(Remo)180 324 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H +(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(.)A F1144 +336 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2(shell\255command)A F0(Cause) +180 348 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G +(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-) +4.325 E(mand)180 360 Q F0 1.765(is e)4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765 +(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE) +4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 +-.18(re)180 372 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.852 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353 +(fer and the)-.25 F F3(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353 +(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.012(insertion point.)180 +384 R 2.011(If the e)7.012 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 +(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 396 Q/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G -(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 120 -Q F0 .83(List all k)180 120 R 1.13 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 408 +Q F0 .829(List all k)180 408 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 (equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) -.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 132 Q(The return v) -144 148.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 420 Q(The return v) +144 436.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F1(br)108 165.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 -(])A .054(Exit from within a)144 177.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0 -(,)A F1(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E -F1(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F4(n)2.555 E F0 .055 -(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F4(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ls.).15 E F4(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.555 -E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 189.6 Q F4(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ - number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714 -(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -201.6 Q F4(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)108 218.4 S(iltin).2 E F4(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E -F4(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 230.4 Q .792 -(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F4 +E F1(br)108 453.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 +(Exit from within a)144 465.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 +(while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 +(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 +(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.554 +E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 477.6 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ + number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 +(xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 +489.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(bu)108 506.4 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 518.4 Q .793 +(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .793(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 (ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 -F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616 +F .792(xit status.)-.15 F .792(This is useful)5.792 F .615 (when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -242.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 -254.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 +530.4 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +542.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E -5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 266.4 Q(alse if)-.1 -E F4(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E -(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 283.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F4 -.2(ex)C(pr) -.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 295.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 554.4 Q(alse if)-.1 +E F2(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 571.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F0(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 583.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 (ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F1(sour)144 307.2 Q -(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F4 -.2 -(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.824 E F0 .324 +.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 595.2 Q +(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 +(ex)2.825 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.825 E F0 .324 (displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F -.254(subroutine call.)144 319.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 -G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 -F F4 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .253 -(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ +.253(subroutine call.)144 607.2 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G(ti).05 E .553 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 +F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .254 +(displays the line number)2.754 F 2.754(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.754 E 1.327(rou\ tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ -ent e)144 331.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 -(This e)144 343.2 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 -(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E -3.019(0. The)144 355.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 -(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 -(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F4 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 -(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 367.2 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 384 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -A F0(|[)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F4 -(dir)A F0(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 396 R F4(dir) -2.822 E F0 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F4(dir)2.822 E F0 .321 -(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HOME)2.821 E -F0 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is)-.25 F 1.035(the def)144 408 R -3.535(ault. An)-.1 F 3.535(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.535 F 1.035 -(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F4(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.) -3.535 F 1.036(The v)6.035 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(CDP)3.536 E -.855(AT)-.666 -G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.286 E .85 -(the search path for the directory containing)144 420 R F4(dir)3.35 E F0 -3.35(:e).73 G .849(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F2(CDP)3.349 E -.855 -(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .849(is searched for)3.099 F F4(dir)144 432 Q F0 -5.664(.A)C(lternati)-5.664 E .964 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 -(irectory names in).15 F F2(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .665 -(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 444 Q F2(CDP)4.163 E -.855(AT)-.666 -G(H).855 E F0 1.663(is the same as the current directory)3.913 F 4.162 -(,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662(.I) -.74 G(f)-6.662 E F4(dir)4.512 E F0(be)4.892 E 1.662 -(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F2(CDP)144 456 Q -.855(AT)-.666 G -(H).855 E F0 .19(is not used.)2.44 F(The)5.191 E F12.691 E F0 .191 -(option causes)2.691 F F1(cd)2.691 E F0 .191(to use the ph)2.691 F .191 -(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12 -(symbolic links while tra)144 468 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F4(dir) -3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F4(..)3.62 E F0 -(in)3.62 E F4(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F13.62 E F0 -.395(option to the)144 480 R F1(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395 -(iltin command\); the).2 F F12.895 E F0 .395 -(option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.895 F .395(wed by resolv-) --.25 F .444(ing the link after processing instances of)144 492 R F4(..) -2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F4(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F4(..) -2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F4(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943 -(ti)-2.943 G 2.943(sp)-2.943 G .443(rocessed by remo)-2.943 F(ving)-.15 -E .744(the immediately pre)144 504 R .744(vious pathname component from) --.25 F F4(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 -F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F4(dir)3.244 E F0(.)A 1.466(If the)144 516 R F1 -3.966 E F0 1.466(option is supplied with)3.966 F F13.965 E -F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.465 -(orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .467 -(determined after a successful directory change,)144 528 R F1(cd)2.968 E -F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .468(On systems) -5.468 F .337(that support it, the)144 540 R F12.837 E F0 .336 -(option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .336 -(utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F(.)-.65 E .71(An ar) -144 552 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F13.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F F2($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71 -(before the directory change is attempted.)2.96 F .71(If a non-)5.71 F -.107(empty directory name from)144 564 R F2(CDP)2.607 E -.855(AT)-.666 G -(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.357 F F12.607 E F0 .106 -(is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .106(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F -.038(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 576 R 2.538(ww) --.25 G .038(orking directory is written to the standard output.)-2.638 F -(The return v)144 588 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E -(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1(command)108 -604.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F4(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F4 -(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 616.8 Q F4(command)2.765 E F0(with) -3.335 E F4(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065 -(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)5.064 -F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 628.8 R -F2 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502(option is gi) -3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F4(command)3.202 E -F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 640.8 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4 -(alue for)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399 -(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) -5.399 E .174(either the)144 652.8 R F12.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F1 -2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F4 -(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F12.675 E -F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 664.8 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F -.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F4(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087 -F F1144 676.8 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 -(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F12.749 E F0(or) -2.749 E F12.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 688.8 R F4(command)3.705 E F0 -.1 -(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 -(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F4 -(command)144.2 700.8 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 -(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 712.8 S -(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F4(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(56)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +ent e)144 619.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) +144 631.2 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 +(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame) +5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 643.2 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 +(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 +(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 655.2 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +A F0(|[)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F2 +(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 684 R F2(dir) +2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C(f)-5.321 E F2(dir)2.821 E F0 .322 +(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HOME)2.822 E +F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is)-.25 F 1.036(the def)144 696 R +3.536(ault. An)-.1 F 3.536(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.536 F 1.035 +(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F2(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.) +3.535 F 1.035(The v)6.035 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)3.535 E -.855(AT)-.666 +G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.285 E .849 +(the search path for the directory containing)144 708 R F2(dir)3.349 E +F0 3.35(:e).73 G .85(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F3(CDP)3.35 E -.855 +(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .85(is searched for)3.1 F F2(dir)144 720 Q F0 +5.665(.A)C(lternati)-5.665 E .965 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 +(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +.665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .664 +(ull directory name)-3.165 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 +E(56)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 57 57 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(compgen)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option)A F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(])A .013 -(Generate possible completion matches for)144 96 R F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 -E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E F0 .013 -(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981 -(accepted by the)144 108 R F1(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 -(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F13.481 E F0(and) -3.481 E F13.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the) --3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 120 R .131(When using the)5.131 F F1 -2.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F12.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)2.631 -F .13(arious shell v)-.25 F .13(ariables set by the program-)-.25 F -(mable completion f)144 132 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(in)144 84 Q/F1 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CDP)4.162 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 1.662 +(is the same as the current directory)3.912 F 4.162(,i)-.65 G 1.662 +(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662 +(.I).74 G(f)-6.662 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dir)4.513 E F0(be)4.893 E +1.663(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F1(CDP)144 96 Q -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .191(is not used.)2.441 F(The)5.191 E F22.691 +E F0 .191(option causes)2.691 F F2(cd)2.691 E F0 .191(to use the ph) +2.691 F .19(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12 +(symbolic links while tra)144 108 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F3(dir) +3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F3(..)3.62 E F0 +(in)3.62 E F3(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F23.62 E F0 +.395(option to the)144 120 R F2(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395 +(iltin command\); the).2 F F22.895 E F0 .395 +(option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.895 F .395(wed by resolv-) +-.25 F .443(ing the link after processing instances of)144 132 R F3(..) +2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F3(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F3(..) +2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F3(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943 +(ti)-2.943 G 2.944(sp)-2.943 G .444(rocessed by remo)-2.944 F(ving)-.15 +E .744(the immediately pre)144 144 R .744(vious pathname component from) +-.25 F F3(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 +F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F3(dir)3.244 E F0(.)A 1.465(If the)144 156 R F2 +3.965 E F0 1.465(option is supplied with)3.965 F F23.965 E +F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.466 +(orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .468 +(determined after a successful directory change,)144 168 R F2(cd)2.968 E +F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .467(On systems) +5.467 F .336(that support it, the)144 180 R F22.836 E F0 .336 +(option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .337 +(utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F(.)-.65 E .71(An ar) +144 192 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F23.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F F1($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71 +(before the directory change is attempted.)2.96 F .71(If a non-)5.71 F +.106(empty directory name from)144 204 R F1(CDP)2.606 E -.855(AT)-.666 G +(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.356 F F22.607 E F0 .107 +(is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .107(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F +.038(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 216 R 2.538(ww) +-.25 G .038(orking directory is written to the standard output.)-2.638 F +(The return v)144 228 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E +(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 +244.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0(])A F3(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3 +(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 256.8 Q F3(command)2.764 E F0(with) +3.334 E F3(ar)2.894 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065 +(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.834 F .065(Only b)5.065 +F .065(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 268.8 R +F1 -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F23.002 E F0 .502(option is gi) +3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F3(command)3.201 E +F0(is)3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 280.8 R .399(ault v)-.1 F +.399(alue for)-.25 F F1 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4 +(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) +5.4 E .175(either the)144 292.8 R F22.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F2 +2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F3(command) +2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F22.674 E F0 .174 +(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 304.8 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F .817 +(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G F3(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 F F2 +144 316.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 +(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F22.749 E F0(or) +2.749 E F22.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 328.8 R F3(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 +(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F3 +(command)144.2 340.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 352.8 S +(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F3(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F2 +(compgen)108 369.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F3(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 381.6 R +F3(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F3(option)2.513 +E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 +(accepted by the)144 393.6 R F2(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F23.481 E F0(and) +3.481 E F23.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) +-3.481 F .13(standard output.)144 405.6 R .13(When using the)5.13 F F2 +2.63 E F0(or)2.63 E F22.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)2.631 F +.131(arious shell v)-.25 F .131(ariables set by the program-)-.25 F +(mable completion f)144 417.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 -E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 156 R .352 +E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 441.6 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -168 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)2.52 -F(those completions matching)144 180 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 204 Q +453.6 R(If)5.02 E F3(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 465.6 Q F3(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 489.6 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 -(complete)108 220.8 Q F0([)3.728 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.728(][)C -F1-3.728 E F2(comp-option)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1(\255DE)-3.728 E -F0 3.728(][)C F1-3.728 E F2(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1 --3.728 E F2(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.729(][)C F1-3.729 E F2(wor)3.729 -E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.729(][)C F1-3.729 E F2(func-)3.729 E(tion)108 -232.8 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 244.8 Q -F1A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) -A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 -256.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.634(Specify ho)144 268.8 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 -(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 -F .633(If the)5.634 F F13.133 E F0 .633 -(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144 -280.8 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 -F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.) -144 292.8 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2 -(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E -F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346 -(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 304.8 R(The)6.347 E -F13.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options) -3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 316.8 R(`def)-.74 E +(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2 +(complete)108 506.4 Q F0([)3.729 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C +F2-3.729 E F3(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F2(\255DE)-3.729 E +F0 3.728(][)C F2-3.728 E F3(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2 +-3.728 E F3(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2-3.728 E F3(wor)3.728 +E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F2-3.728 E F3(func-)3.728 E(tion)108 +518.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F3(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 530.4 Q +F2A F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F3(pr)2.5 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F3(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) +A F3(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(name ...)A F0(])A F2(complete \255pr)108 +542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E +.633(Specify ho)144 554.4 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633 +(uments to each).18 F F3(name)3.133 E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 +F .634(If the)5.634 F F23.134 E F0 .634 +(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14(options are supplied, e)144 +566.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 +F .139(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31 +(reused as input.)144 578.4 R(The)5.31 E F22.81 E F0 .31 +(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31 +(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F3(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C +1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F3(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.347 +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 590.4 R(The)6.347 E +F23.847 E F0 1.346(option indicates that the remaining options) +3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 602.4 R(`def)-.74 E (ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 -328.8 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F13.455 E F0 .955 -(option indicates that)3.455 F .065 -(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 340.8 R -(`empty')-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064 -(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F -(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 352.8 Q 1.437 +614.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F23.455 E F0 .955 +(option indicates that)3.455 F .064 +(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 626.4 R +(`empty')-.74 E 2.565('c)-.74 G .065 +(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.565 F +(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 638.4 Q 1.438 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 -376.8 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 -388.8 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556 -(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 412.8 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 +662.4 R 1.437(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 +674.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .555 +(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 698.4 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 (he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 -(guments to the)-.18 F F13.055 E F0(,)A F13.055 E F0 3.055 -(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F13.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary) -144 424.8 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F13.222 E F0(and)3.222 E -F13.222 E F0 .723 -(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion before the)144 436.8 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 448.8 Q -F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 460.8 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 -(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') -.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 -(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 472.8 Q F2 -(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 484.8 Q F0 -.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 496.8 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E -F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 -508.8 Q F1(default)184 520.8 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 520.8 R 5.376 -(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875 -(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) -224 532.8 Q F1(dir)184 544.8 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name c\ -ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 556.8 Q F1 -(\214lenames)184 568.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 580.8 S .137(ll readline that th\ -e compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c> --.15 G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 592.8 R -2.634(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-) --2.634 F .45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 -604.8 R .45(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 616.8 Q -F1(noquote)184 628.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 628.8 S .814 -(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F -3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F -(\214lenames is the def)224 640.8 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 652.8 Q -F0 -.7(Te)224 652.8 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible comp\ -letions alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 664.8 Q F0 -.7(Te) -224 664.8 S .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22 -(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 -676.8 Q F1(plusdirs)184 688.8 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 688.8 R 4.485(ym) --.15 G 1.985 -(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F -.583(completion is attempted and an)224 700.8 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 -(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 -712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(57)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(guments to the)-.18 F F23.056 E F0(,)A F23.056 E F0 3.056 +(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F23.056 E F0 .723(options \(and, if necessary) +144 710.4 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F23.223 E F0(and)3.223 E +F23.223 E F0 .722 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion before the)144 722.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(57)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 58 58 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 96 Q F2 -(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 96 +Q F2(comp-option)2.79 E F0 .291(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291 +(ral aspects of the compspec').15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291 +(vior be)-.2 F .291(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.) +184 108 Q F2(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 +120 Q F0 .281(Perform the rest of the def)224 132 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) +2.781 E F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F +(matches.)224 144 Q F1(default)184 156 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')224 156 +R 5.375(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.375 E 2.876 +(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) +224 168 Q F1(dir)184 180 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ +etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 192 Q F1(\214lenames)184 +204 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 216 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ +\214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.636 E +.134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 228 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 +(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 +(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 240 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 252 Q F1(noquote) +184 264 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 264 S .814 +(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F +3.314(ya)-.15 G .815(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F +(\214lenames is the def)224 276 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 288 Q F0 +-.7(Te)224 288 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\ +ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 300 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 300 S +.22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 +F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 312 Q F1 +(plusdirs)184 324 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 324 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 +(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F +.584(completion is attempted and an)224 336 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 348 +Q F1144 360 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 372 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 +(may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 -108 Q F0(Alias names.)224 108 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 120 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 132 Q -(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 144 Q(Readline)224 144 Q F0 -.1 -(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 156 S(iltin) -.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 156 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 168 -Q F0(Command names.)224 180 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 192 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 204 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 216 -Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 228 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 -240 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 240 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 -252 Q F0(Names of e)224 252 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +384 Q F0(Alias names.)224 384 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 396 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 408 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 420 Q(Readline)224 420 Q F0 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 432 S(iltin) +.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 432 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 444 +Q F0(Command names.)224 456 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 468 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 480 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 492 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 504 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +516 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 516 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +528 Q F0(Names of e)224 528 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) -.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 -264 Q F0(File names.)224 264 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 276 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 288 -Q F1(gr)184 300 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 300 Q +540 Q F0(File names.)224 540 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 552 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 564 +Q F1(gr)184 576 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 576 Q (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 -312 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 324 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 336 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 348 +588 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 600 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 612 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 624 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 360 Q F0 -(Job names, if job control is acti)224 360 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 372 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 384 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. 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May) -.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 -396 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 396 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 408 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 408 -Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 420 -Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 420 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 +672 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 672 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 684 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 684 +Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 696 +Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 696 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 -(shopt)184 432 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 432 Q F1 -(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 444 Q F0 -(Signal names.)224 444 Q F1(stopped)184 456 Q F0 -(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 456 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(.).15 E F1(user)184 468 Q F0(User names.)224 468 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 480 S -(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 480 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 492 Q F2 -(command)2.5 E(command)184 504 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 -(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) -184 516 Q F1144 528 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .113 -(The shell function)184 540 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 552 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1 -($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 -(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 -(are being completed, the second ar)184 564 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 -($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 576 R .104 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) --2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 588 R -.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) --.25 F F3(COMPREPL)184 600 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1144 612 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008(The pathname e)184 624 R -1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F -1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 636 Q -F1144 648 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 660 Q(e\214x)-.37 E -F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 -(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 672 Q F1144 684 Q F2(suf)2.5 E -<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 684 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 -(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 696 Q F2(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 708 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 -(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 -(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007 -(each resultant w)184 720 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15 -F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(58)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(shopt)184 708 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 708 Q F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(58)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 59 59 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(resultant list which match the w)184 84 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E/F1 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lterpat)2.5 -E(\214lterpat)184 108 Q F0 .456(is a pattern as used for pathname e) -2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F .455 -(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 120 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 132 Q F2(\214lterpat) -3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 -(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 -(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 144 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(signal)184 84 Q F0(Signal names.)224 84 Q F1(stopped)184 96 Q F0 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(.).15 E F1(user)184 108 Q F0(User names.)224 108 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 120 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 120 Q 2.5(ariables. 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When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 192 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817 +(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 204 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 216 R .103 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w) +-2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 228 R +.102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the) +-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 240 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 +E(ariable.)-.25 E F1144 252 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007 +(The pathname e)184 264 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 +E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-) +-.15 F(tions.)184 276 Q F1144 288 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) +184 300 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 +(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 312 Q F1144 324 Q F2(suf)2.5 E +<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 324 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 +(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 336 Q F2(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 348 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 +(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.008 +(each resultant w)184 360 R 2.008(ord is e)-.1 F 4.508(xpanded. The)-.15 +F 2.007(possible completions are the members of the)4.508 F +(resultant list which match the w)184 372 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E +F1144 384 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 396 Q F0 .455 +(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F +.456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 408 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 420 Q F2(\214lterpat) +3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 +(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 +(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 432 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 160.8 R .466 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 448.8 R .467 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 -(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.967 E F0 -(or)2.967 E F12.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 -(plied without a)144 172.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 -(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H -1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 184.8 Q F0 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.966 E F0 +(or)2.966 E F12.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361 +(plied without a)144 460.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361 +(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H +1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 472.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E -F1(compopt)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(compopt)108 489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 213.6 R +(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 501.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 -.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 -(completion if no)144 225.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 -(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) -C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 237.6 Q F2(name) -3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) +.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 +(completion if no)144 513.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 +(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 525.6 Q F2(name) +3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 249.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) -2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) +F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 537.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.797 G .297(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) -5.297 E F12.797 E F0 .297 (option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F -1.227(the `)144 261.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.228(the `)144 549.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 273.6 R 2.178 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F14.678 E F0 2.177 -(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) -144 285.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G +no)-3.728 F 2.177(completion has pre)144 561.6 R 2.177 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.177 E F14.677 E F0 2.178 +(option indicates that the remaining options)4.678 F(should apply to `) +144 573.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 -E 1.387(The return v)144 309.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.388 +E 1.388(The return v)144 597.6 R 1.388(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.387 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F -(options for a)144 321.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(options for a)144 609.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 338.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 350.4 R 1.754 +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 626.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.753(Resume the ne)144 638.4 R 1.753 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 -(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753 -(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 362.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 -1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F3 10 +(select)4.254 E F0 4.254(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.614 E F0 1.754 +(is speci\214ed,)4.494 F 1.209(resume at the)144 650.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 +1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10 /Symbol SF3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 -(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 -(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 374.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 -(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) -3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 386.4 Q F1(declar)108 403.2 +(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .513 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 662.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.013('l)-.74 G .513(oop\) is resumed.)-3.013 F .514 +(The return v)5.514 F .514(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.014 E F0(is) +3.014 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 674.4 Q F1(declar)108 691.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 -(typeset)108 415.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(typeset)108 703.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 427.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F -1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) +(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 715.2 R 1.265(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F +1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) 3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F --.25(va)144 439.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F13.483 E F0 .983 -(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 -(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 -3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 451.2 Q F2(name)2.774 E -F0(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 -2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275 -(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F12.775 E F0 .275(is supplied) -2.775 F(without)144 463.2 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314 -(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313 -(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F -(attrib)144 475.2 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) --.2 F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F13.682 -E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 -487.2 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12 -(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.12 E F0 .62 -(option will restrict the display)3.12 F 1.29(to shell functions.)144 -499.2 R(The)6.29 E F13.79 E F0 1.291(option inhibits the display \ -of function de\214nitions; only the function)3.791 F .948 -(name and attrib)144 511.2 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the) -5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 -(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C -.948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69(\214le name and line number where each)144 -523.2 R F2(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 -F(The)6.69 E F14.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 535.2 Q F1 -3.892 E F0 6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F13.892 E F0 1.391 -(option forces v)3.892 F 1.391 -(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 547.2 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.882 -(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F -1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F -(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 559.2 -R .794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 -F 1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 571.2 Q(utes:)-.2 E -F1144 583.2 Q F0(Each)180 583.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1 -(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 595.2 Q -F0(Each)180 595.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a) --.25 H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 607.2 Q F0(Use function names only) -180 607.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 619.2 Q F0 .557(The v)180 619.2 R .558 -(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 631.2 Q F0(abo) -2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) --2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 643.2 Q -F0 .91(When the v)180 643.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 -(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 655.2 R -(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 667.2 -Q F0(Gi)180 667.2 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0 -(the)3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 -(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E -1.519(That other v)180 679.2 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 -F 1.518(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.018 E F0 6.518(.A)C 1.518 -(ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)180 691.2 Q .226 -(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.726 E F0 2.726(,e)C .226 -(xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F F12.726 E F0(attrib) -2.726 E .227(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 703.2 R -.809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D -3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808(ute cannot be)-.2 -F(applied to array v)180 715.2 Q(ariables.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v)-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F +-.25(va)144 727.2 S 3.482(riables. The).25 F F13.482 E F0 .982 +(option will display the attrib)3.482 F .982(utes and v)-.2 F .983 +(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.483 E F0 5.983(.W).18 G(hen)-5.983 E F1 +3.483 E F0 .983(is used)3.483 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2017 March 22)144.29 E(59)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 60 60 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0(Mak)180 84 Q(e)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name) -5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546 -(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547 -(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 96 Q F1 -144 108 Q F0(Gi)180 108 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name) -2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929 -(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG) --.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0(traps from the calling shell.) -180 120 Q(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E -(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 132 Q F0 .909(When the v)180 132 R .909 -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909 -(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-) --.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 144 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E -(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 156 Q F0(Mark)180 156 Q F2(name)2.5 -E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E .121(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 172.8 R -2.621(ft)-.25 G .121(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 -F .12(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F -.644(to destro)144 184.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) --3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) -3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145 -(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 196.8 Q F1 -(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 -E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335 -(local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335 -(command, unless the)2.835 F F12.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.282 -(is supplied.)144 208.8 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283 -(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783 -(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.283 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.783 E F0(.)A .927(When using)144 -220.8 R F13.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F13.427 E F0 .926 -(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.427 F .926 -(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 232.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(with)144 84 Q/F1 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.775 E F0(ar)2.775 E .275 +(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F22.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .274 +(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.274 E F22.774 E F0 .274(is supplied) +2.774 F(without)144 96 Q F1(name)4.813 E F0(ar)4.813 E 2.313 +(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.314 +(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.314(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.314(ving the)-.2 F +(attrib)144 108 Q 1.182(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 +F 1.181(If no other options are supplied with)6.182 F F23.681 E F0 +(,)A F2(declar)3.681 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 120 R +.62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12(ariables. The) +-.25 F F23.12 E F0 .62(option will restrict the display)3.12 F +1.291(to shell functions.)144 132 R(The)6.291 E F23.791 E F0 1.291 +(option inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; only the functi\ +on)3.791 F .948(name and attrib)144 144 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F +.948(If the)5.948 F F2(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 +(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F2(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C +.948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69(\214le name and line number where each)144 +156 R F1(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 F +(The)6.69 E F24.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 168 Q F2 +3.891 E F0 6.391(.T)C(he)-6.391 E F23.891 E F0 1.391 +(option forces v)3.891 F 1.391 +(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 180 Q F2(declar)4.383 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.883 +(is e)4.383 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.883(cuted in a shell function.).15 F +1.882(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.883 F 1.882(The follo)6.882 F +(wing)-.25 E .793(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 192 R +.794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .794(ute or to gi)-.2 F +1.094 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 204 Q(utes:)-.2 E F2 +144 216 Q F0(Each)180 216 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 +E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2144 228 Q F0(Each)180 +228 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v) +.15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(\).).15 E F2144 240 Q F0(Use function names only)180 240 Q(.)-.65 +E F2144 252 Q F0 .558(The v)180 252 R .558 +(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 264 Q F0(abo)2.25 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2144 276 Q F0 .909 +(When the v)180 276 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 +G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 288 R(upper) +2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2144 300 Q F0(Gi) +180 300 Q 1.62 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F1(name)3.82 E F0(the)3.82 E +F1(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E +1.518(That other v)180 312 R 1.518(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F +1.519(alue of)-.25 F F1(name)4.019 E F0 6.519(.A)C 1.519 +(ll references, assignments, and)-6.519 F(attrib)180 324 Q .227 +(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F1(name)2.726 E F0 2.726(,e)C .226 +(xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F F22.726 E F0(attrib) +2.726 E .226(ute itself, are)-.2 F .808(performed on the v)180 336 R +.808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F1(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D +3.308(alue. The).3 F .809(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809(ute cannot be)-.2 +F(applied to array v)180 348 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 360 Q F0 +(Mak)180 360 Q(e)-.1 E F1(name)5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly)-5.047 E +7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.547 F +2.546(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 372 +Q F2144 384 Q F0(Gi)180 384 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F1 +(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F1(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E +2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F2(DEB)2.929 +E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F2(RETURN)2.93 E F0 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 396 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 408 +Q F0 .91(When the v)180 408 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 420 R(lo) +2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2144 +432 Q F0(Mark)180 432 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .12 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 448.8 R 2.62(ft)-.25 G .12 +(he attrib)-2.62 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .121 +(xceptions that)-.15 F F2(+a)2.621 E F0 .121(may not be used)2.621 F +.645(to destro)144 460.8 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v) +-3.145 F .645(ariable and)-.25 F F2(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) +3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.144 +(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F(tion,)144 472.8 Q F2 +(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F2(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 +E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F1(name)2.835 E F0 .335 +(local, as with the)2.835 F F2(local)2.835 E F0 .335 +(command, unless the)2.835 F F22.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.283 +(is supplied.)144 484.8 R 1.283(If a v)6.283 F 1.283 +(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F1(value)A F0 3.783 +(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.282 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F1(value)3.782 E F0(.)A .926(When using)144 +496.8 R F23.426 E F0(or)3.426 E F23.426 E F0 .927 +(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.426 F .927 +(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 508.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592 (ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429 (option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using) -144 244.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .428(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.928(,a)C -2.928(na)-2.928 G .428(ttempt is)-2.928 F .062(made to assign a v)144 -256.8 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063 -(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .063 +144 520.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .429(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.929(,a)C +2.929(na)-2.929 G .429(ttempt is)-2.929 F .063(made to assign a v)144 +532.8 R .063(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .062 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .062 (alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102 -(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 268.8 R F1 +(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 544.8 R F2 (Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F -F2(names)2.602 E F0 .101(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 280.8 S .171 +F1(names)2.602 E F0 .102(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 556.8 S .172 (lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 -F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172 -(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 292.8 R 3.46(fa) +F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .171 +(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 568.8 R 3.46(fa) -.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 -(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 304.8 Q -(xistent function with)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 321.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 -(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 333.6 S .328 +(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 580.8 Q +(xistent function with)-.15 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 +(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 597.6 Q F1(n)A F2 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F2 +(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 609.6 S .329 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) -.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 345.6 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 357.6 Q -F0 2.003(command; the)4.503 F F1(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo) +.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 621.6 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 633.6 Q +F0 2.003(command; the)4.504 F F2(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo) 4.503 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.503(se).15 G 2.003(ntries from the list.)-4.503 -F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 369.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G -(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1144 381.6 Q F0 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 381.6 Q -F1144 393.6 Q F0 .882 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 393.6 R .881 +F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 645.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F2144 657.6 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 657.6 Q +F2144 669.6 Q F0 .881 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 669.6 R .882 (ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -405.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 417.6 Q F0 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 417.6 Q F1 -144 429.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ -pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 429.6 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 -(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 441.6 Q F1(+)144 453.6 Q F2(n)A F0 -1.565(Displays the)180 453.6 R F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1 -(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 465.6 Q F1144 477.6 Q F2 -(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 477.6 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F -F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 489.6 Q .258(The return v)144 -506.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 -(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 518.4 Q F1(diso)108 535.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 -(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 547.2 S .121 -(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) -4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H -2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 -F .096(neither the)144 559.2 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F -F12.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E -.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 -2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) -.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 571.2 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.085(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F -.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586 -(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 583.2 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 -(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 -3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 595.2 R F1 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0 -(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 607.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 -(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E -F1(echo)108 624 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 636 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 -(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 -(error occurs.)144 648 R(If)5.307 E F12.807 E F0 .307 -(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 -F .308(If the)5.308 F F12.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144 -660 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) -6.348 E F13.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054 -(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 672 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555 -(ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 684 -Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 -(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459 -F F1(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715 -(these escape characters by def)144 696 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E F0 -.716(does not interpret)3.215 F F13.216 E F0 .716 -(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.716 E F0 -(interprets the follo)144 708 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(60)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +681.6 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 693.6 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 693.6 Q F2 +144 705.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ +pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 705.6 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772 +(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(60)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 61 61 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\a)144 84 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 84 Q F1(\\b)144 96 Q F0(backspace) -180 96 Q F1(\\c)144 108 Q F0(suppress further output)180 108 Q F1(\\e) -144 120 Q(\\E)144 132 Q F0(an escape character)180 132 Q F1(\\f)144 144 -Q F0(form feed)180 144 Q F1(\\n)144 156 Q F0(ne)180 156 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G -(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 168 Q F0(carriage return)180 168 Q F1(\\t)144 180 -Q F0(horizontal tab)180 180 Q F1(\\v)144 192 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 192 S -(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 204 Q F0(backslash)180 204 Q F1(\\0)144 -216 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v) -180 216 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 -(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 228 Q F2(HH)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 228 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E -(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 240 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 -1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 252 R 1.506 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 264 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 276 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 288 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 300 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F1(enable)108 316.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 328.8 R +SF(+)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 1.564(Displays the)180 84 R +F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B +1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(without options, starting with zero.)180 96 Q F1 +144 108 Q F2(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 108 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F +F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 120 Q .257(The return v)144 +136.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) +.15 F(tory stack.)144 148.8 Q F1(diso)108 165.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 +(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 177.6 S .122 +(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) +4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H +2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .121(is not present, and)2.932 +F .096(neither the)144 189.6 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F +F12.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E +.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 +2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) +.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 201.6 Q F0 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.086(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F +.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .585 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 213.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 +(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 +3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 225.6 R F1 +3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F2(jobspec)5.599 E F0 +(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F +1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 237.6 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 +(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E +F1(echo)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 266.4 R F2(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308 +(error occurs.)144 278.4 R(If)5.308 E F12.808 E F0 .308 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 +F .307(If the)5.308 F F12.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.348(pretation of the follo)144 +290.4 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +6.348 E F13.849 E F0 1.349(option disables the)3.849 F 1.055 +(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 302.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.554 +(ya)-.15 G 1.054(re interpreted by def)-3.554 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 +314.4 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.458 E F0 .959 +(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.458 +F F1(echo)3.459 E F0 -.15(ex)3.459 G(pands).15 E .716 +(these escape characters by def)144 326.4 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.716 E +F0 .716(does not interpret)3.216 F F13.216 E F0 .715 +(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.715 E F0 +(interprets the follo)144 338.4 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a) +144 350.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 350.4 Q F1(\\b)144 362.4 Q F0 +(backspace)180 362.4 Q F1(\\c)144 374.4 Q F0(suppress further output)180 +374.4 Q F1(\\e)144 386.4 Q(\\E)144 398.4 Q F0(an escape character)180 +398.4 Q F1(\\f)144 410.4 Q F0(form feed)180 410.4 Q F1(\\n)144 422.4 Q +F0(ne)180 422.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 434.4 Q F0 +(carriage return)180 434.4 Q F1(\\t)144 446.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 +446.4 Q F1(\\v)144 458.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 458.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F1 +(\\\\)144 470.4 Q F0(backslash)180 470.4 Q F1(\\0)144 482.4 Q F2(nnn)A +F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 482.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 +E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1 +(\\x)144 494.4 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 494.4 Q +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 +(\\u)144 506.4 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.506 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 518.4 R 1.507 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 530.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 542.4 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 554.4 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.047 E(HHH)180 566.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C +F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 595.2 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 -(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 -(the same name as a shell b)144 340.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834 +(the same name as a shell b)144 607.2 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 -(the shell normally searches for b)144 352.8 R .989 -(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .989 -(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 -(abled; otherwise,)144 364.8 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) +(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 619.2 R .989 +(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .99 +(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F 1.582 +(abled; otherwise,)144 631.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) 4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F -F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)4.082 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 376.8 -R .081(uiltin v)-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081 -(enable -n test)2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F12.58 E F0 .08 -(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 388.8 S 1.524 -(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F +F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.081 +G(TH)-.189 E F0 .08(instead of the shell b)144 643.2 R .08(uiltin v)-.2 +F .08(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test)2.58 F +F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F12.581 E F0 .081 +(option means to load the ne)2.581 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 655.2 S 1.525 +(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.385 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 400.8 Q F1 -2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F -.367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F12.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) --5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 412.8 R F1 -2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 667.2 Q F1 +2.866 E F0 .366(option will delete a b)2.866 F .366(uiltin pre)-.2 F +.366(viously loaded with)-.25 F F12.867 E F0 5.367(.I)C 2.867(fn) +-5.367 G(o)-2.867 E F2(name)2.867 E F0(ar)2.867 E .367(guments are gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .367(n, or).15 F .399(if the)144 679.2 R F1 +2.899 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 (uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 -F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 -424.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F12.598 E F0 .098 -(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)5.098 E F12.598 E F0 1.916 -(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 436.8 R 1.916 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 -(enabled. If)144 448.8 R F12.879 E F0 .379 -(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) -2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F -(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 460.8 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 -(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) --.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 -472.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 489.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 -E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 501.6 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C -.671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F -.67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 513.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 -(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 -(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) --2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 525.6 Q -(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 -(exec)108 542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 554.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 -(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 -(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 566.4 R .176 -(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G -(he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 -(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 -(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 578.4 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 -F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 -E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F12.999 E F0 -.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 590.4 Q F0 .638 -(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 -(vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 -(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) -3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 602.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 -1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 614.4 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F -.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 -(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 -F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 626.4 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .005(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e) --.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 -(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 638.4 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 -(edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 -(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 -(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 650.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 667.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 667.2 R .096(xit with a status of) --.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 -(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 679.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 -E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E -F1(export)108 696 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 -E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(61)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +F .398(guments, the)-.18 F .098(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 +691.2 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F12.598 E F0 .098 +(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .099(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F +(If)5.099 E F12.599 E F0 1.917 +(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 703.2 R 1.916 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.878 +(enabled. If)144 715.2 R F12.878 E F0 .379 +(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.878 F F2(special) +2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.879 G 2.879(iltins. The).2 F .379(return v)2.879 F +(alue)-.25 E .995(is 0 unless a)144 727.2 R F2(name)3.855 E F0 .994 +(is not a shell b)3.675 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) +-.2 F 3.494(wb)-.25 G .994(uiltin from a shared)-3.694 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 +768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(61)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 62 62 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(export \255p)108 84 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 96 R/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257 -(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 -(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627 -(commands. If)144 108 R(the)2.627 E F12.627 E F0 .127 -(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E -F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E -F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1 -144 120 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F -.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 -2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 132 S 1.447 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(object.)144 84 Q +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 100.8 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 112.8 Q F2(ar) +3.17 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671 +(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671 +(This command is then read)5.671 F .495(and e)144 124.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 +(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 +(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) +-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 136.8 Q +(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 +(exec)108 153.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 165.6 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 +(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 177.6 R .177 +(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G +(he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176 +(ginning of)-.15 F .499(the zeroth ar)144 189.6 R .499(gument passed to) +-.18 F F2(command)2.999 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2 +(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.5 E F13 E F0 +.5(option causes)3 F F2(com-)3.2 E(mand)144 201.6 Q F0 .639(to be e) +3.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +(vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.498 E F0 .638(as the) +3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 213.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 +1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) +.15 F(non-interacti)144 225.6 Q .877 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .577(hell e).15 F +.577(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.077 E F0 .577 +(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .576(In that case, it returns f)5.577 +F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 237.6 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .005(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e) +-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 +(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 249.6 Q 3.037(yr)-.15 G .537 +(edirections tak)-3.037 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 +(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 +(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 261.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .095(Cause the shell to e)144 278.4 R .095(xit with a status of) +-.15 F F2(n)2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .096 +(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command) +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 290.4 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 307.2 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E +F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 319.2 Q F0 .257(The supplied)144 331.2 R +F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F +.257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626(commands. If)144 343.2 R(the)2.626 E F1 +2.626 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the) +.15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no) +5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127 +(n, or if the).15 F F1144 355.2 Q F0 .048 +(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.548 F .048(xported v) +-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F12.547 E F0 +.047(option causes the)2.547 F -.15(ex)144 367.2 S 1.446 (port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 (rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G 1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 144 S .741(lue of the v).25 -F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 -(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 -(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) -.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 156 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 -(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 -F F12.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 -(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 168 Q F1(fc)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E +-.37 E F0 3.947(,t)C(he)-3.947 E -.25(va)144 379.2 S .742(lue of the v) +.25 F .742(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.242 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.742 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .741 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .741(lid option is) +.25 F .031(encountered, one of the)144 391.2 R F2(names)2.531 E F0 .031 +(is not a v)2.531 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F12.532 E F0 .032(is supplied with a)2.532 F F2(name)2.892 E F0 +(that)2.712 E(is not a function.)144 403.2 Q F1(fc)108 420 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 -196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 -(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 208.8 R F2<8c72> -4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 -(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 -220.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +432 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .432 +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 444 R F2<8c72> +4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .431 +(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .141(edits and re-e)144 +456 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .141(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 232.8 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 -F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .315 -(is used as an of)144 244.8 R .315 -(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.315 E F2(last)2.904 -E F0 .314(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.494 F(-)-.2 E .948 -(rent command for listing \(so that)144 256.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .948 -(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) -3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If) -144 268.8 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0 -(is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 292.8 -Q F12.522 E F0 .022 +144 468 Q .311(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 +F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .31(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .61 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .314(is used as an of) +144 480 R .314(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.314 E +F2(last)2.905 E F0 .315(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.495 F +(-)-.2 E .949(rent command for listing \(so that)144 492 R/F4 10 +/Courier@0 SF .948(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948 +(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)3.448 F F2<8c72>5.358 E(st)-.1 E +F0(other)4.128 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If)144 504 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E +F0(is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 528 Q +F12.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E F12.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 304.8 R .438(If the) -5.438 F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 540 R .438(If the)5.438 +F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.335(the editor gi)144 316.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E -F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 -(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 -F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 328.8 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F -.631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT) -3.131 E F0 .631(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 -340.8 R .951(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 -F .95(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 -F -.15(exe)144 352.8 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 376.8 R -F2(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +.334(the editor gi)144 552 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E F2 +(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do) +.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F +(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 564 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E +F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of) +-.25 F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63 +(is not set.)2.88 F .63(If nei-)5.63 F .95(ther v)144 576 R .95 +(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.116 E F0 .95(is used.)5.116 F .951 +(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.95 F +-.15(exe)144 588 S(cuted.).15 E .789(In the second form,)144 612 R F2 +(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 (cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 -(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789 -E(mand)144 388.8 Q F0 .347(is intepreted the same as)2.847 F F2<8c72> -2.847 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347 -(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F3 .346(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0 -2.846(,s)C 2.846(ot)-2.846 G(hat)-2.846 E(typing)144 400.8 Q F3 7.165 -(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 -(ginning with)-.15 F F3(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F3(r) -3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F -(mand.)144 412.8 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 -436.8 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.288 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.788 +E(mand)144 624 Q F0 .346(is intepreted the same as)2.846 F F2<8c72>2.847 +E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .347(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0 +2.847(,s)C 2.847(ot)-2.847 G(hat)-2.847 E(typing)144 636 Q F4 7.166(rc) +3.666 G(c)-7.166 E F0 1.166(runs the last command be)3.666 F 1.166 +(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.165(and typing)3.666 F F4(r) +3.665 E F0(re-e)3.665 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165(cutes the last com-).15 F +(mand.)144 648 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 672 +R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 (lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 448.8 -R .454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 -(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 -(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted or f).15 F .787 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 684 R +.454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454 +(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 +(cuted or f).15 F .788 (ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 +.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136 (second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -472.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 -(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 484.8 Q +708 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 +(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 720 Q (alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 501.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) -144 513.6 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 -(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 -(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 -1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 525.6 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G -.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 -(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 537.6 Q -.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 -(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 549.6 Q -F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 -(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E -F1(getopts)108 566.4 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs) --.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 578.4 Q F0 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 -(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 590.4 R .149 -(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 602.4 Q .578 -(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 -(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 614.4 R 1.665 -(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) -4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796 -(option in the shell v)144 626.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.296 E F0 -3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797 -(if it does not e)3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G -3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 638.4 Q .085 -(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)2.585 -E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.585 E F0 .085 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 -(or a shell script is in)144 650.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 -(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 -(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804 -(into the v)144 662.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A -F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F4(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803 -(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 -(reset between multiple calls to)144 674.4 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 -(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F -2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 686.4 -Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 710.4 R F1(getopts) -4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 722.4 Q F0 -(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G -(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(62) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ailure.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(62)193.45 E +0 Cg EP %%Page: 63 63 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(getopts)144 84 Q F0 2.392 -(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392 -(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893 -(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,) -.27 E F1(getopts)144 96 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 -120 Q F0 1.166(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665 -(ays. If)-3.765 F 1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring) -3.895 E F0 1.165(is a colon,)3.885 F F2(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E -1.07(reporting is used.)144 132 R 1.071 -(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.07 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.071(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 144 -R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) --.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 -(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 156 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E -F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 180 R --.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667 -(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .667 -(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4(and unsets)144 -192 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1 -(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 -(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3(OPT)2.899 -E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 -204 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 228 R 1.241(gument is not found, and) --.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \() -3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242 -(laced in)-3.742 F F2(name)144 240 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 -E F0 .234(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If) -5.234 E F1(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1 -(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 252 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 -E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 -E F1(getopts)144 276 Q F0 .902 +SF(fg)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(])A +(Resume)144 96 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 +(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 +(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 +1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 108 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G .617 +(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 120 Q .362 +(ground, or f)-.15 F .362(ailure if run when job control is disabled or) +-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F +F2(jobspec)145.74 132 Q F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E +(as started without job control.)-.1 E F1(getopts)108 148.8 Q F2 +(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 +160.8 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F2 +(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 172.8 R .15 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 184.8 Q .579 +(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578 +(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 196.8 R 1.665 +(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) +4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .797 +(option in the shell v)144 208.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.297 E F0 +3.297(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.297 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797 +(if it does not e)3.477 F .796(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.296(xo)-.15 G +3.296(ft)-3.296 G .796(he ne)-3.296 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 220.8 Q .085 +(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND) +4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .846 +(or a shell script is in)144 232.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 +(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 +(getopts)3.345 E F0 .845(places that ar)3.345 F(gument)-.18 E .803 +(into the v)144 244.