diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index e1cfa710..ec2cf4b1 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -13072,3 +13072,55 @@ lib/readline/display.c local_prompt_newlines into the inv_lbreaks array in case the prompt consumes more lines than the initial 256 inv_lbreaks size Report from Ben Kallus + + 6/29 + ---- +lib/intl/setlocale.c + - new version from gettext-1.0, fixes obscure macOS problem with the + Apple locale set to something setlocale() doesn't like + From https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?68453 + +lib/intl/localename.h,lib/intl/setlocale-fixes.h + - new files from gettext-1.0, to support new setlocale.c + + 7/1 + --- +general.c,general.h + - printable_filename: now takes a const char * as the first argument + +builtins/help.def,builtins/history.def + - remove casts of first argument to printable_filename to char * now + that it takes a const char * + +builtins/exit.def,shell.c + - bash_logout: move from exit.def to shell.c to localize startup and + logout file sourcing + - bash_logout: don't source ~/.bash_logout if the shell is running + setuid in the same way that we don't source startup files + +externs.h + - bash_logout: extern declaration + +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi + - rewrote the section on startup behavior with euid != uid to avoid + the passive voice and add note that ~/.bash_logout isn't sourced + + 7/7 + --- +general.c,general.h + - sh_setnodelay: inverse of sh_unset_nodelay_mode, sets the file + descriptor argument to O_NONBLOCK/O_NDELAY mode + +redir.c + - here_document_to_fd: if PIPESIZE_DYNAMIC is defined, we can't count + on the pipe capacity determined at compile time to be consistent + across systems, so we set the pipe's write end to O_NONBLOCK and + fall back to a temp file if the write fails + Report and patch from Ethan Pini + +configure.ac + - darwin: add PIPESIZE_DYNAMIC to LOCAL_CFLAGS, since macOS throttles + the pipe capacity down to 512 if the system as a whole is using too + much pipe capacity (16 MB by default) + + diff --git a/MANIFEST b/MANIFEST index 7a2d3aa6..f3bf6ecf 100644 --- a/MANIFEST +++ b/MANIFEST @@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ lib/intl/localcharset.c f lib/intl/localealias.c f lib/intl/localename-table.c f lib/intl/localename.c f +lib/intl/localename.h f lib/intl/lock.c f lib/intl/log.c f lib/intl/ngettext.c f @@ -292,6 +293,7 @@ lib/intl/relocatable.c f lib/intl/setlocale-lock.c f lib/intl/setlocale.c f lib/intl/setlocale_null.c f +lib/intl/setlocale-fixes.h f lib/intl/textdomain.c f lib/intl/threadlib.c f lib/intl/tsearch.c f diff --git a/builtins/exit.def b/builtins/exit.def index 32b55420..dc0f2890 100644 --- a/builtins/exit.def +++ b/builtins/exit.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is exit.def, from which is created exit.c. It implements the builtins "exit", and "logout" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ $END #include "builtext.h" /* for jobs_builtin */ static int exit_or_logout (WORD_LIST *); -static int sourced_logout; int exit_builtin (WORD_LIST *list) @@ -152,16 +151,3 @@ exit_or_logout (WORD_LIST *list) jump_to_top_level (EXITBLTIN); /*NOTREACHED*/ } - -void -bash_logout (void) -{ - /* Run our `~/.bash_logout' file if it exists, and this is a login shell. */ - if (login_shell && sourced_logout++ == 0 && subshell_environment == 0) - { - maybe_execute_file ("~/.bash_logout", 1); -#ifdef SYS_BASH_LOGOUT - maybe_execute_file (SYS_BASH_LOGOUT, 1); -#endif - } -} diff --git a/builtins/history.def b/builtins/history.def index 9659dbcd..1139e7e6 100644 --- a/builtins/history.def +++ b/builtins/history.def @@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ history_error (const char *filename, int e, int r) #if defined (EACCES) case EACCES: #endif - newfn = printable_filename ((char *)filename, 0); + newfn = printable_filename (filename, 0); if (r) builtin_error ("%s: %s: %s", newfn, _("read error"), strerror (e)); else diff --git a/configure b/configure index e6d2d741..bd60a1a8 100755 --- a/configure +++ b/configure @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ #! /bin/sh -# From configure.ac for Bash 5.3, version 5.082. +# From configure.ac for Bash 5.3, version 5.083. # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. # Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.72 for bash 5.3-maint. # @@ -23260,7 +23260,7 @@ hpux*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-DHPUX -DTGETENT_BROKEN -DTGETFLAG_BROKEN" ;; dgux*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-D_DGUX_SOURCE; LOCAL_LIBS=-ldgc ;; isc*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-Disc386 ;; rhapsody*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DRHAPSODY ;; -darwin*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DMACOSX ;; +darwin*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-DMACOSX -DPIPESIZE_DYNAMIC" ;; sco3.2v5*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-b elf -DWAITPID_BROKEN -DPATH_MAX=1024" ;; sco3.2v4*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-DMUST_UNBLOCK_CHLD -DPATH_MAX=1024" ;; sco3.2*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DMUST_UNBLOCK_CHLD ;; diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac index c3f0d42d..d352dacb 100644 --- a/configure.ac +++ b/configure.ac @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . -AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.3, version 5.082])dnl +AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.3, version 5.083])dnl define(bashvers, 5.3) define(relstatus, maint) @@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ hpux*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-DHPUX -DTGETENT_BROKEN -DTGETFLAG_BROKEN" ;; dgux*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-D_DGUX_SOURCE; LOCAL_LIBS=-ldgc ;; isc*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-Disc386 ;; rhapsody*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DRHAPSODY ;; -darwin*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DMACOSX ;; +darwin*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-DMACOSX -DPIPESIZE_DYNAMIC" ;; sco3.2v5*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-b elf -DWAITPID_BROKEN -DPATH_MAX=1024" ;; sco3.2v4*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-DMUST_UNBLOCK_CHLD -DPATH_MAX=1024" ;; sco3.2*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DMUST_UNBLOCK_CHLD ;; diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index dd896623..87e6f8f9 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -225,28 +225,28 @@ IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN them to be specified. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to - the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup - files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, - the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- - pear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set - to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, the - startup behavior is the same, but bbaasshh does not reset the effective - user id. + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, bash does + not attempt to read any startup files or _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, does not in- + herit shell functions from the environment, ignores the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they appear in the envi- + ronment, and sets the effective user id to the real user id. If the --pp + option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but + bbaasshh does not reset the effective user id. DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS - The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- + The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- ment. bbllaannkk A space or tab. wwhhiitteessppaaccee - A character belonging to the ssppaaccee character class in the cur- + A character belonging to the ssppaaccee character class in the cur- rent locale, or for which _i_s_s_p_a_c_e(3) returns true. - wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the + wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. Also known as a ttookkeenn. - nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- - scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- + nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- + scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- score. Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr. mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr - A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb nneewwlliinnee ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr @@ -260,12 +260,12 @@ RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS +o the first word of a command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below); - +o the first word following a reserved word other than ccaassee, ffoorr, + +o the first word following a reserved word other than ccaassee, ffoorr, sseelleecctt, or iinn; +o the third word of a ccaassee command (only iinn is valid); - +o the third word of a ffoorr or sseelleecctt command (only iinn and ddoo are + +o the third word of a ffoorr or sseelleecctt command (only iinn and ddoo are valid); +o following a control operator. @@ -275,108 +275,108 @@ RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS The following are reserved words: - !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt + !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt tthheenn uunnttiill wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]] SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com- + This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com- mands. SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss - A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- - lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a + A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- + lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a _c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. The first word specifies the command to be executed, - and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar- + and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar- guments to the invoked command. - The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if + The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if the command is terminated by signal _n. PPiippeelliinneess - A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of + A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control operators || or ||&&. The format for a pipeline is: [ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 [ [|||||&&] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ] The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 is connected via a pipe to the standard - input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- - tions specified by the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1(see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is the - pipeline operator, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1's standard error, in addition to its stan- - dard output, is connected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the - pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the - standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirec- + input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- + tions specified by the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1(see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is the + pipeline operator, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1's standard error, in addition to its stan- + dard output, is connected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the + pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the + standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirec- tions specified by _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1. The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, - unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the - pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command - to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- + unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the + pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command + to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- fully. If the reserved word !! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of - that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described - above. If a pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for + that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described + above. If a pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. - If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the - elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when - the pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to - that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not - recognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-". - The value of the TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is a format string that specifies - how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of + If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the + elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when + the pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to + that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not + recognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-". + The value of the TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is a format string that specifies + how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT below under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - When the shell is in posix mode, ttiimmee may appear by itself as the only - word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total + When the shell is in posix mode, ttiimmee may appear by itself as the only + word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEE-- FFOORRMMAATT variable specifies the format of the time information. - Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is - executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a separate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEE-- - CCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi- - ronment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin - (see the description of sshhoopptt below), and job control is not active, + Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is + executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a separate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEE-- + CCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi- + ronment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin + (see the description of sshhoopptt below), and job control is not active, the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process. LLiissttss A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more AND or OR lists separated by one of - the operators ;;, &&, or <>, and optionally terminated by one of + the operators ;;, &&, or <>, and optionally terminated by one of those three characters. - AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by - the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by + the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 &&&& _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status of zero (success). An OR list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit - status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit + status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. Of these list operators, &&&& and |||| have equal precedence, followed by ;; and &&, which have equal precedence. - A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a semicolon to delimit commands. - If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- - cutes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as exe- - cuting a command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d, and these are referred to as _a_s_y_n_- - _c_h_r_o_n_o_u_s commands. The shell does not wait for the command to finish, - and the return status is 0. When job control is not active, the stan- - dard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any explicit - redirections involving the standard input, is redirected from + If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- + cutes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as exe- + cuting a command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d, and these are referred to as _a_s_y_n_- + _c_h_r_o_n_o_u_s commands. The shell does not wait for the command to finish, + and the return status is 0. When job control is not active, the stan- + dard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any explicit + redirections involving the standard input, is redirected from _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. - Commands separated or terminated by ;; (or an equivalent <>) are + Commands separated or terminated by ;; (or an equivalent <>) are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in turn. @@ -384,105 +384,105 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR cuted. CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss - A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a - command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by - one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a + A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a + command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by + one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. - (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONN-- - MMEENNTT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari- - able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's + (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONN-- + MMEENNTT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari- + able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. { _l_i_s_t; } _l_i_s_t is executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t must be - terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a + terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. - Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are _r_e_- - _s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted - to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they - must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell + Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are _r_e_- + _s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted + to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they + must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. ((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)) - The arithmetic _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules - described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of - the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise - the return status is 1. The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same ex- - pansions as if it were within double quotes, but unescaped dou- + The arithmetic _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules + described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of + the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise + the return status is 1. The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same ex- + pansions as if it were within double quotes, but unescaped dou- ble quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated specially and are removed. Since this can potentially result in empty - strings, this command treats those as expressions that evaluate + strings, this command treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0. [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]] Evaluate the conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n and return a sta- - tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com- + tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com- posed of the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESS-- - SSIIOONNSS. The words between the [[[[ and ]]]] do not undergo word - splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex- + SSIIOONNSS. The words between the [[[[ and ]]]] do not undergo word + splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex- pansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on - those words. Conditional operators such as --ff must be unquoted + those words. Conditional operators such as --ff must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. - When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right + When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg, as if the eexxtt-- gglloobb shell option were enabled. The == operator is equivalent to - ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is - performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not - match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the - pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string: + ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is + performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not + match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the + pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string: every character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of having any special pattern matching meaning. - An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same - precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the + An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same + precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular ex- - pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _r_e_g_c_o_m_p and - _r_e_g_e_x_e_c interfaces usually described in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return - value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. + pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _r_e_g_c_o_m_p and + _r_e_g_e_x_e_c interfaces usually described in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return + value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the condi- tional expression's return value is 2. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell - option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the + option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is - matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a + If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is + matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces the entire - pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in - regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern + pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in + regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings between brackets. - The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the + The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string. Anchor the pattern using the ^^ and $$ regular expression operators to force it to match the entire string. - The array variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH records which parts of the + The array variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH records which parts of the string matched the pattern. BBaasshh unsets BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH before at- - tempting the match, so if there is no match, it remains unset. + tempting the match, so if there is no match, it remains unset. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index 0 contains the portion of - the string matching the entire regular expression. Substrings - matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular ex- - pression are saved in the remaining BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH indices. The - element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index _n is the portion of the - string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. BBaasshh sets - BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in the global scope if it is not set; if it is de- - clared as a local variable before running [[[[, bbaasshh keeps it a + the string matching the entire regular expression. Substrings + matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular ex- + pression are saved in the remaining BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH indices. The + element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index _n is the portion of the + string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. BBaasshh sets + BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in the global scope if it is not set; if it is de- + clared as a local variable before running [[[[, bbaasshh keeps it a local variable. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: (( _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. !! _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n True if _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is false. @@ -492,97 +492,97 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR True if either _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 or _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 is true. The &&&& and |||| operators do not evaluate _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 if the value - of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee - First, expand the list of words following iinn, generating a list - of items. Then, the variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of - this list in turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn + First, expand the list of words following iinn, generating a list + of items. Then, the variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of + this list in turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each po- - sitional parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The re- - turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe- + sitional parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The re- + turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe- cutes. If the expansion of the items following iinn results in an - empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is + empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) [;] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee First, evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 according to the - rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. Then, re- + rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. Then, re- peatedly evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 until it eval- - uates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero value, - execute _l_i_s_t and evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3. If - any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. - The return value is the exit status of the last command in _l_i_s_t - that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in- + uates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero value, + execute _l_i_s_t and evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3. If + any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. + The return value is the exit status of the last command in _l_i_s_t + that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in- valid. - Use the bbrreeaakk and ccoonnttiinnuuee builtins (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + Use the bbrreeaakk and ccoonnttiinnuuee builtins (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) to control loop execution. sseelleecctt _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee - First, expand the list of words following iinn, generating a list - of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er- - ror, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, - print the positional parameters (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). sseelleecctt - then displays the PPSS33 prompt and reads a line from the standard + First, expand the list of words following iinn, generating a list + of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er- + ror, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, + print the positional parameters (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). sseelleecctt + then displays the PPSS33 prompt and reads a line from the standard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of - the displayed words, then sseelleecctt sets the value of _n_a_m_e to that - word. If the line is empty, sseelleecctt displays the words and - prompt again. If EOF is read, sseelleecctt completes and returns 1. - Any other value sets _n_a_m_e to null. The line read is saved in - the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each selection + the displayed words, then sseelleecctt sets the value of _n_a_m_e to that + word. If the line is empty, sseelleecctt displays the words and + prompt again. If EOF is read, sseelleecctt completes and returns 1. + Any other value sets _n_a_m_e to null. The line read is saved in + the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each selection until a bbrreeaakk command is executed. The exit status of sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t, or zero if no commands were executed. ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against - each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the + each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the matching rules described under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The _w_o_r_d is expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- - sion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process sub- - stitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded - using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- + sion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process sub- + stitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded + using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- metic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and - quote removal. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the - match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic + quote removal. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the + match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - A _p_a_t_t_e_r_n _l_i_s_t is a set of one or more patterns separated by ||, - and terminated by the )) operator. A case _c_l_a_u_s_e is a pattern - list and an associated _l_i_s_t, terminated by ;;;;, ;;&&, or ;;;;&&. The - terminator is optional for the last clause preceding eessaacc. - There may be an arbitrary number of case clauses. The first + A _p_a_t_t_e_r_n _l_i_s_t is a set of one or more patterns separated by ||, + and terminated by the )) operator. A case _c_l_a_u_s_e is a pattern + list and an associated _l_i_s_t, terminated by ;;;;, ;;&&, or ;;;;&&. The + terminator is optional for the last clause preceding eessaacc. + There may be an arbitrary number of case clauses. The first pattern that matches determines the _l_i_s_t that is executed. When a match is found, ccaassee executes the corresponding _l_i_s_t. If - the ;;;; operator terminates the case clause, the ccaassee command - completes after the first match. Using the ;;&& terminator con- - tinues execution with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next clause, - if any. Using the ;;;;&& terminator causes the shell to test the + the ;;;; operator terminates the case clause, the ccaassee command + completes after the first match. Using the ;;&& terminator con- + tinues execution with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next clause, + if any. Using the ;;;;&& terminator causes the shell to test the pattern list in the next clause, if any, and execute any associ- - ated _l_i_s_t if the match succeeds, continuing the case statement + ated _l_i_s_t if the match succeeds, continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is - the exit status of the last command executed in the last _l_i_s_t + the exit status of the last command executed in the last _l_i_s_t executed. iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii - The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn - _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in - turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn + The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn + _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in + turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn _l_i_s_t is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the eellssee - _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- + _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee uunnttiill _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee - The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long + The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of - zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, ex- + zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, ex- cept that the test is negated: _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the @@ -590,143 +590,143 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR CCoopprroocceesssseess A _c_o_p_r_o_c_e_s_s is a shell command preceded by the ccoopprroocc reserved word. A - coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command - had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe + coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command + had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe established between the executing shell and the coprocess. The syntax for a coprocess is: ccoopprroocc [_N_A_M_E] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s] - This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. _c_o_m_m_a_n_d may be either a simple - command or a compound command (see above). _N_A_M_E is a shell variable + This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. _c_o_m_m_a_n_d may be either a simple + command or a compound command (see above). _N_A_M_E is a shell variable name. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the default name is CCOOPPRROOCC. The recommended form to use for a coprocess is ccoopprroocc _N_A_M_E { _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s]; } - This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess - always being named CCOOPPRROOCC, and it is simpler to use and more complete + This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess + always being named CCOOPPRROOCC, and it is simpler to use and more complete than the other compound commands. - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a compound command, _N_A_M_E is optional. The word following - ccoopprroocc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: - it is interpreted as _N_A_M_E if it is not a reserved word that introduces - a compound command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a simple command, _N_A_M_E is not al- - lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _N_A_M_E and the first word of + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a compound command, _N_A_M_E is optional. The word following + ccoopprroocc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: + it is interpreted as _N_A_M_E if it is not a reserved word that introduces + a compound command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a simple command, _N_A_M_E is not al- + lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _N_A_M_E and the first word of the simple command. - When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable - (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the executing shell. - The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file de- - scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned + When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable + (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the executing shell. + The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file de- + scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is as- - signed to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections + signed to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). The file descriptors - can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using - standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command - and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in + can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using + standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command + and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in subshells. - The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail- - able as the value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin may be + The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail- + able as the value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. - Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc - command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc + command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss - A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and - executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. + A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and + executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. Shell functions are declared as follows: _f_n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] ffuunnccttiioonn _f_n_a_m_e [()] _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] This defines a function named _f_n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn - is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the - parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- - pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). - That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but + is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the + parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- + pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). + That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not sup- plied, the braces are recommended. _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed - whenever _f_n_a_m_e is specified as the name of a simple command. + whenever _f_n_a_m_e is specified as the name of a simple command. When in posix mode, _f_n_a_m_e must be a valid shell _n_a_m_e and may not - be the name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. In default - mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does + be the name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. In default + mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain $$. - Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is + Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is defined are performed when the function is executed. - The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error - occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When - executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last + The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error + occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When + executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr-- - aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## introduces a comment. + aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## introduces a comment. A word begins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or - after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining - characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without - the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The + after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining + characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without + the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is enabled by default in interactive shells. QQUUOOTTIINNGG - _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or - words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment + _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or + words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. - Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special + Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. - When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- + When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must be quoted to prevent history expansion. There are four quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single quotes, double quotes, and dollar-single quotes. - A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the - literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special - meaning it has, with the exception of . If a \\ pair - appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\ is - treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input + A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the + literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special + meaning it has, with the exception of . If a \\ pair + appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\ is + treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). - Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of + Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. - Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of - all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, + Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of + all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, when history expansion is enabled, !!. When the shell is in posix mode, - the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history - expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special - meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- - ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, + the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history + expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special + meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- + ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, or <>. Backslashes preceding characters without a special mean- ing are left unmodified. - A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with + A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an - !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back- + !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back- slash preceding the !! is not removed. - The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double + The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). - Character sequences of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated as a special - variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _s_t_r_i_n_g, with back- - slash-escaped characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g replaced as specified by the ANSI C - standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol- + Character sequences of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated as a special + variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _s_t_r_i_n_g, with back- + slash-escaped characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g replaced as specified by the ANSI C + standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol- lows: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -741,88 +741,88 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG \\'' single quote \\"" double quote \\?? question mark - \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three octal digits). - \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits). - \\uu_H_H_H_H The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits). \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits). \\cc_x A control-_x character. - The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not + The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. TTrraannssllaattiinngg SSttrriinnggss A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") causes the - string to be translated according to the current locale. The _g_e_t_t_e_x_t - infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the LLCC__MMEESS-- - SSAAGGEESS, TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINNDDIIRR, and TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINN shell variables. If the current + string to be translated according to the current locale. The _g_e_t_t_e_x_t + infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the LLCC__MMEESS-- + SSAAGGEESS, TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINNDDIIRR, and TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINN shell variables. If the current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, if there are no translations available, or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and the string is - treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double + treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not - it is translated and replaced. If the nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn option is - enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted - instead of double-quoted. See the description of sshhoopptt below under + it is translated and replaced. If the nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn option is + enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted + instead of double-quoted. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS. PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS - A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- - ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraa-- + A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- + ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraa-- mmeetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a - _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the - ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). + _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the + ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). The eexxppoorrtt and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins assign specific attributes. A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is - a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using + a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is assigned to using a statement of the form _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] - If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All - _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- + If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All + _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $$((((...)))) expansion is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting and path- - name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap- + name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap- pear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and - llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When in posix mode, - these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of + llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When in posix mode, + these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. - In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a - shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to - the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n - commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements. When "+=" - is applied to a variable for which the iinntteeggeerr attribute has been set, + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a + shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to + the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n + commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements. When "+=" + is applied to a variable for which the iinntteeggeerr attribute has been set, the variable's current value and _v_a_l_u_e are each evaluated as arithmetic - expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's + expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an - expression. When "+=" is applied to an array variable using compound + expression. When "+=" is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it - is when using "="), and new values are appended to the array beginning - at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or - added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap- - plied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to + is when using "="), and new values are appended to the array beginning + at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or + added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap- + plied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to the variable's value. A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to - the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree - and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- - able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever - the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at- - tributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute - itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified - by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within + the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree + and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- + able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever + the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at- + tributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute + itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified + by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu- - ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a + ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first argument, running declare -n ref=$1 @@ -831,211 +831,211 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assign- ments to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was - passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref - attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a - name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when - the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff at- - tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and + passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref + attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a + name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when + the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff at- + tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the name of - a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the + a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset. - When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell - variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as de- + When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell + variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as de- scribed below (see EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT). PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, + A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from - the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using - the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to - with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily + the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using + the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to + with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). Without braces, a digit following $ can only refer to one of the first nine po- - sitional parameters ($$11--$$99) or the special parameter $$00 (see the next + sitional parameters ($$11--$$99) or the special parameter $$00 (see the next section). SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may + The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parame- ters are denoted by one of the following characters. - ** ($$**) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. - When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional - parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word - expansions are performed, those words are subject to further - word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc- - curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the - value of each parameter separated by the first character of the + ** ($$**) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word + expansions are performed, those words are subject to further + word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc- + curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the + value of each parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS variable. That is, ""$$**"" is equivalent to ""$$11_c$$22_c......"", where - _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If + _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. - @@ ($$@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + @@ ($$@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each - positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double - quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts + positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double + quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts where word splitting is not performed, such as the value portion - of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with + of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with each positional parameter separated by a space. When the expan- - sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per- - formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, + sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per- + formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, ""$$@@"" is equivalent to ""$$11"" ""$$22"" ...... If the double-quoted expan- - sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter + sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the expansion of the beginning part of the origi- nal word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the expansion of the last part of the original word. When there - are no positional parameters, ""$$@@"" and $$@@ expand to nothing + are no positional parameters, ""$$@@"" and $$@@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). ## ($$##) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. - ?? ($$??) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed + ?? ($$??) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed command. -- ($$--) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invo- - cation, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell + cation, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the --ii option). - $$ ($$$$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it + $$ ($$$$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it expands to the process ID of the parent shell, not the subshell. - !! ($$!!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed + !! ($$!!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). - 00 ($$00) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is - set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of - commands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is + 00 ($$00) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is + set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of + commands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument - after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, + after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argu- ment zero. SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess The shell sets following variables: - __ ($$__, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on + __ ($$__, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on context. At shell startup, __ is set to the pathname used to in- - voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the - environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the - last argument to the previous simple command executed in the - foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path- - name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en- - vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $$__ ex- + voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the + environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the + last argument to the previous simple command executed in the + foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path- + name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en- + vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $$__ ex- pands to the name of the mail file currently being checked. - BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of + BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of bbaasshh. BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the + appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup - files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable + files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable each option in the list. This variable is read-only. BBAASSHHPPIIDD - Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This - differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells - that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to - BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- + Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This + differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to + BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. - Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, - unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases from - the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses its special + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. + Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, + unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases from + the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC - An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number - of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or - script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. - When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed + of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or + script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. + When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg op- - tion to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the + tion to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this vari- - able when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, may result in inconsistent val- + able when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, may result in inconsistent val- ues. Assignments to BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV - An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- rent bbaasshh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last - subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe- - cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. - The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode + cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. + The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this variable when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, - may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV + may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 - When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell script (identical to $$00; see the description of special - parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 sets $$00 to - the same value. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it loses its special + parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 sets $$00 to + the same value. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh builtin. Adding elements to this array makes them appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements currently does not - remove command names from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is un- + remove command names from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is un- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be - executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result + Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be + executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time - of the trap. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD is unset, it loses its special + of the trap. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN__SSTTRRIINNGG The command argument to the --cc invocation option. BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO - An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source - files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked. + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked. $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}} is the line number in the source file ($${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}) where $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or - $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- - tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number. Assign- + $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- + tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number. Assign- ments to BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH - A colon-separated list of directories in which the eennaabbllee com- + A colon-separated list of directories in which the eennaabbllee com- mand looks for dynamically loadable builtins. BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS - Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value - returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. - If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to EEPPOOCCHHSSEECC-- - OONNDDSS. If BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special prop- + Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value + returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. + If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to EEPPOOCCHHSSEECC-- + OONNDDSS. If BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special prop- erties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH - An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary - operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index - 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex- + An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary + operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index + 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex- pression. The element with index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE - An array variable whose members are the source filenames where - the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array + An array variable whose members are the source filenames where + the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array variable are defined. The shell function $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} is de- - fined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}. Assignments to BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE have no ef- + fined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}. Assignments to BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE have no ef- fect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL - Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment - when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- - tial value is 0. If BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL is unset, it loses its spe- + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- + tial value is 0. If BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL is unset, it loses its spe- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__TTRRAAPPSSIIGG - Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being - executed during its execution. See the description of ttrraapp un- - der SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below for information about signal + Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being + executed during its execution. See the description of ttrraapp un- + der SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below for information about signal numbers and trap execution. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO A readonly array variable whose members hold version information - for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array + for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). @@ -1044,149 +1044,149 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN - Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of + Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of bbaasshh (e.g., 5.2.37(3)-release). CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current + An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur- - rent completion function. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- - ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE - The current command line. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- - ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT - The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- - ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is - at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is - equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- - ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE - Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted - completion that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, - for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- - sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- - tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or - _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + rent completion function. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE + The current command line. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT + The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- + ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is + at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is + equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted + completion that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, + for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- + sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- + tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or + _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word - separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- - ual words in the current command line. The line is split into - words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as de- - scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- + ual words in the current command line. The line is split into + words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as de- + scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func- + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file - descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess + CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file + descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above). DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- - tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack - in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning + tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack + in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- - ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must - be used to add and remove directories. Assigning to this vari- - able does not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is un- + ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must + be used to add and remove directories. Assigning to this vari- + able does not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is un- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating- + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating- point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses + EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE - An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- - tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". - This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. - Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re- + tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re- set. - This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. - Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in + This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. + Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For in- - stance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The + stance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor- mation. - GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect. - If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHIISSTTCCMMDD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current - command. Assignments to HHIISSTTCCMMDD have no effect. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is - unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + command. Assignments to HHIISSTTCCMMDD have no effect. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE Automatically set to the name of the current host. HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type - of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- dependent. - LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a - decimal number representing the current sequential line number - (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a - script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system - type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. MMAAPPFFIILLEE - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied. OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. - OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- - tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- dent. PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit - status values from the commands in the most-recently-executed - foreground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the commands in the most-recently-executed + foreground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). BBaasshh sets PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS after executing - multi-element pipelines, timed and negated pipelines, simple - commands, subshells created with the ( operator, the [[[[ and (((( + multi-element pipelines, timed and negated pipelines, simple + commands, subshells created with the ( operator, the [[[[ and (((( compound commands, and after error conditions that result in the shell aborting command execution. - PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- only. PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. - RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random - integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM ini- - tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the - random number generator with the same constant value produces - the same sequence of values. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its + RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random + integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM ini- + tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the + random number generator with the same constant value produces + the same sequence of values. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT - Any numeric argument given to a rreeaaddlliinnee command that was de- + Any numeric argument given to a rreeaaddlliinnee command that was de- fined using "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) when it was invoked. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE @@ -1194,377 +1194,377 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the rreeaaddlliinnee - line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The characters between the insertion point and the mark are often called the _r_e_g_i_o_n. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when no arguments are supplied. SSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to - SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the - number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. - The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time + of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time are always determined by querying the system clock at one-second - resolution. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special proper- + resolution. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup - files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable + files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable each option in the list. This variable is read-only. SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. SSRRAANNDDOOMM - Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit + Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number. The random number generator is not linear - on systems that support _/_d_e_v_/_u_r_a_n_d_o_m or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m(3), so each + on systems that support _/_d_e_v_/_u_r_a_n_d_o_m or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m(3), so each returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. - The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to + The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this variable have no effect. If SSRRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. - The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a + The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT - The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See - SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a dec- - imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding - to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or - set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the - default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a - value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the - shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level - to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid - values correspond to the compatibility levels described below - under SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are - valid values that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and - set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also + imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding + to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or + set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the + default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a + value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the + shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level + to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid + values correspond to the compatibility levels described below + under SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are + valid values that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and + set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also a valid value. BBAASSHH__EENNVV - If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, - its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com- - mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com- - mands from the script. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com- + mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com- + mands from the script. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expan- - sion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used + sion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD - If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, - bbaasshh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled - to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The - file descriptor is closed when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or as- + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled + to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The + file descriptor is closed when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or as- signed a new value. Unsetting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the - empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard + empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error - file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan- + file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan- dard error being closed. - CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated list of directories where the shell looks for directories speci- - fied as arguments to the ccdd command. A sample value is + fied as arguments to the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX - Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to - remember. BBaasshh will not allow this value to be decreased below - a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- - rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. BBaasshh will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. CCOOLLUUMMNNSS - Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal - width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions - generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- - pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- ray element contains one possible completion. - EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell - starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. - EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode. EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) - defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search - using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- - terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) + defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search + using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- + terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path- - names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. - Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the - executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern + names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. + Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the + executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. FFIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- - fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the - list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". Since - tilde expansion takes place after ":" in assignment statements, - make sure to quote assignments appropriately to avoid it as ap- + fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the + list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". Since + tilde expansion takes place after ":" in assignment statements, + make sure to quote assignments appropriately to avoid it as ap- propriate. FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT - If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum - function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level cause the current command to abort. GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file - names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name - matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the - patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file + names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name + matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the + patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell op- tion. GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT - Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The - value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- - der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is - unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the - historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico- + Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The + value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- + der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is + unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the + historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico- graphic order as determined by the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable. - If set, a valid value begins with an optional _+, which is ig- + If set, a valid value begins with an optional _+, which is ig- nored, or _-, which reverses the sort order from ascending to de- - scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci- - fiers are _n_a_m_e, _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, _s_i_z_e, _m_t_i_m_e, _a_t_i_m_e, _c_t_i_m_e, and _b_l_o_c_k_s, + scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci- + fiers are _n_a_m_e, _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, _s_i_z_e, _m_t_i_m_e, _a_t_i_m_e, _c_t_i_m_e, and _b_l_o_c_k_s, which sort the files on name, names in numeric rather than lexi- - cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in- - ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of - the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the + cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in- + ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of + the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the same size), sorting uses the name as a secondary sort key. - For example, a value of _-_m_t_i_m_e sorts the results in descending + For example, a value of _-_m_t_i_m_e sorts the results in descending order by modification time (newest first). - The _n_u_m_e_r_i_c specifier treats names consisting solely of digits - as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" + The _n_u_m_e_r_i_c specifier treats names consisting solely of digits + as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" sorts before "10", for example). When using _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, names con- - taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are + taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior. A sort specifier of _n_o_s_o_r_t disables sorting completely; bbaasshh re- - turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys- + turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys- tem, ignoring any leading _-. - If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a - value of _+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _- - sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores + If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a + value of _+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _- + sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores the historical sorting behavior. HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL - A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are - saved on the history list. If the list of values includes - _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not - saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes + _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not + saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines matching the previous history entry not to be saved. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line - to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. - Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is - unset, or does not include a valid value, bbaasshh saves all lines - read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the + to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. + Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is + unset, or does not include a valid value, bbaasshh saves all lines + read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If the first line of a multi-line compound - command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not - tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of - HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. If the first line was not saved, the second and + command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not + tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of + HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved either. HHIISSTTFFIILLEE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- - TTOORRYY below). BBaasshh assigns a default value of _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. - If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com- + TTOORRYY below). BBaasshh assigns a default value of _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. + If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com- mand history when it exits. HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When - this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- - cated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of his- + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of his- tory entries that total no more than that number of lines by re- - moving the oldest entries. If the history list contains multi- - line entries, the history file may contain more lines than this - maximum to avoid leaving partial history entries. The history - file is also truncated to this size after writing it when a - shell exits or by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If the value is 0, the - history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and - numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell - sets the default value to the value of HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading + moving the oldest entries. If the history list contains multi- + line entries, the history file may contain more lines than this + maximum to avoid leaving partial history entries. The history + file is also truncated to this size after writing it when a + shell exits or by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If the value is 0, the + history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and + numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell + sets the default value to the value of HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command - lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line - matches one of the patterns in the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE, it is - not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the - beginning of the line and must match the complete line (bbaasshh - does not implicitly append a "**"). Each pattern is tested - against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line + matches one of the patterns in the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE, it is + not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the + beginning of the line and must match the complete line (bbaasshh + does not implicitly append a "**"). Each pattern is tested + against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char- - acters, "&&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es- - capes the "&&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a - match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was - saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are - added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If + acters, "&&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es- + capes the "&&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a + match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was + saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are + added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of - the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors + the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE subsumes some of the function of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. A pat- - tern of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[ - ]*" is identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two pat- - terns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality + tern of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[ + ]*" is identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two pat- + terns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of "ignoreboth". HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - The number of commands to remember in the command history (see - HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in + The number of commands to remember in the command history (see + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every - command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). - The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any + command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). + The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated - with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If - this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his- - tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This - uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps + with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If + this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his- + tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This + uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE - Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s + Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. - The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while - the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at- - tempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of - the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has - no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to - read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- + The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while + the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at- + tempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of + the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has + no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to + read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, bbaasshh clears the hostname list. IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting af- - ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd builtin command. Word splitting is described below under EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN. The default value is "". IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of - consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first - characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable - is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null, - the default value is 10. If it is unset, EEOOFF signifies the end + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null, + the default value is 10. If it is unset, EEOOFF signifies the end of input to the shell. IINNPPUUTTRRCC - The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- fault of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). IINNSSIIDDEE__EEMMAACCSS - If this