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A +F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.303 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .804 +(automatically; it must be manually)3.054 F .294 +(reset between multiple calls to)144 256.8 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 +(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F +2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 268.8 +Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 292.8 R F1(getopts) +4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 304.8 Q F0 +(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 328.8 Q F0 2.393 +(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.893 F 2.392 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.392(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.892 +(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E F2(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144 +340.8 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 364.8 Q F0 1.165 +(can report errors in tw)3.665 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F +1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.166 +(is a colon,)3.886 F F2(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E 1.071 +(reporting is used.)144 376.8 R 1.071 +(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.071 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.07(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 388.8 +R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) +-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F +(will be displayed, e)144 400.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft) +-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F2(optstring)2.73 E F0 +(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667(If an in)144 424.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G .667 +(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667(places ? into) +3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .666 +(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399(and unsets)144 +436.8 R F3(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899 +E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3 +(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F +(diagnostic message is printed.)144 448.8 Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 +472.8 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 +1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.741 +(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F F2(name)144 484.8 +Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.734 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 +(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.484 F(If)5.234 E F1 +(getopts)2.734 E F0 .235(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1(:).833 E +F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 496.8 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3 +(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F1 +(getopts)144 520.8 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) -3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 288 Q F1(hash)108 304.8 -Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 -(Each time)144 316.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 -G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) +3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 532.8 Q F1(hash)108 +549.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A +.858(Each time)144 561.6 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) 3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 328.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +(the directories in)144 573.6 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 340.8 -R F12.743 E F0 .243 -(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F2 -(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.711 -(of the command.)144 352.8 R(The)6.711 E F14.211 E F0 1.711 -(option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712 -(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F14.212 E F0 -.833(option causes the shell to for)144 364.8 R .833 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 585.6 +R F12.742 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F2 +(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .243(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.712 +(of the command.)144 597.6 R(The)6.712 E F14.212 E F0 1.711 +(option causes the shell to for)4.212 F 1.711 +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.711 E F14.211 E F0 +.833(option causes the shell to for)144 609.6 R .833 (get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F13.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) -3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 376.8 R F2(name) -3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F -F2(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 -388.8 R F13.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 +3.333 F .704(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 621.6 R F2(name) +3.204 E F0 .703(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .703(If multiple)5.703 F +F2(name)3.203 E F0(ar)3.203 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 +633.6 R F13.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 .795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934 (output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 -400.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 412.8 Q F12.822 E F0 .322 -(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F -.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 424.8 Q F2(name)2.86 +645.6 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .934(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.934(n, or if).15 F(only)144 657.6 Q F12.821 E F0 .321 +(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.821 F +.322(The return status is true)5.322 F(unless a)144 669.6 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) -.25 E F1(help)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 -453.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 -.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144 -465.6 R F2(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 -(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 477.6 Q F1 -144 489.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 489.6 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F1144 501.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) -180 501.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G -(ormat)-2.5 E F1144 513.6 Q F0 -(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 513.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 -E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 530.4 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 547.2 Q F2(n)A F1(])A -(history \255c)108 559.2 Q(history \255d)108 571.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A -F1(history \255p)108 595.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 -(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 607.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 -619.2 S .752 -(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F -.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 631.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 -F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 -(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFOR-) -2.88 E(MA)144 643.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 -(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2 -(strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02 -(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 655.2 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G -3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 -(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 667.2 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) -2.676 E F0 .176 -(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -(not, the v)144 679.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) -2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 691.2 Q F0 -(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 691.2 Q F1 -144 703.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39 -(Delete the history entry at position)180 715.2 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset) --.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne) -2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti) --2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve) --.25 G .598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 -727.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 -(ndices count back from the end).15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(63)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +.25 E F1(help)108 686.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 +698.4 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 +.866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144 +710.4 R F2(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 +(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 722.4 Q +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(63)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 64 64 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(of the history)180 -84 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5 -(1r)-2.5 G(efers to the current)-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(history -d) -2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1144 96 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 96 R -(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.065('h)-.74 G .564 -(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.065 F .564 -(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 108 Q +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 84 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)2.5 E F1144 96 Q F0 +(Display the description of each)180 96 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0 +(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)-2.5 E F1144 108 Q F0 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 108 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E +F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 124.8 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 141.6 Q F2(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 153.6 Q(history \255d)108 165.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A +F1(history \255p)108 189.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 201.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 +213.6 S .752 +(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F +.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 225.6 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 +(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.881 E(MA)144 237.6 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 +(strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 249.6 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 +(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 +(time stamp and the history line.)144 261.6 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +2.676 E F0 .176 +(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F +(not, the v)144 273.6 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) +2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 285.6 Q F0 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 285.6 Q F1 +144 297.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389 +(Delete the history entry at position)180 309.6 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset) +-.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne) +2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.89(,i).15 G 2.89(ti) +-2.89 G 2.89(si)-2.89 G .39(nterpreted as relati)-2.89 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.599(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 321.6 R +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .598 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 333.6 Q 2.5(,a) +-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +144 345.6 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 345.6 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E +3.064('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 +(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 357.6 Q (ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E -(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 120 Q -F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ - into the current history list.)180 120 R .773 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 132 R -.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E -(sion.)180 144 Q F1144 156 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ -\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 156 Q F1 -144 168 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 -168 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G -(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 180 Q F0 .625 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 180 R(wing)-.25 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626 -(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 -192 R .475(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 -E F2(ar)2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 204 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 216 Q F0 .362 -(Store the)180 216 R F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 -(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 228 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 244.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 369.6 +Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\ +le into the current history list.)180 369.6 R .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 381.6 R +.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E +(sion.)180 393.6 Q F1144 405.6 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ +ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 405.6 Q F1 +144 417.6 Q F0 +(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 417.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 429.6 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 429.6 R(wing)-.25 E F2 +(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard) +3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 441.6 R .475 +(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) +2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F +(normal history e)180 453.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 465.6 Q F0 +.363(Store the)180 465.6 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 477.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 494.4 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) +-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 256.8 R .669 -(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669 -(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 268.8 R .956 -(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955 -(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.795 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 280.8 R 1.795 +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 506.4 R .669 +(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 518.4 R .956 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.796 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 530.4 R 1.795 (wing history entry)-.25 F 6.795(.T)-.65 G 1.795(he return v)-6.795 F -1.796(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 292.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \ +1.795(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 542.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \ option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the his\ -tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 304.8 Q(fset) --.18 E F0 1.031(is supplied as an ar)3.531 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 +tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 554.4 Q(fset) +-.18 E F0 1.032(is supplied as an ar)3.532 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 3.531 E F0 3.531(,o)C 3.531(rt)-3.531 G 1.031(he history e)-3.531 -F 1.031(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F 1.032(gument to)-.18 F F1 -3.532 E F0 -.1(fa)144 316.8 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 333.6 Q F0([) +F 1.031(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 +3.531 E F0 -.1(fa)144 566.4 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 583.2 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1 -(jobs \255x)108 345.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 -E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 357.6 Q .3 -.15 +(jobs \255x)108 595.2 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 +E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 607.2 Q .3 -.15 (ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 369.6 Q F0 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 369.6 Q F1 -144 381.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 381.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 393.6 Q F1 -144 405.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 405.6 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 417.6 Q F0 -(Display only running jobs.)180 417.6 Q F1144 429.6 Q F0 -(Display only stopped jobs.)180 429.6 Q(If)144 446.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 -E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 -(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) --.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 458.4 Q -.25 +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 619.2 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 619.2 Q F1 +144 631.2 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) +180 631.2 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 +F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 643.2 Q F1 +144 655.2 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 655.2 Q 2.5(sp) +-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 667.2 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)180 667.2 Q F1144 679.2 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 679.2 Q(If)144 696 Q F2(jobspec)4.554 E +F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) +-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 708 Q -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 475.2 R F1 -2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 -.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) -3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 487.2 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) -2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E -F1(kill)108 504 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 -2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F12.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 -(kill \255l)108 516 Q F0(|)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 -E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by) -144 528 R F2(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119 -(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2 -(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319 -(either a case-insensiti)144 540 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 -(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 -(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 552 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0 -1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) -4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 -1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 564 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F -F13.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523 -F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F -F13.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names) -.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 576 R .28 -(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2 --.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 588 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F F1 -2.878 E F0 .378 -(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 600 R -(The)5.962 E F13.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 -G .962(lent to).25 F F13.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 -(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E -(successfully sent, or f)144 612 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 -E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 628.8 Q F2 -(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 -640.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197 -(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196 -(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) -2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 652.8 Q F2(ar) -2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 -(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 669.6 Q F0([)2.5 -E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 681.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F -.06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 -.06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) --5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 693.6 Q 3.153(yo) --.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar) -3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652 -(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -705.6 Q F2(name)3.281 E F0 .421(to ha)3.101 F .721 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H -.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -(If)5.422 E F2(name)2.922 E F0 .422(is \255, the set)2.922 F 1.461 -(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 717.6 R F1 -(local)3.961 E F0 1.461(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.461 -(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.562(using the)144 729.6 R F1(set)4.062 -E F0 -.2(bu)4.062 G 1.563 -(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.563 -(alues when the function)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22) -144.29 E(64)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E 2.066(If the)144 724.8 R F1 +4.566 E F0 2.067(option is supplied,)4.567 F F1(jobs)4.567 E F0 +2.067(replaces an)4.567 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)6.307 E F0 2.067(found in) +4.877 F F2(command)4.767 E F0(or)5.337 E F2(ar)4.897 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +2.067(with the)4.837 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(64) +193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 65 65 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 3.744(returns. W) -144 84 R 1.244(ith no operands,)-.4 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(local)3.744 -E F0 1.244(writes a list of local v)3.744 F 1.243 -(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.243(It is an)6.243 F .42 -(error to use)144 96 R F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(corresponding process group ID, and e)144 84 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 +E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F1(ar)2.5 E +(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2A F1(sigspec)2.5 +E F0(|)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F22.5 E F1 +(sigspec)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(].)C(..)-2.5 E F2(kill \255l)108 112.8 Q F0(|)A F2A F0([)2.5 E F1 +(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12 +(Send the signal named by)144 124.8 R F1(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F1 +(signum)2.96 E F0 .119(to the processes named by)2.939 F F1(pid)3.869 E +F0(or)3.389 E F1(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F1(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is) +2.929 E .318(either a case-insensiti)144 136.8 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.318(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 +.319(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 148.8 Q F1(signum)4.189 E F0 +1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F1(sigspec) +4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 +1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 160.8 Q .522(gument of)-.18 +F F23.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an) +5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when) +.18 F F23.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523 +(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 172.8 +R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E +F1 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 184.8 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F +F22.877 E F0 .378 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 196.8 +R(The)5.962 E F23.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va) +-.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F23.462 E F0(.)A F2(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 +(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E +(successfully sent, or f)144 208.8 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in) +-.1 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F2(let)108 225.6 Q +F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 +237.6 Q F1(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197 +(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197 +(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) +2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 249.6 Q F1(ar) +2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0 +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 278.4 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F +.06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 +.06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) +-5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 290.4 Q 3.152(yo) +-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F2(declar) +3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .653 +(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 +302.4 Q F1(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H +.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F +(If)5.421 E F1(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F 1.461 +(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 314.4 R F2 +(local)3.961 E F0 1.462(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.462 +(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.563(using the)144 326.4 R F2(set)4.063 +E F0 -.2(bu)4.063 G 1.563 +(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.562 +(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.743(returns. W)144 338.4 R 1.243 +(ith no operands,)-.4 F F2(local)3.743 E F0 1.243 +(writes a list of local v)3.743 F 1.244 +(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.244(It is an)6.244 F .42 +(error to use)144 350.4 R F2(local)2.92 E F0 .42 (when not within a function.)2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless) -5.42 F F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in) -144 108 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.86 E F0 -(is supplied, or)2.68 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.) --.25 E F1(logout)108 124.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 124.8 Q F1 -(map\214le)108 141.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 153.6 S(adarray) -.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k) --.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr) --2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351 -(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 165.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.85 E -(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor) --2.85 F F2(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 177.6 R F13.748 E F0 -1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E -F2(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 -F(ha)144 189.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E -F1144 201.6 Q F0(The \214rst character of)180 201.6 Q F2(delim)2.5 -E F0(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.) --.25 E F1144 213.6 Q F0(Cop)180 213.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G -(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0 -(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 225.6 Q F0(Be)180 225.6 Q -(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) --.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) --.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 237.6 Q F0 -(Discard the \214rst)180 237.6 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 -144 249.6 Q F0(Remo)180 249.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 -E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E -(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 261.6 Q F0 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 261.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 273.6 Q F0(Ev)180 -273.6 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 -(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1144 285.6 -Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 285.6 Q -F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 302.4 Q F12.968 E F0 -.467(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 -(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 +5.42 F F2(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in) +144 362.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or) +2.68 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2(logout) +108 379.2 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 379.2 Q F2(map\214le)108 396 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F2A F1(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(count) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E +F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E +(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F2 -.18(re)108 408 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +A F1(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F2-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E +F1(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .35 +(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 420 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)2.851 E(ay) +-.15 E F0 2.851(,o).32 G 2.851(rf)-2.851 G .351(rom \214le descriptor) +-2.851 F F1(fd)2.851 E F0 1.249(if the)144 432 R F23.749 E F0 +1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F1(arr)3.748 E +(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,)-6.248 F(ha)144 444 +Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 +456 Q F0(The \214rst character of)180 456 Q F1(delim)2.5 E F0 +(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 +E F2144 468 Q F0(Cop)180 468 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 +E F1(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1(count)2.5 E F0 +(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2144 480 Q F0(Be)180 480 Q +(gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) +-.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) +-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2144 492 Q F0(Discard the \214rst) +180 492 Q F1(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F2144 504 Q F0(Remo) +180 504 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 E F1(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def) +2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F2144 516 +Q F0(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 516 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2144 528 Q F0(Ev)180 528 Q +(aluate)-.25 E F1(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F1(quantum) +2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F22.5 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F2144 540 Q +F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 540 Q F1 +(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 556.8 Q F22.967 E F0 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F22.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F1 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 314.4 R 2.761(xo)-.15 -G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ -igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 -(as additional ar)144 326.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E -F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 -(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 338.4 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 355.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 -(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 372 Q F0 1.905 -(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 -(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) -4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 384 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 568.8 R 2.762(xo)-.15 +G 2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be ass\ +igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 +(as additional ar)144 580.8 R(guments.)-.18 E F1(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E +F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 592.8 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 609.6 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F2(map\214le)144 626.4 Q F0 1.906 +(returns successfully unless an in)4.406 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 +(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.905(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F1(arr) +4.405 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.405 E(in)144 638.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(popd)108 400.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 412.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se) -.15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299 -(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G -.299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144 -424.8 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 -(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479 -(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15 -F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 436.8 Q F1144 448.8 Q F0 .551 -(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 448.8 R .551 +F2(popd)108 655.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 667.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799 +(se).15 G .299(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G +.299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 +G .3(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144 +679.2 R F2(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 +(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478 +(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15 +F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 691.2 Q F2144 703.2 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 703.2 R .551 (ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 460.8 Q F1(+)144 472.8 Q F2(n)A -F0(Remo)180 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E -F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 -484.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 -(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) --.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1144 496.8 Q F2(n)A F0 -(Remo)180 496.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 -1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by) --.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5 -(zero. F)180 508.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0 -(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 -E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 -525.6 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1 -(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.) -3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 537.6 R .416 -(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415 -(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915 -(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F -(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 549.6 Q -(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 566.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0 -(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436 -(Write the formatted)144 578.4 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 -(to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937 -E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F13.937 E F0 .126 -(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 590.4 R(ariable) --.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard) -2.626 F(output.)144 602.4 Q(The)144 626.4 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ -s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\ -cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ -er escape sequences, which are con)144 638.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 -(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ -\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 650.4 R .037 -(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 662.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 -5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 -(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 -E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 674.4 Q -(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 686.4 Q F0(causes)180 686.4 Q F1(printf) -2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096 -(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) -2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 698.4 Q(ay as) --.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 710.4 Q F0(causes)180 710.4 Q -F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E -(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F -(input.)180 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(65) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 715.2 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(65)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 66 66 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(%\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes)180 -96 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 -(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt) -4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 108 R F2 +SF(+)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(Remo)180 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 +G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 .14 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 96 +S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0(remo) +2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E +F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1144 108 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo)180 +108 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F2(n)3.759 E F0 1.259 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180 120 +R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 +G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0 +(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .644(If the)144 136.8 R F1(popd)3.144 E +F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F1(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643 +(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F1(popd)5.643 +E F0 .415(returns f)144 148.8 R .415(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G +.415(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916 +(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F +(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 160.8 Q +(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0 +(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.437 +(Write the formatted)144 189.6 R F2(ar)3.937 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 +(to the standard output under the control of the)3.937 F F2(format)3.936 +E F0 6.436(.T)C(he)-6.436 E F13.936 E F0 .126 +(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 201.6 R(ariable) +-.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard) +2.626 F(output.)144 213.6 Q(The)144 237.6 Q F2(format)3.018 E F0 .517(i\ +s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\ +cters, which are)3.018 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ +er escape sequences, which are con)144 249.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704 +(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 261.6 R .036 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 273.6 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +5.531(.I)C 3.031(na)-5.531 G .531(ddition to the standard)-3.031 F F2 +(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.032 +E F0 .532(interprets the follo)3.032 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 285.6 Q +(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 297.6 Q F0(causes)180 297.6 Q F1(printf) +2.596 E F0 .096(to e)2.596 F .096 +(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .095(in the)2.595 F(same w)180 309.6 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 321.6 Q F0(causes)180 321.6 Q +F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E +(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F +(input.)180 333.6 Q F1(%\()144 345.6 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes) +180 357.6 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 +(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F2(datefmt) +4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 369.6 R F2 (strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) 2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 -(ger representing the number)-.15 F .457(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -120 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F -.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F .848 -(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 132 R .847 -(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.347(d. If).1 F .847(no ar)3.347 -F .847(gument is speci-)-.18 F .354(\214ed, con)180 144 R -.15(ve)-.4 G -.354(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.854(sa).15 G 2.854(si)-2.854 G -2.854(f-)-2.854 G 2.854(1h)-2.854 G .354(ad been gi)-2.854 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .355(is an e)2.854 F .355 -(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.855 E F0(beha)180 156 Q(vior) --.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 172.8 Q .464(guments to non-string format speci\ -\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 184.8 +(ger representing the number)-.15 F .458(of seconds since the epoch.)180 +381.6 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F +.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F .847 +(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 393.6 R .847 +(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.348(d. If).1 F .848(no ar)3.348 +F .848(gument is speci-)-.18 F .355(\214ed, con)180 405.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 +G .355(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.855(sa).15 G 2.855(si)-2.855 G +2.855(f-)-2.855 G 2.855(1h)-2.855 G .354(ad been gi)-2.855 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .354(is an e)2.854 F .354 +(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.854 E F0(beha)180 417.6 Q +(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 434.4 Q .463(guments to non-string format s\ +peci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 +(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 446.4 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 196.8 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 213.6 Q F2(format)3.424 E -F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423 +-.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 458.4 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 475.2 Q F2(format)3.423 E +F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) -3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 225.6 Q(guments)-.37 E -F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033 +3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 487.2 Q(guments)-.37 E +F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) -.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,) --.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 237.6 Q(The return v)5 E +.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,) +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 499.2 Q(The return v)5 E (alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) -108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C --2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 -2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\ -rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 278.4 R 3.139(wt) --.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .416(stack the current w)144 290.4 R .416 +108 516 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 528 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the dire\ +ctory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 540 R 3.14(wt)-.25 +G .64(op of the)-3.14 F .417(stack the current w)144 552 R .416 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.416(.W)-.65 G .416(ith no ar)-5.816 F (guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.916 E F0 -.15(ex)2.916 G .416 -(changes the top tw).15 F 2.917(od)-.1 G(irectories)-2.917 E 1.625 -(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 302.4 R 6.625 -(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 --.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 314.4 Q -F1144 326.4 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory \ -when rotating or adding directories to the)180 326.4 R -(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 338.4 Q F1(+)144 -350.4 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 350.4 R F2(n) -3.768 E F0 1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B -1.267(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 362.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 374.4 Q F2(n)A F0 -.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 374.4 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +(changes the top tw).15 F 2.916(od)-.1 G(irectories)-2.916 E 1.625 +(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 564 R 6.625(.A) +-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 576 Q F1 +144 588 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when\ + rotating or adding directories to the)180 588 R +(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 600 Q F1(+)144 612 Q +F2(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)180 612 R F2(n)3.767 E F0 +1.268(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268 +(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 624 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 636 Q F2(n)A F0 .92 +(Rotates the stack so that the)180 636 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)180 386.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) --2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 398.4 Q F0(Adds)180 398.4 Q F2(dir)3.138 E F0 .288 -(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.518 F 2.787(wc) --.25 G .287(urrent w)-2.787 F .287(orking directory as)-.1 F -(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 410.4 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1 -(cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 427.2 R F1(pushd) -2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 -(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F -F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 439.2 R F2(dir) -3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 -F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846 -(stack is empty)144 451.2 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent\ +F F1(dirs)180 648 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 +E F2(dir)144.35 660 Q F0(Adds)180 660 Q F2(dir)3.137 E F0 .287 +(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.517 F 2.788(wc) +-.25 G .288(urrent w)-2.788 F .288(orking directory as)-.1 F +(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 672 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1(cd) +2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .489(If the)144 688.8 R F1(pushd)2.989 +E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 +(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F +F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 700.8 R F2(dir) +3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,) +-.4 F F1(pushd)3.54 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847 +(stack is empty)144 712.8 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent\ directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the) --.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 463.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 -E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 480 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 492 R .845 -(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 -(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 -504 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181 -(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set) -2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264(enabled. If) -144 516 R(the)3.264 E F13.264 E F0 .763 -(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 -F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 528 R -.25(va) --.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 540 Q F1 -.18(re)108 556.8 S(ad) -.18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(aname) -3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 --3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2 -(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(nc) -3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(pr)3.816 E -(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(timeout)3.816 E F0 3.816 -(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 568.8 Q F2(name)A F0 -(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \ -\214le descriptor)144 580.8 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) -3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 592.8 Q F13.848 E F0 1.348 -(option, split into w)3.848 F 1.348(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.647 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)3.847 G 1.347(rd Splitting).75 F -F0 3.847(,a)C 1.347(nd the \214rst w)-3.847 F 1.347(ord is)-.1 F 1.465 -(assigned to the \214rst)144 604.8 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G -1.465(he second w)-3.965 F 1.465(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.965 E -F0 3.965(,a).18 G 1.465(nd so on.)-3.965 F 1.465(If there are more)6.465 -F -.1(wo)144 616.8 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 -(ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112 -(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 628.8 Q F0 -5.722(.I).18 G 3.222(ft)-5.722 G .722(here are fe)-3.222 F .722(wer w) --.25 F .723 -(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1 -F .532(assigned empty v)144 640.8 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532 -(characters in)3.032 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.032 E F0 .531 -(are used to split the line into w)2.782 F .531(ords using the same)-.1 -F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 652.8 R .197 -(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .497 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 --.75(Wo)2.697 G .197(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.697(\). The)B .197 -(backslash charac-)2.697 F .157(ter \()144 664.8 R F1(\\)A F0 2.657(\)m) -C .157(ay be used to remo)-2.657 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .457 -.15(ny s) -.15 H .157(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .156 -(xt character read and for line continu-)-.15 F 2.5(ation. Options,)144 -676.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 688.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049 -(The w)180 700.8 R 1.049 -(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) --.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2 -(aname)180.33 712.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25 -(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 -E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 -E(66)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 724.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 +E(ails.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(66)193.45 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 67 67 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(delim)2.5 E F0 -(The \214rst character of)180 96 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 +SF(pwd)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 96 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 +108 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181 +(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set) +2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If) +144 120 R(the)3.263 E F13.263 E F0 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 +F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 132 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 144 Q F1 -.18(re)108 160.8 S(ad) +.18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2 +(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 +3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817 +(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(nc)3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 +-3.817 E F2(pr)3.817 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E +F2(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A +([)108 172.8 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the s\ +tandard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 184.8 R F2(fd)3.016 E +F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 196.8 Q +F13.847 E F0 1.347(option, split into w)3.847 F 1.347 +(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.648 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75 +(Wo)3.848 G 1.348(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.848(,a)C 1.348 +(nd the \214rst w)-3.848 F 1.348(ord is)-.1 F 1.465 +(assigned to the \214rst)144 208.8 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G +1.465(he second w)-3.965 F 1.465(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.965 E +F0 3.965(,a).18 G 1.465(nd so on.)-3.965 F 1.465(If there are more)6.465 +F -.1(wo)144 220.8 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 +(ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112 +(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 232.8 Q F0 +5.723(.I).18 G 3.223(ft)-5.723 G .723(here are fe)-3.223 F .723(wer w) +-.25 F .722 +(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1 +F .531(assigned empty v)144 244.8 R 3.031(alues. The)-.25 F .531 +(characters in)3.031 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.031 E F0 .532 +(are used to split the line into w)2.781 F .532(ords using the same)-.1 +F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 256.8 R .197 +(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .497 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)2.697 G .197(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.697(\). The)B .196 +(backslash charac-)2.697 F .156(ter \()144 268.8 R F1(\\)A F0 2.656(\)m) +C .156(ay be used to remo)-2.656 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .457 -.15(ny s) +.15 H .157(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .157 +(xt character read and for line continu-)-.15 F 2.5(ation. Options,)144 +280.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 292.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w) +180 304.8 R 1.049 +(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F +F2(aname)180.33 316.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1144 328.8 Q F2(delim)2.5 E +F0(The \214rst character of)180 340.8 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 (is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E -F1144 108 Q F0 .373 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 108 R F1 -.18(re) -2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) -2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G -(sed)-2.872 E .218(to obtain the line.)180 120 R .218 +F1144 352.8 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 352.8 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo) +2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E +.218(to obtain the line.)180 364.8 R .218 (Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 (ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E -(acti)180 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E F1 -144 144 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)180 144 Q F1 -.18(re)2.716 G -(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2(te) -2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E -.215(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 156 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1144 -168 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 180 S(ad).18 E F0 -1.394(returns after reading)3.894 F F2(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 -1.395(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395 -(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 192 Q +(acti)180 376.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E +F1144 388.8 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)180 388.8 Q F1 -.18(re) +2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2 +(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 +E .216(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 400.8 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1 +144 412.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 424.8 S(ad).18 +E F0 1.395(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 +E F0 1.395(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394 +(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 436.8 Q (ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 -144 204 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 216 S(ad) -.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269 -(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 228 R F1 -.18(re)2.775 -G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275(Delimiter characters encoun-) -5.275 F 1.003 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 240 R -F1 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F2(nc)3.502 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .608(characters are read.)180 252 R .608 -(The result is not split on the characters in)5.608 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 -3.108(;t)C .609(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 264 S .67 +144 448.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 460.8 S +(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc) +3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F +1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 472.8 R F1 -.18(re) +2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274 +(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 484.8 +R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc) +3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 496.8 R .608 +(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 +3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 508.8 S .669 (riable is assigned e).25 F .669 -(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .669 -(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1180 276 Q F0(option belo) -2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 288 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display) -180 300 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.66 F -3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161 -(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 312 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5 -(nput. The)-2.5 F +(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67 +(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1180 520.8 Q F0 +(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 532.8 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 +E F0(Display)180 544.8 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 +(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) +-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 556.8 Q +2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F (prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 -144 324 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -180 324 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of) --5.543 F(the line.)180 336 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G -(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.) --.25 E F1144 348 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 348 Q +144 568.8 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 568.8 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544 +(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F(the line.)180 580.8 Q +(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E +(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)-.25 E F1144 +592.8 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 592.8 Q (If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 -144 360 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 372 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 G -(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428 -(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561 -(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 384 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0 -(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number) -3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 396 Q +144 604.8 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 616.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 +G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 +(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 628.8 R F2(timeout)3.061 E +F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 640.8 Q (wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 -408 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 420 R .589 -(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 -(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve) --.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59 -(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 432 S(riable) -.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 -(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 -F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G -(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 444 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a) --.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) -.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 -456 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e) -.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1144 468 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 468 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .477 -(If no)144 484.8 R F2(names)3.337 E F0 .477 -(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.247 F(ariable)-.25 E -F3(REPL)2.976 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .476(The e)4.976 -F .476(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .772 -(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 496.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.272 G(ad) -.18 E F0 .773 -(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.272 F --.25(va)144 508.8 S 2.004 -(riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.004 -(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.004(lid \214le).25 F -(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 520.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 537.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A -F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A -(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 549.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v) --.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77 -(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144 561.6 R -1.097(If the)6.097 F F13.597 E F0 1.097 -(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 -(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 573.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) --.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 -(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) --3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 585.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277 -(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F13.277 E -F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name) -3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 597.6 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 -(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F -.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 609.6 R(The)5.295 E F1 -2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786 -(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 621.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -633.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) --3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) -3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) --5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) -144 645.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) --.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 -(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 657.6 Q F0 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 674.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 686.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 -(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02 -(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596 -(the return status is that of the last command e)144 698.4 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E -F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E 1.239(by a trap handler)144 710.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 -(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) --3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.066(before the trap handler)144 -722.4 R 6.067(.i)-.55 G(f)-6.067 E F1 -.18(re)3.567 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E -F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB) -3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(67)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +652.8 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 664.8 R .59 +(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 +(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 676.8 S +(riable).25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 +.27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately) +2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 +G(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 688.8 R 1.12 +(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12 +(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12 +(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 700.8 R -.15(ex)2.5 G +(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e).15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E +F1144 712.8 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 +712.8 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .476(If no)144 729.6 R F2(names)3.336 E F0 +.476(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.246 F(ariable) +-.25 E F3(REPL)2.977 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .477 +(The e)4.977 F .477(xit status is zero,)-.15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(67)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 68 68 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .39 -(determine the status is the last command e)144 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .389 -(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re) -2.889 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.889 G 2.889(si).1 G -1.9 -.4 -(nv o)-2.889 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E(If)144 96 Q F1 -.18(re)2.583 G(tur) -.18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .084(is used outside a function, b)2.583 F .084 -(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F -F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.584(\)c)C .084 -(ommand, it)-2.584 F .589(causes the shell to stop e)144 108 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .589(cuting that script and return either).15 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.448 E F0 .588(or the e)3.328 F .588 -(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e)144 120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .326 -(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326 -(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445 -(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 132 R .444 -(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 -(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 144 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E F1 -(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15 E -.75(mand associated with the)144 156 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .773 +(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +-.18(re)3.273 G(ad).18 E F0 .772 +(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.273 F +-.25(va)144 96 S 2.004 +(riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.005 +(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.005(lid \214le).25 F +(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 108 Q(gument to)-.18 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 124.8 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 +2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E +F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 136.8 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77 +(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 +.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 +148.8 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F13.596 E F0 1.097 +(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2 +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 160.8 Q 3.334(ed. The) +-.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 +(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) +-3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) +-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 172.8 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 +(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F13.277 E +F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name) +3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 184.8 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 +(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F +.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 196.8 R(The)5.296 E F1 +2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 +(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) +144 208.8 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +220.8 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) +3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) +-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) +144 232.8 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) +-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 244.8 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 261.6 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 273.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 +(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F +5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597 +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 285.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E +F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 297.6 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 +(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) +-3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.067(before the trap handler)144 +309.6 R 6.067(.i)-.55 G(f)-6.067 E F1 -.18(re)3.567 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E +F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB) +3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F .389 +(determine the status is the last command e)144 321.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.89 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.89 G 2.89(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.89 H -.1(ke).4 +G(d.).1 E(If)144 333.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.584 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .084 +(is used outside a function, b)2.584 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084 E +F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.583(\)c)C .083(ommand, it)-2.583 F .588 +(causes the shell to stop e)144 345.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589 +(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e) +144 357.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325 +(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444 +(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 369.6 R .444 +(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 +(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 381.6 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E +F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E +.749(mand associated with the)144 393.6 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 (trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 168 Q F1 -(set)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C +G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 405.6 Q F1 +(set)108 422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E -F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 +F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 434.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E -(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 208.8 S .835 +(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 446.4 S .836 (thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F -.836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 -(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 220.8 -R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783 -(riables cannot be).25 F 2.911(reset. In)144 232.8 R F2(posix)2.911 E F0 +.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 +(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 458.4 +R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784 +(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 470.4 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0 .412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412 -(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.531 -(locale. When)144 244.8 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F -3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An) --.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F 1.623 -(after option processing are treated as v)144 256.8 R 1.624 +(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53 +(locale. When)144 482.4 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F +3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An) +-.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F +1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 494.4 R 1.623 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) -144 268.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A +144 506.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 280.8 Q -F0 1.378(Each v)184 280.8 R 1.377 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 518.4 Q +F0 1.377(Each v)184 518.4 R 1.377 (ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.377(xport attrib)-.15 F -1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 292.8 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 -E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 304.8 Q F0 .131 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 304.8 R -2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 316.8 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) --.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 328.8 Q F0 -.088(Exit immediately if a)184 328.8 R F2(pipeline)2.588 E F0 .087 -(\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F2 .087(simple command)2.587 F -F0 .087(\), a)B F2(list)2.587 E F0 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 340.8 Q -F2 1.52(compound command)4.02 F F0(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F +1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 530.4 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 +E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 542.4 Q F0 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 542.4 R +2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E +(primary prompt.)184 554.4 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 566.4 Q F0 +.087(Exit immediately if a)184 566.4 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 +(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F +F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 578.4 Q +F2 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F0(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e) -.15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08 -(The shell does not e)184 352.8 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F -.079(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 364.8 -Q 1.654(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(until)4.154 E F0 --.1(ke)4.154 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.655 -(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(elif)4.155 E F0(reserv) -4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 376.8 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc) --.15 G .582(ommand e)-3.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 -(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .581(list e)3.081 F .581 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .917(the \214nal)184 388.8 R -F1(&&)3.417 E F0(or)3.417 E F1(||)3.417 E F0 3.417(,a)C 1.217 -.15(ny c) --3.417 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .918 -(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.418(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.418 E --.25(va)184 400.8 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661 -(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.161 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .66 -(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.112 -(non-zero status because a command f)184 412.8 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F -F13.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.113 -(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .178(not e)184 424.8 R 2.678 -(xit. A)-.15 F .178(trap on)2.678 F F1(ERR)2.678 E F0 2.678(,i)C 2.678 -(fs)-2.678 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 -(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.677(xits. This)-.15 F .177 -(option applies to)2.677 F .617(the shell en)184 436.8 R .617 +.15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079 +(The shell does not e)184 590.4 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F +.08(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 602.4 Q +1.655(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0 +-.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654 +(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv) +4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 614.4 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) +-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 +(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582 +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 626.4 R +F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c) +-3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917 +(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E +-.25(va)184 638.4 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66 +(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661 +(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113 +(non-zero status because a command f)184 650.4 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F +F13.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 662.4 R 2.677 +(xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F1(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678 +(fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 +(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. 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This) +-.1 F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 +144 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 +(xtrace)184 156 Q F0(Same as)224 156 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 174 Q +F13.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 +(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 +186 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 +3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 +(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 198 Q F1 +144 210 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 210 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV) +-.27 E F0 1.072(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 222 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 +-.27(BA)184 234 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G +.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 246 R .38 +(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 258 R F12.961 E F0 .461 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 270 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 +(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1 +2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 282 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 +F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 294 Q F1144 306 Q F0 +(Exit after reading and e)184 306 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.) +.15 E F1144 318 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 318 S .044(eat unset v).35 F .044 +(ariables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" \ +as an)-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 330 R 2.682 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183 +(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 +(able or parameter)184 342 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 (he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 -132 Q F1144 144 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 144 Q 2.5 -(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1144 156 Q F0 .315(After e)184 156 R -.315(xpanding each)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .315(simple command) -2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case) -2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235 -(or arithmetic)184 168 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236 -(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of) --.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS4)3.736 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 180 Q +354 Q F1144 366 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 366 Q 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1144 378 Q F0 .315(After e)184 378 R +.315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25 +(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,) +2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 +390 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F +1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0 +(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 402 Q (xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 -144 192 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)184 192 R 2.578 +144 414 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 414 R 2.578 (xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 204 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1144 216 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)2.713 E -F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 426 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1144 438 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 438 R F1(bash)2.714 E +F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 -2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F -3.054(tors. This)184 228 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F +3.053(tors. This)184 450 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 240 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -144 252 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 252 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 -(rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104 -(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 -F .839(mands e)184 264 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 -F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 276 Q F1 -144 288 Q F0(Enable)184 288 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 -(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531 -F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 300 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 312 Q F0 .96 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 312 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 -(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959 -(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 2.821 -(that change the current w)184 324 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 -(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822 -(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 336 R(def)2.686 +.15 F(tor)184 462 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 474 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 474 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 486 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 498 Q F1 +144 510 Q F0(Enable)184 510 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 522 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 534 Q F0 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 534 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822 +(that change the current w)184 546 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 +(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821 +(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 558 R(def)2.685 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 348 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 -360 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 360 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(mands which change the current directory)184 570 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 +582 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 582 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 372 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 594 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 384 Q F0 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 396 Q -F0 .4(If no ar)184 396 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 -(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 408 Q -F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 606 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 618 Q +F0 .401(If no ar)184 618 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G +.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 630 Q F2 +(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G (ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -420 Q F0 1.945(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 420 R -F2(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G -1.944(ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 432 R -F13.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F13.445 E F0 .945 -(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no) -3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B -(parameters remain unchanged.)184 444 Q .425(The options are of)144 -460.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +642 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 642 R +F2(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G +1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 654 R +F13.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F13.446 E F0 .945 +(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no) +3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B +(parameters remain unchanged.)184 666 Q .425(The options are of)144 +682.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 (ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 -(to be turned of)144 472.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 694.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 484.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 706.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 -(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 496.8 Q F1(shift)108 513.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 525.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 -.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G -.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 537.6 Q F1($#)2.583 -E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .083 -(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to) -.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06 -(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 549.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 -.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F -(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 -(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 561.6 R -.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 -.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 573.6 Q F1(shopt)108 590.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) --2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 602.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639 -(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E -5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375 -(listed belo)144 614.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H -2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F12.875 E F0 .375 -(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 -F F12.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 3.325(mand. W)144 626.4 R .825 -(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F13.325 E F0 .826 -(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.325 F -.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 638.4 R(The)5.945 E -F13.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form) -3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 650.4 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 662.4 Q -F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 662.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -674.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)180 674.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -144 686.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the \ -return status indicates whether the)180 686.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0 -(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 698.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2 -(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255 -(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 710.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E -F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(70)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 718.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 +E(70)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 71 71 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0(Restricts the v)180 84 Q(alues of)-.25 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E -F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 100.8 R F13.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F1 -3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar) -3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 E F0(sho)3.124 E .624 -(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.234(set or unset, respecti)144 -112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)-.65 G 2.234 -(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 2.234 -(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 124.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E -1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 141.6 R -F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.045 F -.696 +SF(shift)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .429 +(The positional parameters from)144 96 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 .429 +(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G .428 +(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 108 Q F1($#)2.582 E F0 +(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .082 +(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) +.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 120 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06 +(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If) +5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t) +C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 132 R .144 +(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 .144 +(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 144 Q F1(shopt)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)-2.5 E +F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 172.8 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 +(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E +5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 +(listed belo)144 184.8 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F12.874 E F0 .375 +(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 +F F12.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 196.8 R .826 +(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F13.326 E F0 .825 +(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.326 F +.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 208.8 R(The)5.945 E +F13.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form) +3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 220.8 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 232.8 Q +F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 232.8 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 +244.8 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)180 244.8 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 256.8 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the \ +return status indicates whether the)180 256.8 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0 +(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 268.8 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2 +(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256 +(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 280.8 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 292.8 Q F0 +(Restricts the v)180 292.8 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 309.6 R F1 +3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) +3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 +E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233 +(set or unset, respecti)144 321.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U) +-.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 +2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 333.6 Q(ault.) +-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 +350.4 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) +4.044 F .696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 153.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695 -(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 165.6 Q(The list of)144 182.4 Q F1(shopt) -2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 200.4 Q F0 .199 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 200.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 212.4 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +144 362.4 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696 +(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 374.4 Q(The list of)144 391.2 Q F1(shopt) +2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 409.2 Q F0 .2 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 409.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment to the)184 421.2 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1(cdable_v)144 224.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 236.4 R .156 -(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 +F1(cdable_v)144 433.2 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 445.2 R .155 +(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 248.4 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 260.4 Q F0 +(name of a v)184 457.2 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 469.2 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 -260.4 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 -(corrected. The)184 272.4 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 -(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 284.4 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +469.2 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 +(corrected. The)184 481.2 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 +(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) +-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 493.2 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 (orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F -(the command proceeds.)184 296.4 Q +(the command proceeds.)184 505.2 Q (This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(checkhash)144 308.4 Q F0 .737(If set,)184 320.4 R F1(bash)3.237 -E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 +.15 E F1(checkhash)144 517.2 Q F0 .736(If set,)184 529.2 R F1(bash)3.236 +E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737 (xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 -332.4 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 344.4 -Q F0 .448(If set,)184 356.4 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 -(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 -(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 368.4 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G -.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938 -(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 -(attempted without an interv)184 380.4 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 +541.2 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 553.2 +Q F0 .449(If set,)184 565.2 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 +(lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 +(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 577.2 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G +.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938 +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 +(attempted without an interv)184 589.2 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 392.4 Q -.1(wa) +-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 601.2 Q -.1(wa) -.