variable appears in the environment when the shell - starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell - buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of + If this variable appears in the environment when the shell + starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of TTEERRMM. - LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. - LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - This variable determines the collation order used when sorting - the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior - of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE - This variable determines the interpretation of characters and - the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS - This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC - This variable determines the locale category used for number + This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLCC__TTIIMMEE - This variable determines the locale category used for data and + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time formatting. - LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column - length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. MMAAIILL If the value is set to a file or directory name and the MMAAIILLPPAATTHH - variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of + variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK - Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- - fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the - shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this - variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- + fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may - be specified by separating the filename from the message with a - "?". When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + "?". When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. For example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- - able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by - the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. - PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of - directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD - EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory - name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or - trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT - If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the - shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if - the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set - while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables posix mode, as if the + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables posix mode, as if the command "set -o posix" had been executed. When the shell enters posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set. PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set - element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary - prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is + If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set + element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary + prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is used as a command to execute instead. PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM - If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding - the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. - PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and + PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and before the command is executed. - PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is + PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is "\s-\v\$ ". - PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as + PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is "> ". PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). - PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the + PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an ex- ecution trace. The first character of the expanded value of PPSS44 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is "+ ". - SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it - is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full + SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it + is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- - ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the - ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- - duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or - other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- + ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the + ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- + duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or + other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the brackets denote optional portions. %%%% A literal %%. %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. @@ -1572,89 +1572,89 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. - The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number + The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes - no decimal point or fraction to be output. ttiimmee prints at most - six digits after the decimal point; values of _p greater than 6 + no decimal point or fraction to be output. ttiimmee prints at most + six digits after the decimal point; values of _p greater than 6 are changed to 6. If _p is not specified, ttiimmee prints three dig- its after the decimal point. - The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of - the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not + The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not the fraction is included. - If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value - $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, - bbaasshh does not display any timing information. A trailing new- + If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, + bbaasshh does not display any timing information. A trailing new- line is added when the format string is displayed. - TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, the rreeaadd builtin uses the - value as its default timeout. The sseelleecctt command terminates if - input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming - from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter- - preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af- - ter issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting - for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not + TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, the rreeaadd builtin uses the + value as its default timeout. The sseelleecctt command terminates if + input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming + from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter- + preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af- + ter issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting + for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arrive. - TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. aauuttoo__rreessuummee This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and - job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist- - ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as - candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is - no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning - with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac- - cessed job. The _n_a_m_e of a stopped job, in this context, is the - command line used to start it, as displayed by jjoobbss. If set to - the value _e_x_a_c_t, the word must match the name of a stopped job - exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the word needs to match a sub- - string of the name of a stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value pro- + job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist- + ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as + candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is + no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning + with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac- + cessed job. The _n_a_m_e of a stopped job, in this context, is the + command line used to start it, as displayed by jjoobbss. If set to + the value _e_x_a_c_t, the word must match the name of a stopped job + exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the word needs to match a sub- + string of the name of a stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value pro- vides functionality analogous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB - CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _p_r_e_f_i_x), the - word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides + CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _p_r_e_f_i_x), the + word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. hhiissttcchhaarrss - The two or three characters which control history expansion, - quick substitution, and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN be- - low). The first character is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, - the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!!". - The second character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, nor- - mally "^^". When it appears as the first character on the line, + The two or three characters which control history expansion, + quick substitution, and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN be- + low). The first character is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, + the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!!". + The second character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, nor- + mally "^^". When it appears as the first character on the line, history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one - string with another. The optional third character is the _h_i_s_- - _t_o_r_y _c_o_m_m_e_n_t character, normally "##", which indicates that the - remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first - character of a word. The history comment character disables - history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It + string with another. The optional third character is the _h_i_s_- + _t_o_r_y _c_o_m_m_e_n_t character, normally "##", which indicates that the + remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first + character of a word. The history comment character disables + history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. AArrrraayyss - BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. - Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin ex- - plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of - an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- - tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions - that must expand to an integer (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below) and - are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary - strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non- + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin ex- + plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions + that must expand to an integer (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below) and + are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary + strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non- negative integers. - The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan- - sion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array sub- + The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan- + sion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array sub- scripts. Since this can potentially result in empty strings, subscript indexing treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0. - The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, - arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on asso- - ciative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as associative + The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on asso- + ciative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys. BBaasshh automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e . The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate - to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an + to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). @@ -1669,35 +1669,35 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form _n_a_m_e=((value_1 - ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e may be of the form [_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. - Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each - _v_a_l_u_e in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be- + ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e may be of the form [_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. + Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each + _v_a_l_u_e in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be- low under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN, but _v_a_l_u_es that are valid variable assignments in- - cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and + cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and word splitting, as with individual variable assignments. - When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub- - script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of - the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement + When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub- + script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of + the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assign- - ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is - required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al- - ternating keys and values: _n_a_m_e=(( _k_e_y_1 _v_a_l_u_e_1 _k_e_y_2 _v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). These - are treated identically to _n_a_m_e=(( [_k_e_y_1]=_v_a_l_u_e_1 [_k_e_y_2]=_v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). - The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in- - terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When - using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final + ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is + required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al- + ternating keys and values: _n_a_m_e=(( _k_e_y_1 _v_a_l_u_e_1 _k_e_y_2 _v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). These + are treated identically to _n_a_m_e=(( [_k_e_y_1]=_v_a_l_u_e_1 [_k_e_y_2]=_v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). + The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in- + terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When + using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final missing value is treated like the empty string. - This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array - elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax in- + This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array + elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax in- troduced