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 404.4 Q F0 .797(If set,)184 -416.4 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G -.796(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G -.796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 428.4 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 613.2 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 +625.2 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G +.797(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G +.797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 637.2 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist) -144 440.4 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 440.4 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202 +144 649.2 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 649.2 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202 (attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 -452.4 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 464.4 -Q F0 .42(If set,)184 476.4 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 -F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419 -(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .461(to the) -184 488.4 R F1([[)2.961 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E +661.2 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 673.2 +Q F0 .419(If set,)184 685.2 R F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha) +2.919 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .42 +(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .462(to the) +184 697.2 R F1([[)2.962 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 (operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71 -(using the)184 500.4 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F +(using the)184 709.2 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F (s)-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) -3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .82 -(use ASCII collation and)184 512.4 R F2(str)3.321 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821 -(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 3.321(sc)-.55 G -(ollation)-3.321 E(sequence and)184 524.4 Q F2(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0 -(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 536.4 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 548.4 R F1 -(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 -F 1.409(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .422 -(string comparison when using the)184 560.4 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 -(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) -2.923 E F0 .423(operators \(see pre-)2.923 F .481 -(vious item\) and the ef)184 572.4 R .481 -(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .48(Bash v)5.481 F .48 -(ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 584.4 Q -(xt command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt.)-.15 E -F1(compat40)144 596.4 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 608.4 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 -1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 -(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008 -(string comparison when using the)184 620.4 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 -(conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>) -4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 632.4 R -F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 -(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions) --.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 -644.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F -.086(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 656.4 -Q(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 668.4 Q F0 1.483 -(If set,)184 680.4 R F1(bash)3.983 E F0 3.983(,w)C 1.483(hen in)-3.983 F -F2(posix)3.983 E F0 1.484 -(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.983 F -.15 -(ex)184 692.4 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 -G .958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458 -(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 -(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 -704.4 R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59 -(posix mode through v)184 716.4 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) -5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589 -(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 728.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 -Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(71)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .821 +(use ASCII collation and)184 721.2 R F2(str)3.321 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821 +(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 3.32(sc)-.55 G +(ollation)-3.32 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(71)193.45 +E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 72 72 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(compat42)144 84 Q F0 1.796(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(sequence and)184 +84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat32)144 96 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 108 R F2(bash) +3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F +1.41(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423 +(string comparison when using the)184 120 R F2([[)2.922 E F0 .422 +(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F2(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F2(>) +2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F .48 +(vious item\) and the ef)184 132 R .481 +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .481(Bash v)5.481 F .481 +(ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 144 Q +(xt command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt.)-.15 E +F2(compat40)144 156 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 168 R F2(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41 +(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 +(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.007 +(string comparison when using the)184 180 R F2([[)4.507 E F0 2.008 +(conditional command')4.507 F(s)-.55 E F2(<)4.508 E F0(and)4.508 E F2(>) +4.508 E F0 2.008(operators \(see)4.508 F .77(description of)184 192 R F2 +(compat31)3.27 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .769(Bash v)5.769 F +(ersions)-.15 E .086 +(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 204 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.587(dt).15 G .087(he interrupt; pre)-2.587 F .087(vious v) +-.25 F .087(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 216 Q +(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F2(compat41)144 228 Q F0 1.484(If set,) +184 240 R F2(bash)3.984 E F0 3.984(,w)C 1.484(hen in)-3.984 F F1(posix) +3.984 E F0 1.483 +(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.984 F -.15 +(ex)184 252 S .958(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.958(.T)-.55 G +.959(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.958 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.459 +(nn).15 G .959(umber\) and)-3.459 F .59 +(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 264 +R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .589 +(posix mode through v)184 276 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) +5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .59 +(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 288 Q F2(compat42)144 300 Q +F0 1.797(If set,)184 312 R F2(bash)4.297 E F0 1.796 (does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w) -4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 108 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 -(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 120 Q F0 .141(If set,)184 132 R F1 -(bash)2.641 E F0 .141(does not print a w)2.641 F .14 -(arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .912 -(pound array assignment as an ar)184 144 R .912(gument to)-.18 F F1 -(declar)3.413 E(e)-.18 E F0 3.413(,m)C(ak)-3.413 E .913(es w)-.1 F .913 -(ord e)-.1 F .913(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 156 S .353 +4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 324 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 +(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F2(compat43)144 336 Q F0 .14(If set,)184 348 R F2 +(bash)2.64 E F0 .14(does not print a w)2.64 F .141 +(arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .913 +(pound array assignment as an ar)184 360 R .913(gument to)-.18 F F2 +(declar)3.412 E(e)-.18 E F0 3.412(,m)C(ak)-3.412 E .912(es w)-.1 F .912 +(ord e)-.1 F .912(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 372 S .352 (tal errors that cause the current command to f).1 F .353(ail \(the def) --.1 F .352(ault beha)-.1 F .352(vior is to mak)-.2 F 2.852(et)-.1 G(hem) --2.852 E -.1(fa)184 168 S 1.057(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 -F 1.058(xit\), and does not reset the loop state when a shell)-.15 F -.375(function is e)184 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .375(cuted \(this allo).15 F -(ws)-.25 E F1(br)2.875 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.875 E F1(continue)2.875 E F0 -.374(in a shell function to af)2.875 F .374(fect loops in)-.25 F -(the caller')184 192 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F1 -(complete_fullquote)144 204 Q F0 .653(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)3.153 E +-.1 F .353(ault beha)-.1 F .353(vior is to mak)-.2 F 2.853(et)-.1 G(hem) +-2.853 E -.1(fa)184 384 S 1.058(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 +F 1.057(xit\), and does not reset the loop state when a shell)-.15 F +.374(function is e)184 396 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .374(cuted \(this allo).15 F +(ws)-.25 E F2(br)2.874 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.875 E F2(continue)2.875 E F0 +.375(in a shell function to af)2.875 F .375(fect loops in)-.25 F +(the caller')184 408 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F2 +(complete_fullquote)144 420 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 432 R F2(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames and directory na\ -mes when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525(forming completion.)184 228 R 1.524 -(If not set,)6.525 F F1(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +mes when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524(forming completion.)184 444 R 1.524 +(If not set,)6.524 F F2(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed \214l\ -enames when these)184 240 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 -252 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1 -F .028(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 264 R 1.073 +enames when these)184 456 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 +468 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 +F .029(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 480 R 1.073 (ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 (xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 276 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ev e)184 492 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 (ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F -6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 (only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 -288 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 300 Q +504 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 516 Q (ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 312 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .487 -(If set,)184 324 R F1(bash)2.987 E F0 .486 +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F2(dir)144 528 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486 +(If set,)184 540 R F2(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 (replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F -.486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179(ing \214lename completion.)184 -336 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F -(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184 -348 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 360 Q F0 .859(If set,)184 -360 R F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 -(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 +.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 +552 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F +(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) +184 564 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F2(dirspell)144 576 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 +576 R F2(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 372 Q(xist.)-.15 E -F1(dotglob)144 384 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 384 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 588 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F2(dotglob)144 600 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 600 R F2(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 (includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) -.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 396 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.').63 -G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 +(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 612 Q F2 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.').63 +G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F2 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 (must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 -(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0 -(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 408 Q F0 1.387(If set, a non-interacti) -184 408 R 1.687 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386 -(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.386 -(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 420 Q(gument to the)-.18 -E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E .3 --.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 --.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 432 Q F0 .716 -(If set, aliases are e)184 444 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F -1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E -/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F -(by def)184 456 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(extdeb)144 468 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .672(If set at shell in)184 480 R --.2(vo)-.4 G .672(cation, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .671 -(cute the deb).15 F .671(ugger pro\214le before the shell starts,)-.2 F -.22(identical to the)184 492 R F12.72 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 2.721 -(option. If)2.721 F .221(set after in)2.721 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .221 -(cation, beha).2 F .221(vior intended for use by)-.2 F(deb)184 504 Q -(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 516 Q F0(The)220 516 Q F14.251 -E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) -4.251 G 1.751(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 528 Q -(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 540 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 -540 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F -1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 552 -Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 564 Q F0 .841 -(If the command run by the)220 564 R F1(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 -(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 -(exe)220 576 S .488 -(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 -(sour)220 588 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 600 Q F2 -.27(BA)220 600 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 -(and)3.154 E F2 -.27(BA)3.404 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 -(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 612 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 624 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is ena\ -bled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 624 R -(shells in)220 636 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1 -(\()2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 -(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 -(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 648 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comman\ -d substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 648 R(in)220 660 Q --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4(command) -2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)2.5 E F1 -(extglob)144 672 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 672 R .4 -(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 684 Q -F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 696 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 708 R -F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 -E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) --4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G -(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 720 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2017 March 22)144.29 E(72)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F2(dotglob)2.5 E F0 +(is set.)2.5 E F2(execfail)144 624 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti) +184 624 R 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386 +(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.387 +(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 636 Q(gument to the)-.18 +E F2(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F2(exec)2.5 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(expand_aliases)144 648 Q F0 .717 +(If set, aliases are e)184 660 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F +1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E +/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F +(by def)184 672 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F2(extdeb)144 684 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .671(If set at shell in)184 696 R +-.2(vo)-.4 G .671(cation, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .671 +(cute the deb).15 F .672(ugger pro\214le before the shell starts,)-.2 F +.221(identical to the)184 708 R F22.721 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 +2.721(option. If)2.721 F .221(set after in)2.721 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .221 +(cation, beha).2 F .22(vior intended for use by)-.2 F(deb)184 720 Q +(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E +(72)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 73 73 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(failglob)144 84 Q F0 1.424(If set, patterns which f)184 84 R 1.425 -(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425 -(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 96 S(pansion error).15 E(.) --.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 108 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.937(If set, the suf)184 120 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) --.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936 -(ariable cause w)-.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32 -(when performing w)184 132 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32 -(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948(pletions. See)184 144 R F2 -.448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f) --.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2(FIGNORE)2.947 E/F3 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 F(enabled by def)184 -156 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 168 Q F0 2.518(If set, range e) -184 180 R 2.519(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.519 -(et e)-.1 F 2.519(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.019 G(tter).09 E -(n)-.135 E(Matching)184 192 Q F0(abo)2.965 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.215(\)b) -.15 G(eha)-3.215 E 1.015 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 -G 3.214(nt)-3.214 G .714 -(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.)-3.214 F 1.02 -(That is, the current locale')184 204 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 +SF(1.)184 84 Q F0(The)220 84 Q F14.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 +F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 +(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 96 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 108 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 +108 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F +1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 120 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 132 Q F0 .84 +(If the command run by the)220 132 R F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 +(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 +(exe)220 144 S .488 +(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 +(sour)220 156 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 168 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)220 168 S +(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 +(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 180 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 192 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is ena\ +bled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 192 R +(shells in)220 204 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1 +(\()2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 +(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 216 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comman\ +d substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 216 R(in)220 228 Q +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F3(command) +2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)2.5 E F1 +(extglob)144 240 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 240 R .4 +(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 252 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 264 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 276 R +F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 +E F0(")A F3(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) +-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G +(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 288 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 300 Q F0 +1.425(If set, patterns which f)184 300 R 1.425 +(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424 +(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 312 S(pansion error).15 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 324 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.936(If set, the suf)184 336 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) +-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 348 R .32 +(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 +(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947 +(pletions. See)184 360 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 +(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 +F(enabled by def)184 372 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 384 Q F0 +2.519(If set, range e)184 396 R 2.519 +(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E +(Matching)184 408 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) +-3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 +(nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) +-3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 420 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 (ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 -(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .957(collate between)184 216 R F1(A) -3.457 E F0(and)3.457 E F1(B)3.457 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F -.957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .956 -(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 228 Q(.)-.55 E -F1(globstar)144 240 Q F0 .518(If set, the pattern)184 240 R F1(**)3.018 -E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .519 -(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432 -(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 252 R .431 -(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.931 E F0 -2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -264 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 276 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ -en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 288 Q F1(histappend)144 -300 Q F0 .676 +(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 432 R F1(A) +3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F +.957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 +(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 444 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(globstar)144 456 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 456 R F1(**)3.019 +E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 +(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 468 R .431 +(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 +2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +480 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 492 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 504 Q F1(histappend)144 +516 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -312 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 -.25(va)2.927 G -(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 324 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 336 Q(eedit)-.18 -E F0 .576(If set, and)184 348 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 -(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575 -(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F -(tory substitution.)184 360 Q F1(histv)144 372 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402 -(If set, and)184 384 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 +528 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 540 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 552 Q(eedit)-.18 +E F0 .575(If set, and)184 564 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 +(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576 +(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F +(tory substitution.)184 576 Q F1(histv)144 588 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403 +(If set, and)184 600 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 396 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 -(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 408 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 612 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 624 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 420 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 432 R F1 -.18(re)3.681 -G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182 -(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184 -444 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 -(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E -F2(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 456 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). 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The).15 F -.25(va)184 648 S(lue may not be changed.).25 -E F1(mailwar)144 660 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 -672 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F --.1(wa)184 684 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E -(`The mail in)-.74 E F4(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) --.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 696 -Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 708 R F1 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325 -(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 -(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E -F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 720 Q -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(73)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(73) +193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 74 74 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(nocaseglob)144 84 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 -(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 -H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 108 S +SF(inherit_err)144 84 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 .22 +(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 96 R .219(alue of the) +-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .219(option, instead of unsetting) +2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 108 Q 2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F +(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E +F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 120 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E +F0 .33(If set, allo)184 132 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 +(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 +(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 +(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 144 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 +H .967(hell \(see).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo) +3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F +(enabled by def)184 156 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 168 Q F0 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) +.15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en) +184 180 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 192 Q F0 .655(If set, and the) +184 192 R F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654 +(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F +(with embedded ne)184 204 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 +(login_shell)144 216 Q F0 .486 +(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 +228 R F3(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 240 S(lue may not be changed.).25 +E F1(mailwar)144 252 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 +264 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F +-.1(wa)184 276 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E F2(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) +-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 288 +Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 300 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324 +(is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 +(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F3 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 312 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 324 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 336 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436 +(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f)-.25 +H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 348 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 120 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 -132 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) -3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 -F .551(while e)184 144 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 360 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 +372 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 +F .551(while e)184 384 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 (or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551 (conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1 -(wo)184 156 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ -le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 168 Q F1 -(nullglob)144 180 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 192 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo) -3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) -3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355 -(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 204 S +(wo)184 396 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ +le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 408 Q F1 +(nullglob)144 420 Q F0 .855(If set,)184 432 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo) +3.355 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) +3.354 G .854(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354 +(\)t).15 G(o)-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 444 S (pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 -216 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f)184 -228 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676 -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -(are enabled.)184 240 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(pr)144 252 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447 -(If set, prompt strings under)184 264 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F -1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 276 -S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 -(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 288 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re) -144 300 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +456 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676(If set, the programmable completion f)184 +468 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677 +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E +(are enabled.)184 480 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(pr)144 492 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448 +(If set, prompt strings under)184 504 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F +1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 516 +S .17(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 +(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F3(PR)2.671 E +(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E +(This option is enabled by def)184 528 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 540 +S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 (The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 312 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 324 Q 2.86 +184 552 R F3 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 564 Q 2.86 (w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 (This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 336 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E +(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 576 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E -F1(shift_v)144 348 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 360 R F1 -(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 -(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 372 Q F1(sour) -144 384 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 396 R F1(sour)3.271 E -(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) --3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 -(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) -184 408 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) --.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 420 Q F0(If set, the)184 432 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 --.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 -E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 448.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A 1.001 -(Suspend the e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 -(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G -F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be) -3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 472.8 R F12.523 E F0 .023 -(option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 -(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is) -5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 484.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E +F1(shift_v)144 588 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 600 R F1 +(shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 612 Q F1(sour) +144 624 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 636 R F1(sour)3.27 E(ce) +-.18 E F0(\()3.27 E F1(.)A F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 F +.771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771 +(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F +(\214le supplied as an ar)184 648 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 660 Q F0 +(If set, the)184 672 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E +(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend) +108 688.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A 1.002(Suspend the e)144 700.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.002(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G F3(SIGCONT)A F0 3.501(signal. A)3.251 F 1.001 +(login shell cannot be)3.501 F .022(suspended; the)144 712.8 R F1 +2.522 E F0 .022(option can be used to o)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 +(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .023(The return status is) +5.023 F 2.5(0u)144 724.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F12.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 -E F1(test)108 501.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) -108 513.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877 -(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 513.6 R .878 -(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 525.6 -S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 -(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.079 -(primaries described abo)144 537.6 R 3.379 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E -F2(CONDITION)5.579 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.08(does not accept an)5.58 F(y)-.15 E -(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 549.6 Q(gument of)-.18 -E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786 -(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 567.6 R .785 -(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 -(dence. The)144 579.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 -(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F -4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 591.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 603.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -F0 -.35(Tr)180 603.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 -E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 615.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 -.26(Returns the v)180 615.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 -E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 627.6 Q F3 -.2 -(ex)144 639.6 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 651.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 -E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 663.6 S -(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 -675.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 692.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E -F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E -(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(74)193.45 -E 0 Cg EP +E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(74)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 75 75 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(0a)144 84 S --.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)180 96 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.) --.1 E 2.5(1a)144 108 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 120 Q +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(test)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 +96 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 96 R .877 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)144 108 S +(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 +(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.08 +(primaries described abo)144 120 R 3.38 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)5.58 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.079(does not accept an)5.579 +F(y)-.15 E(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 132 Q +(gument of)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 +E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 150 R .786 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 +(dence. The)144 162 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F +4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F +(used when there are \214v)144 174 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) +-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 186 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 186 S(ue if).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.) +-.1 E F1(\()144 198 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26 +(Returns the v)180 198 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 +5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 210 Q F2 -.2(ex) +144 222 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 234 S(ue if both).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 +-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144 246 S(pr1).2 E +F02.5 E F1(o)A F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 258 S +(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 274.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E +F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 292.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 304.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 316.8 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 328.8 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 132 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 -144 R .37(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C -.37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 -F .37(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 156 R .38 -(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 -168 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 -(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F -.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 180 Q +E 2.5(2a)144 340.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 352.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 364.8 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 376.8 Q .553 +(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 +(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 +(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 388.8 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 192 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 204 R .236 +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 400.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 412.8 R .236 (wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 216 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F3(,)A -F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 228 R .578(xpression is the res\ -ult of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments) --.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 240 R(The)6.332 E F13.832 E F0(and) -3.832 E F13.832 E F0 1.333 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 424.8 R 1.155 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F +F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 436.8 R .578(xpression i\ +s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F +(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 448.8 R(The)6.333 E F13.833 +E F0(and)3.833 E F13.832 E F0 1.332 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 252 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F -.558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 -(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 -E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 264 R 3.021 -(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521(gument is e)-.18 F -(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)3.021 F(ar)180 276 Q -.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 -(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485(gument test of the second ar)-.18 -F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 288 Q -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 300 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 312 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1 -(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 -G .385(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385 -(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 324 R 4.147 -(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647 -(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E -(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 336 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 348 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 -E 1.635(The e)180 360 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) --.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F -(abo)180 372 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 390 Q F1(test) -2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 -E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 406.8 Q F0 +(three ar)180 460.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 +F .558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F +.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F +(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 +472.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 +F(ar)180 484.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 +2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 +(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E +(wise, the e)180 496.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 +508.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 520.8 R +.385(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.885 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385 +(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .384(tion of the three-ar) +.05 F .384(gument e)-.18 F .384(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.647 +(posed of the remaining ar)180 532.8 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F +1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 +G(luated).25 E(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 +544.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 556.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) +-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 568.8 R 1.635 +(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 +(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 +580.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 598.8 Q F1(test)2.5 E +F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 +(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 615.6 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)144 406.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 -418.8 Q F1(trap)108 435.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E -/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E .702(The command)144 447.6 R F4(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702 -(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 -(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G -(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F4(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F4 -(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) -144 459.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F13.108 E -F0 3.108(,e)C .608 + processes run from the shell.)144 615.6 R(The return status is 0.)144 +627.6 Q F1(trap)108 644.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E +F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .703(The command) +144 656.4 R F2(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703(is to be read and e)3.423 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .702(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.202(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F2(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G +(f)-5.702 E F2(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.422 E .608 +(absent \(and there is a single)144 668.4 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108 +(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F13.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F -.658(\(the v)144 471.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) --.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 -(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec) -144.34 483.6 Q F0 .581 -(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 -(is not present and)3.3 F F13.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 -(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 495.6 R -F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 -F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 507.6 R F13.36 +.659(\(the v)144 680.4 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec) +144.34 692.4 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) +3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F13.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 704.4 R +F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 716.4 R F13.36 E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 -(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 -(signal. The)144 519.6 R F12.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ -to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F -4.311(bers. Each)144 531.6 R F4(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.81 -(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E -(names are case insensiti)144 543.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E -F2(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a)144 561.6 R F4 -(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F2(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 -(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F4(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F -1.649(If a)6.649 F F4(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F2(DEB)144 573.6 Q -(UG)-.09 E F3(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F4(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 -1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(ry).15 E F4 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F4(for)3.667 E F0 -(command,)3.667 E F4(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 585.6 Q F4 -(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146 -(ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.646 E F0 .147 -(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147 -(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 597.6 R F2 .146 -(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 -F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 609.6 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 -(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E(UG) --.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F4(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F2 -(RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 621.6 Q F4(ar) -3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 -(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.643(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F1(sour)3.143 E(ce) --.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 633.6 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuting.).15 E .96(If a)144 651.6 R F4(sigspec)3.8 E F0(is)3.77 E -F2(ERR)3.46 E F3(,)A F0 .96(the command)3.21 F F4(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.461(rap).15 G .961(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-3.461 F .185(sin\ -gle simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255ze\ -ro e)144 663.6 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 -675.6 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F2(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451 -(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452 -(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 -(mand list immediately follo)144 687.6 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) -2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F4(if)2.897 E F0 .387 -(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 699.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.778(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778 -(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 -3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 711.6 R -1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) --3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F -F1(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 723.6 Q -(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 -(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(75) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 4.327 +(signal. The)144 728.4 R F14.327 E F0 1.826(option causes the she\ +ll to print a list of signal names and their corresponding)4.327 F +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(75)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 76 76 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.095 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 3.125 +(numbers. Each)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)3.465 E F0 .625 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.435 F F1(signal.h)A F0 .626 +(>, or a signal number)B 5.626(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-5.626 E +(names are case insensiti)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.649(If a) +144 114 R F1(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F2(EXIT)4.149 E F0 1.649 +(\(0\) the command)3.899 F F1(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.648(xit from the shell.)-.15 F +1.648(If a)6.648 F F1(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F2(DEB)144 126 Q(UG) +-.09 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.167(the command)3.417 F F1(ar) +3.997 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.167(is e)3.887 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 +(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 1.168(simple command) +3.667 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.668 E F0(command,)3.668 E F1(case)3.668 E F0 +(com-)3.668 E(mand,)144 138 Q F1(select)2.647 E F0 .147(command, e)2.647 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .147(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)2.647 E F0 .146 +(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 +(cutes in a).15 F .145(shell function \(see)144 150 R F2 .145 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.645 F F0(abo)2.395 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 +F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb) +2.646 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .146(option to)2.646 F(the)144 162 Q F4(shopt)3.201 +E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the) +-.25 F F4(DEB)3.2 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F1(sigspec) +3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F2(RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .7(the com-)2.95 F(mand) +144 174 Q F1(ar)3.473 E(g)-.37 E F0 .643(is e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.643(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.644(cuted with the).15 F F4(.)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F4(sour)3.144 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.144 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 186 Q -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuting.).15 E .961(If a)144 204 R F1(sigspec)3.801 E F0(is)3.771 E F2 +(ERR)3.461 E F3(,)A F0 .961(the command)3.211 F F1(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.461(ra).15 G .96(pipeline \(which may consist of a)-.001 F .185(sin\ +gle simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255ze\ +ro e)144 216 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452(the follo)144 228 +R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F2(ERR)2.952 E F0 .451 +(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .451 +(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .387 +(mand list immediately follo)144 240 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F4(while)2.887 +E F0(or)2.887 E F4(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)2.898 E F0 .388 +(statement, part)4.848 F .778(of a command e)144 252 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.778(cuted in a).15 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E F0 .778 +(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.277 E F0 +3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 264 R 1.28 +(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78 +F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F4(!) +3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 276 Q(yed by the) +-.15 E F4(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F4A F0 2.5(\)o)C +(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095 (Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 -84 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 -(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 96 R .662 -(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) --.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 108 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 -E(y)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25 -(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(trap)2.5 E F0 -(returns true.)2.5 E F2(type)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F0(]) -A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 136.8 S -.173(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F1 -(name)3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F -F2144 148.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F2(type)3.343 E F0 +294 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 306 R .662 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .662(vironment when one is) +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 318 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 +E(y)-.15 E F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid; otherwise).25 E F4(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F4(type)108 +334.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 346.8 S .174 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F1(name) +3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F +F4144 358.8 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F4(type)3.342 E F0 .843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F1(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E F1 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)3.343 E F0 -(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F1 -(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F1(name)144.36 160.8 Q F0 .086 -(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 -(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F1 -(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 -(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 172.8 R .118 -(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F -F22.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F2(type)2.618 E F0 .855 -(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 184.8 R .855 +(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F1 +(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F1(name)144.36 370.8 Q F0 .087 +(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F1 +(name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 382.8 R .118 +(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F +F42.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F4(type)2.619 E F0 .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 394.8 R .855 (ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F1(name)3.715 E F0 -.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if) -144 196.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 -G .641(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E -F23.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666 -(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(search for each)144 208.8 R F1(name)2.612 -E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113 -(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1 -(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113 -(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F22.613 E F0(and)144 220.8 Q F2 -3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F .73 +.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144 +406.8 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641 +(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F4 +3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F F2 -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 418.8 R F1(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e) +C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613 +F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113 +(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F4 +2.612 E F0(and)144 430.8 Q F43.23 E F0 .73(print the hashed v)3.23 +F .731 (alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 -F F4 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .73(If the) -5.23 F F2144 232.8 Q F0 1.748(option is used,)4.248 F F2(type) -4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F F1(name)4.249 E F0 6.749(.T).18 G -(his)-6.749 E .744(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the) -144 244.8 R F23.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F -.743(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223 -(commands is not consulted when using)144 256.8 R F23.723 E F0 -6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F23.723 E F0 1.223 -(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the)144 -268.8 R F2(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5.326 E -F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325(guments are found, f) --.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325(re not)-2.825 F -(found.)144 280.8 Q F2(ulimit)108 297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +F F2 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E F3(.)A F0 .731(If the)5.231 F F4 +144 442.8 Q F0 1.749(option is used,)4.249 F F4(type)4.248 E F0 1.748 +(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748 +(cutable named).15 F F1(name)4.248 E F0 6.748(.T).18 G(his)-6.748 E .744 +(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 454.8 R F4 +3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .744 +(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) +144 466.8 R F43.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F43.723 E F0 +1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .325(with the) +144 478.8 R F4(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F4(type) +5.325 E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326 +(guments are found, f)-.18 F .326(alse if an)-.1 F 2.826(ya)-.15 G .326 +(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 490.8 Q F4(ulimit)108 507.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4 (\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 -309.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243 -(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +519.6 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244 +(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.944(that allo)144 321.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F -(The)5.944 E F23.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F23.444 E F0 .943 +.943(that allo)144 531.6 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F +(The)5.943 E F43.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F43.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 333.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 +144 543.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 345.6 R .426 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F22.925 E -F0(nor)2.925 E F22.925 E F0 .425 -(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -357.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 555.6 R .425 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F42.926 E +F0(nor)2.926 E F42.926 E F0 .426 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +567.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.742(of the special v)144 369.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F2 -(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +.741(of the special v)144 579.6 R(alues)-.25 E F4(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F4 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F4(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 591.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 -F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 393.6 R F22.999 E F0 -.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498 +F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 603.6 R F42.999 E F0 +.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F -(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 405.6 Q 2.5 -(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2 -144 417.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 417.6 Q F2 -144 429.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 429.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer size)-.25 E F2144 441.6 Q F0 -(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 441.6 Q F2144 453.6 -Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 453.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) --2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2144 465.6 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 465.6 Q F2144 -477.6 Q F0 +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 615.6 Q 2.5 +(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F4 +144 627.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 627.6 Q F4 +144 639.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 639.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size)-.25 E F4144 651.6 Q F0 +(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 651.6 Q F4144 663.6 +Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 663.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) +-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F4144 675.6 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 675.6 Q F4144 +687.6 Q F0 (The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 -477.6 Q F2144 489.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 -489.6 Q F2144 501.6 Q F0 -(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 501.6 Q F2 -144 513.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 513.6 Q -(ed into memory)-.1 E F2144 525.6 Q F0 -(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 525.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2144 537.6 Q F0 .791(Th\ -e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -180 537.6 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 549.6 Q F2144 561.6 Q F0 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 561.6 Q F2 -144 573.6 Q F0 -(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 573.6 Q F2 -144 585.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 585.6 -Q F2144 597.6 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 597.6 Q F2144 -609.6 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 609.6 Q F2 -144 621.6 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 621.6 Q -.25 -(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F2144 633.6 Q F0 .47 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 633.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 -(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 -645.6 Q F2144 657.6 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 -657.6 Q F2144 669.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 -669.6 Q F2144 681.6 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 681.6 Q -(If)144 698.4 Q F1(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.468(n, and the).15 F F22.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 -F F1(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045 -(no option is gi)144 710.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F2 -2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F2 -2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F 1.588(in seconds;)144 -722.4 R F24.088 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 -(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F24.089 E F0(,)A F2 -4.089 E F0(,)A F24.089 E F0(,)A F24.089 E F0(,)A F2 -4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F24.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C -1.589(hich are)-4.089 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(76) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +687.6 Q F4144 699.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 +699.6 Q F4144 711.6 Q F0 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 711.6 Q +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(76)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 77 77 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.439(unscaled v) -144 84 R 1.439(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF3.939 E F0(and)3.939 E F13.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.438 -(hich are in 512-byte increments.)-3.939 F(The)6.438 E .404 -(return status is 0 unless an in)144 96 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404 -(lid option or ar).25 F .404 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 84 Q +(ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 96 Q F0 +(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 96 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 108 Q F0 .791(The \ +maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)180 +108 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180 +120 Q F1144 132 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 132 Q F1 +144 144 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues) +180 144 Q F1144 156 Q F0 +(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 156 Q F1144 168 Q +F0(The maximum stack size)180 168 Q F1144 180 Q F0 +(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 180 Q F1144 192 Q +F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 192 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 204 Q F0 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 204 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 216 +Q F1144 228 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 228 Q F1 +144 240 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 240 Q F1 +144 252 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 252 Q(If)144 268.8 +Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F12.968 E F0 .468 +(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F +2.968(wv)-.25 G .468(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 +E .044(no option is gi)144 280.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1 +2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F 1.589(in seconds;)144 +292.8 R F14.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F14.089 E F0(,)A F1 +4.089 E F0(,)A F14.089 E F0(,)A F14.089 E F0(,)A F1 +4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F14.089 E F0 4.088(,w)C +1.588(hich are)-4.088 F 1.438(unscaled v)144 304.8 R 1.438 +(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F F13.939 E F0(and)3.939 E +F13.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.439(hich are in 512-byte increments.) +-3.939 F(The)6.439 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 316.8 R +-.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404 (gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144 -108 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 136.8 -R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 +328.8 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 345.6 Q F0([)2.5 E +F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A +.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 357.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 +5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 148.8 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -160.8 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 +pted by)144 369.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +381.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 (alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 172.8 R .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 393.6 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G (he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 -(mode)144.38 184.8 Q F0 .552 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232 -F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 196.8 Q +(mode)144.38 405.6 Q F0 .551 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 +F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 417.6 Q (as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E (gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 -(unalias)108 213.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 225.6 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +(unalias)108 434.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 446.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) 4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E F14.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 -F(remo)144 237.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +F(remo)144 458.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E (alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 254.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 475.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 (fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 266.4 S 3.828(re).15 G(ach)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0 -3.828(,r).18 G(emo)-3.828 E 1.628 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.328 +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 487.2 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0 +3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327 (he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327 -(If the)6.327 F F13.827 E F0 1.327(option is gi)3.827 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.327(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 278.4 Q F0 1.55 -(refers to a shell v)4.23 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551 -(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.051(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -4.051 G 1.551(riables may not be).25 F 4.642(unset. If)144 290.4 R F1 -4.642 E F0 2.142(is speci\214ed, each)4.642 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 +(If the)6.327 F F13.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 499.2 Q F0 1.551 +(refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) +4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 511.2 R F1 +4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821 -F(remo)144 302.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.537(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1 +F(remo)144 523.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1 2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037 (is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E -F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.538 E .492 -(be unset rather than the v)144 314.4 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 +F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492 +(be unset rather than the v)144 535.2 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 F F15.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1 -2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .492(If no)5.492 F .22 -(options are supplied, each)144 326.4 R F2(name)2.72 E F0 .22 -(refers to a v)2.72 F .221(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .221 -(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.721(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.721 E 1.189 -(tion with that name is unset.)144 338.4 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F -1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.688(df).15 G -1.188(rom the en)-3.688 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.205 -(passed to subsequent commands.)144 350.4 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 +2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .493(If no)5.493 F +.221(options are supplied, each)144 547.2 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221 +(refers to a v)2.721 F .22(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22 +(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188 +(tion with that name is unset.)144 559.2 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F +1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G +1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.206 +(passed to subsequent commands.)144 571.2 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 (yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 -E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.456 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.456 E -F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 362.4 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.348 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) -4.348 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.348 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E +E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E +F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 583.2 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) +4.347 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.347 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348 -F 4.597(yl)-.15 G 2.097(ose their special)-4.597 F(properties, e)144 -374.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 +F 4.598(yl)-.15 G 2.098(ose their special)-4.598 F(properties, e)144 +595.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a) --.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 391.2 Q +-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 612 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 -403.2 S .659(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its termi\ -nation status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id)3.169 E F0 .659(may be a process) -3.929 F .009(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 415.2 -R -.15(ve)-.25 G .008(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.508(sp)-.55 -G .008(ipeline are w)-2.508 F .008(aited for)-.1 F 5.008(.I)-.55 G(f) --5.008 E F2(id)144.01 427.2 Q F0 .521(is not gi)3.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +624 S .659(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its termina\ +tion status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id)3.169 E F0 .658(may be a process) +3.928 F .008(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 636 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .009(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.509(sp)-.55 G +.009(ipeline are w)-2.509 F .009(aited for)-.1 F 5.009(.I)-.55 G(f) +-5.009 E F2(id)144.01 648 Q F0 .522(is not gi)3.792 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .521(n, all currently acti).15 F .821 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .521 (hild processes are w).15 F .521(aited for)-.1 F 3.021(,a)-.4 G .521 -(nd the return status is zero.)-3.021 F(If)5.522 E(the)144 439.2 Q F1 -3.057 E F0 .557(option is supplied,)3.057 F F1(wait)3.057 E F0 -.1 +(nd the return status is zero.)-3.021 F(If)5.521 E(the)144 660 Q F1 +3.056 E F0 .556(option is supplied,)3.056 F F1(wait)3.057 E F0 -.1 (wa)3.057 G .557(its for an).1 F 3.057(yj)-.15 G .557 -(ob to terminate and returns its e)-3.057 F .557(xit status.)-.15 F .556 -(If the)5.556 F F13.056 E F0 .586 -(option is supplied, and job control is enabled,)144 451.2 R F1(wait) -3.086 E F0(forces)3.086 E F2(id)3.086 E F0 .587 -(to terminate before returning its sta-)3.086 F .999 -(tus, intead of returning when it changes status.)144 463.2 R(If)5.999 E -F2(id)3.509 E F0 .999(speci\214es a non-e)4.269 F .998 -(xistent process or job, the)-.15 F .365(return status is 127.)144 475.2 -R .365(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.365 F .365 -(xit status of the last process or job w)-.15 F(aited)-.1 E(for)144 -487.2 Q(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 504 Q F0 -(If)108 516 Q F1(bash)4.397 E F0 1.897(is started with the name)4.397 F -F1(rbash)4.397 E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F1 -4.397 E F0 1.896(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.896 -(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.445(restricted. A)108 528 R .945 -(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.445 F .946 -(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.946 E -(beha)108 540 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F1(bash) -2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E -(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E<83>108 556.8 Q -(changing directories with)144 556.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0<83>108 573.6 Q -(setting or unsetting the v)144 573.6 Q(alues of)-.25 E F3(SHELL)2.5 E -F4(,)A F3 -.666(PA)2.25 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or) -2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0<83>108 590.4 Q -(specifying command names containing)144 590.4 Q F1(/)2.5 E F0<83>108 -607.2 Q(specifying a \214lename containing a)144 607.2 Q F1(/)2.5 E F0 -(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F1(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G -(iltin command).2 E<83>108 624 Q .45 -(specifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)144 624 R .449 -(gument to the)-.18 F F12.949 E F0 .449(option to the)2.949 F F1 -(hash)2.949 E F0 -.2(bu)2.949 G .449(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 636 Q<83> -108 652.8 Q(importing function de\214nitions from the shell en)144 652.8 -Q(vironment at startup)-.4 E<83>108 669.6 Q(parsing the v)144 669.6 Q -(alue of)-.25 E F3(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E -(vironment at startup)-.4 E<83>108 686.4 Q(redirecting output using the\ - >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)144 686.4 Q<83>108 -703.2 Q(using the)144 703.2 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin command to replace the shell with another command).2 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(77)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ob to terminate and returns its e)-3.057 F .557(xit status.)-.15 F .557 +(If the)5.557 F F13.057 E F0 .587 +(option is supplied, and job control is enabled,)144 672 R F1(wait)3.086 +E F0(forces)3.086 E F2(id)3.086 E F0 .586 +(to terminate before returning its sta-)3.086 F .998 +(tus, intead of returning when it changes status.)144 684 R(If)5.999 E +F2(id)3.509 E F0 .999(speci\214es a non-e)4.269 F .999 +(xistent process or job, the)-.15 F .365(return status is 127.)144 696 R +.365(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.365 F .365 +(xit status of the last process or job w)-.15 F(aited)-.1 E(for)144 708 +Q(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(77)193.45 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 78 78 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E<83>108 84 Q -(adding or deleting b)144 84 Q(uiltin commands with the)-.2 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F12.5 E F0 -(options to the)2.5 E F1(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E -<83>108 100.8 Q(using the)144 100.8 Q F1(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 84 Q F0(If)108 96 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)4.396 E F0 1.896(is started with the name)4.396 F +F2(rbash)4.397 E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F2 +4.397 E F0 1.897(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.897 +(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.446(restricted. 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E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E -F4 -.8(Po)108 244.8 S(rtable Oper).8 E +F5 -.8(Po)108 460.8 S(rtable Oper).8 E (ating System Interface \(POSIX\) P)-.15 E(art 2: Shell and Utilities) --.8 E F0 2.5(,I)C(EEE --)-2.5 E(http://pubs.opengroup.or)144 256.8 Q -(g/onlinepubs/9699919799/)-.18 E(http://tiswww)108 268.8 Q -(.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode)-.65 E F4(sh) -108 280.8 Q F0(\(1\),)A F4(ksh)2.5 E F0(\(1\),)A F4(csh)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A -F4(emacs)108 292.8 Q F0(\(1\),)A F4(vi)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F4 -.37(re)108 -304.8 S(adline).37 E F0(\(3\))A F3(FILES)72 321.6 Q F4(/bin/bash)109.666 -333.6 Q F0(The)144 345.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutable).15 E -F4(/etc/pr)109.666 357.6 Q(o\214le)-.45 E F0 -(The systemwide initialization \214le, e)144 369.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted for login shells).15 E F4(~/.bash_pr)109.666 381.6 Q(o\214le)-.45 -E F0(The personal initialization \214le, e)144 393.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted for login shells).15 E F4(~/.bashr)109.666 405.6 Q(c)-.37 E F0 -(The indi)144 417.6 Q(vidual per)-.25 E(-interacti)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(-shell startup \214le).15 E F4(~/.bash_lo)109.666 429.6 Q(gout)-.1 E F0 -(The indi)144 441.6 Q(vidual login shell cleanup \214le, e)-.25 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F4(~/.inputr) -109.666 453.6 Q(c)-.37 E F0(Indi)144 465.6 Q(vidual)-.25 E F4 -.37(re) -2.5 G(adline).37 E F0(initialization \214le)2.5 E F3 -.548(AU)72 482.4 S -(THORS).548 E F0(Brian F)108 494.4 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E -(oundation)-.15 E(bfox@gnu.or)108 506.4 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Rame)108 523.2 Q -1.3 -.65(y, C)-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni) --2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 535.2 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 -E F3 -.11(BU)72 552 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F0 .568 -(If you \214nd a b)108 564 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F1(bash,)3.068 E F0 .568 -(you should report it.)3.068 F .568(But \214rst, you should mak)5.568 F -3.068(es)-.1 G .568(ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .567(ug, and)-.2 -F 5.625(that it appears in the latest v)108 576 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 F -F1(bash)8.125 E F0 10.625(.T)C 5.625(he latest v)-10.625 F 5.626 -(ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 5.626(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.626 -(ilable from).25 F F4(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 588 Q(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37 E -F0(.)A .411(Once you ha)108 604.8 R .711 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .411 -(etermined that a b).15 F .411(ug actually e)-.2 F .411(xists, use the) --.15 F F4(bashb)3.18 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .41(command to submit a b)3.13 F .41 -(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.41 E .594(you ha)108 616.8 R .894 -.15(ve a \214) --.2 H .595(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F .595 -(Suggestions and `philosophical' b)5.595 F .595(ug reports may)-.2 F -(be mailed to)108 628.8 Q F4 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0 -(or posted to the Usenet ne)2.5 E(wsgroup)-.25 E F1(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E(ug) --.2 E F0(.)A(ALL b)108 645.6 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E(The v) -108 662.4 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(The hardw)108 674.4 -Q(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 686.4 -Q 2.5(Ad)108 698.4 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 -E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E(78)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-.8 E F0 2.5(,I)C(EEE --)-2.5 E(http://pubs.opengroup.or)144 472.8 Q +(g/onlinepubs/9699919799/)-.18 E(http://tiswww)108 484.8 Q +(.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode)-.65 E F5(sh) +108 496.8 Q F0(\(1\),)A F5(ksh)2.5 E F0(\(1\),)A F5(csh)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A +F5(emacs)108 508.8 Q F0(\(1\),)A F5(vi)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F5 -.37(re)108 +520.8 S(adline).37 E F0(\(3\))A F1(FILES)72 537.6 Q F5(/bin/bash)109.666 +549.6 Q F0(The)144 561.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutable).15 E +F5(/etc/pr)109.666 573.6 Q(o\214le)-.45 E F0 +(The systemwide initialization \214le, e)144 585.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted for login shells).15 E F5(~/.bash_pr)109.666 597.6 Q(o\214le)-.45 +E F0(The personal initialization \214le, e)144 609.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted for login shells).15 E F5(~/.bashr)109.666 621.6 Q(c)-.37 E F0 +(The indi)144 633.6 Q(vidual per)-.25 E(-interacti)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(-shell startup \214le).15 E F5(~/.bash_lo)109.666 645.6 Q(gout)-.1 E F0 +(The indi)144 657.6 Q(vidual login shell cleanup \214le, e)-.25 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F5(~/.inputr) +109.666 669.6 Q(c)-.37 E F0(Indi)144 681.6 Q(vidual)-.25 E F5 -.37(re) +2.5 G(adline).37 E F0(initialization \214le)2.5 E F1 -.548(AU)72 698.4 S +(THORS).548 E F0(Brian F)108 710.4 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E +(oundation)-.15 E(bfox@gnu.or)108 722.4 Q(g)-.18 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2017 March 22)144.29 E(78)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 79 79 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(As)108 84 S -(hort script or `recipe' which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(rcises the b).15 -E(ug)-.2 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(bashb)108.27 100.8 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Chet Rame)108 84 Q +1.3 -.65(y, C)-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni) +-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 96 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E +/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(BU)72 112.8 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 +E(TS)-.438 E F0 .567(If you \214nd a b)108 124.8 R .568(ug in)-.2 F/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash,)3.068 E F0 .568(you should report it.)3.068 F +.568(But \214rst, you should mak)5.568 F 3.068(es)-.1 G .568 +(ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .568(ug, and)-.2 F 5.626 +(that it appears in the latest v)108 136.8 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 F F2 +(bash)8.125 E F0 10.625(.T)C 5.625(he latest v)-10.625 F 5.625 +(ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 5.625(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.625 +(ilable from).25 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 148.8 Q +(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37 E F0(.)A .41(Once you ha)108 165.6 R .71 -.15 +(ve d)-.2 H .41(etermined that a b).15 F .41(ug actually e)-.2 F .411 +(xists, use the)-.15 F F3(bashb)3.181 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .411 +(command to submit a b)3.131 F .411(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.411 E .595 +(you ha)108 177.6 R .895 -.15(ve a \214)-.2 H .595 +(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F .594 +(Suggestions and `philosophical' b)5.595 F .594(ug reports may)-.2 F +(be mailed to)108 189.6 Q F3 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0 +(or posted to the Usenet ne)2.5 E(wsgroup)-.25 E F2(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E(ug) +-.2 E F0(.)A(ALL b)108 206.4 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E(The v) +108 223.2 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(The hardw)108 235.2 +Q(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 247.2 +Q 2.5(Ad)108 259.2 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 +E 2.5(As)108 271.2 S(hort script or `recipe' which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F3(bashb)108.27 288 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 (inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro) 2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108 -117.6 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 -E F1 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) -.25 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(BU)72 134.4 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 -146.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.869 -(There are some subtle dif)108 163.2 R 1.869(ferences between)-.25 F/F3 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869 -(ersions of)-.15 F F3(sh)4.368 E F0 4.368(,m)C 1.868 -(ostly because of the)-4.368 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 175.2 Q F0 -(speci\214cation.)2.25 E(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 192 Q -(Shell b)108 208.8 Q +304.8 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 +E F3 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) +.25 E F1 -.11(BU)72 321.6 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 333.6 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868 +(There are some subtle dif)108 350.4 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F2 +(bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869(ersions of)-.15 F +F2(sh)4.369 E F0 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 362.4 Q F0(speci\214cation.)2.25 E +(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 379.2 Q(Shell b)108 396 Q (uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E 1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\ -re not handled gracefully when)108 225.6 R .39 -(process suspension is attempted.)108 237.6 R .389 -(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .389(cutes the ne).15 F .389(xt com-)-.15 F .192 -(mand in the sequence.)108 249.6 R .192(It suf)5.192 F .192(\214ces to \ -place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a) --.25 F(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 261.6 Q(Array v)108 -278.4 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E -(There may be only one acti)108 295.2 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H +re not handled gracefully when)108 412.8 R .389 +(process suspension is attempted.)108 424.8 R .389 +(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193(mand in the sequence.) +108 436.8 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to place the sequence of c\ +ommands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 F +(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 448.8 Q(Array v)108 465.6 +Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E +(There may be only one acti)108 482.4 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H (oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2017 March 22)144.29 E (79)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer diff --git a/doc/bashref.aux b/doc/bashref.aux index 0ab9aaff..a1acd571 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.aux +++ b/doc/bashref.aux @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ @xrdef{Conditional Constructs-title}{Conditional Constructs} @xrdef{Conditional Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.4.2} @xrdef{Looping Constructs-pg}{10} -@xrdef{Conditional Constructs-pg}{10} +@xrdef{Conditional Constructs-pg}{11} @xrdef{Command Grouping-title}{Grouping Commands} @xrdef{Command Grouping-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.4.3} @xrdef{Command Grouping-pg}{14} @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ @xrdef{GNU Parallel-title}{GNU Parallel} @xrdef{GNU Parallel-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.6} @xrdef{Coprocesses-pg}{15} -@xrdef{GNU Parallel-pg}{15} +@xrdef{GNU Parallel-pg}{16} @xrdef{Shell Functions-title}{Shell Functions} @xrdef{Shell Functions-snt}{Section@tie 3.3} @xrdef{Shell Functions-pg}{17} @@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ @xrdef{Shell Parameters-pg}{19} @xrdef{Positional Parameters-title}{Positional Parameters} @xrdef{Positional Parameters-snt}{Section@tie 3.4.1} +@xrdef{Positional Parameters-pg}{20} @xrdef{Special Parameters-title}{Special Parameters} @xrdef{Special Parameters-snt}{Section@tie 3.4.2} -@xrdef{Positional Parameters-pg}{20} +@xrdef{Special Parameters-pg}{21} @xrdef{Shell Expansions-title}{Shell Expansions} @xrdef{Shell Expansions-snt}{Section@tie 3.5} -@xrdef{Special Parameters-pg}{21} @xrdef{Brace Expansion-title}{Brace Expansion} @xrdef{Brace Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.1} @xrdef{Shell Expansions-pg}{22} @@ -102,11 +102,11 @@ @xrdef{Process Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.6} @xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{30} @xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{30} -@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{30} @xrdef{Word Splitting-title}{Word Splitting} @xrdef{Word Splitting-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.7} @xrdef{Filename Expansion-title}{Filename Expansion} @xrdef{Filename Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.8} +@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{31} @xrdef{Word Splitting-pg}{31} @xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{31} @xrdef{Pattern Matching-title}{Pattern Matching} diff --git a/doc/bashref.cp b/doc/bashref.cp index 10a74b1e..6a58414f 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.cp +++ b/doc/bashref.cp @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ \entry{commands, lists}{9}{commands, lists} \entry{commands, compound}{9}{commands, compound} \entry{commands, looping}{10}{commands, looping} -\entry{commands, conditional}{10}{commands, conditional} +\entry{commands, conditional}{11}{commands, conditional} \entry{commands, grouping}{14}{commands, grouping} \entry{coprocess}{15}{coprocess} \entry{shell function}{17}{shell function} @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ \entry{command substitution}{30}{command substitution} \entry{expansion, arithmetic}{30}{expansion, arithmetic} \entry{arithmetic expansion}{30}{arithmetic expansion} -\entry{process substitution}{30}{process substitution} +\entry{process substitution}{31}{process substitution} \entry{word splitting}{31}{word splitting} \entry{expansion, filename}{31}{expansion, filename} \entry{expansion, pathname}{31}{expansion, pathname} diff --git a/doc/bashref.cps b/doc/bashref.cps index 3ffd5453..20b4cd51 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.cps +++ b/doc/bashref.cps @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ \entry {command substitution}{30} \entry {command timing}{8} \entry {commands, compound}{9} -\entry {commands, conditional}{10} +\entry {commands, conditional}{11} \entry {commands, grouping}{14} \entry {commands, lists}{9} \entry {commands, looping}{10} @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ \entry {POSIX Mode}{98} \entry {process group}{3} \entry {process group ID}{3} -\entry {process substitution}{30} +\entry {process substitution}{31} \entry {programmable completion}{131} \entry {prompting}{96} \initial {Q} diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi index 088dbbfa..231079ab 100644 Binary files a/doc/bashref.dvi and b/doc/bashref.dvi differ diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html index e8d7a30e..e1af25af 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.html +++ b/doc/bashref.html @@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ present, are decoded as follows:

\nnn

the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn -(one to three digits) +(one to three octal digits)

\xHH

the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH @@ -1051,8 +1051,13 @@ the time information.

If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see Lists), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.

-

Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell -(see Command Execution Environment). The exit +

Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is a +separate process (see Command Execution Environment). +If the lastpipe option is enabled using the shopt builtin +(see The Shopt Builtin), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process. +

+

The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the pipefail option is enabled (see The Set Builtin). @@ -1111,7 +1116,7 @@ associativity.

command2 is executed if, and only if, command1 -returns an exit status of zero. +returns an exit status of zero (success).

An OR list has the form

@@ -1144,7 +1149,7 @@ Next: , Previous: -

Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. +

Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (see Redirections) associated with a compound command @@ -1211,13 +1216,15 @@ in consequent-commands, or zero if none was executed. 

for name [ [in [words …] ] ; ] do commands; done
-

Expand words, and execute commands once for each member +

Expand words (see Shell Expansions), and execute commands +once for each member in the resultant list, with name bound to the current member. If ‘in words’ is not present, the for command executes the commands once for each positional parameter that is set, as if ‘in "$@"’ had been specified (see Special Parameters). -The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +

+

The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no items in the expansion of words, no commands are executed, and the return status is zero.

@@ -1295,6 +1302,8 @@ zero if no condition tested true.

case will selectively execute the command-list corresponding to the first pattern that matches word. +The match is performed according +to the rules described below in Pattern Matching. If the nocasematch shell option (see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case @@ -1306,7 +1315,9 @@ as a clause.

Each clause must be terminated with ‘;;’, ‘;&’, or ‘;;&’. The word undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command -substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is +substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal +(see Shell Parameter Expansion) +before matching is attempted. Each pattern undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.

@@ -1467,7 +1478,7 @@ if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero or one instances of ‘a’, then a ‘b’:

-
[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
+
[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]]

That means values like ‘aab’ and ‘ aaaaaab’ will match, as @@ -1482,7 +1493,7 @@ expressions while paying attention to the shell’s quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is equivalent to the above:

-
pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
+
pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b'
 [[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
@@ -1915,6 +1926,15 @@ var=global func1 +

The unset builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, unset will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the local scope is unset, it will remain so +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible. +

Function names and definitions may be listed with the -f option to the declare (typeset) builtin command (see Bash Builtins). @@ -8508,6 +8528,7 @@ destroys the array element at index subscript. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename expansion. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. unset name, where name is an array, removes the entire array. A subscript of ‘*’ or ‘@’ also removes the entire array. diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info index bf84eb46..e082099e 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.info +++ b/doc/bashref.info @@ -586,16 +586,20 @@ information. If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. - Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note -Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the -exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' -option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, -the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) -command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit -successfully. If the reserved word '!' precedes the pipeline, the exit -status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above. -The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before -returning a value. + Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is +a separate process (*note Command Execution Environment::). If the +'lastpipe' option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt +Builtin::), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell +process. + + The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command +in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set +Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, the pipeline's return status is +the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero +status, or zero if all commands exit successfully. If the reserved word +'!' precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of +the exit status as described above. The shell waits for all commands in +the pipeline to terminate before returning a value.  File: bashref.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands @@ -11504,116 +11508,116 @@ Node: Comments18728 Node: Shell Commands19346 Node: Simple Commands20218 Node: Pipelines20849 -Node: Lists23592 -Node: Compound Commands25331 -Node: Looping Constructs26343 -Node: Conditional Constructs28838 -Node: Command Grouping39893 -Node: Coprocesses41372 -Node: GNU Parallel43204 -Node: Shell Functions47177 -Node: Shell Parameters54376 -Node: Positional Parameters58789 -Node: Special Parameters59689 -Node: Shell Expansions63026 -Node: Brace Expansion65120 -Node: Tilde Expansion67954 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion70302 -Node: Command Substitution84434 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion85789 -Node: Process Substitution86721 -Node: Word Splitting87841 -Node: Filename Expansion89785 -Node: Pattern Matching92159 -Node: Quote Removal96145 -Node: Redirections96440 -Node: Executing Commands105998 -Node: Simple Command Expansion106668 -Node: Command Search and Execution108598 -Node: Command Execution Environment110934 -Node: Environment113918 -Node: Exit Status115577 -Node: Signals117247 -Node: Shell Scripts119214 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands121729 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins123763 -Node: Bash Builtins144363 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior173008 -Node: The Set Builtin173353 -Node: The Shopt Builtin183766 -Node: Special Builtins199664 -Node: Shell Variables200643 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables201080 -Node: Bash Variables203184 -Node: Bash Features232977 -Node: Invoking Bash233876 -Node: Bash Startup Files239825 -Node: Interactive Shells244928 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?245338 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?245987 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior246802 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions250290 -Node: Shell Arithmetic254656 -Node: Aliases257473 -Node: Arrays260021 -Node: The Directory Stack265183 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins265967 -Node: Controlling the Prompt268935 -Node: The Restricted Shell271697 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode273522 -Node: Job Control283873 -Node: Job Control Basics284333 -Node: Job Control Builtins289301 -Node: Job Control Variables294028 -Node: Command Line Editing295184 -Node: Introduction and Notation296855 -Node: Readline Interaction298478 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials299669 -Node: Readline Movement Commands301452 -Node: Readline Killing Commands302412 -Node: Readline Arguments304330 -Node: Searching305374 -Node: Readline Init File307560 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax308707 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs328894 -Node: Sample Init File331419 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands334536 -Node: Commands For Moving335740 -Node: Commands For History337589 -Node: Commands For Text341884 -Node: Commands For Killing345273 -Node: Numeric Arguments347754 -Node: Commands For Completion348893 -Node: Keyboard Macros353084 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands353771 -Node: Readline vi Mode359647 -Node: Programmable Completion360554 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins368015 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example377901 -Node: Using History Interactively383153 -Node: Bash History Facilities383837 -Node: Bash History Builtins386838 -Node: History Interaction391130 -Node: Event Designators394094 -Node: Word Designators395313 -Node: Modifiers396950 -Node: Installing Bash398352 -Node: Basic Installation399489 -Node: Compilers and Options402180 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures402921 -Node: Installation Names404584 -Node: Specifying the System Type405402 -Node: Sharing Defaults406118 -Node: Operation Controls406791 -Node: Optional Features407749 -Node: Reporting Bugs418275 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell419469 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License436321 -Node: Indexes461498 -Node: Builtin Index461952 -Node: Reserved Word Index468779 -Node: Variable Index471227 -Node: Function Index486905 -Node: Concept Index500208 +Node: Lists23781 +Node: Compound Commands25520 +Node: Looping Constructs26532 +Node: Conditional Constructs29027 +Node: Command Grouping40082 +Node: Coprocesses41561 +Node: GNU Parallel43393 +Node: Shell Functions47366 +Node: Shell Parameters54565 +Node: Positional Parameters58978 +Node: Special Parameters59878 +Node: Shell Expansions63215 +Node: Brace Expansion65309 +Node: Tilde Expansion68143 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion70491 +Node: Command Substitution84623 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion85978 +Node: Process Substitution86910 +Node: Word Splitting88030 +Node: Filename Expansion89974 +Node: Pattern Matching92348 +Node: Quote Removal96334 +Node: Redirections96629 +Node: Executing Commands106187 +Node: Simple Command Expansion106857 +Node: Command Search and Execution108787 +Node: Command Execution Environment111123 +Node: Environment114107 +Node: Exit Status115766 +Node: Signals117436 +Node: Shell Scripts119403 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands121918 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins123952 +Node: Bash Builtins144552 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior173197 +Node: The Set Builtin173542 +Node: The Shopt Builtin183955 +Node: Special Builtins199853 +Node: Shell Variables200832 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables201269 +Node: Bash Variables203373 +Node: Bash Features233166 +Node: Invoking Bash234065 +Node: Bash Startup Files240014 +Node: Interactive Shells245117 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?245527 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?246176 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior246991 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions250479 +Node: Shell Arithmetic254845 +Node: Aliases257662 +Node: Arrays260210 +Node: The Directory Stack265372 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins266156 +Node: Controlling the Prompt269124 +Node: The Restricted Shell271886 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode273711 +Node: Job Control284062 +Node: Job Control Basics284522 +Node: Job Control Builtins289490 +Node: Job Control Variables294217 +Node: Command Line Editing295373 +Node: Introduction and Notation297044 +Node: Readline Interaction298667 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials299858 +Node: Readline Movement Commands301641 +Node: Readline Killing Commands302601 +Node: Readline Arguments304519 +Node: Searching305563 +Node: Readline Init File307749 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax308896 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs329083 +Node: Sample Init File331608 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands334725 +Node: Commands For Moving335929 +Node: Commands For History337778 +Node: Commands For Text342073 +Node: Commands For Killing345462 +Node: Numeric Arguments347943 +Node: Commands For Completion349082 +Node: Keyboard Macros353273 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands353960 +Node: Readline vi Mode359836 +Node: Programmable Completion360743 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins368204 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example378090 +Node: Using History Interactively383342 +Node: Bash History Facilities384026 +Node: Bash History Builtins387027 +Node: History Interaction391319 +Node: Event Designators394283 +Node: Word Designators395502 +Node: Modifiers397139 +Node: Installing Bash398541 +Node: Basic Installation399678 +Node: Compilers and Options402369 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures403110 +Node: Installation Names404773 +Node: Specifying the System Type405591 +Node: Sharing Defaults406307 +Node: Operation Controls406980 +Node: Optional Features407938 +Node: Reporting Bugs418464 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell419658 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License436510 +Node: Indexes461687 +Node: Builtin Index462141 +Node: Reserved Word Index468968 +Node: Variable Index471416 +Node: Function Index487094 +Node: Concept Index500397  End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bashref.log b/doc/bashref.log index 83808f76..3fd1552f 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.log +++ b/doc/bashref.log @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.17 (TeX Live 2016/MacPorts 2016_4) (preloaded format=pdfetex 2017.1.6) 28 MAR 2017 14:25 +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.17 (TeX Live 2016/MacPorts 2016_4) (preloaded format=pdfetex 2017.1.6) 3 APR 2017 16:34 entering extended mode restricted \write18 enabled. file:line:error style messages enabled. @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ p/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] [2] (/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.toc \openout4 = `bashref.rw'. [8] [9] [10] -Overfull \hbox (38.26587pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 874--874 +Overfull \hbox (38.26587pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 879--879 []@texttt case @textttsl word @texttt in [ [(] @textttsl pat-tern @texttt [| @ textttsl pattern@texttt ][]) @textttsl command-list @texttt ;;][] esac[] @@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ textttsl pattern@texttt ][]) @textttsl command-list @texttt ;;][] esac[] .etc. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] -Overfull \hbox (89.6747pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1280--1280 +Overfull \hbox (89.6747pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1285--1285 []@texttt cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {} " | process-output[] @@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ Overfull \hbox (89.6747pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1280--1280 .@texttt t .etc. - -Overfull \hbox (89.6747pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1303--1303 +[16] +Overfull \hbox (89.6747pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1308--1308 []@texttt { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | p arallel traceroute[] @@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ arallel traceroute[] .@glue 5.74869 .etc. -[16] -Overfull \hbox (106.92076pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1309--1309 + +Overfull \hbox (106.92076pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1314--1314 []@texttt { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | p arallel -k traceroute[] @@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ arallel -k traceroute[] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] -Overfull \hbox (26.76846pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 4343--4343 +Overfull \hbox (26.76846pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 4348--4348 []@texttt mapfile [-d @textttsl de-lim@texttt ] [-n @textttsl count@texttt ] [ -O @textttsl ori-gin@texttt ] [-s @textttsl count@texttt ] [-t] [-u @textttsl f d@texttt ][] @@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ d@texttt ][] .etc. [56] [57] -Overfull \hbox (38.26584pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 4547--4547 +Overfull \hbox (38.26584pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 4552--4552 []@texttt readarray [-d @textttsl de-lim@texttt ] [-n @textttsl count@texttt ] [-O @textttsl ori-gin@texttt ] [-s @textttsl count@texttt ] [-t] [-u @textttsl fd@texttt ][] @@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ Overfull \hbox (38.26584pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 4547--4547 [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] Chapter 5 [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] Chapter 6 [83] -Overfull \hbox (49.43388pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6294--6294 +Overfull \hbox (49.43388pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6299--6299 []@texttt bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@t exttt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar- @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ exttt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar- .etc. -Overfull \hbox (72.42863pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6295--6295 +Overfull \hbox (72.42863pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6300--6300 []@texttt bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@texttt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] -c @textttsl string @texttt [@textttsl ar - @@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ Overfull \hbox (72.42863pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6295--6295 .etc. -Overfull \hbox (32.18782pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6296--6296 +Overfull \hbox (32.18782pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6301--6301 []@texttt bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@text tt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar- @@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ texinfo.tex: doing @include of fdl.texi Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: 4064 strings out of 497105 47069 string characters out of 6206776 - 136585 words of memory out of 5000000 + 136513 words of memory out of 5000000 4846 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 34315 words of font info for 116 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 51 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 @@ -411,10 +411,10 @@ e/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmtt12.pfb> -Output written on bashref.pdf (182 pages, 742807 bytes). +Output written on bashref.pdf (182 pages, 742837 bytes). PDF statistics: - 2607 PDF objects out of 2984 (max. 8388607) - 2380 compressed objects within 24 object streams + 2606 PDF objects out of 2984 (max. 8388607) + 2379 compressed objects within 24 object streams 308 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000) 1125 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000) diff --git a/doc/bashref.pdf b/doc/bashref.pdf index cdc49edb..f803aca7 100644 Binary files a/doc/bashref.pdf and b/doc/bashref.pdf differ diff --git a/doc/bashref.ps b/doc/bashref.ps index 19c12144..b5a73083 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.ps +++ b/doc/bashref.ps @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ %!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Creator: dvips(k) 5.996 Copyright 2016 Radical Eye Software %%Title: bashref.dvi -%%CreationDate: Wed Mar 22 16:20:10 2017 -%%Pages: 181 +%%CreationDate: Mon Apr 3 16:34:02 2017 +%%Pages: 182 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%DocumentFonts: CMBX12 CMR10 CMTT10 CMSL10 CMSY10 CMMI12 CMMI10 CMCSC10 @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ %DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) 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Fu(172)275 2880 y(D.5)92 b(Concept)30 b(Index)15 b Fn(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)29 b -Fu(173)p eop end +Fu(174)p eop end %%Page: 1 7 TeXDict begin 1 6 bop 3705 -116 a Fu(1)150 299 y Fp(1)80 b(In)l(tro)t(duction)150 604 y Fs(1.1)68 b(What)45 b(is)g(Bash?)150 @@ -8316,19 +8316,19 @@ y Fu(The)c(follo)m(wing)h(is)f(a)h(brief)e(description)i(of)f(the)g (\014le)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)j(page)e(41\),)k (from)41 b(a)i(string)330 3566 y(supplied)30 b(as)h(an)g(argumen)m(t)h (to)g(the)f Ft(-c)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)i(option)f(\(see)g(Section)g -(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)330 3675 y(page)f(83\),)h(or)e(from)g +(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)330 3675 y(page)f(84\),)h(or)e(from)g (the)h(user's)f(terminal.)199 3821 y(2.)61 b(Breaks)43 b(the)g(input)f(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)f(and)g(op)s(erators,)k(ob)s(eying)d 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Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(7)150 299 y Ft(\\e)150 408 y(\\E)384 b Fu(an)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)h -(\(not)f(ANSI)f(C\))150 572 y Ft(\\f)384 b Fu(form)30 -b(feed)150 735 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(newline)150 898 y Ft(\\r)g -Fu(carriage)32 b(return)150 1061 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 -b(tab)150 1224 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)150 -1387 y Ft(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)150 1551 y Ft(\\')g -Fu(single)31 b(quote)150 1714 y Ft(\\")384 b Fu(double)30 -b(quote)150 1877 y Ft(\\?)384 b Fu(question)31 b(mark)150 -2040 y Ft(\\)p Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(the)31 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g -(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(the)h(o)s(ctal)g(v)-5 -b(alue)31 b Fr(nnn)e Fu(\(one)i(to)g(three)g(digits\))150 -2203 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)36 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)f -(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)h(v)-5 -b(alue)36 b Fr(HH)46 b Fu(\(one)37 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)630 -2313 y(hex)30 b(digits\))150 2476 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 -b 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Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(the)36 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g +(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(is)f(the)h(o)s(ctal)h(v)-5 +b(alue)36 b Fr(nnn)e Fu(\(one)i(to)h(three)f(o)s(ctal)630 +2089 y(digits\))150 2246 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)36 +b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)f(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 +b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 b Fr(HH)46 +b Fu(\(one)37 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)630 2356 y(hex)30 b(digits\))150 +2513 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 b Fu(the)33 b(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g +(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g +(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 2623 y Fr(HHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 +b(to)g(four)f(hex)g(digits\))150 2780 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)630 +2889 y Fu(the)j(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f +(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 +b(alue)630 2999 y Fr(HHHHHHHH)42 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)g(hex)g +(digits\))150 3156 y Ft(\\c)p Fj(x)336 b Fu(a)31 b(con)m(trol-)p +Fr(x)38 b Fu(c)m(haracter)150 3313 y(The)30 b(expanded)f(result)i(is)f 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b(systems)h(use)f(the)h(message)h(catalog)h(selected)f(b)m(y)f(the)g Ft(LC_MESSAGES)c Fu(shell)k(v)-5 b(ariable.)39 b(Others)150 -4113 y(create)g(the)e(name)g(of)g(the)g(message)h(catalog)i(from)d(the) +4119 y(create)g(the)e(name)g(of)g(the)g(message)h(catalog)i(from)d(the) g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c Fu(shell)j(v)-5 -b(ariable,)150 4223 y(p)s(ossibly)31 b(adding)g(a)g(su\016x)g(of)h(`)p +b(ariable,)150 4229 y(p)s(ossibly)31 b(adding)g(a)g(su\016x)g(of)h(`)p Ft(.mo)p Fu('.)43 b(If)31 b(y)m(ou)h(use)f(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)33 b(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g(need)f(to)h(set)150 -4332 y(the)22 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)23 +4339 y(the)22 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(to)g(the)f(lo)s(cation)i(of)e(the)h(message)g(catalog)i(\014les.)38 -b(Still)23 b(others)f(use)g(b)s(oth)150 4442 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 +b(Still)23 b(others)f(use)g(b)s(oth)150 4448 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(in)f(this)g(fashion:)41 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)p Fu(/)p -Ft(LC_MESSAGES)p Fu(/LC)p 2528 4442 28 4 v 34 w(MESSA)m(GES/)p +Ft(LC_MESSAGES)p Fu(/LC)p 2528 4448 28 4 v 34 w(MESSA)m(GES/)p Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)p Fu(.mo.)150 4645 y Fk(3.1.3)63 b(Commen)m(ts)150 4792 y Fu(In)21 b(a)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shell,)g(or)e(an)g(in)m (teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(in)g(whic)m(h)g(the)g Ft(interactive_comments) 16 b Fu(option)150 4902 y(to)40 b(the)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(is)h (enabled)g(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],)k(page)e -(64\),)i(a)d(w)m(ord)150 5011 y(b)s(eginning)26 b(with)g(`)p +(65\),)i(a)d(w)m(ord)150 5011 y(b)s(eginning)26 b(with)g(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(causes)h(that)f(w)m(ord)g(and)g(all)h(remaining)g(c)m (haracters)g(on)f(that)h(line)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(ignored.)150 5121 y(An)43 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(without)f(the)g @@ -8489,7 +8489,7 @@ Ft(interactive_comments)38 b Fu(option)44 b(enabled)f(do)s(es)g(not)g (allo)m(w)150 5230 y(commen)m(ts.)56 b(The)34 b Ft (interactive_comments)c Fu(option)35 b(is)g(on)g(b)m(y)g(default)g(in)g 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Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)k Fu(as)41 b(long)h(as)f Fr(test-commands)46 -b Fu(has)41 b(an)g(exit)h(status)630 1542 y(whic)m(h)c(is)h(not)g +b Fu(has)41 b(an)g(exit)h(status)630 1950 y(whic)m(h)c(is)h(not)g (zero.)67 b(The)38 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(the)h(exit)h(status)f(of)g -(the)g(last)g(command)630 1651 y(executed)31 b(in)f Fr(consequen)m +(the)g(last)g(command)630 2060 y(executed)31 b(in)f Fr(consequen)m (t-commands)p Fu(,)i(or)e(zero)h(if)g(none)f(w)m(as)h(executed.)150 -1812 y Ft(while)240 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h -Ft(while)e Fu(command)h(is:)870 1947 y Ft(while)46 b +2230 y Ft(while)240 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h +Ft(while)e Fu(command)h(is:)870 2370 y Ft(while)46 b Fj(test-commands)p Ft(;)e(do)j Fj(consequent-commands)p -Ft(;)c(done)630 2082 y Fu(Execute)f Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)k +Ft(;)c(done)630 2510 y Fu(Execute)f Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)k Fu(as)41 b(long)h(as)f Fr(test-commands)46 b Fu(has)41 -b(an)g(exit)h(status)630 2192 y(of)34 b(zero.)53 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-(90\).)77 b(The)42 b(arithmetic)630 4014 y(expression)33 -b Fr(expr2)41 b Fu(is)34 b(then)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 -b(rep)s(eatedly)f(un)m(til)g(it)g(ev)-5 b(aluates)35 -b(to)g(zero.)51 b(Eac)m(h)630 4123 y(time)23 b Fr(expr2)30 -b Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)25 b(to)e(a)g(non-zero)h(v)-5 b(alue,)25 -b Fr(commands)h Fu(are)d(executed)g(and)g(the)g(arith-)630 -4233 y(metic)29 b(expression)f Fr(expr3)36 b Fu(is)28 -b(ev)-5 b(aluated.)41 b(If)28 b(an)m(y)h(expression)f(is)g(omitted,)i -(it)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)630 4342 y(if)i(it)h(ev)-5 +Fj(commands)p Ft(;)e(done)630 3180 y Fu(Expand)30 b Fr(w)m(ords)k +Fu(\(see)d(Section)h(3.5)g([Shell)f(Expansions],)g(page)g(22\),)i(and)d +(execute)i Fr(com-)630 3289 y(mands)43 b Fu(once)e(for)g(eac)m(h)g(mem) +m(b)s(er)f(in)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list,)j(with)c Fr(name)46 +b Fu(b)s(ound)39 b(to)i(the)630 3399 y(curren)m(t)34 +b(mem)m(b)s(er.)53 b(If)35 b(`)p Ft(in)30 b Fj(words)p +Fu(')j(is)i(not)g(presen)m(t,)h(the)f Ft(for)e Fu(command)i(executes)h +(the)630 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-(Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(42\))g(ma)m(y) -150 4723 y(b)s(e)i(used)f(to)i(con)m(trol)h(lo)s(op)f(execution.)150 -4923 y Fk(3.2.4.2)63 b(Conditional)42 b(Constructs)150 -5095 y Ft(if)384 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h -Ft(if)f Fu(command)g(is:)870 5230 y Ft(if)47 b Fj(test-commands)p -Ft(;)d(then)965 5340 y Fj(consequent-commands)p Ft(;)p +5230 y(The)26 b Ft(break)g Fu(and)h Ft(continue)e Fu(builtins)i(\(see)h +(Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(43\))g(ma)m(y) +150 5340 y(b)s(e)i(used)f(to)i(con)m(trol)h(lo)s(op)f(execution.)p eop end %%Page: 11 17 TeXDict begin 11 16 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 -b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(11)870 299 -y Ft([elif)46 b Fj(more-test-commands)p Ft(;)d(then)965 -408 y Fj(more-consequents)p Ft(;])870 518 y([else)j Fj -(alternate-consequents)p Ft(;])870 628 y(fi)630 757 y -Fu(The)53 b Fr(test-commands)58 b Fu(list)c(is)g(executed,)60 +b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 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+(command-list)g(is)630 3261 y(kno)m(wn)e(as)g(a)h Fr(clause)p +Fu(.)630 3397 y(Eac)m(h)42 b(clause)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(terminated)h (with)e(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(',)45 b(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)f(or)d(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu('.)73 b(The)41 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(under-)630 -2720 y(go)s(es)35 b(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)g(expansion,)g -(command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)630 2829 y(expansion,)47 -b(and)d(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)45 b(b)s(efore)f(matc)m(hing)h(is)f -(attempted.)82 b(Eac)m(h)45 b Fr(pattern)630 2939 y Fu(undergo)s(es)38 -b(tilde)h(expansion,)i(parameter)e(expansion,)i(command)d -(substitution,)j(and)630 3049 y(arithmetic)32 b(expansion.)630 -3178 y(There)e(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(an)h(arbitrary)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h -Ft(case)f Fu(clauses,)i(eac)m(h)g(terminated)g(b)m(y)e(a)i(`)p -Ft(;;)p Fu(',)630 3288 y(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)c(or)e(`)p +3507 y(go)s(es)35 b(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)g(expansion,)g +(command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)630 3617 y(expansion,)g(and)f +(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)36 b(\(see)f(Section)g(3.5.3)h([Shell)e(P)m +(arameter)h(Expansion],)630 3726 y(page)22 b(24\))g(b)s(efore)f(matc)m +(hing)h(is)g(attempted.)38 b(Eac)m(h)22 b Fr(pattern)g +Fu(undergo)s(es)e(tilde)i(expansion,)630 3836 y(parameter)31 +b(expansion,)f(command)g(substitution,)h(and)f(arithmetic)h(expansion.) +630 3972 y(There)f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(an)h(arbitrary)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f +(of)h Ft(case)f Fu(clauses,)i(eac)m(h)g(terminated)g(b)m(y)e(a)i(`)p +Ft(;;)p Fu(',)630 4082 y(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)c(or)e(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu('.)39 b(The)25 b(\014rst)g(pattern)h(that)g(matc)m(hes)h -(determines)e(the)h(command-list)g(that)630 3397 y(is)35 +(determines)e(the)h(command-list)g(that)630 4191 y(is)35 b(executed.)55 b(It's)35 b(a)g(common)g(idiom)g(to)g(use)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(as)g(the)g(\014nal)f(pattern)h(to)h(de\014ne)e(the)630 -3507 y(default)d(case,)g(since)g(that)g(pattern)f(will)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)h -(matc)m(h.)630 3636 y(Here)j(is)g(an)g(example)h(using)e +4301 y(default)d(case,)g(since)g(that)g(pattern)f(will)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)h +(matc)m(h.)630 4437 y(Here)j(is)g(an)g(example)h(using)e Ft(case)g Fu(in)g(a)h(script)g(that)h(could)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h -(describ)s(e)g(one)630 3746 y(in)m(teresting)d(feature)f(of)f(an)g -(animal:)870 3875 y Ft(echo)47 b(-n)g("Enter)f(the)h(name)f(of)i(an)f -(animal:)f(")870 3985 y(read)h(ANIMAL)870 4095 y(echo)g(-n)g("The)f -($ANIMAL)g(has)h(")870 4204 y(case)g($ANIMAL)e(in)965 -4314 y(horse)i(|)g(dog)g(|)h(cat\))e(echo)h(-n)g("four";;)965 -4423 y(man)g(|)h(kangaroo)d(\))j(echo)e(-n)i("two";;)965 -4533 y(*\))g(echo)e(-n)h("an)g(unknown)f(number)g(of";;)870 -4643 y(esac)870 4752 y(echo)h(")g(legs.")630 4902 y Fu(If)25 -b(the)h(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(used,)g(no)g(subsequen)m -(t)f(matc)m(hes)i(are)f(attempted)h(after)g(the)f(\014rst)630 -5011 y(pattern)g(matc)m(h.)40 b(Using)26 b(`)p Ft(;&)p -Fu(')f(in)h(place)g(of)g(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')g(causes)g(execution)h(to)f -(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(with)f(the)630 5121 y Fr(command-list)39 -b Fu(asso)s(ciated)f(with)e(the)g(next)g(clause,)j(if)d(an)m(y)-8 -b(.)59 b(Using)37 b(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu(')f(in)g(place)h(of)630 -5230 y(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')30 b(causes)g(the)g(shell)g(to)g(test)h(the)f -(patterns)g(in)f(the)h(next)g(clause,)h(if)e(an)m(y)-8 -b(,)31 b(and)f(execute)630 5340 y(an)m(y)h(asso)s(ciated)h -Fr(command-list)h Fu(on)d(a)h(successful)f(matc)m(h.)p +(describ)s(e)g(one)630 4546 y(in)m(teresting)d(feature)f(of)f(an)g +(animal:)870 4682 y Ft(echo)47 b(-n)g("Enter)f(the)h(name)f(of)i(an)f +(animal:)f(")870 4792 y(read)h(ANIMAL)870 4902 y(echo)g(-n)g("The)f +($ANIMAL)g(has)h(")870 5011 y(case)g($ANIMAL)e(in)965 +5121 y(horse)i(|)g(dog)g(|)h(cat\))e(echo)h(-n)g("four";;)965 +5230 y(man)g(|)h(kangaroo)d(\))j(echo)e(-n)i("two";;)965 +5340 y(*\))g(echo)e(-n)h("an)g(unknown)f(number)g(of";;)p eop end %%Page: 12 18 TeXDict begin 12 17 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 -b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(12)630 299 -y(The)26 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(no)g Fr(pattern)g -Fu(is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)g(return)e(status)630 -408 y(is)30 b(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f(the)h Fr(command-list)i -Fu(executed.)150 564 y Ft(select)630 697 y Fu(The)g Ft(select)f -Fu(construct)i(allo)m(ws)h(the)f(easy)g(generation)h(of)e(men)m(us.)50 -b(It)34 b(has)f(almost)i(the)630 806 y(same)c(syn)m(tax)g(as)f(the)h -Ft(for)e Fu(command:)870 939 y Ft(select)46 b Fj(name)h -Ft([in)g Fj(words)f Ft(...)o(];)h(do)h Fj(commands)p -Ft(;)d(done)630 1072 y Fu(The)25 b(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g(follo)m(wing) -i Ft(in)d Fu(is)h(expanded,)h(generating)h(a)e(list)h(of)g(items.)39 -b(The)25 b(set)h(of)630 1181 y(expanded)i(w)m(ords)h(is)g(prin)m(ted)f -(on)h(the)g(standard)f(error)h(output)f(stream,)i(eac)m(h)g(preceded) -630 1291 y(b)m(y)21 b(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)37 b(If)20 -b(the)i(`)p Ft(in)30 b Fj(words)p Fu(')20 b(is)h(omitted,)j(the)d(p)s -(ositional)h(parameters)g(are)f(prin)m(ted,)630 1401 -y(as)28 b(if)f(`)p Ft(in)j("$@")p Fu(')d(had)f(b)s(een)h(sp)s +b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(12)870 299 +y Ft(esac)870 408 y(echo)47 b(")g(legs.")630 560 y Fu(If)25 +b(the)h(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(used,)g(no)g(subsequen)m +(t)f(matc)m(hes)i(are)f(attempted)h(after)g(the)f(\014rst)630 +669 y(pattern)g(matc)m(h.)40 b(Using)26 b(`)p Ft(;&)p +Fu(')f(in)h(place)g(of)g(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')g(causes)g(execution)h(to)f +(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(with)f(the)630 779 y Fr(command-list)39 +b Fu(asso)s(ciated)f(with)e(the)g(next)g(clause,)j(if)d(an)m(y)-8 +b(.)59 b(Using)37 b(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu(')f(in)g(place)h(of)630 +889 y(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')30 b(causes)g(the)g(shell)g(to)g(test)h(the)f +(patterns)g(in)f(the)h(next)g(clause,)h(if)e(an)m(y)-8 +b(,)31 b(and)f(execute)630 998 y(an)m(y)h(asso)s(ciated)h +Fr(command-list)h Fu(on)d(a)h(successful)f(matc)m(h.)630 +1129 y(The)c(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(no)g +Fr(pattern)g Fu(is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)g(return)e +(status)630 1238 y(is)30 b(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f(the)h +Fr(command-list)i Fu(executed.)150 1390 y Ft(select)630 +1520 y Fu(The)g Ft(select)f Fu(construct)i(allo)m(ws)h(the)f(easy)g +(generation)h(of)e(men)m(us.)50 b(It)34 b(has)f(almost)i(the)630 +1630 y(same)c(syn)m(tax)g(as)f(the)h Ft(for)e Fu(command:)870 +1760 y Ft(select)46 b Fj(name)h Ft([in)g Fj(words)f Ft(...)o(];)h(do)h +Fj(commands)p Ft(;)d(done)630 1891 y Fu(The)25 b(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g +(follo)m(wing)i Ft(in)d Fu(is)h(expanded,)h(generating)h(a)e(list)h(of) +g(items.)39 b(The)25 b(set)h(of)630 2000 y(expanded)i(w)m(ords)h(is)g +(prin)m(ted)f(on)h(the)g(standard)f(error)h(output)f(stream,)i(eac)m(h) +g(preceded)630 2110 y(b)m(y)21 b(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)37 +b(If)20 b(the)i(`)p Ft(in)30 b Fj(words)p Fu(')20 b(is)h(omitted,)j +(the)d(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)g(are)f(prin)m(ted,)630 +2219 y(as)28 b(if)f(`)p Ft(in)j("$@")p Fu(')d(had)f(b)s(een)h(sp)s (eci\014ed.)39 b(The)27 b Ft(PS3)g Fu(prompt)f(is)i(then)f(displa)m(y)m -(ed)h(and)f(a)h(line)630 1510 y(is)h(read)f(from)h(the)f(standard)g +(ed)h(and)f(a)h(line)630 2329 y(is)h(read)f(from)h(the)f(standard)g (input.)39 b(If)29 b(the)g(line)g(consists)g(of)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e -(corresp)s(onding)630 1620 y(to)36 b(one)f(of)h(the)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)h +(corresp)s(onding)630 2438 y(to)36 b(one)f(of)h(the)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)h (w)m(ords,)g(then)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)f Fr(name)40 -b Fu(is)35 b(set)h(to)g(that)g(w)m(ord.)54 b(If)630 1729 +b Fu(is)35 b(set)h(to)g(that)g(w)m(ord.)54 b(If)630 2548 y(the)37 b(line)h(is)f(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)39 b(the)e(w)m(ords)g(and)f (prompt)g(are)i(displa)m(y)m(ed)f(again.)62 b(If)37 b -Ft(EOF)f Fu(is)h(read,)630 1839 y(the)c Ft(select)e Fu(command)i +Ft(EOF)f Fu(is)h(read,)630 2658 y(the)c Ft(select)e Fu(command)i (completes.)50 b(An)m(y)33 b(other)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(read)g(causes)g -Fr(name)38 b Fu(to)c(b)s(e)e(set)630 1948 y(to)f(n)m(ull.)41 +Fr(name)38 b Fu(to)c(b)s(e)e(set)630 2767 y(to)f(n)m(ull.)41 b(The)30 b(line)g(read)h(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(in)g(the)f(v)-5 -b(ariable)31 b Ft(REPLY)p Fu(.)630 2081 y(The)42 b Fr(commands)j +b(ariable)31 b Ft(REPLY)p Fu(.)630 2898 y(The)42 b Fr(commands)j Fu(are)d(executed)h(after)g(eac)m(h)g(selection)h(un)m(til)e(a)h -Ft(break)d Fu(command)i(is)630 2191 y(executed,)32 b(at)f(whic)m(h)f(p) +Ft(break)d Fu(command)i(is)630 3007 y(executed,)32 b(at)f(whic)m(h)f(p) s(oin)m(t)g(the)h Ft(select)d Fu(command)i(completes.)630 -2323 y(Here)39 b(is)g(an)g(example)h(that)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)e(user)f +3138 y(Here)39 b(is)g(an)g(example)h(that)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)e(user)f (to)i(pic)m(k)f(a)g(\014lename)h(from)e(the)h(curren)m(t)630 -2433 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b(and)d(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(name)h(and)f -(index)f(of)i(the)g(\014le)f(selected.)870 2566 y Ft(select)46 -b(fname)g(in)i(*;)870 2675 y(do)870 2785 y(echo)f(you)g(picked)f -($fname)g(\\\($REPLY\\\))870 2894 y(break;)870 3004 y(done)150 -3160 y(\(\(...)o(\)\))870 3292 y(\(\()h Fj(expression)e -Ft(\)\))630 3425 y Fu(The)33 b(arithmetic)i Fr(expression)f +3247 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b(and)d(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(name)h(and)f +(index)f(of)i(the)g(\014le)f(selected.)870 3378 y Ft(select)46 +b(fname)g(in)i(*;)870 3487 y(do)870 3597 y(echo)f(you)g(picked)f +($fname)g(\\\($REPLY\\\))870 3707 y(break;)870 3816 y(done)150 +3968 y(\(\(...)o(\)\))870 4098 y(\(\()h Fj(expression)e +Ft(\)\))630 4228 y Fu(The)33 b(arithmetic)i Fr(expression)f Fu(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(according)g(to)f(the)g(rules)f(describ)s -(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)630 3535 y(\(see)j(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f -(Arithmetic],)i(page)f(90\).)55 b(If)34 b(the)h(v)-5 -b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g(expression)g(is)630 3644 y(non-zero,)27 +(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)630 4338 y(\(see)j(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f +(Arithmetic],)i(page)f(91\).)55 b(If)34 b(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g(expression)g(is)630 4448 y(non-zero,)27 b(the)f(return)e(status)i(is)g(0;)h(otherwise)f(the)g(return)e(status)i -(is)g(1.)39 b(This)25 b(is)g(exactly)630 3754 y(equiv)-5 -b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)870 3886 y Ft(let)47 b(")p Fj(expression)p -Ft(")630 4019 y Fu(See)25 b(Section)h(4.2)h([Bash)e(Builtins],)i(page)f -(49,)i(for)c(a)i(full)f(description)g(of)g(the)h Ft(let)e -Fu(builtin.)150 4175 y Ft([[...)o(]])870 4308 y([[)47 -b Fj(expression)e Ft(]])630 4440 y Fu(Return)25 b(a)h(status)f(of)h(0)g +(is)g(1.)39 b(This)25 b(is)g(exactly)630 4557 y(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)870 4688 y Ft(let)47 b(")p Fj(expression)p +Ft(")630 4818 y Fu(See)25 b(Section)h(4.2)h([Bash)e(Builtins],)i(page)f +(50,)i(for)c(a)i(full)f(description)g(of)g(the)h Ft(let)e +Fu(builtin.)150 4969 y Ft([[...)o(]])870 5100 y([[)47 +b Fj(expression)e Ft(]])630 5230 y Fu(Return)25 b(a)h(status)f(of)h(0)g (or)g(1)g(dep)s(ending)e(on)h(the)h(ev)-5 b(aluation)27 -b(of)e(the)h(conditional)h(expres-)630 4550 y(sion)j +b(of)e(the)h(conditional)h(expres-)630 5340 y(sion)j Fr(expression)p Fu(.)41 b(Expressions)29 b(are)i(comp)s(osed)f(of)g -(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(in)630 -4659 y(Section)36 b(6.4)h([Bash)f(Conditional)g(Expressions],)h(page)f -(88.)57 b(W)-8 b(ord)36 b(splitting)h(and)e(\014le-)630 -4769 y(name)d(expansion)g(are)h(not)g(p)s(erformed)d(on)j(the)f(w)m -(ords)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f Ft([[)g Fu(and)f Ft(]])p -Fu(;)i(tilde)630 4879 y(expansion,)e(parameter)g(and)f(v)-5 -b(ariable)31 b(expansion,)g(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(command)630 -4988 y(substitution,)40 b(pro)s(cess)f(substitution,)h(and)e(quote)h -(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)40 b(are)f(p)s(erformed.)63 b(Condi-)630 -5098 y(tional)32 b(op)s(erators)e(suc)m(h)g(as)h(`)p -Ft(-f)p Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(unquoted)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(recognized)j -(as)f(primaries.)630 5230 y(When)k(used)f(with)h Ft([[)p -Fu(,)h(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)g -(sort)g(lexicographically)j(using)d(the)630 5340 y(curren)m(t)30 -b(lo)s(cale.)p eop end +(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(in)p +eop end %%Page: 13 19 TeXDict begin 13 18 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(13)630 299 -y(When)22 b(the)h(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p Ft(!=)p -Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(are)g(used,)g(the)g(string)f(to)i(the)e(righ)m(t) -h(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)630 408 y(is)31 b(considered)g(a)h(pattern)f -(and)g(matc)m(hed)h(according)g(to)g(the)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s -(elo)m(w)h(in)630 518 y(Section)d(3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m -(hing],)h(page)f(32,)g(as)f(if)g(the)g Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)g -(w)m(ere)630 628 y(enabled.)46 b(The)31 b(`)p Ft(=)p -Fu(')h(op)s(erator)h(is)f(iden)m(tical)h(to)g(`)p Ft(==)p -Fu('.)46 b(If)31 b(the)h Ft(nocasematch)d Fu(shell)j(option)630 -737 y(\(see)42 b(the)f(description)g(of)h Ft(shopt)d +y(Section)36 b(6.4)h([Bash)f(Conditional)g(Expressions],)h(page)f(89.) +57 b(W)-8 b(ord)36 b(splitting)h(and)e(\014le-)630 408 +y(name)d(expansion)g(are)h(not)g(p)s(erformed)d(on)j(the)f(w)m(ords)g +(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f Ft([[)g Fu(and)f Ft(]])p Fu(;)i(tilde)630 +518 y(expansion,)e(parameter)g(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 +b(expansion,)g(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(command)630 +628 y(substitution,)40 b(pro)s(cess)f(substitution,)h(and)e(quote)h +(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)40 b(are)f(p)s(erformed.)63 b(Condi-)630 +737 y(tional)32 b(op)s(erators)e(suc)m(h)g(as)h(`)p Ft(-f)p +Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(unquoted)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(recognized)j(as)f +(primaries.)630 878 y(When)k(used)f(with)h Ft([[)p Fu(,)h(the)f(`)p +Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)g(sort)g +(lexicographically)j(using)d(the)630 988 y(curren)m(t)30 +b(lo)s(cale.)630 1129 y(When)22 b(the)h(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p +Ft(!=)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(are)g(used,)g(the)g(string)f(to)i(the)e +(righ)m(t)h(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)630 1238 y(is)31 b(considered)g(a)h +(pattern)f(and)g(matc)m(hed)h(according)g(to)g(the)g(rules)f(describ)s +(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(in)630 1348 y(Section)d(3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)f +(Matc)m(hing],)h(page)f(32,)g(as)f(if)g(the)g Ft(extglob)d +Fu(shell)j(option)g(w)m(ere)630 1457 y(enabled.)46 b(The)31 +b(`)p Ft(=)p 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y(expressions)27 b(in)f(regular)i(expressions) +b(Brac)m(k)m(et)630 3133 y(expressions)27 b(in)f(regular)i(expressions) e(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(treated)h(carefully)-8 b(,)29 b(since)e(normal)g -(quot-)630 2412 y(ing)38 b(c)m(haracters)h(lose)f(their)g(meanings)f(b) +(quot-)630 3242 y(ing)38 b(c)m(haracters)h(lose)f(their)g(meanings)f(b) s(et)m(w)m(een)h(brac)m(k)m(ets.)64 b(If)37 b(the)h(pattern)f(is)h -(stored)630 2522 y(in)33 b(a)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 +(stored)630 3352 y(in)33 b(a)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b(quoting)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(expansion)e(forces)i(the)f(en)m -(tire)g(pattern)g(to)630 2632 y(b)s(e)h(matc)m(hed)i(as)f(a)g(string.) +(tire)g(pattern)g(to)630 3461 y(b)s(e)h(matc)m(hed)i(as)f(a)g(string.) 56 b(Substrings)34 b(matc)m(hed)j(b)m(y)f(paren)m(thesized)g(sub)s -(expressions)630 2741 y(within)k(the)g(regular)g(expression)g(are)g(sa) +(expressions)630 3571 y(within)k(the)g(regular)g(expression)g(are)g(sa) m(v)m(ed)i(in)d(the)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b 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b(is)g(a)h(sequence)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(consisting)g(of)f(an)m(y)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(including)630 -3430 y(zero,)31 b(of)g(space)g(c)m(haracters,)h(zero)f(or)g(one)f +4260 y(zero,)31 b(of)g(space)g(c)m(haracters,)h(zero)f(or)g(one)f (instances)h(of)g(`)p Ft(a)p Fu(',)f(then)g(a)h(`)p Ft(b)p -Fu(':)870 3571 y Ft([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g([[:space:]]*\(a\)?b)c(]])630 -3712 y Fu(That)24 b(means)g(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(lik)m(e)h(`)p +Fu(':)870 4401 y Ft([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g([[:space:]]*?\(a\)b)c(]])630 +4542 y Fu(That)24 b(means)g(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(lik)m(e)h(`)p Ft(aab)p Fu(')e(and)h(`)30 b Ft(aaaaaab)p Fu(')22 b(will)i(matc)m(h,)j -(as)d(will)g(a)g(line)g(con)m(taining)630 3821 y(a)31 +(as)d(will)g(a)g(line)g(con)m(taining)630 4651 y(a)31 b(`)p Ft(b)p Fu(')f(an)m(ywhere)h(in)f(its)g(v)-5 b(alue.)630 -3962 y(Storing)31 b(the)g(regular)g(expression)f(in)h(a)g(shell)g(v)-5 +4792 y(Storing)31 b(the)g(regular)g(expression)f(in)h(a)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 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-116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 -b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(14)630 299 -y(slashes)27 b(are)g(used)f(b)s(oth)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(shell)h(and)f +b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(14)870 299 +y Ft(pattern='[[:space:]]*?\(a)o(\)b')870 408 y([[)47 +b($line)g(=~)g($pattern)e(]])630 543 y Fu(If)28 b(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m(t)g +(to)g(matc)m(h)h(a)e(c)m(haracter)j(that's)e(sp)s(ecial)g(to)g(the)g +(regular)f(expression)g(gram-)630 652 y(mar,)g(it)g(has)g(to)g(b)s(e)f +(quoted)h(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(its)f(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning.)40 +b(This)27 b(means)g(that)h(in)g(the)630 762 y(pattern)e(`)p +Ft(xxx.txt)p Fu(',)g(the)h(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(matc)m(hes)i(an)m(y)e(c)m +(haracter)i(in)e(the)h(string)f(\(its)h(usual)f(regular)630 +872 y(expression)g(meaning\),)i(but)e(in)g(the)h(pattern)f(`)p +Ft("xxx.txt")p Fu(')f(it)i(can)g(only)f(matc)m(h)i(a)e(literal)630 +981 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu('.)56 b(Shell)35 b(programmers)f(should)h(tak)m(e)i 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-(examples,)h(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)g -(meaning)f(from)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)h(so)g(the)630 1766 -y(literal)f(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')e(matc)m(hes.)42 b(If)28 -b(the)i(string)f(in)g(the)g(\014rst)g(examples)g(w)m(ere)h(an)m(ything) -g(other)f(than)630 1876 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)g(sa)m(y)g(`)p -Ft(a)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)g(w)m(ould)g(not)h(matc)m(h,)h(b)s(ecause) -e(the)g(quoted)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')h(in)e(the)i(pattern)630 -1986 y(loses)i(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(of)h(matc)m(hing)g(an)m(y)g -(single)g(c)m(haracter.)630 2116 y(Expressions)23 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e -(com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(op)s(erators,)g(listed)f -(in)f(decreasing)630 2226 y(order)30 b(of)g(precedence:)630 -2378 y Ft(\()g Fj(expression)e Ft(\))1110 2488 y Fu(Returns)i(the)h(v) --5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(expression)p Fu(.)42 b(This)30 -b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)g(the)1110 -2598 y(normal)e(precedence)h(of)g(op)s(erators.)630 2750 -y Ft(!)f Fj(expression)1110 2860 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g -Fr(expression)g Fu(is)h(false.)630 3012 y Fj(expression1)c -Ft(&&)j Fj(expression2)1110 3122 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(b)s(oth)g -Fr(expression1)38 b Fu(and)29 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(are)31 -b(true.)630 3274 y Fj(expression1)c Ft(||)j Fj(expression2)1110 -3384 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expression1)38 +1310 y Fl(not)40 b Fu(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t:)870 1444 y +Ft(pattern='\\.')870 1663 y([[)47 b(.)h(=~)f($pattern)e(]])870 +1773 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f(\\.)g(]])870 1992 y([[)g(.)h(=~)f("$pattern")e(]]) +870 2102 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f('\\.')f(]])630 2236 y Fu(The)28 +b(\014rst)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(matc)m(hes)g(will)f(succeed,)h(but)f(the)g +(second)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(will)f(not,)h(b)s(ecause)f(in)g(the)630 +2346 y(second)39 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(will)f(b)s(e)g +(part)g(of)g(the)h(pattern)f(to)h(b)s(e)e(matc)m(hed.)68 +b(In)39 b(the)630 2455 y(\014rst)31 b(t)m(w)m(o)h(examples,)h(the)e +(bac)m(kslash)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(from)g(`)p +Ft(.)p 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Fj(expression2)1110 3944 +y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(b)s(oth)g Fr(expression1)38 +b Fu(and)29 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(are)31 b(true.)630 +4103 y Fj(expression1)c Ft(||)j Fj(expression2)1110 4213 +y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expression1)38 b Fu(or)30 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(is)30 b(true.)630 -3536 y(The)24 b Ft(&&)h Fu(and)f Ft(||)g Fu(op)s(erators)h(do)g(not)g +4372 y(The)24 b Ft(&&)h Fu(and)f Ft(||)g Fu(op)s(erators)h(do)g(not)g (ev)-5 b(aluate)27 b Fr(expression2)32 b Fu(if)25 b(the)g(v)-5 -b(alue)25 b(of)g Fr(expression1)630 3646 y Fu(is)30 b(su\016cien)m(t)h +b(alue)25 b(of)g Fr(expression1)630 4481 y Fu(is)30 b(su\016cien)m(t)h (to)g(determine)g(the)f(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(en)m(tire) -g(conditional)h(expression.)150 3838 y Fk(3.2.4.3)63 -b(Grouping)43 b(Commands)150 3985 y Fu(Bash)30 b(pro)m(vides)g(t)m(w)m +g(conditional)h(expression.)150 4680 y Fk(3.2.4.3)63 +b(Grouping)43 b(Commands)150 4827 y Fu(Bash)30 b(pro)m(vides)g(t)m(w)m 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Fu(is)i(executed)g(in)f(a)h(subshell,)g(v)-5 -b(ariable)29 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(do)g(not)g(remain)f(in)g(e\013ect)j -(after)e(the)630 5057 y(subshell)g(completes.)150 5209 -y Ft({})870 5340 y({)47 b Fj(list)p Ft(;)g(})p eop end +150 5206 y Ft(\(\))870 5340 y(\()47 b Fj(list)g Ft(\))p +eop end %%Page: 15 21 TeXDict begin 15 20 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(15)630 299 -y(Placing)30 b(a)g(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(curly)f +y(Placing)30 b(a)f(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i(paren)m +(theses)e(causes)i(a)f(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)630 +408 y(to)k(b)s(e)e(created)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.7.3)h([Command)d +(Execution)i(En)m(vironmen)m(t],)g(page)f(38\),)630 518 +y(and)d(eac)m(h)h(of)g(the)f(commands)g(in)g Fr(list)j +Fu(to)f(b)s(e)d(executed)j(in)e(that)h(subshell.)38 b(Since)28 +b(the)f Fr(list)630 628 y Fu(is)i(executed)g(in)f(a)h(subshell,)g(v)-5 +b(ariable)29 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(do)g(not)g(remain)f(in)g(e\013ect)j +(after)e(the)630 737 y(subshell)g(completes.)150 915 +y Ft({})870 1058 y({)47 b Fj(list)p Ft(;)g(})630 1202 +y Fu(Placing)30 b(a)g(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(curly)f (braces)g(causes)h(the)f(list)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(executed)630 -408 y(in)d(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)f(con)m(text.)42 +1311 y(in)d(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)f(con)m(text.)42 b(No)27 b(subshell)f(is)g(created.)41 b(The)26 b(semicolon)i(\(or)f -(newline\))630 518 y(follo)m(wing)32 b Fr(list)h Fu(is)d(required.)275 -668 y(In)44 b(addition)h(to)h(the)f(creation)i(of)e(a)g(subshell,)j +(newline\))630 1421 y(follo)m(wing)32 b Fr(list)h Fu(is)d(required.)275 +1607 y(In)44 b(addition)h(to)h(the)f(creation)i(of)e(a)g(subshell,)j (there)e(is)f(a)g(subtle)g(di\013erence)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(these)150 -778 y(t)m(w)m(o)c(constructs)e(due)g(to)g(historical)i(reasons.)67 +1717 y(t)m(w)m(o)c(constructs)e(due)g(to)g(historical)i(reasons.)67 b(The)39 b(braces)g(are)h Ft(reserved)28 b(words)p Fu(,)40 -b(so)g(they)f(m)m(ust)150 887 y(b)s(e)d(separated)h(from)f(the)g +b(so)g(they)f(m)m(ust)150 1826 y(b)s(e)d(separated)h(from)f(the)g Fr(list)j Fu(b)m(y)e Ft(blank)p Fu(s)e(or)h(other)h(shell)f(metac)m -(haracters.)62 b(The)36 b(paren)m(theses)h(are)150 997 +(haracters.)62 b(The)36 b(paren)m(theses)h(are)150 1936 y Ft(operators)p Fu(,)23 b(and)h(are)g(recognized)i(as)e(separate)i (tok)m(ens)f(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(ev)m(en)g(if)f(they)g(are)h(not)f -(separated)150 1107 y(from)30 b(the)g Fr(list)j Fu(b)m(y)e(whitespace.) -275 1236 y(The)e(exit)j(status)e(of)h(b)s(oth)f(of)g(these)h +(separated)150 2045 y(from)30 b(the)g Fr(list)j Fu(b)m(y)e(whitespace.) +275 2198 y(The)e(exit)j(status)e(of)h(b)s(oth)f(of)g(these)h (constructs)g(is)f(the)h(exit)g(status)f(of)h Fr(list)p -Fu(.)150 1426 y Fk(3.2.5)63 b(Copro)s(cesses)150 1573 +Fu(.)150 2415 y Fk(3.2.5)63 b(Copro)s(cesses)150 2562 y Fu(A)37 b Ft(coprocess)c Fu(is)k(a)g(shell)f(command)h(preceded)f(b)m (y)g(the)h Ft(coproc)d Fu(reserv)m(ed)j(w)m(ord.)59 b(A)36 -b(copro)s(cess)h(is)150 1683 y(executed)g(async)m(hronously)g(in)f(a)h +b(copro)s(cess)h(is)150 2672 y(executed)g(async)m(hronously)g(in)f(a)h (subshell,)g(as)g(if)g(the)f(command)h(had)f(b)s(een)f(terminated)i -(with)g(the)150 1793 y(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')d(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erator,)g +(with)g(the)150 2781 y(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')d(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erator,)g (with)f(a)g(t)m(w)m(o-w)m(a)m(y)i(pip)s(e)d(established)h(b)s(et)m(w)m -(een)h(the)f(executing)h(shell)f(and)f(the)150 1902 y(copro)s(cess.)275 -2032 y(The)c(format)i(for)f(a)h(copro)s(cess)g(is:)390 -2162 y Ft(coproc)46 b([)p Fj(NAME)p Ft(])g Fj(command)g -Ft([)p Fj(redirections)p Ft(])150 2292 y Fu(This)39 b(creates)j(a)e +(een)h(the)f(executing)h(shell)f(and)f(the)150 2891 y(copro)s(cess.)275 +3043 y(The)c(format)i(for)f(a)h(copro)s(cess)g(is:)390 +3196 y Ft(coproc)46 b([)p Fj(NAME)p Ft(])g Fj(command)g +Ft([)p Fj(redirections)p Ft(])150 3348 y Fu(This)39 b(creates)j(a)e (copro)s(cess)h(named)f Fr(NAME)p Fu(.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(NAME)46 b 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b(standard)f(output)150 -2970 y(of)g Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(connected)g(via)g(a)g(pip)s(e)f(to)i +4049 y(of)g Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(connected)g(via)g(a)g(pip)s(e)f(to)i (a)f(\014le)g(descriptor)f(in)g(the)h(executing)h(shell,)f(and)g(that)g -(\014le)150 3079 y(descriptor)i(is)f(assigned)h(to)g +(\014le)150 4158 y(descriptor)i(is)f(assigned)h(to)g Ft(NAME)p Fu([0].)45 b(The)31 b(standard)g(input)f(of)i Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(connected)h(via)f(a)g(pip)s(e)150 -3189 y(to)39 b(a)g(\014le)f(descriptor)g(in)g(the)g(executing)i(shell,) +4268 y(to)39 b(a)g(\014le)f(descriptor)g(in)g(the)g(executing)i(shell,) g(and)e(that)h(\014le)f(descriptor)g(is)g(assigned)h(to)g -Ft(NAME)p Fu([1].)150 3298 y(This)31 b(pip)s(e)g(is)h(established)g(b)s +Ft(NAME)p Fu([1].)150 4377 y(This)31 b(pip)s(e)g(is)h(established)g(b)s (efore)g(an)m(y)g(redirections)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)f(the)i -(command)e(\(see)i(Section)g(3.6)150 3408 y([Redirections],)25 +(command)e(\(see)i(Section)g(3.6)150 4487 y([Redirections],)25 b(page)e(33\).)39 b(The)21 b(\014le)h(descriptors)g(can)g(b)s(e)f (utilized)i(as)f(argumen)m(ts)h(to)f(shell)g(commands)150 -3518 y(and)33 b(redirections)g(using)g(standard)f(w)m(ord)h +4597 y(and)33 b(redirections)g(using)g(standard)f(w)m(ord)h (expansions.)49 b(The)33 b(\014le)g(descriptors)g(are)g(not)h(a)m(v)-5 -b(ailable)35 b(in)150 3627 y(subshells.)275 3757 y(The)27 +b(ailable)35 b(in)150 4706 y(subshells.)275 4859 y(The)27 b(pro)s(cess)h(ID)h(of)f(the)h(shell)f(spa)m(wned)g(to)h(execute)h(the) e(copro)s(cess)h(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(as)d(the)h(v)-5 -b(alue)29 b(of)150 3867 y(the)k(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b Ft(NAME)p -850 3867 28 4 v 39 w Fu(PID.)g(The)f Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g +b(alue)29 b(of)150 4968 y(the)k(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b Ft(NAME)p +850 4968 28 4 v 39 w Fu(PID.)g(The)f Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g (ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(w)m(ait)h(for)e(the)h(copro)s(cess)150 -3976 y(to)e(terminate.)275 4106 y(Since)20 b(the)g(copro)s(cess)h(is)g +5078 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b(P)m(arallel)i(pro)m(vides)d -(shorthand)g(references)150 5121 y(to)38 b(man)m(y)g(of)g(the)g(most)g -(common)g(op)s(erations)g(\(input)f(lines,)j(v)-5 b(arious)38 -b(p)s(ortions)f(of)h(the)g(input)e(line,)150 5230 y(di\013eren)m(t)f(w) -m(a)m(ys)h(to)f(sp)s(ecify)f(the)h(input)f(source,)i(and)e(so)h(on\).) -54 b(P)m(arallel)36 b(can)f(replace)h Ft(xargs)d Fu(or)i(feed)150 -5340 y(commands)30 b(from)g(its)h(input)e(sources)h(to)i(sev)m(eral)f -(di\013eren)m(t)g(instances)g(of)g(Bash.)p eop end +(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f Fr(command)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 16 22 TeXDict begin 16 21 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 -b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(16)275 299 -y(F)-8 b(or)33 b(a)g(complete)h(description,)g(refer)e(to)i(the)f(GNU)g -(P)m(arallel)i(do)s(cumen)m(tation.)48 b(A)33 b(few)f(examples)150 -408 y(should)d(pro)m(vide)i(a)g(brief)e(in)m(tro)s(duction)i(to)g(its)g -(use.)275 541 y(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example,)i(it)e(is)f(easy)h(to)g +b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 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Fj(parameter)p Ft(^^)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 -5011 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 -5121 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(,,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})630 -5230 y Fu(This)36 b(expansion)g(mo)s(di\014es)g(the)g(case)i(of)f -(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m(haracters)h(in)e Fr(parameter)p -Fu(.)59 b(The)630 5340 y Fr(pattern)33 b Fu(is)g(expanded)e(to)j(pro)s -(duce)d(a)j(pattern)e(just)g(as)h(in)g(\014lename)g(expansion.)47 -b(Eac)m(h)p eop end +(is)630 5340 y(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)p eop end %%Page: 29 35 TeXDict begin 29 34 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 -b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(29)630 299 -y(c)m(haracter)32 b(in)e(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 -b(of)f Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(tested)h(against)h -Fr(pattern)p Fu(,)e(and,)g(if)630 408 y(it)j(matc)m(hes)h(the)g +b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(29)150 299 +y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(/)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(/)p Fj(stri)o(ng)p +Ft(})630 408 y Fu(The)37 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(is)g(expanded)g(to)h(pro)s +(duce)e(a)h(pattern)g(just)g(as)h(in)e(\014lename)i(expansion.)630 +518 y Fr(P)m(arameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(expanded)f(and)g(the)i(longest)g +(matc)m(h)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(against)h(its)f(v)-5 +b(alue)39 b(is)630 628 y(replaced)34 b(with)e Fr(string)p +Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)g(with)f(`)p +Ft(/)p Fu(',)j(all)f(matc)m(hes)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(are)h(re-)630 +737 y(placed)28 b(with)f Fr(string)p Fu(.)40 b(Normally)28 +b(only)f(the)h(\014rst)e(matc)m(h)j(is)e(replaced.)40 +b(If)27 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)630 847 y(with)34 +b(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(',)h(it)g(m)m(ust)f(matc)m(h)h(at)f(the)h(b)s(eginning) +e(of)h(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)f Fr(parameter)p +Fu(.)630 956 y(If)g Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)g(with)g(`)p +Ft(\045)p Fu(',)h(it)g(m)m(ust)f(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h +(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)630 1066 y Fr(parameter)p +Fu(.)41 b(If)29 b Fr(string)37 b Fu(is)29 b(n)m(ull,)h(matc)m(hes)h(of) +e Fr(pattern)h Fu(are)g(deleted)g(and)f(the)g 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Ft(*)p Fu(',)j(the)e(case)630 +3521 y(mo)s(di\014cation)29 b(op)s(eration)f(is)g(applied)g(to)h(eac)m +(h)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)f(in)g(turn,)g(and)g(the)630 +3630 y(expansion)38 b(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)h(list.)65 +b(If)37 b Fr(parameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 +b(ariable)39 b(subscripted)630 3740 y(with)26 b(`)p Ft(@)p +Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(case)h(mo)s(di\014cation)f(op)s +(eration)h(is)e(applied)h(to)h(eac)m(h)g(mem)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(the)630 +3850 y(arra)m(y)31 b(in)f(turn,)f(and)h(the)h(expansion)f(is)g(the)h +(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 4003 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p +Ft(@)p Fj(operator)p Ft(})630 4113 y Fu(The)d(expansion)h(is)f(either)h +(a)g(transformation)g(of)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g +Fr(parameter)35 b Fu(or)29 b(informa-)630 4222 y(tion)e(ab)s(out)f +Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(itself,)28 b(dep)s(ending)c(on)i(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)26 b(of)h Fr(op)s(erator)p Fu(.)39 b(Eac)m(h)27 +b Fr(op)s(erator)630 4332 y Fu(is)j(a)h(single)g(letter:)630 +4485 y 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b(sorting)h(order)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)f -(range)g(expressions)f(is)630 3184 y(determined)h(b)m(y)h(the)g(curren) +(range)g(expressions)f(is)630 4992 y(determined)h(b)m(y)h(the)g(curren) m(t)f(lo)s(cale)j(and)d(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)g(the)g -Ft(LC_COLLATE)d Fu(and)i Ft(LC_ALL)630 3293 y Fu(shell)31 -b(v)-5 b(ariables,)31 b(if)f(set.)630 3433 y(F)-8 b(or)34 +Ft(LC_COLLATE)d Fu(and)i Ft(LC_ALL)630 5101 y Fu(shell)31 +b(v)-5 b(ariables,)31 b(if)f(set.)630 5230 y(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)g(in)f(the)g(default)g(C)f(lo)s(cale,)k(`)p Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')31 b(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)34 b(to)g(`)p -Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu('.)630 3543 y(Man)m(y)68 b(lo)s(cales)h(sort)f(c)m +Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu('.)630 5340 y(Man)m(y)68 b(lo)s(cales)h(sort)f(c)m (haracters)h(in)e(dictionary)i(order,)76 b(and)67 b(in)g(these)h(lo)s -(cales)630 3653 y(`)p Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')36 b(is)i(t)m(ypically)i(not)e -(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)g(`)p Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu(';)g(it)g(migh)m -(t)f(b)s(e)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)630 3762 y(to)34 b(`)p -Ft([aBbCcDdxXyYz])p Fu(',)c(for)j(example.)49 b(T)-8 -b(o)33 b(obtain)h(the)f(traditional)h(in)m(terpretation)h(of)630 -3872 y(ranges)e(in)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expressions,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g -(force)g(the)g(use)f(of)h(the)g(C)f(lo)s(cale)i(b)m(y)f(setting)630 -3981 y(the)c Ft(LC_COLLATE)e Fu(or)i Ft(LC_ALL)f Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i -(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(`)p -Ft(C)p Fu(',)g(or)f(enable)h(the)630 4091 y Ft(globasciiranges)c -Fu(shell)31 b(option.)630 4231 y(Within)23 b(`)p Ft([)p -Fu(')h(and)e(`)p Ft(])p Fu(',)j Fr(c)m(haracter)g(classes)j -Fu(can)c(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(using)f(the)i(syn)m(tax)f -Ft([:)p Fr(class)t Ft(:])p Fu(,)630 4341 y(where)30 b -Fr(class)35 b Fu(is)30 b(one)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(classes)f -(de\014ned)e(in)h(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(standard:)870 4481 -y Ft(alnum)142 b(alpha)g(ascii)f(blank)h(cntrl)g(digit)g(graph)g(lower) -870 4591 y(print)g(punct)g(space)f(upper)h(word)190 b(xdigit)630 -4731 y Fu(A)42 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b(33)275 299 -y(If)29 b(the)g Ft(extglob)f Fu(shell)h(option)h(is)g(enabled)f(using)g -(the)h Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin,)h(sev)m(eral)i(extended)f(pattern)150 -408 y(matc)m(hing)37 b(op)s(erators)e(are)h(recognized.)58 +b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(33)630 299 +y(`)p Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')36 b(is)i(t)m(ypically)i(not)e(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)g(`)p Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu(';)g(it)g(migh)m(t)f(b)s(e)f +(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)630 408 y(to)34 b(`)p Ft([aBbCcDdxXyYz])p +Fu(',)c(for)j(example.)49 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(obtain)h(the)f(traditional)h +(in)m(terpretation)h(of)630 518 y(ranges)e(in)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i +(expressions,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g(force)g(the)g(use)f(of)h(the)g(C)f(lo)s +(cale)i(b)m(y)f(setting)630 628 y(the)c Ft(LC_COLLATE)e +Fu(or)i Ft(LC_ALL)f Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(v)-5 b(ariable)30 +b(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(`)p Ft(C)p Fu(',)g(or)f(enable)h(the)630 +737 y Ft(globasciiranges)c Fu(shell)31 b(option.)630 +871 y(Within)23 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')h(and)e(`)p Ft(])p +Fu(',)j 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y(The)h(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)f -(redirection)g(op)s(erator)f(in)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)f -(unless)e(other-)150 5340 y(wise)21 b(noted,)i(is)e(sub)5 -b(jected)21 b(to)h(brace)f(expansion,)i(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter) -e(expansion,)i(command)p eop end +Fu(is)d(a)g(list)g(of)150 2332 y(one)d(or)f(more)h(patterns)f +(separated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p Ft(|)p Fu('.)47 b(Comp)s(osite)33 +b(patterns)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)d(formed)h(using)g(one)h(or)150 +2442 y(more)e(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(sub-patterns:)150 +2600 y Ft(?\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 2709 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h +(zero)f(or)g(one)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)150 +2867 y Ft(*\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 2977 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h +(zero)f(or)g(more)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.) +150 3135 y Ft(+\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3245 +y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(one)f(or)f(more)h(o)s(ccurrences)f(of)h(the)f(giv)m +(en)i(patterns.)150 3403 y Ft(@\()p Fj(pattern-list)p +Ft(\))630 3513 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)g(one)f(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.) +150 3671 y Ft(!\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3780 +y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(an)m(ything)f(except)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g +(patterns.)275 3939 y(Complicated)41 b(extended)f(pattern)g(matc)m +(hing)h(against)h(long)f(strings)f(is)g(slo)m(w,)k(esp)s(ecially)d +(when)150 4048 y(the)29 b(patterns)g(con)m(tain)i(alternations)f(and)f +(the)g(strings)g(con)m(tain)h(m)m(ultiple)g(matc)m(hes.)42 +b(Using)29 b(separate)150 4158 y(matc)m(hes)38 b(against)g(shorter)e +(strings,)i(or)f(using)f(arra)m(ys)h(of)g(strings)f(instead)h(of)g(a)g +(single)g(long)h(string,)150 4267 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(faster.)150 +4465 y Fk(3.5.9)63 b(Quote)41 b(Remo)m(v)-7 b(al)150 +4612 y Fu(After)32 b(the)g(preceding)g(expansions,)h(all)f(unquoted)f +(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(`)p Ft(\\)p +Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(')p Fu(',)f(and)g(`)p Ft(")p Fu(')150 +4722 y(that)f(did)f(not)g(result)g(from)g(one)h(of)g(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m +(e)i(expansions)e(are)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)150 4961 y Fs(3.6)68 +b(Redirections)150 5121 y Fu(Before)32 b(a)f(command)f(is)h(executed,)h +(its)f(input)e(and)h(output)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f Fr(redirected)k +Fu(using)c(a)i(sp)s(ecial)f(no-)150 5230 y(tation)d(in)m(terpreted)f(b) +m(y)f(the)h(shell.)40 b(Redirection)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(commands')f +(\014le)f(handles)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(duplicated,)150 5340 +y(op)s(ened,)i(closed,)i(made)e(to)h(refer)f(to)h(di\013eren)m(t)f +(\014les,)h(and)f(can)g(c)m(hange)h(the)g(\014les)f(the)g(command)g +(reads)p eop end %%Page: 34 40 TeXDict begin 34 39 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(34)150 299 -y(substitution,)31 b(arithmetic)h(expansion,)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 -b(al,)33 b(\014lename)e(expansion,)g(and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting.)150 -408 y(If)f(it)h(expands)e(to)i(more)g(than)f(one)h(w)m(ord,)f(Bash)h -(rep)s(orts)e(an)h(error.)275 571 y(Note)h(that)g(the)g(order)f(of)g -(redirections)h(is)g(signi\014can)m(t.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 -b(example,)h(the)e(command)390 734 y Ft(ls)47 b(>)h Fj(dirlist)d -Ft(2>&1)150 896 y Fu(directs)28 b(b)s(oth)f(standard)g(output)g -(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(1\))i(and)e(standard)f(error)i(\(\014le)g -(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)h(the)150 1006 y(\014le)h Fr(dirlist)p -Fu(,)h(while)f(the)h(command)390 1168 y Ft(ls)47 b(2>&1)g(>)g -Fj(dirlist)150 1331 y Fu(directs)28 b(only)f(the)h(standard)e(output)i -(to)g(\014le)f Fr(dirlist)p Fu(,)h(b)s(ecause)g(the)f(standard)g(error) -g(w)m(as)h(made)f(a)h(cop)m(y)150 1441 y(of)j(the)f(standard)g(output)g -(b)s(efore)g(the)g(standard)g(output)g(w)m(as)g(redirected)h(to)g -Fr(dirlist)p Fu(.)275 1603 y(Bash)26 b(handles)f(sev)m(eral)j -(\014lenames)e(sp)s(ecially)h(when)f(they)g(are)g(used)g(in)g -(redirections,)i(as)e(describ)s(ed)150 1713 y(in)38 b(the)h(follo)m -(wing)h(table.)66 b(If)38 b(the)h(op)s(erating)g(system)f(on)h(whic)m -(h)f(Bash)h(is)f(running)f(pro)m(vides)h(these)150 1822 -y(sp)s(ecial)27 b(\014les,)g(bash)e(will)i(use)f(them;)h(otherwise)g -(it)f(will)h(em)m(ulate)h(them)e(in)m(ternally)h(with)f(the)g(b)s(eha)m -(vior)150 1932 y(describ)s(ed)j(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 2133 -y Ft(/dev/fd/)p Fj(fd)630 2243 y Fu(If)h Fr(fd)j Fu(is)d(a)h(v)-5 -b(alid)31 b(in)m(teger,)h(\014le)e(descriptor)h Fr(fd)i -Fu(is)d(duplicated.)150 2431 y Ft(/dev/stdin)630 2540 -y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(0)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 2728 -y Ft(/dev/stdout)630 2837 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(1)h(is)f -(duplicated.)150 3025 y Ft(/dev/stderr)630 3134 y Fu(File)i(descriptor) -e(2)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 3322 y Ft(/dev/tcp/)p Fj(host)p -Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 3431 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5 -b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c -Fr(p)s(ort)j Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 3541 -y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)i(service)h(name,)g(Bash)f(attempts)h(to)f -(op)s(en)f(the)h(corresp)s(onding)f(TCP)g(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)150 -3728 y Ft(/dev/udp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 3838 +y(from)39 b(and)g(writes)h(to.)69 b(Redirection)40 b(ma)m(y)g(also)h(b) +s(e)e(used)g(to)h(mo)s(dify)f(\014le)g(handles)g(in)g(the)h(curren)m(t) +150 408 y(shell)e(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)65 b(The)37 +b(follo)m(wing)j(redirection)f(op)s(erators)f(ma)m(y)g(precede)h(or)f +(app)s(ear)150 518 y(an)m(ywhere)30 b(within)f(a)h(simple)f(command)h +(or)f(ma)m(y)i(follo)m(w)g(a)f(command.)40 b(Redirections)30 +b(are)g(pro)s(cessed)150 628 y(in)g(the)h(order)f(they)g(app)s(ear,)g +(from)g(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)275 758 y(Eac)m(h)45 b(redirection)h +(that)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)f +(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(ma)m(y)h(instead)h(b)s(e)150 868 y(preceded)41 +b(b)m(y)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(of)g(the)h(form)f Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 +b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(.)74 b(In)41 b(this)g(case,)k(for)c(eac)m(h)i +(redirection)f(op)s(erator)150 977 y(except)30 b Ft(>)p +Fu(&-)f(and)f Ft(<)p Fu(&-,)h(the)g(shell)g(will)h(allo)s(cate)h(a)e 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b(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)g(the)f +(redirection)g(op)s(erator)h(is)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)h(the)f(redirection) +g(refers)150 1765 y(to)e(the)g(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h +(descriptor)f(1\).)275 1896 y(The)h(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)f +(redirection)g(op)s(erator)f(in)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)f +(unless)e(other-)150 2005 y(wise)21 b(noted,)i(is)e(sub)5 +b(jected)21 b(to)h(brace)f(expansion,)i(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter) +e(expansion,)i(command)150 2115 y(substitution,)31 b(arithmetic)h +(expansion,)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)33 b(\014lename)e(expansion,)g +(and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting.)150 2225 y(If)f(it)h(expands)e(to)i(more)g +(than)f(one)h(w)m(ord,)f(Bash)h(rep)s(orts)e(an)h(error.)275 +2355 y(Note)h(that)g(the)g(order)f(of)g(redirections)h(is)g +(signi\014can)m(t.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)h(the)e(command)390 +2485 y Ft(ls)47 b(>)h Fj(dirlist)d Ft(2>&1)150 2616 y +Fu(directs)28 b(b)s(oth)f(standard)g(output)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f +(1\))i(and)e(standard)f(error)i(\(\014le)g(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)h(the) +150 2725 y(\014le)h Fr(dirlist)p Fu(,)h(while)f(the)h(command)390 +2856 y Ft(ls)47 b(2>&1)g(>)g Fj(dirlist)150 2986 y Fu(directs)28 +b(only)f(the)h(standard)e(output)i(to)g(\014le)f Fr(dirlist)p +Fu(,)h(b)s(ecause)g(the)f(standard)g(error)g(w)m(as)h(made)f(a)h(cop)m +(y)150 3096 y(of)j(the)f(standard)g(output)g(b)s(efore)g(the)g +(standard)g(output)g(w)m(as)g(redirected)h(to)g Fr(dirlist)p +Fu(.)275 3226 y(Bash)26 b(handles)f(sev)m(eral)j(\014lenames)e(sp)s +(ecially)h(when)f(they)g(are)g(used)g(in)g(redirections,)i(as)e +(describ)s(ed)150 3336 y(in)38 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(table.)66 +b(If)38 b(the)h(op)s(erating)g(system)f(on)h(whic)m(h)f(Bash)h(is)f +(running)f(pro)m(vides)h(these)150 3446 y(sp)s(ecial)27 +b(\014les,)g(bash)e(will)i(use)f(them;)h(otherwise)g(it)f(will)h(em)m +(ulate)h(them)e(in)m(ternally)h(with)f(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)150 +3555 y(describ)s(ed)j(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 3707 y Ft(/dev/fd/)p +Fj(fd)630 3816 y Fu(If)h Fr(fd)j Fu(is)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)31 +b(in)m(teger,)h(\014le)e(descriptor)h Fr(fd)i Fu(is)d(duplicated.)150 +3968 y Ft(/dev/stdin)630 4077 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(0)h(is)f +(duplicated.)150 4228 y Ft(/dev/stdout)630 4338 y Fu(File)i(descriptor) +e(1)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 4489 y Ft(/dev/stderr)630 +4599 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(2)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 +4750 y Ft(/dev/tcp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 4860 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In) m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fr(p)s(ort)j Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s -(ort)630 3948 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)h(service)h(name,)h(Bash)e -(attempts)h(to)g(op)s(en)f(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f(UDP)i(so)s(c)m(k)m -(et.)275 4149 y(A)30 b(failure)h(to)g(op)s(en)e(or)i(create)h(a)e -(\014le)h(causes)g(the)f(redirection)h(to)g(fail.)275 -4312 y(Redirections)f(using)e(\014le)i(descriptors)f(greater)h(than)f -(9)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h(care,)h(as)g(they)f(ma)m(y)150 -4421 y(con\015ict)i(with)f(\014le)h(descriptors)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f -(in)m(ternally)-8 b(.)150 4649 y Fk(3.6.1)63 b(Redirecting)40 -b(Input)150 4796 y Fu(Redirection)35 b(of)f(input)f(causes)i(the)f -(\014le)g(whose)g(name)g(results)g(from)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g -Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(to)d(b)s(e)150 4905 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(reading)g(on)g -(\014le)h(descriptor)f Ft(n)p Fu(,)h(or)f(the)g(standard)g(input)f -(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(0\))h(if)f Ft(n)g Fu(is)h(not)150 -5015 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)275 5177 y(The)c(general)j(format)e(for)h -(redirecting)g(input)e(is:)390 5340 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<)p -Fj(word)p eop end +(ort)630 4969 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)i(service)h(name,)g(Bash)f +(attempts)h(to)f(op)s(en)f(the)h(corresp)s(onding)f(TCP)g(so)s(c)m(k)m +(et.)150 5121 y Ft(/dev/udp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 +5230 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41 +b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fr(p)s(ort)j +Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 5340 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 +b(or)h(service)h(name,)h(Bash)e(attempts)h(to)g(op)s(en)f(the)g +(corresp)s(onding)f(UDP)i(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)p eop end %%Page: 35 41 TeXDict begin 35 40 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 -b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(35)150 299 -y Fk(3.6.2)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Output)150 446 y Fu(Redirection)31 -b(of)g(output)f(causes)h(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)g(results)h(from)e -(the)i(expansion)f(of)h Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(to)f(b)s(e)150 -555 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(writing)g(on)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f -Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)h(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f -(1\))h(if)g Fr(n)e Fu(is)i(not)150 665 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 -b(If)30 b(the)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)f(not)h(exist)g(it)g(is)f(created;)i -(if)e(it)h(do)s(es)f(exist)h(it)g(is)g(truncated)f(to)h(zero)g(size.) -275 812 y(The)e(general)j(format)e(for)h(redirecting)g(output)f(is:)390 -959 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>[|])p Fj(word)275 1107 y Fu(If)g(the)h -(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)g(and)f(the)h -Ft(noclobber)d 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Ft(\045b)384 b Fu(Causes)38 b Ft(printf)f Fu(to)j(expand)e(bac)m(kslash)h(escap)s(e)g(sequences)g (in)f(the)h(cor-)1110 706 y(resp)s(onding)31 b Fr(argumen)m(t)j Fu(in)e(the)h(same)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(as)g Ft(echo)c(-e)j -Fu(\(see)h(Section)g(4.2)1110 816 y([Bash)e(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).) +Fu(\(see)h(Section)g(4.2)1110 816 y([Bash)e(Builtins],)g(page)g(50\).) 630 1003 y Ft(\045q)384 b Fu(Causes)32 b Ft(printf)e Fu(to)i(output)g(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f Fr(argumen)m(t)j Fu(in)d(a)i(format)1110 1113 y(that)e(can)g(b)s(e)e(reused)h(as)h @@ -12306,9 +12332,9 @@ b(\014le)f(descriptor)g(is)g(supplied)e(as)j(the)630 5191 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(-u)p Fu(.)630 5340 y(Options,)f(if)h (supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)p eop end -%%Page: 57 63 -TeXDict begin 57 62 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(57)630 299 y Ft(-a)30 +%%Page: 58 64 +TeXDict begin 58 63 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 +b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 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y(b)s(er)h(corresp)s(onding)g(to)i(eac)m(h)g(function)f(name)g (supplied)f(as)i(an)f(argu-)1290 1468 y(men)m(t.)1159 @@ -13002,7 +13028,7 @@ Fu(builtins\),)i(the)g(shell)1290 2174 y(sim)m(ulates)d(a)g(call)h(to)f Ft(return)p Fu(.)1159 2308 y(4.)61 b Ft(BASH_ARGC)34 b Fu(and)i Ft(BASH_ARGV)e Fu(are)j(up)s(dated)e(as)h(describ)s(ed)g(in) g(their)1290 2418 y(descriptions)30 b(\(see)i(Section)f(5.2)g([Bash)g -(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(71\).)1159 2552 y(5.)61 +(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(72\).)1159 2552 y(5.)61 b(F)-8 b(unction)57 b(tracing)g(is)g(enabled:)93 b(command)56 b(substitution,)63 b(shell)1290 2661 y(functions,)32 b(and)e(subshells)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e Ft(\()f @@ -13029,7 +13055,7 @@ b(ariable)44 b(cause)1110 4415 y(w)m(ords)31 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(ignored)h (when)f(p)s(erforming)f(w)m(ord)h(completion)i(ev)m(en)f(if)g(the)1110 4524 y(ignored)37 b(w)m(ords)g(are)g(the)h(only)f(p)s(ossible)g (completions.)62 b(See)37 b(Section)h(5.2)1110 4634 y([Bash)24 -b(V)-8 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y(case)e(ASCI)s(I)e(c)m(haracters)j(will)f(collate)i @@ -13074,7 +13100,7 @@ y Ft(hostcomplete)1110 2949 y Fu(If)38 b(set,)j(and)c(Readline)i(is)f 3059 y(hostname)d(completion)h(when)e(a)h(w)m(ord)f(con)m(taining)i(a)f (`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(is)g(b)s(eing)f(com-)1110 3168 y(pleted)g(\(see)h (Section)f(8.4.6)i([Commands)d(F)-8 b(or)36 b(Completion],)g(page)g -(125\).)1110 3278 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.) +(126\).)1110 3278 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.) 630 3427 y Ft(huponexit)1110 3537 y Fu(If)i(set,)i(Bash)f(will)h(send)d Ft(SIGHUP)h Fu(to)h(all)h(jobs)e(when)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(login) 1110 3646 y(shell)31 b(exits)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g @@ -13098,12 +13124,12 @@ Ft(cmdhist)e Fu(option)j(is)f(enabled,)i(m)m(ulti-line)f(commands)1110 5230 y(are)28 b(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(history)g(with)f(em)m(b)s (edded)g(newlines)h(rather)g(than)f(using)1110 5340 y(semicolon)32 b(separators)f(where)e(p)s(ossible.)p eop end 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b(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(ma)m(y)h(not)1110 +(97\).)56 b(The)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(ma)m(y)h(not)1110 4244 y(b)s(e)c(c)m(hanged.)49 b(This)32 b(is)h(not)h(reset)f(when)f (the)h(startup)g(\014les)f(are)i(executed,)1110 4354 y(allo)m(wing)k(the)e(startup)f(\014les)h(to)g(disco)m(v)m(er)h @@ -13157,9 +13183,9 @@ Fu(to)j(\014nd)d(the)h(directory)1110 5230 y(con)m(taining)29 b(the)e(\014le)h(supplied)e(as)h(an)g(argumen)m(t.)40 b(This)27 b(option)h(is)f(enabled)1110 5340 y(b)m(y)j(default.)p eop end -%%Page: 70 76 -TeXDict begin 70 75 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(70)630 299 y Ft(xpg_echo)96 +%%Page: 71 77 +TeXDict begin 71 76 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 +b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(71)630 299 y Ft(xpg_echo)96 b Fu(If)31 b(set,)h(the)g Ft(echo)e Fu(builtin)h(expands)f(bac)m (kslash-escap)s(e)j(sequences)f(b)m(y)f(de-)1110 408 y(fault.)630 568 y(The)c(return)f(status)i(when)f(listing)h(options)g @@ -13185,13 +13211,13 @@ 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b(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g b(ariable)41 b(whose)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(corresp)s(ond)g(to)i(the)f(in)m (ternal)h(list)630 1724 y(of)c(aliases)h(as)f(main)m(tained)g(b)m(y)g (the)g Ft(alias)e Fu(builtin.)59 b(\(see)37 b(Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g -(Shell)630 1833 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(42\).)42 b(Elemen)m(ts)31 +(Shell)630 1833 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(43\).)42 b(Elemen)m(ts)31 b(added)e(to)i(this)f(arra)m(y)h(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)g(alias)h(list;)h (ho)m(w-)630 1943 y(ev)m(er,)k(unsetting)f(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)g (curren)m(tly)g(do)s(es)f(not)g(cause)h(aliases)h(to)f(b)s(e)f(remo)m @@ -13305,7 +13331,7 @@ b(a)g(subroutine)f(is)h(executed,)i(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h (parameters)630 2874 y(passed)44 b(is)h(pushed)e(on)m(to)j Ft(BASH_ARGC)p Fu(.)81 b(The)44 b(shell)h(sets)g Ft(BASH_ARGC)e Fu(only)i(when)e(in)630 2984 y(extended)34 b(debugging)f(mo)s(de)g -(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)i(page)g(64,)g(for) 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-(20,)j(for)c(the)h(de-)630 4518 y(scription)32 b(of)g(sp)s(ecial)g +(21,)j(for)c(the)h(de-)630 4518 y(scription)32 b(of)g(sp)s(ecial)g (parameter)g(0\).)45 b(Assignmen)m(t)32 b(to)h Ft(BASH_ARGV0)c Fu(causes)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)630 4628 y(assigned)34 b(to)h(also)g(b)s(e)e(assigned)h(to)g Ft($0)p Fu(.)51 @@ -13336,13 +13362,13 @@ m(e)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(whose)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(corresp)s (ond)g(to)i(the)f(in)m(ternal)h(hash)630 5121 y(table)c(of)g(commands)f (as)g(main)m(tained)h(b)m(y)g(the)f Ft(hash)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h (Section)g(4.1)h([Bourne)630 5230 y(Shell)42 b(Builtins],)k(page)d -(42\).)77 b(Elemen)m(ts)43 b(added)e(to)i(this)f(arra)m(y)h(app)s(ear)f +(43\).)77 b(Elemen)m(ts)43 b(added)e(to)i(this)f(arra)m(y)h(app)s(ear)f (in)f(the)i(hash)630 5340 y(table;)k(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)e(unsetting)c (arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)i(curren)m(tly)d(do)s(es)h(not)g(cause)g (command)p eop end -%%Page: 73 79 -TeXDict begin 73 78 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 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b(elemen)m(t)630 5340 y(of)g Ft(FUNCNAME)d Fu(has)j(corresp)s(onding)e(elemen)m(ts)j(in)f Ft(BASH_LINENO)c Fu(and)k Ft(BASH_SOURCE)c Fu(to)p eop end -%%Page: 77 83 -TeXDict begin 77 82 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(77)630 299 y(describ)s(e)39 +%%Page: 78 84 +TeXDict begin 78 83 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 +b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(78)630 299 y(describ)s(e)39 b(the)h(call)h(stac)m(k.)70 b(F)-8 b(or)41 b(instance,)i Ft(${FUNCNAME[$i]})35 b Fu(w)m(as)41 b(called)f(from)g(the)630 408 y(\014le)27 b Ft(${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]})21 b Fu(at)27 @@ -13669,7 +13695,7 @@ Fu(is)i(unset,)f(it)h(loses)h(its)630 1958 y(sp)s(ecial)f(prop)s 2146 y Ft(histchars)630 2256 y Fu(Up)c(to)g(three)g(c)m(haracters)i (whic)m(h)d(con)m(trol)j(history)d(expansion,)i(quic)m(k)g (substitution,)g(and)630 2365 y(tok)m(enization)k(\(see)f(Section)f -(9.3)h([History)f(In)m(teraction],)i(page)f(141\).)41 +(9.3)h([History)f(In)m(teraction],)i(page)f(142\).)41 b(The)29 b(\014rst)e(c)m(harac-)630 2475 y(ter)j(is)f(the)g Fr(history)g(expansion)g Fu(c)m(haracter,)j(that)e(is,)f(the)h(c)m (haracter)h(whic)m(h)d(signi\014es)i(the)630 2585 y(start)25 @@ -13722,9 +13748,9 @@ b Fu(The)27 b(name)h(of)g(the)g(\014le)g(to)h(whic)m(h)f(the)g(command) f(history)h(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed.)41 b(The)27 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)630 5340 y(is)30 b Ft(~/.bash_history)p Fu(.)p eop end -%%Page: 78 84 -TeXDict begin 78 83 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(78)150 299 y Ft(HISTFILESIZE)630 +%%Page: 79 85 +TeXDict begin 79 84 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 +b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(79)150 299 y Ft(HISTFILESIZE)630 408 y Fu(The)26 b(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(lines)h(con)m (tained)g(in)f(the)g(history)g(\014le.)39 b(When)26 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630 518 y(is)25 b(assigned)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue,)27 @@ -13805,9 +13831,9 @@ Fu(to)j(obtain)g(the)f(list)630 4876 y(of)h(p)s(ossible)f(hostname)h Ft(HOSTNAME)96 b Fu(The)30 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)h(host.)150 5340 y Ft(HOSTTYPE)96 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(describing)f(the)g(mac)m (hine)h(Bash)g(is)f(running)f(on.)p eop end -%%Page: 79 85 -TeXDict begin 79 84 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(79)150 299 y Ft(IGNOREEOF)630 +%%Page: 80 86 +TeXDict begin 80 85 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 +b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(80)150 299 y Ft(IGNOREEOF)630 408 y Fu(Con)m(trols)27 b(the)h(action)g(of)f(the)g(shell)g(on)g (receipt)h(of)f(an)g Ft(EOF)f Fu(c)m(haracter)i(as)g(the)f(sole)h (input.)630 518 y(If)i(set,)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(denotes)f(the)g(n) @@ -13860,7 +13886,7 @@ Fu(Used)43 b(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(select)e Fu(command)i(to)g(determine)g (the)g(column)g(length)g(for)g(prin)m(ting)630 3898 y(selection)c (lists.)63 b(Automatically)41 b(set)d(if)f(the)h Ft(checkwinsize)d Fu(option)j(is)f(enabled)h(\(see)630 4008 y(Section)44 -b(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)k(page)d(64\),)k(or)43 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y(the)d(prompt)f(prin)m(ted)g(b)s(efore)g(the)h(command)f(line)h (is)g(ec)m(ho)s(ed)g(when)f(the)h Ft(-x)f Fu(option)h(is)630 4189 y(set)k(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g(Builtin],)j(page)e -(60\).)67 b(The)38 b(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)j(of)e(the)630 +(61\).)67 b(The)38 b(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)j(of)e(the)630 4299 y(expanded)33 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)h(replicated)g(m)m(ultiple)g (times,)h(as)f(necessary)-8 b(,)35 b(to)f(indicate)g(m)m(ultiple)630 4408 y(lev)m(els)e(of)e(indirection.)42 b(The)29 b(default)i(is)f(`)p @@ -13949,14 +13975,14 @@ b(ariable)31 b(seeds)g(the)g(random)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(gen-)630 4956 y(erator.)150 5121 y Ft(READLINE_LINE)630 5230 y Fu(The)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)g(Readline)g(line)g(bu\013er,)f(for) h(use)f(with)g(`)p Ft(bind)j(-x)p Fu(')d(\(see)h(Section)h(4.2)630 -5340 y([Bash)i(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)p eop end -%%Page: 81 87 -TeXDict begin 81 86 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 -b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(81)150 299 y 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Fu(\),)g(starting)h(with)f @@ -15035,9 +15062,9 @@ b Fu(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f(the)h(shell's)f(terminal)h(device)g 5340 y Ft(\\s)384 b Fu(The)22 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(shell,)i(the)f (basename)f(of)h Ft($0)f Fu(\(the)g(p)s(ortion)g(follo)m(wing)i(the)f (\014nal)e(slash\).)p eop end -%%Page: 96 102 -TeXDict begin 96 101 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(96)150 299 y Ft(\\t)384 +%%Page: 97 103 +TeXDict begin 97 102 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(97)150 299 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)150 457 y Ft(\\T)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g (format.)150 615 y Ft(\\@)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h @@ -15070,7 +15097,7 @@ b(This)36 b(could)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)g(a)630 y(of)h(a)f(command)h(is)f(its)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)h(history)f (list,)i(whic)m(h)f(ma)m(y)g(include)f(commands)g(restored)g(from)150 3262 y(the)39 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Fu(or)k @@ -15101,9 +15128,9 @@ Ft(.)h Fu(builtin)e(command.)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)32 b(a)g(\014lename)h(con)m(taining)h(a)e(slash)g(as)h (an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f Ft(hash)330 5340 y Fu(builtin)e(command.)p eop end -%%Page: 97 103 -TeXDict begin 97 102 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(97)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 +%%Page: 98 104 +TeXDict begin 98 103 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(98)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Imp)s(orting)30 b(function)g(de\014nitions)g(from)f(the)i(shell)g (en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(at)g(startup.)225 432 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)d @@ -15186,9 +15213,9 @@ g(not)g(con)m(tain)g(c)m(haracters)330 5097 y(other)e(than)g(letters,)h b(unction)31 b(names)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)f(the)g(same)h(as)g(one)f (of)h(the)f Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)p eop end -%%Page: 98 104 -TeXDict begin 98 103 bop 150 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(iden)m(ti\014ed.)37 b(If)21 b(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f @@ -17331,7 +17358,7 @@ Ft(-D)e Fu(option)i(to)g Ft(complete)d Fu(is)j(used)e(as)i(the)g (ords.)51 b(If)150 2841 y(a)37 b(compsp)s(ec)f(is)g(not)h(found,)f(the) h(default)f(Bash)h(completion)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f (Section)g(8.4.6)150 2951 y([Commands)30 b(F)-8 b(or)31 -b(Completion],)g(page)g(125\))h(is)f(p)s(erformed.)275 +b(Completion],)g(page)g(126\))h(is)f(p)s(erformed.)275 3082 y(First,)g(the)g(actions)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)f(compsp)s (ec)h(are)g(used.)40 b(Only)30 b(matc)m(hes)i(whic)m(h)e(are)h (pre\014xed)150 3192 y(b)m(y)h(the)f(w)m(ord)h(b)s(eing)f(completed)h @@ -17340,7 +17367,7 @@ Ft(-d)f Fu(option)h(is)f(used)g(for)h(\014lename)150 3302 y(or)e(directory)h(name)f(completion,)i(the)e(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(FIGNORE)d Fu(is)i(used)f(to)i(\014lter)g(the)f(matc)m (hes.)42 b(See)150 3411 y(Section)31 b(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 -b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(71,)g(for)f(a)h(description)g(of)f +b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(72,)g(for)f(a)h(description)g(of)f Ft(FIGNORE)p Fu(.)275 3543 y(An)m(y)22 b(completions)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f (b)m(y)g(a)h(\014lename)f(expansion)h(pattern)f(to)h(the)g Ft(-G)e Fu(option)i(are)g(generated)150 3652 y(next.)41 @@ -17359,7 +17386,7 @@ b(ariable)33 b(as)g(delimiters.)48 b(Shell)32 b(quoting)h(is)150 4332 y(and)44 b(v)-5 b(ariable)46 b(expansion,)j(command)44 b(substitution,)49 b(and)44 b(arithmetic)i(expansion,)j(as)c(describ)s (ed)150 4441 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)38 b(\(see)f(Section)h(3.5)g([Shell)e -(Expansions],)i(page)f(21\).)61 b(The)36 b(results)h(are)g(split)f +(Expansions],)i(page)f(22\).)61 b(The)36 b(results)h(are)g(split)f (using)h(the)f(rules)150 4551 y(describ)s(ed)29 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i (\(see)f(Section)h(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)30 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(31\).) 42 b(The)30 b(results)f(of)h(the)g(expansion)150 4660 @@ -17374,14 +17401,14 @@ b(When)35 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-(64\))h(is)150 2454 y(enabled,)d(the)f(matc)m(h)h(is)g(p)s(erformed)e +(65\))h(is)150 2454 y(enabled,)d(the)f(matc)m(h)h(is)g(p)s(erformed)e (without)h(regard)g(to)h(the)g(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m (haracters.)275 2588 y(Finally)-8 b(,)42 b(an)m(y)c(pre\014x)g(and)f (su\016x)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)i(the)f Ft(-P)g Fu(and)g @@ -17477,9 +17504,9 @@ g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)g Ft(-D)p Fu(.)72 b(It's)42 b(p)s(ossible)f (the)e(compsp)s(ec)150 5340 y(asso)s(ciated)43 b(with)e(the)g(command)g (on)g(whic)m(h)g(completion)i(is)e(b)s(eing)g(attempted)h(\(supplied)e (as)i(the)p eop end -%%Page: 132 138 -TeXDict begin 132 137 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 -b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(132)150 299 y(\014rst)29 +%%Page: 133 139 +TeXDict begin 133 138 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 +b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(133)150 299 y(\014rst)29 b(argumen)m(t)h(when)e(the)i(function)f(is)g(executed\),)j (programmable)d(completion)i(restarts)f(from)f(the)150 408 y(b)s(eginning,)e(with)g(an)h(attempt)g(to)g(\014nd)e(a)i(new)e @@ -17547,9 +17574,9 @@ b(should)e(apply)g(to)i(the)f(\\default")h(command)e(completion;)k (that)e(is,)g(completion)630 5340 y(attempted)g(on)f(a)h(command)f(for) g(whic)m(h)g(no)g(completion)i(has)d(previously)h(b)s(een)g(de\014ned.) p eop end -%%Page: 133 139 -TeXDict begin 133 138 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 -b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(133)630 299 y(The)25 +%%Page: 134 140 +TeXDict begin 134 139 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 +b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(134)630 299 y(The)25 b Ft(-E)g Fu(option)h(indicates)h(that)f(the)g(remaining)g(options)g (and)f(actions)i(should)e(apply)g(to)630 408 y(\\empt)m(y")32 b(command)e(completion;)i(that)f(is,)f(completion)i(attempted)f(on)g(a) @@ -17557,7 +17584,7 @@ f(blank)g(line.)630 542 y(The)f(pro)s(cess)g(of)h(applying)g(these)g (completion)g(sp)s(eci\014cations)h(when)d(w)m(ord)i(completion)630 651 y(is)35 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150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 +b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(135)1110 299 y Ft(builtin)144 b Fu(Names)21 b(of)g(shell)f(builtin)h(commands.)37 b(Ma)m(y)21 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)1590 408 y(as)31 b Ft(-b)p Fu(.)1110 581 y Ft(command)144 b Fu(Command)29 b(names.)41 @@ -17629,12 +17656,12 @@ Fu(.)1110 1833 y Ft(function)96 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(shell)f b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g Ft(-g)p Fu(.)1110 2178 y Ft(helptopic)1590 2287 y Fu(Help)37 b(topics)g(as)g(accepted)h(b)m(y)e(the)h Ft(help)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h -(Sec-)1590 2397 y(tion)31 b(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).) +(Sec-)1590 2397 y(tion)31 b(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(50\).) 1110 2569 y Ft(hostname)96 b Fu(Hostnames,)89 b(as)76 b(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g(\014le)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)1590 2679 y(the)55 b Ft(HOSTFILE)e Fu(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariable)56 b(\(see)g(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)1590 2788 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 -b(page)f(71\).)1110 2960 y Ft(job)336 b Fu(Job)31 b(names,)h(if)g(job)f +b(page)f(72\).)1110 2960 y Ft(job)336 b Fu(Job)31 b(names,)h(if)g(job)f (con)m(trol)i(is)f(activ)m(e.)46 b(Ma)m(y)33 b(also)g(b)s(e)e(sp)s (eci-)1590 3070 y(\014ed)f(as)g Ft(-j)p Fu(.)1110 3242 y Ft(keyword)144 b Fu(Shell)30 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords.)40 @@ -17646,9 +17673,9 @@ b(also)g(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g Ft(-s)p Fu(.)1110 3759 y Ft(setopt)192 b Fu(V)-8 b(alid)39 b(argumen)m(ts)g(for)f(the)h Ft(-o)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)1590 3868 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)g(Builtin],)i(page)f -(60\).)1110 4041 y Ft(shopt)240 b Fu(Shell)40 b(option)g(names)g(as)g +(61\).)1110 4041 y Ft(shopt)240 b Fu(Shell)40 b(option)g(names)g(as)g (accepted)i(b)m(y)e(the)g Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)1590 -4150 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).) +4150 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(50\).) 1110 4322 y Ft(signal)192 b Fu(Signal)31 b(names.)1110 4495 y Ft(stopped)144 b Fu(Names)31 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Fu(History)g(Library)e(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 @@ -17879,7 +17906,7 @@ Fm(gnu)f Fu(Readline)h(Library)f(Man)m(ual.)150 944 y Fs(9.1)68 b(Bash)45 b(History)h(F)-11 b(acilities)150 1103 y Fu(When)44 b(the)g Ft(-o)30 b(history)42 b Fu(option)i(to)h(the) f Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(enabled)g(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.1)h([The)e -(Set)150 1213 y(Builtin],)32 b(page)g(60\),)h(the)e(shell)h(pro)m +(Set)150 1213 y(Builtin],)32 b(page)g(61\),)h(the)e(shell)h(pro)m (vides)f(access)h(to)g(the)f Fr(command)g(history)p Fu(,)h(the)f(list)h (of)f(commands)150 1322 y(previously)h(t)m(yp)s(ed.)47 b(The)33 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HISTSIZE)e @@ -17906,7 +17933,7 @@ h Ft($HISTSIZE)c Fu(lines)150 2326 y(are)35 b(copied)g(from)g(the)g (history)f(list)i(to)f(the)g(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h Ft($HISTFILE)p Fu(.)51 b(If)35 b(the)g Ft(histappend)d Fu(shell)150 2436 y(option)26 b(is)g(set)g(\(see)h(Section)f(4.2)h -([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(49\),)h(the)e(lines)g(are)g(app)s(ended)e +([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(50\),)h(the)e(lines)g(are)g(app)s(ended)e (to)i(the)g(history)150 2545 y(\014le,)36 b(otherwise)f(the)g(history)f (\014le)h(is)f(o)m(v)m(erwritten.)55 b(If)34 b Ft(HISTFILE)e Fu(is)j(unset,)g(or)g(if)f(the)h(history)f(\014le)h(is)150 @@ -17935,7 +17962,7 @@ Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(displa)m(y)g(or)f(mo)s(dify)f (commands)g(are)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(in)e(eac)m(h)150 3787 y(editing)45 b(mo)s(de)g(that)g(pro)m(vide)g(access)h(to)f(the)g (history)f(list)i(\(see)f(Section)h(8.4.2)g([Commands)e(F)-8 -b(or)150 3896 y(History],)31 b(page)h(121\).)275 4024 +b(or)150 3896 y(History],)31 b(page)h(122\).)275 4024 y(The)47 b(shell)i(allo)m(ws)h(con)m(trol)f(o)m(v)m(er)h(whic)m(h)e (commands)g(are)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)f(the)h(history)f(list.)95 b(The)150 4133 y Ft(HISTCONTROL)25 b Fu(and)j Ft(HISTIGNORE)e @@ -17952,15 +17979,15 @@ b Ft(lithist)e Fu(shell)i(option)h(causes)g(the)f(shell)g(to)150 (newlines)h(instead)h(of)f(semicolons.)40 b(The)23 b Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)i(is)h(used)150 4681 y(to)31 b(set)g(these)g (options.)41 b(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g -(49,)h(for)e(a)h(description)f(of)h Ft(shopt)p Fu(.)150 +(50,)h(for)e(a)h(description)f(of)h Ft(shopt)p Fu(.)150 4908 y Fs(9.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(History)h(Builtins)150 5067 y Fu(Bash)31 b(pro)m(vides)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(builtin)e(commands)g(whic)m(h) g(manipulate)g(the)h(history)f(list)h(and)f(history)g(\014le.)150 5213 y Ft(fc)870 5340 y(fc)47 b([-e)g Fj(ename)p Ft(])f([-lnr])g([)p Fj(first)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(last)p Ft(])p eop end -%%Page: 140 146 -TeXDict begin 140 145 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 -b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(140)870 +%%Page: 141 147 +TeXDict begin 141 146 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 +b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(141)870 299 y Ft(fc)47 b(-s)g([)p Fj(pat)p Ft(=)p Fj(rep)p Ft(])f([)p Fj(command)p Ft(])630 454 y Fu(The)22 b(\014rst)g(form)f(selects)j(a)f (range)g(of)f(commands)g(from)g Fr(\014rst)i Fu(to)f @@ -18003,7 +18030,7 @@ Fu(command)h(is)g Ft(r='fc)e(-s')p Fu(,)h(so)h(that)h(t)m(yping)f(`)p Ft(r)f(cc)p Fu(')630 2518 y(runs)35 b(the)h(last)h(command)f(b)s (eginning)g(with)g Ft(cc)f Fu(and)h(t)m(yping)g(`)p Ft(r)p Fu(')h(re-executes)h(the)e(last)630 2628 y(command)30 -b(\(see)h(Section)h(6.6)f([Aliases],)h(page)g(91\).)150 +b(\(see)h(Section)h(6.6)f([Aliases],)h(page)g(92\).)150 2829 y Ft(history)870 2984 y(history)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])870 3093 y(history)g(-c)870 3203 y(history)g(-d)h Fj(offset)870 3313 y Ft(history)f([-anrw])g([)p Fj(filename)p @@ -18036,9 +18063,9 @@ b(If)1110 5011 y Fr(o\013set)26 b Fu(is)d(negativ)m(e,)k(it)c(is)g(in)m -8 b(,)37 b(and)e(an)h(index)f(of)h(`)p Ft(-1)p Fu(')f(refers)g(to)i (the)f(curren)m(t)f Ft(history)1110 5340 y(-d)30 b Fu(command.)p eop end -%%Page: 141 147 -TeXDict begin 141 146 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 -b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(141)630 +%%Page: 142 148 +TeXDict begin 142 147 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 +b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(142)630 299 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(App)s(end)28 b(the)i(new)f(history)g(lines)h(to)h (the)e(history)h(\014le.)41 b(These)29 b(are)h(history)1110 408 y(lines)36 b(en)m(tered)g(since)f(the)h(b)s(eginning)f(of)g(the)h @@ -18103,7 +18130,7 @@ b(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(')p Fu(')h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)g 4221 y(closing)j(double)f(quote)h(in)f(a)h(double-quoted)g(string.)275 4354 y(Sev)m(eral)40 b(shell)g(options)g(settable)h(with)e(the)h Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)150 -4463 y(page)32 b(49\))h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(tailor)g(the)e(b)s +4463 y(page)32 b(50\))h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(tailor)g(the)e(b)s (eha)m(vior)h(of)g(history)g(expansion.)44 b(If)31 b(the)h Ft(histverify)d Fu(shell)150 4573 y(option)39 b(is)f(enabled,)i(and)e (Readline)g(is)h(b)s(eing)e(used,)j(history)e(substitutions)g(are)g @@ -18124,15 +18151,15 @@ Fu(builtin)h(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)150 5230 y(used)21 b(to)i(add)f(commands)g b(ailable)33 b(for)d(subsequen)m(t)g(recall.)42 b(This)29 b(is)i(most)g(useful)e(in)h(conjunction)h(with)f(Readline.)p eop end -%%Page: 142 148 -TeXDict begin 142 147 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 -b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(142)275 +%%Page: 143 149 +TeXDict begin 143 148 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 +b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(143)275 299 y(The)33 b(shell)h(allo)m(ws)h(con)m(trol)h(of)e(the)g(v)-5 b(arious)34 b(c)m(haracters)h(used)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(history)g(expansion) g(mec)m(h-)150 408 y(anism)h(with)g(the)g Ft(histchars)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)38 b(as)d(explained)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(\(see)f (Section)f(5.2)i([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)150 518 y(page)32 -b(71\).)44 b(The)31 b(shell)g(uses)g(the)g(history)g(commen)m(t)i(c)m +b(72\).)44 b(The)31 b(shell)g(uses)g(the)g(history)g(commen)m(t)i(c)m (haracter)f(to)g(mark)f(history)g(timestamps)h(when)150 628 y(writing)e(the)h(history)f(\014le.)150 830 y 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Ft(complete)p Fu(,)h Ft(compgen)p Fu(,)h(and)330 2162 y Ft(compopt)p Fu(,)29 b(to)i(manipulate)g(it.)225 2296 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)26 b(has)f(command)h(history)f(\(see)i (Section)f(9.1)h([Bash)f(History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)30 -b(page)c(139\))i(and)d(the)330 2405 y Ft(history)k Fu(and)h +b(page)c(140\))i(and)d(the)330 2405 y Ft(history)k Fu(and)h Ft(fc)g Fu(builtins)g(to)h(manipulate)g(it.)42 b(The)30 b(Bash)h(history)g(list)g(main)m(tains)g(timestamp)330 2515 y(information)g(and)e(uses)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 @@ -18828,9 +18855,9 @@ b(of)f(the)h Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)26 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(it.)225 2649 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)48 b(implemen)m(ts)h Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)g(history)f(expansion)g(\(see)h (Section)g(9.3)h([History)f(In)m(teraction],)330 2759 -y(page)31 b(141\).)225 2892 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)33 +y(page)31 b(142\).)225 2892 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)33 b(has)g(one-dimensional)h(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariables)34 -b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(92\),)h(and)e(the)330 +b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(93\),)h(and)e(the)330 3002 y(appropriate)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(expansions)f(and)g (assignmen)m(t)h(syn)m(tax)g(to)g(use)f(them.)67 b(Sev)m(eral)40 b(of)g(the)330 3112 y(Bash)32 b(builtins)f(tak)m(e)j(options)e(to)h @@ -18871,15 +18898,15 @@ y(ilar)j(to)g(the)g(C)f(language)h(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4.1)i([Lo)s b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)f(the)g Ft(select)f Fu(comp)s(ound)g(command,)i (whic)m(h)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)f(generation)g(of)g(simple)330 5340 y(men)m(us)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.4.2)i([Conditional)e -(Constructs],)g(page)g(10\).)p eop end -%%Page: 154 160 -TeXDict begin 154 159 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 +(Constructs],)g(page)g(11\).)p eop end +%%Page: 155 161 +TeXDict begin 155 160 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 -b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(154)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(155)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)40 b(includes)g(the)g Ft([[)g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command,)43 b(whic)m(h)c(mak)m(es)i(conditional)h(testing)f(part)f(of)330 408 y(the)f(shell)g(grammar)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4.2)j([Conditional) -d(Constructs],)i(page)f(10\),)i(including)330 518 y(optional)32 +d(Constructs],)i(page)f(11\),)i(including)330 518 y(optional)32 b(regular)e(expression)g(matc)m(hing.)225 653 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(pro)m(vides)f(optional)h(case-insensitiv)m(e)i(matc)m (hing)f(for)e(the)g Ft(case)g Fu(and)f Ft([[)h Fu(constructs.)225 @@ -18889,12 +18916,12 @@ b Fu(Bash)31 b(pro)m(vides)f(optional)h(case-insensitiv)m(e)i(matc)m (page)h(23\).)225 1034 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)24 b(implemen)m(ts)h (command)e(aliases)j(and)d(the)i Ft(alias)d Fu(and)i Ft(unalias)e Fu(builtins)h(\(see)i(Section)g(6.6)330 -1143 y([Aliases],)32 b(page)f(91\).)225 1279 y Fq(\017)60 +1143 y([Aliases],)32 b(page)f(92\).)225 1279 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(pro)m(vides)g(shell)g(arithmetic,)i(the)e Ft(\(\()g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4.2)j([Con-) -330 1388 y(ditional)d(Constructs],)e(page)i(10\),)g(and)e(arithmetic)i +330 1388 y(ditional)d(Constructs],)e(page)i(11\),)g(and)e(arithmetic)i (expansion)e(\(see)i(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f(Arith-)330 -1498 y(metic],)h(page)f(90\).)225 1633 y Fq(\017)60 b +1498 y(metic],)h(page)f(91\).)225 1633 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8 b(ariables)31 b(presen)m(t)e(in)g(the)g(shell's)h(initial)g(en) m(vironmen)m(t)g(are)g(automatically)i(exp)s(orted)d(to)h(c)m(hild)330 1743 y(pro)s(cesses.)38 b(The)23 b(Bourne)g(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g @@ -18942,12 +18969,12 @@ b(expansion)g(using)f Ft(${!word})e Fu(\(see)k(Section)f(3.5.3)i Fj(num)p Ft(})p Fu(.)225 4276 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)27 b Fm(posix)g Ft($\(\))g Fu(form)g(of)h(command)g(substitution)f(is)h (implemen)m(ted)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.5.4)i([Com-)330 -4386 y(mand)38 b(Substitution],)k(page)e(29\),)j(and)38 +4386 y(mand)38 b(Substitution],)k(page)e(30\),)j(and)38 b(preferred)g(to)i(the)g(Bourne)f(shell's)h Ft(``)e Fu(\(whic)m(h)i(is) f(also)330 4495 y(implemen)m(ted)31 b(for)f(bac)m(kw)m(ards)h (compatibilit)m(y\).)225 4631 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(has)f(pro)s(cess)g(substitution)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.6)h([Pro)s -(cess)f(Substitution],)f(page)h(30\).)225 4766 y Fq(\017)60 +(cess)f(Substitution],)f(page)h(31\).)225 4766 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)55 b(automatically)j(assigns)e(v)-5 b(ariables)55 b(that)h(pro)m(vide)f(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)g(curren)m(t)330 4876 y(user)40 b(\()p Ft(UID)p Fu(,)i Ft(EUID)p Fu(,)g(and)e @@ -18956,17 +18983,17 @@ Fu(,)h Ft(OSTYPE)p Fu(,)h Ft(MACHTYPE)p Fu(,)f(and)330 4985 y Ft(HOSTNAME)p Fu(\),)55 b(and)c(the)g(instance)h(of)g(Bash)f (that)h(is)f(running)f(\()p Ft(BASH)p Fu(,)56 b Ft(BASH_VERSION)p Fu(,)e(and)330 5095 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO)p Fu(\).)37 b(See)31 -b(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(71,)g(for)f +b(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(72,)g(for)f (details.)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)44 b Ft(IFS)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(split)f(only)g(the)g(results)g (of)h(expansion,)i(not)d(all)h(w)m(ords)f(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)29 b(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)29 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(31\).)41 b(This)28 b(closes)h(a)g(longstanding)g(shell)f(securit)m(y)h(hole.)p eop end -%%Page: 155 161 -TeXDict begin 155 160 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 +%%Page: 156 162 +TeXDict begin 156 161 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 -b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(155)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(156)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)36 b(\014lename)h(expansion)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expression)f(co) s(de)f(uses)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')h(to)g(negate)h (the)f(set)g(of)330 408 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)f @@ -18989,7 +19016,7 @@ Fu(Bash)30 b(functions)e(are)i(p)s(ermitted)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(lo)s (cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(using)f(the)g Ft(local)f Fu(builtin,)i(and)e(th)m(us)330 1468 y(useful)i(recursiv)m(e)g (functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(written)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g -(Builtins],)g(page)h(49\).)225 1596 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8 +(Builtins],)g(page)h(50\).)225 1596 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(commands)h(a\013ect)h(only) f(that)g(command,)h(ev)m(en)f(builtins)g(and)330 1705 y(functions)36 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.4)h([En)m(vironmen)m(t],)h(page) @@ -19025,12 +19052,12 @@ b Fu(Bash)33 b(can)f(op)s(en)g(net)m(w)m(ork)i(connections)f(to)h b Fu(The)29 b Ft(noclobber)e Fu(option)j(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)32 b(to)e(a)m(v)m(oid)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)g(existing)g (\014les)e(with)h(output)f(redi-)330 3587 y(rection)39 -b(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)i(page)e(60\).)66 +b(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)i(page)e(61\).)66 b(The)38 b(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(')h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)330 3696 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)h Ft(noclobber)p Fu(.)225 3824 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)34 b(Bash)g Ft(cd)g Fu(and)f Ft(pwd)g Fu(builtins)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1) -g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\))h(eac)m(h)330 +g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(43\))h(eac)m(h)330 3934 y(tak)m(e)c Ft(-L)e Fu(and)f Ft(-P)h Fu(options)h(to)g(switc)m(h)g (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(logical)i(and)c(ph)m(ysical)i(mo)s(des.)225 4061 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g(function)e(to)i(o)m(v) @@ -19038,28 +19065,28 @@ m(erride)g(a)g(builtin)e(with)h(the)g(same)g(name,)i(and)d(pro)m(vides) h(access)h(to)330 4171 y(that)34 b(builtin's)f(functionalit)m(y)h (within)f(the)g(function)g(via)h(the)f Ft(builtin)f Fu(and)g Ft(command)g Fu(builtins)330 4281 y(\(see)f(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g -(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)225 4408 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35 +(Builtins],)g(page)g(50\).)225 4408 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(allo)m(ws)i(selectiv)m(e)h(disabling)e(of)f (functions)g(when)g(command)g(lo)s(okup)g(is)330 4518 y(p)s(erformed)29 b(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)f(Builtins],)g(page)g -(49\).)225 4646 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Individual)23 b(builtins)g(ma)m(y)i +(50\).)225 4646 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Individual)23 b(builtins)g(ma)m(y)i (b)s(e)e(enabled)h(or)g(disabled)g(using)f(the)h Ft(enable)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)330 4756 y([Bash)31 -b(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)225 4883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 +b(Builtins],)g(page)g(50\).)225 4883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 b(Bash)h Ft(exec)e Fu(builtin)h(tak)m(es)i(additional)f(options)g(that) g(allo)m(w)h(users)d(to)j(con)m(trol)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)330 4993 y(of)35 b(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(passed)f(to)h(the)g(executed)g (command,)h(and)d(what)i(the)f(zeroth)h(argumen)m(t)330 5103 y(to)c(the)g(command)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(\(see)h(Section)h(4.1)f -([Bourne)f(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(42\).)225 5230 +([Bourne)f(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(43\).)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Shell)29 b(functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(exp)s(orted)g (to)h(c)m(hildren)f(via)h(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(using)f Ft(export)f(-f)h Fu(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)i(3.3)h([Shell)e(F)-8 b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(17\).)p eop end -%%Page: 156 162 -TeXDict begin 156 161 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 +%%Page: 157 163 +TeXDict begin 157 162 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 -b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(156)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(157)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)40 b(Bash)h Ft(export)p Fu(,)h Ft(readonly)p Fu(,)f(and)g Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(can)g(tak)m(e)h(a)f Ft(-f)f Fu(option)i(to)f(act)h(on)330 408 y(shell)30 @@ -19075,15 +19102,15 @@ Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)j(a)e(name)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d (an)h(arbitrary)f(\014lename,)330 874 y(ev)m(en)30 b(when)e(that)h (\014lename)g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(found)g(b)m(y)h(searc)m(hing)g(the)g Ft($PATH)p Fu(,)g(using)f(`)p Ft(hash)h(-p)p Fu(')g(\(see)330 -984 y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(42\).)225 +984 y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(43\).)225 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)f(a)i Ft(help)d Fu(builtin)i(for)f(quic)m(k)h(reference)h(to)f(shell)g(facilities)i -(\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 1230 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(49\).)225 +(\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 1230 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(50\).)225 1367 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(printf)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)45 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(formatted)g(output)g(\(see)h(Section)g -(4.2)g([Bash)330 1477 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(49\).)225 +(4.2)g([Bash)330 1477 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(50\).)225 1614 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 b(Bash)h Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i -(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(49\))g(will)f(read)g(a)g +(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(50\))g(will)f(read)g(a)g (line)g(ending)330 1724 y(in)i(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')h(with)f(the)g Ft(-r)g Fu(option,)i(and)d(will)i(use)f(the)h Ft(REPLY)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(as)g(a)f(default)h(if)f(no)h(non-option)330 @@ -19106,23 +19133,23 @@ Fu(option)h(will)330 2491 y(read)30 b(un)m(til)h(a)g(particular)f(c)m b Fu(The)33 b Ft(return)e Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(ab) s(ort)f(execution)h(of)f(scripts)g(executed)h(with)f(the)g Ft(.)g Fu(or)330 2737 y Ft(source)c Fu(builtins)g(\(see)j(Section)f -(4.1)g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\).)225 +(4.1)g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(43\).)225 2874 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)43 b(includes)g(the)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin,)k(for)d(\014ner)f(con)m(trol)j(of)e(shell)h(optional)g (capabilities)h(\(see)330 2984 y(Section)c(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f -(Builtin],)k(page)d(64\),)k(and)39 b(allo)m(ws)i(these)f(options)h(to)f +(Builtin],)k(page)d(65\),)k(and)39 b(allo)m(ws)i(these)f(options)h(to)f (b)s(e)f(set)i(and)330 3093 y(unset)30 b(at)h(shell)g(in)m(v)m(o)s (cation)h(\(see)f(Section)h(6.1)f([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)g(page)h -(83\).)225 3230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)45 b(has)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(more)h +(84\).)225 3230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)45 b(has)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(more)h (optional)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)e(con)m(trollable)j(with)e(the)f Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Sec-)330 3340 y(tion)31 -b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(60\).)225 3477 +b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(61\).)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)31 b(`)p Ft(-x)p Fu(')g(\()p Ft(xtrace)p Fu(\))g(option)h(displa)m(ys)f(commands)h(other)f(than)h(simple)f (commands)g(when)g(p)s(er-)330 3587 y(forming)f(an)g(execution)i(trace) -f(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(60\).)225 +f(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(61\).)225 3724 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)28 b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section) -f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\))g(is)f(sligh)m(tly)h +f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(43\))g(is)f(sligh)m(tly)h (di\013eren)m(t,)330 3833 y(as)23 b(it)g(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(algorithm,)j(whic)m(h)d(sp)s(eci\014es)g(the)h(b)s(eha)m (vior)f(based)g(on)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)330 3943 y(of)31 @@ -19133,7 +19160,7 @@ b(\(a)f(shell)f(function)h(or)f(a)h(script)f(executed)h(with)f(the)h Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)39 b(This)26 b(supp)s(orts)330 4299 y(the)31 b(bash)e(debugger.)225 4436 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i(Section) -f(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)47 b(page)c(42\))h(allo)m(ws)g(a)e +f(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)47 b(page)c(43\))h(allo)m(ws)g(a)e Ft(DEBUG)330 4545 y Fu(pseudo-signal)c(sp)s(eci\014cation,)i(similar)e (to)g Ft(EXIT)p Fu(.)62 b(Commands)36 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(with)g(a)h Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)330 4655 y(are)k(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m(ery)h @@ -19149,20 +19176,20 @@ Ft(functrace)d Fu(option)j(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g(using)330 Ft(extdebug)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(has)f(additional)h(e\013ects)h(on)f (the)g Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap.)330 5230 y(The)21 b Ft(trap)e 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Fs(K)2025 +g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)31 b Fb(3,)c(102)2021 3124 y Fs(K)2025 3246 y Fb(kill)f(ring)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)22 b Fb(107)2025 +g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)22 b Fb(108)2025 3333 y(killing)k(text)6 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:) -f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)21 b Fb(107)2021 3612 +f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)21 b Fb(108)2021 3612 y Fs(L)2025 3733 y Fb(lo)r(calization)i Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)35 b Fb(7)2025 3821 y(login)26 b(shell)6 b Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 -b Fb(85)2021 4100 y Fs(M)2025 4221 y Fb(matc)n(hing,)26 +b Fb(86)2021 4100 y Fs(M)2025 4221 y Fb(matc)n(hing,)26 b(pattern)9 b Fc(:)k(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(32)2025 4308 y(metac)n(haracter)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)22 b Fb(3)p eop end -%%Page: 175 181 -TeXDict begin 175 180 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 -b(D:)i(Indexes)2623 b(175)146 294 y Fs(N)150 410 y Fb(name)19 +%%Page: 176 182 +TeXDict begin 176 181 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 +b(D:)i(Indexes)2623 b(176)146 294 y Fs(N)150 410 y Fb(name)19 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(3)150 497 @@ -21120,7 +21147,7 @@ y(nativ)n(e)25 b(languages)c Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(7)150 584 y(notation,)27 b(readline)13 b Fc(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)27 -b Fb(106)146 826 y Fs(O)150 942 y Fb(op)r(erator,)g(shell)c +b Fb(107)146 826 y Fs(O)150 942 y Fb(op)r(erator,)g(shell)c Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) 37 b Fb(3)146 1184 y Fs(P)150 1300 y Fb(parameter)26 @@ -21134,7 +21161,7 @@ g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)37 b Fb(19)150 f(:)g(:)21 b Fb(20)150 1562 y(parameters,)27 b(sp)r(ecial)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)21 -b Fb(20)150 1649 y(pathname)k(expansion)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g +b Fb(21)150 1649 y(pathname)k(expansion)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)g(:)32 b Fb(31)150 1736 y(pattern)25 b(matc)n(hing)c Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g @@ -21147,7 +21174,7 @@ b Fb(8)150 1911 y(POSIX)22 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)38 b Fb(3)150 1998 y(POSIX)25 b(Mo)r(de)17 b Fc(:)c(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:) f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g -(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(97)150 +(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(98)150 2085 y(pro)r(cess)c(group)15 b Fc(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)30 b Fb(3)150 2172 y(pro)r(cess)d @@ -21155,12 +21182,12 @@ g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)30 b Fb(3)150 2172 y(pro)r(cess)d (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)26 b Fb(3)150 2259 y(pro)r(cess)h(substitution)11 b Fc(:)h(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(30)150 +h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(31)150 2347 y(programmable)i(completion)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)23 -b Fb(130)150 2434 y(prompting)17 b Fc(:)c(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g +b Fb(131)150 2434 y(prompting)17 b Fc(:)c(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)31 b Fb(95)146 +g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)31 b Fb(96)146 2676 y Fs(Q)150 2792 y Fb(quoting)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 @@ -21169,7 +21196,7 @@ b Fb(6)150 2879 y(quoting,)26 b(ANSI)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)34 b Fb(6)146 3121 y Fs(R)150 3237 y Fb(Readline,)26 b(ho)n(w)g(to)g(use)11 b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)26 b Fb(104)150 3325 +g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)26 b Fb(105)150 3325 y(redirection)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(33)150 3412 y(reserv)n(ed)f(w)n @@ -21178,12 +21205,12 @@ g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)h(:)f(:)28 b Fb(3)150 3499 y(restricted)e(shell)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)29 -b Fb(96)150 3586 y(return)c(status)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g +b Fb(97)150 3586 y(return)c(status)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:) f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2021 294 y Fs(S)2025 427 y Fb(shell)h(arithmetic)17 b Fc(:)d(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:) -f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)31 b Fb(90)2025 520 +f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)31 b Fb(91)2025 520 y(shell)26 b(function)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)32 b Fb(17)2025 613 y(shell)26 @@ -21195,7 +21222,7 @@ b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g g(:)22 b Fb(19)2025 799 y(shell,)k(in)n(teractiv)n(e)21 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)34 -b Fb(86)2025 892 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g +b Fb(87)2025 892 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(4)2025 984 y(signal)f(handling)6 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g @@ -21203,13 +21230,13 @@ b Fb(4)2025 984 y(signal)f(handling)6 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fb(40)2025 1077 y(sp)r(ecial)27 b(builtin)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(70)2025 1170 y(startup)f(\014les)10 +g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(71)2025 1170 y(startup)f(\014les)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g -(:)g(:)25 b Fb(85)2025 1257 y(susp)r(ending)g(jobs)10 +(:)g(:)25 b Fb(86)2025 1257 y(susp)r(ending)g(jobs)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 -b Fb(101)2021 1619 y Fs(T)2025 1752 y Fb(tilde)h(expansion)7 +b Fb(102)2021 1619 y Fs(T)2025 1752 y Fb(tilde)h(expansion)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(23)2025 1845 y(tok)n(en)17 b Fc(:)12 b(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g @@ -21223,7 +21250,7 @@ Fb(v)l(ariable,)26 b(shell)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(19)2025 2515 y(v)l(ariables,)f (readline)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)22 -b Fb(109)2021 2876 y Fs(W)2025 3010 y Fb(w)n(ord)10 b +b Fb(110)2021 2876 y Fs(W)2025 3010 y Fb(w)n(ord)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2025 3097 @@ -21232,7 +21259,7 @@ y(w)n(ord)h(splitting)9 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(31)2021 3458 y Fs(Y)2025 3586 y Fb(y)n(anking)h(text)13 b Fc(:)f(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(107)p eop end +g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(108)p eop end %%Trailer userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if diff --git a/doc/bashref.rw b/doc/bashref.rw index 3d6b650d..73900320 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.rw +++ b/doc/bashref.rw @@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ \entry{done}{10}{\code {done}} \entry{while}{10}{\code {while}} \entry{for}{10}{\code {for}} -\entry{if}{10}{\code {if}} -\entry{then}{10}{\code {then}} -\entry{else}{10}{\code {else}} -\entry{elif}{10}{\code {elif}} -\entry{fi}{10}{\code {fi}} +\entry{if}{11}{\code {if}} +\entry{then}{11}{\code {then}} +\entry{else}{11}{\code {else}} +\entry{elif}{11}{\code {elif}} +\entry{fi}{11}{\code {fi}} \entry{case}{11}{\code {case}} \entry{in}{11}{\code {in}} \entry{esac}{11}{\code {esac}} diff --git a/doc/bashref.rws b/doc/bashref.rws index 8c050333..a8ca5c68 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.rws +++ b/doc/bashref.rws @@ -14,20 +14,20 @@ \entry {\code {do}}{10} \entry {\code {done}}{10} \initial {E} -\entry {\code {elif}}{10} -\entry {\code {else}}{10} +\entry {\code {elif}}{11} +\entry {\code {else}}{11} \entry {\code {esac}}{11} \initial {F} -\entry {\code {fi}}{10} +\entry {\code {fi}}{11} \entry {\code {for}}{10} \entry {\code {function}}{17} \initial {I} -\entry {\code {if}}{10} +\entry {\code {if}}{11} \entry {\code {in}}{11} \initial {S} \entry {\code {select}}{12} \initial {T} -\entry {\code {then}}{10} +\entry {\code {then}}{11} \entry {\code {time}}{8} \initial {U} \entry {\code {until}}{10} diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi index f09f8792..fa6caafd 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.texi +++ b/doc/bashref.texi @@ -4360,6 +4360,8 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: @item -d The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate each input line, rather than newline. +If @var{delim} is the empty string, @code{read} will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. @item -n Copy at most @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is 0, all lines are copied. @item -O diff --git a/doc/bashref.toc b/doc/bashref.toc index 45920cdc..2974aeb2 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.toc +++ b/doc/bashref.toc @@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ @numsubsecentry{Lists of Commands}{3.2.3}{Lists}{9} @numsubsecentry{Compound Commands}{3.2.4}{Compound Commands}{9} @numsubsubsecentry{Looping Constructs}{3.2.4.1}{Looping Constructs}{10} -@numsubsubsecentry{Conditional Constructs}{3.2.4.2}{Conditional Constructs}{10} +@numsubsubsecentry{Conditional Constructs}{3.2.4.2}{Conditional Constructs}{11} @numsubsubsecentry{Grouping Commands}{3.2.4.3}{Command Grouping}{14} @numsubsecentry{Coprocesses}{3.2.5}{Coprocesses}{15} -@numsubsecentry{GNU Parallel}{3.2.6}{GNU Parallel}{15} +@numsubsecentry{GNU Parallel}{3.2.6}{GNU Parallel}{16} @numsecentry{Shell Functions}{3.3}{Shell Functions}{17} @numsecentry{Shell Parameters}{3.4}{Shell Parameters}{19} @numsubsecentry{Positional Parameters}{3.4.1}{Positional Parameters}{20} @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ @numsubsecentry{Shell Parameter Expansion}{3.5.3}{Shell Parameter Expansion}{24} @numsubsecentry{Command Substitution}{3.5.4}{Command Substitution}{30} @numsubsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3.5.5}{Arithmetic Expansion}{30} -@numsubsecentry{Process Substitution}{3.5.6}{Process Substitution}{30} +@numsubsecentry{Process Substitution}{3.5.6}{Process Substitution}{31} @numsubsecentry{Word Splitting}{3.5.7}{Word Splitting}{31} @numsubsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3.5.8}{Filename Expansion}{31} @numsubsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3.5.8.1}{Pattern Matching}{32} @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ @numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{35} @numsubsecentry{Appending Redirected Output}{3.6.3}{}{35} @numsubsecentry{Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.4}{}{35} -@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{35} +@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{36} @numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{36} @numsubsecentry{Here Strings}{3.6.7}{}{36} @numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{36} diff --git a/doc/builtins.ps b/doc/builtins.ps index 9831a98d..b4398f23 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.ps +++ b/doc/builtins.ps @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.3 -%%CreationDate: Wed Mar 22 16:11:15 2017 +%%CreationDate: Mon Apr 3 16:33:54 2017 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic diff --git a/doc/rbash.ps b/doc/rbash.ps index e08fba9f..9c50c8d6 100644 --- a/doc/rbash.ps +++ b/doc/rbash.ps @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.3 -%%CreationDate: Wed Mar 22 16:11:15 2017 +%%CreationDate: Mon Apr 3 16:33:54 2017 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 3 diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi index 5c5ad247..d43cdf9f 100644 --- a/doc/version.texi +++ b/doc/version.texi @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ Copyright (C) 1988-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @end ignore -@set LASTCHANGE Wed Mar 22 16:10:53 EDT 2017 +@set LASTCHANGE Tue Apr 4 14:56:04 EDT 2017 @set EDITION 4.4 @set VERSION 4.4 -@set UPDATED 22 March 2017 -@set UPDATED-MONTH March 2017 +@set UPDATED 4 April 2017 +@set UPDATED-MONTH April 2017 diff --git a/execute_cmd.c b/execute_cmd.c index 09e5bda6..5822c87c 100644 --- a/execute_cmd.c +++ b/execute_cmd.c @@ -3389,7 +3389,7 @@ execute_case_command (case_command) WORD_LIST *wlist, *es; PATTERN_LIST *clauses; char *word, *pattern; - int retval, match, ignore_return, save_line_number; + int retval, match, ignore_return, save_line_number, qflags; save_line_number = line_number; line_number = case_command->line; @@ -3441,7 +3441,15 @@ execute_case_command (case_command) es = expand_word_leave_quoted (list->word, 0); if (es && es->word && es->word->word && *(es->word->word)) - pattern = quote_string_for_globbing (es->word->word, QGLOB_CVTNULL); + { + qflags = QGLOB_CVTNULL; + /* We left CTLESC in place quoting CTLESC after the call to + expand_word_leave_quoted; tell quote_string_for_globbing to + remove those here */ + if ((list->word->flags & W_QUOTED) == 0) + qflags |= QGLOB_CTLESC; + pattern = quote_string_for_globbing (es->word->word, qflags); + } else { pattern = (char *)xmalloc (1); @@ -5689,6 +5697,7 @@ execute_intern_function (name, funcdef) FUNCTION_DEF *funcdef; { SHELL_VAR *var; + char *t; if (check_identifier (name, posixly_correct) == 0) { @@ -5700,6 +5709,13 @@ execute_intern_function (name, funcdef) return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); } + if (strchr (name->word, CTLESC)) /* WHY? */ + { + t = dequote_escapes (name->word); + free (name->word); + name->word = t; + } + /* Posix interpretation 383 */ if (posixly_correct && find_special_builtin (name->word)) { diff --git a/pathexp.c b/pathexp.c index 380d507e..f88ed5b9 100644 --- a/pathexp.c +++ b/pathexp.c @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ quote_string_for_globbing (pathname, qflags) } /* If we are parsing regexp, turn CTLESC CTLESC into CTLESC. It's not an ERE special character, so we should just be able to pass it through. */ - else if ((qflags & QGLOB_REGEXP) && pathname[i] == CTLESC && pathname[i+1] == CTLESC) + else if ((qflags & (QGLOB_REGEXP|QGLOB_CTLESC)) && pathname[i] == CTLESC && pathname[i+1] == CTLESC) { i++; temp[j++] = pathname[i]; @@ -325,6 +325,10 @@ quote_string_for_globbing (pathname, qflags) i++; if (pathname[i] == '\0') break; + /* If we are turning CTLESC CTLESC into CTLESC, we need to do that + even when the first CTLESC is preceded by a backslash. */ + if ((qflags & QGLOB_CTLESC) && pathname[i] == CTLESC && pathname[i+1] == CTLESC) + i++; /* skip over one of the CTLESCs */ } else if (pathname[i] == '\\' && (qflags & QGLOB_REGEXP)) last_was_backslash = 1; diff --git a/pathexp.h b/pathexp.h index 183a2124..5a69f2f6 100644 --- a/pathexp.h +++ b/pathexp.h @@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ extern char *glob_error_return; #define QGLOB_CVTNULL 0x01 /* convert QUOTED_NULL strings to '\0' */ #define QGLOB_FILENAME 0x02 /* do correct quoting for matching filenames */ #define QGLOB_REGEXP 0x04 /* quote an ERE for regcomp/regexec */ +#define QGLOB_CTLESC 0x08 /* turn CTLESC CTLESC into CTLESC for BREs */ #if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB) /* Flags to OR with other flag args to strmatch() to enabled the extended diff --git a/subst.c b/subst.c index a6c7876c..ba957c27 100644 --- a/subst.c +++ b/subst.c @@ -3942,11 +3942,7 @@ expand_word_unsplit (word, quoted) WORD_LIST *result; expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1; -#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) - if (ifs_firstc[0] == 0) -#else - if (ifs_firstc == 0) -#endif + if (ifs_is_null) word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT; word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT2; result = call_expand_word_internal (word, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL); @@ -3966,11 +3962,7 @@ expand_word_leave_quoted (word, quoted) WORD_LIST *result; expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1; -#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) - if (ifs_firstc[0] == 0) -#else - if (ifs_firstc == 0) -#endif + if (ifs_is_null) word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT; word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT2; result = call_expand_word_internal (word, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL); @@ -4002,11 +3994,11 @@ expand_word_leave_quoted (word, quoted) document (effectively double-quoted). */ char * quote_escapes (string) - char *string; + const char *string; { - register char *s, *t; + const char *s, *send; + char *t, *result; size_t slen; - char *result, *send; int quote_spaces, skip_ctlesc, skip_ctlnul; DECLARE_MBSTATE; @@ -4061,16 +4053,16 @@ list_quote_escapes (list) Also used by parts of the pattern substitution code. */ char * dequote_escapes (string) - char *string; + const char *string; { - register char *s, *t, *s1; + const char *s, *send; + char *t, *result; size_t slen; - char *result, *send; int quote_spaces; DECLARE_MBSTATE; if (string == 0) - return string; + return (char *)0; slen = strlen (string); send = string + slen; @@ -6390,6 +6382,7 @@ parameter_brace_expand_word (name, var_is_special, quoted, pflags, indp) { expand_arrayref: var = array_variable_part (name, 0, &tt, (int *)0); + /* These are the cases where word splitting will not be performed */ if (pflags & PF_ASSIGNRHS) { if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (tt[0]) && tt[1] == RBRACK) @@ -6404,6 +6397,25 @@ expand_arrayref: else temp = array_value (name, quoted, 0, &atype, &ind); } + /* Posix interp 888 */ + else if (pflags & PF_NOSPLIT2) + { + /* Special cases, then general case, for each of A[@], A[*], A[n] */ +#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) + if (tt[0] == '@' && tt[1] == RBRACK && var && quoted == 0 && ifs_is_set && ifs_is_null == 0 && ifs_firstc[0] != ' ') +#else + if (tt[0] == '@' && tt[1] == RBRACK && var && quoted == 0 && ifs_is_set && ifs_is_null == 0 && ifs_firstc != ' ') +#endif + temp = array_value (name, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, AV_ASSIGNRHS, &atype, &ind); + else if (tt[0] == '@' && tt[1] == RBRACK) + temp = array_value (name, quoted, 0, &atype, &ind); + else if (tt[0] == '*' && tt[1] == RBRACK && expand_no_split_dollar_star && ifs_is_null) + temp = array_value (name, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT, 0, &atype, &ind); + else if (tt[0] == '*' && tt[1] == RBRACK) + temp = array_value (name, quoted, 0, &atype, &ind); + else + temp = array_value (name, quoted, 0, &atype, &ind); + } else if (tt[0] == '*' && tt[1] == RBRACK && expand_no_split_dollar_star && ifs_is_null) temp = array_value (name, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT, 0, &atype, &ind); else @@ -7235,7 +7247,7 @@ string_transform (xc, v, s) SHELL_VAR *v; char *s; { - char *ret, flags[MAX_ATTRIBUTES]; + char *ret, flags[MAX_ATTRIBUTES], *t; int i; if (((xc == 'A' || xc == 'a') && v == 0) || (xc != 'a' && s == 0)) @@ -7253,7 +7265,9 @@ string_transform (xc, v, s) break; /* Transformations that modify the variable's value */ case 'E': - ret = ansiexpand (s, 0, strlen (s), (int *)0); + t = ansiexpand (s, 0, strlen (s), (int *)0); + ret = dequote_escapes (t); + free (t); break; case 'P': ret = decode_prompt_string (s); @@ -7278,6 +7292,7 @@ list_transform (xc, v, list, itype, quoted) WORD_LIST *new, *l; WORD_DESC *w; char *tword; + int qflags; for (new = (WORD_LIST *)NULL, l = list; l; l = l->next) { @@ -7286,9 +7301,15 @@ list_transform (xc, v, list, itype, quoted) w->word = tword ? tword : savestring (""); /* XXX */ new = make_word_list (w, new); } - l = REVERSE_LIST (new, WORD_LIST *); - tword = string_list_pos_params (itype, l, quoted); + + qflags = quoted; + /* If we are expanding in a context where word splitting will not be + performed, treat as quoted. This changes how $* will be expanded. */ + if (xc != 'Q' && itype == '*' && expand_no_split_dollar_star && ifs_is_null) + qflags |= Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES; /* Posix interp 888 */ + + tword = string_list_pos_params (itype, l, qflags); dispose_words (l); return (tword); @@ -7412,7 +7433,11 @@ parameter_brace_transform (varname, value, ind, xform, rtype, quoted, pflags, fl #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) case VT_ARRAYVAR: temp1 = array_transform (xc, v, varname, quoted); - if (temp1 && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0)) + if (temp1 && quoted == 0 && ifs_is_null) + { + /* Posix interp 888 */ + } + else if (temp1 && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0)) { val = quote_escapes (temp1); free (temp1); @@ -7538,11 +7563,10 @@ parameter_brace_substring (varname, value, ind, substr, quoted, pflags, flags) break; case VT_POSPARMS: qflags = quoted; - if (expand_no_split_dollar_star && starsub && (pflags & PF_NOSPLIT2)) - qflags |= Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES; /* Posix interp 888 */ - if (starsub && (pflags & PF_ASSIGNRHS) && quoted == 0 && ifs_is_null) - qflags |= Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES; /* Posix interp 888 */ tt = pos_params (varname, e1, e2, qflags); + /* string_list_dollar_at will quote the list if ifs_is_null != 0 */ + /* We want to leave this alone in every case where pos_params/ + string_list_pos_params quotes the list members */ if (tt && quoted == 0 && ifs_is_null) { temp = tt; /* Posix interp 888 */ @@ -7762,7 +7786,7 @@ pos_params_pat_subst (string, pat, rep, mflags) /* If we are expanding in a context where word splitting will not be performed, treat as quoted. This changes how $* will be expanded. */ - if (pchar == '*' && (mflags & MATCH_ASSIGNRHS) && ifs_is_null) + if (pchar == '*' && (mflags & MATCH_ASSIGNRHS) && expand_no_split_dollar_star && ifs_is_null) qflags |= Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES; /* Posix interp 888 */ ret = string_list_pos_params (pchar, save, qflags); @@ -9024,10 +9048,32 @@ param_expand (string, sindex, quoted, expanded_something, parameters no matter what IFS is set to. */ /* XXX - what to do when in a context where word splitting is not performed? Even when IFS is not the default, posix seems to imply - that we behave like unquoted $* ? Maybe we should use PF_NOSPLIT2 - here. */ - /* XXX - bash-4.4/bash-5.0 passing PFLAGS */ - temp = string_list_dollar_at (list, (pflags & PF_ASSIGNRHS) ? (quoted|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES) : quoted, pflags); + that we behave like unquoted $* ? See below for how we use + PF_NOSPLIT2 here. */ + + /* These are the cases where word splitting will not be performed. */ + if (pflags & PF_ASSIGNRHS) + temp = string_list_dollar_at (list, (quoted|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES), pflags); + /* This needs to match what expand_word_internal does with non-quoted $@ + does with separating with spaces. Passing Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES means that + the characters in LIST will be quoted, and PF_ASSIGNRHS ensures that + they will separated by spaces. After doing this, we need the special + handling for PF_NOSPLIT2 in expand_word_internal to remove the CTLESC + quotes. */ + else if (pflags & PF_NOSPLIT2) + { +#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) + if (quoted == 0 && ifs_is_set && ifs_is_null == 0 && ifs_firstc[0] != ' ') +#else + if (quoted == 0 && ifs_is_set && ifs_is_null == 0 && ifs_firstc != ' ') +#endif + /* Posix interp 888 */ + temp = string_list_dollar_at (list, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, pflags); + else + temp = string_list_dollar_at (list, quoted, pflags); + } + else + temp = string_list_dollar_at (list, quoted, pflags); tflag |= W_DOLLARAT; dispose_words (list); @@ -9988,6 +10034,8 @@ add_twochars: else { #if HANDLE_MULTIBYTE + /* XXX - should make sure that c is actually multibyte, + otherwise we can use the twochars branch */ if (mb_cur_max > 1) sindex--; @@ -10125,7 +10173,18 @@ finished_with_string: /* Only split and rejoin if we have to */ if (*ifs_chars && *ifs_chars != ' ') { + /* list_string dequotes CTLESCs in the string it's passed, so we + need it to get the space separation right if space isn't the + first character in IFS (but is present) and to remove the + quoting we added back in param_expand(). */ list = list_string (istring, *ifs_chars ? ifs_chars : " ", 1); + /* This isn't exactly right in the case where we're expanding + the RHS of an expansion like ${var-$@} where IFS=: (for + example). The W_NOSPLIT2 means we do the separation with :; + the list_string removes the quotes and breaks the string into + a list, and the string_list rejoins it on spaces. When we + return, we expect to be able to split the results, but the + space separation means the right split doesn't happen. */ tword->word = string_list (list); } else diff --git a/subst.h b/subst.h index d5cb007e..578bd11d 100644 --- a/subst.h +++ b/subst.h @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ extern char *expand_arith_string __P((char *, int)); extern char *dequote_string __P((char *)); /* De-quote CTLESC-escaped CTLESC or CTLNUL characters in STRING. */ -extern char *dequote_escapes __P((char *)); +extern char *dequote_escapes __P((const char *)); /* De-quote quoted characters in each word in LIST. */ extern WORD_LIST *dequote_list __P((WORD_LIST *)); @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ extern char *quote_string __P((char *)); /* Quote escape characters (characters special to interals of expansion) in a string. */ -extern char *quote_escapes __P((char *)); +extern char *quote_escapes __P((const char *)); /* And remove such quoted special characters. */ extern char *remove_quoted_escapes __P((char *)); diff --git a/tests/case.right b/tests/case.right index a17234b9..91cbea2e 100644 --- a/tests/case.right +++ b/tests/case.right @@ -25,3 +25,14 @@ ok 8 ok 9 mysterious 1 mysterious 2 +argv[1] = <\a\b\c\^A\d\e\f> +argv[1] = <\a\b\c\^A\d\e\f> +argv[1] = +ok 1 +ok 2 +ok 3 +ok 4 +ok 5 +ok 6 +ok 7 +ok 8 diff --git a/tests/case.tests b/tests/case.tests index 7ab316a7..ef25054f 100644 --- a/tests/case.tests +++ b/tests/case.tests @@ -51,3 +51,4 @@ case " " in ( [" "] ) echo ok;; ( * ) echo no;; esac # tests of quote removal and pattern matching ${THIS_SH} ./case1.sub +${THIS_SH} ./case2.sub diff --git a/tests/case2.sub b/tests/case2.sub new file mode 100644 index 00000000..085f888c --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/case2.sub @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +x=$'\\a\\b\\c\\\001\\d\\e\\f' +y='\a\b\c\\d\e\f' +z=$'abc\001def' + +recho "$x" +recho "$y" +recho "$z" + +case $'abc\001def' in +$x) echo ok 1 ;; +*) echo oops 1;; +esac + +case $z in +$x) echo ok 2 ;; +*) echo oops 2;; +esac + +case $'abc\001def' in +$y) echo ok 3 ;; +*) echo oops 3;; +esac + +case $z in +$y) echo ok 4 ;; +*) echo oops 4;; +esac + +# no backslash before \001 +x=$'\\a\\b\\c\001\\d\\e\\f' +y='\a\b\c\d\e\f' + +case $'abc\001def' in +$x) echo ok 5 ;; +*) echo oops 5;; +esac + +case $z in +$x) echo ok 6 ;; +*) echo oops 6;; +esac + +case $'abc\001def' in +$y) echo ok 7 ;; +*) echo oops 7;; +esac + +case $z in +$y) echo ok 8 ;; +*) echo oops 8;; +esac + diff --git a/tests/exp.right b/tests/exp.right index ec3fed31..28111774 100644 --- a/tests/exp.right +++ b/tests/exp.right @@ -210,11 +210,13 @@ argv[1] = argv[2] = argv[1] = argv[2] = +./exp7.sub: line 5: INFORM: dequote_string: string with bare CTLESC argv[1] = <^A> argv[1] = <3> argv[2] = <^C> argv[3] = <^C> argv[4] = <^C> +./exp7.sub: line 10: INFORM: dequote_string: string with bare CTLESC argv[1] = <^A> argv[1] = argv[1] = @@ -345,3 +347,44 @@ jkl < A >< B >< a >< b > < A >< B >< A >< B > < A >< B ><' A '><' B '> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1 2> +argv[1] = +argv[1] = +argv[2] = +argv[1] = +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <12> +argv[1] = <12> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = < > +argv[1] = < > +argv[1] = < > +argv[1] = < > +argv[1] = < > +argv[1] = <12> +argv[1] = <12> +argv[1] = <12> +argv[1] = <12> +ok 1 +ok 2 +ok 3 +ok 4 +ok 5 +ok 6 +ok 7 +ok 8 +ok 9 diff --git a/tests/exp.tests b/tests/exp.tests index d81d54f9..535d7d4a 100644 --- a/tests/exp.tests +++ b/tests/exp.tests @@ -406,3 +406,4 @@ ${THIS_SH} ./exp7.sub ${THIS_SH} ./exp8.sub ${THIS_SH} ./exp9.sub ${THIS_SH} ./exp10.sub +${THIS_SH} ./exp11.sub diff --git a/tests/exp11.sub b/tests/exp11.sub new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cae7b19c --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/exp11.sub @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +set -- '1 2' + +unset var +recho ${var-${*:1}} + +unset var +recho ${var=$*} + +unset var +recho ${var=${*:1}} +recho "$var" + +# posix interp 221 +unset var +recho ${var:-a\ b} + +recho ${var:=a\ b} +recho "$var" + +set -- 1 2 +IFS= + +unset a b c +recho $* +recho ${a-$*} +recho ${b-${*/}} +recho ${c=${*/}} +recho "$c" +recho ${b-${*,,}} +recho ${d-${*,,}} + +unset -v a b c +IFS=$' \t\n' + +set -- ' ' +A=(' ') + +IFS= +unset var +var=${*@E} +recho "$var" + +unset var +var=${A[*]@E} +recho "$var" + +unset var +var=${@@E} +recho "$var" + +unset var +var=${A[@]@E} +recho "$var" + +unset novar +recho ${novar-${A[*]@E}} + +unset -v var novar +IFS=$' \t\n' + +set -- 1 2 +A=( 1 2 ) +IFS= + +a=$* +recho "$a" +b=${*@E} +recho "$b" + +unset a b +a=${A[*]} +recho "$a" +b=${A[*]@E} +recho "$b" + +set -- $'\t' +A=$1 + +IFS=$1 +[[ ${A[@]} ]] && echo ok 1 +[[ ${A[*]} ]] && echo ok 2 +[[ ${A[0]} ]] && echo ok 3 + +IFS=$' \t\n' +[[ ${A[@]} ]] && echo ok 4 +[[ ${A[*]} ]] && echo ok 5 +[[ ${A[0]} ]] && echo ok 6 + +IFS= +[[ ${A[@]} ]] && echo ok 7 +[[ ${A[*]} ]] && echo ok 8 +[[ ${A[0]} ]] && echo ok 9 diff --git a/tests/posixexp.right b/tests/posixexp.right index 0ba6555a..ad57f275 100644 --- a/tests/posixexp.right +++ b/tests/posixexp.right @@ -37,5 +37,74 @@ argv[1] = <'bar> argv[1] = argv[1] = <}z> argv[1] = <''z}> -./posixexp.tests: line 77: unexpected EOF while looking for matching `}' -./posixexp.tests: line 78: syntax error: unexpected end of file +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1 2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1 2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1 2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1 2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1 2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <12> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1 2> +argv[1] = <1> +argv[2] = <2> +argv[1] = <1 2> +argv[1] = <12> +argv[1] = <12> +argv[1] = <12> +argv[1] = <12> +normal IFS +argv[1] = +argv[2] = +argv[3] = +argv[4] = +argv[1] = +argv[2] = +argv[3] = +argv[4] = +argv[1] = +argv[2] = +argv[3] = +argv[4] = +null IFS +argv[1] = < abc> +argv[2] = +argv[3] = +argv[1] = < abc def ghi jkl > +argv[1] = < abc> +argv[2] = +argv[3] = +non-standard IFS +argv[1] = < abc> +argv[2] = +argv[3] = +argv[1] = < abc def ghi jkl > +argv[1] = < abc def ghi jkl > +unset IFS +argv[1] = < abc> +argv[2] = +argv[3] = +argv[1] = < abc def ghi jkl > +argv[1] = < abc def ghi jkl > +./posixexp.tests: line 80: unexpected EOF while looking for matching `}' +./posixexp.tests: line 81: syntax error: unexpected end of file diff --git a/tests/posixexp.tests b/tests/posixexp.tests index 60be1c74..4eeb349f 100644 --- a/tests/posixexp.tests +++ b/tests/posixexp.tests @@ -72,6 +72,9 @@ ${THIS_SH} ./posixexp1.sub || echo "bash posixexp1.sub: test $? failed" THIS_SH=$TMPDIR/sh ${THIS_SH} ./posixexp2.sub || echo "sh posixexp2.sub: test $? failed" rm -f $TMPDIR/sh +${THIS_SH} ./posixexp3.sub +${THIS_SH} ./posixexp4.sub + # this will be an error foo=bar echo "${foo:-"a}" diff --git a/tests/posixexp3.sub b/tests/posixexp3.sub new file mode 100644 index 00000000..90653152 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/posixexp3.sub @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +set -- 1 2 + +unset var +recho ${var-$@} +recho ${var-"$@"} +recho ${var-$*} +recho ${var-"$*"} + +unset -v a b c d +recho ${a=$@} +recho "$a" +recho ${b="$@"} +recho "$b" +recho ${c=$*} +recho "$c" +recho ${d="$*"} +recho "$d" + +IFS= +unset var +recho ${var-$@} +recho ${var-"$@"} +recho ${var-$*} +recho ${var-"$*"} + +unset -v a b c d +# Posix interp 221 +recho ${a=$@} +recho "$a" +recho ${b="$@"} +recho "$b" +recho ${c=$*} +recho "$c" +recho ${d="$*"} +recho "$d" diff --git a/tests/posixexp4.sub b/tests/posixexp4.sub new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22bfeca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/posixexp4.sub @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +set -- ' abc' 'def ghi' 'jkl ' + +echo normal IFS +recho $@ +: ${var=$@} +recho $var +unset -v var +recho ${var-$@} + +echo null IFS +IFS= +recho $@ +: ${var=$@} +recho $var +unset -v var +recho ${var-$@} + +echo non-standard IFS +IFS=: +recho $@ +: ${var=$@} +recho $var +unset -v var +recho ${var-$@} # this is inconsistent + +echo unset IFS +recho $@ +: ${var=$@} +recho $var +unset -v var +recho ${var-$@} diff --git a/variables.c b/variables.c index 87203dac..944de86e 100644 --- a/variables.c +++ b/variables.c @@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ mk_env_string (name, value, isfunc) int isfunc; { size_t name_len, value_len; - char *p, *q; + char *p, *q, *t; name_len = strlen (name); value_len = STRLEN (value); @@ -4336,7 +4336,17 @@ mk_env_string (name, value, isfunc) q[0] = '='; if (value && *value) - memcpy (q + 1, value, value_len + 1); + { + if (isfunc) + { + t = dequote_escapes (value); + value_len = STRLEN (t); + memcpy (q + 1, t, value_len + 1); + free (t); + } + else + memcpy (q + 1, value, value_len + 1); + } else q[1] = '\0';