above. - When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is subscripted by a nega- + When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is subscripted by a nega- tive number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than - the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end + the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. The "+=" operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the @@ -1706,69 +1706,69 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS If one of the word expansions in a compound array assignment unsets the variable, the results are unspecified. - An array element is referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces - are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t + An array element is referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces + are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e, unless noted in the - description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ - only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou- - ble-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each - array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special vari- - able, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a separate word. + description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ + only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou- + ble-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each + array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special vari- + able, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a separate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to nothing. If the - double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the - first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of - the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined - with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is - analogous to the expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppee-- + double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the + first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of + the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined + with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is + analogous to the expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppee-- cciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss above). - ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If + ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar- ray. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of an indexed array eval- - uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one - greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count - back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last + uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one + greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count + back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref- - erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable + erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid; bbaasshh creates an array if necessary. - An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. - It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the - values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the + values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in array variable _n_a_m_e. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes. The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] un- - sets the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- - ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted - as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable - does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- - moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] behaves differently de- - pending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or associative array when _s_u_b_- + sets the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- + ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted + as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable + does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- + moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] behaves differently de- + pending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or associative array when _s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an associative array, this unsets the el- - ement with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset re- + ement with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset re- moves all of the elements but does not remove the array itself. - When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- - mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- - scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname - expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- + mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- + scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname + expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired (e.g., unset 'a[4]'). - The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to - specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- - ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd - builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- + ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd + builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array - values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other - builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., mmaappffiillee); see the - descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro- + values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other + builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., mmaappffiillee); see the + descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro- vides a number of builtin array variables. EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN @@ -1778,64 +1778,64 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN _m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, and _q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l. The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter - and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution - (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion; + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution + (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion; and quote removal. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- - able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as - tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as + tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- stitution. - _Q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l is always performed last. It removes quote characters - present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other + _Q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l is always performed last. It removes quote characters + present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other expansions, unless they have been quoted themselves. - Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- - crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a - single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- + crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a + single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- pansions of ""$$@@"" and ""$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}"", and, in most cases, $$** and $${{_n_a_m_e[[**]]}} as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn - _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a + _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a common prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty. This mechanism - is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the filenames generated need not - exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _p_r_e_- - _a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se- - quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional - _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within - the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting + is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the filenames generated need not + exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _p_r_e_- + _a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se- + quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional + _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within + the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. - Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For ex- ample, a{{d,c,b}}e expands into "ade ace abe". - A sequence expression takes the form _x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]], where _x and _y are - either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is + A sequence expression takes the form _x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]], where _x and _y are + either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each - number between _x and _y, inclusive. If either _x or _y begins with a + number between _x and _y, inclusive. If either _x or _y begins with a zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero- padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression ex- - pands to each character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, - using the C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type + pands to each character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, + using the C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the - difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as ap- + difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as ap- propriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- - acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is - strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to + acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is + strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. - A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex- pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. - A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being con- - sidered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter - expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expan- + A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being con- + sidered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter + expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expan- sion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing "}". This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of @@ -1845,67 +1845,67 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} - Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical - versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially - when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. - BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical + versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially + when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. + BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. For example, a word entered to sshh as "file{1,2}" appears identically in the output. BBaasshh outputs that word as "file1 file2" after brace expan- - sion. Start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with + sion. Start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) for strict sshh compatibility. TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn - If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~~"), all of the - characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if - there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of - the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the - tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. - If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the + If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~~"), all of the + characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if + there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of + the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the + tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. + If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the tilde expands - to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other- - wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated + to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other- + wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. - If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- + If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a "~-", the shell sub- - stitutes the value of the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set. If the - characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number - _N, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced + stitutes the value of the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set. If the + characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number + _N, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the characters following the - tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following + tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a leading "+" or "-", tilde expansion assumes "+". - The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so - the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan- + The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so + the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan- sion. - If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde- + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde- prefix is unchanged. - BBaasshh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme- - diately following a :: or the first ==, and performs tilde expansion in - these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- - signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- + BBaasshh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme- + diately following a :: or the first ==, and performs tilde expansion in + these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- + signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- panded value. - BBaasshh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions + BBaasshh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of variable assignments (as described above under PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) when they - appear as arguments to simple commands. BBaasshh does not do this, except + appear as arguments to simple commands. BBaasshh does not do this, except for the _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands listed above, when in posix mode. PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn The "$$" character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, - or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded - may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the - variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. - When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}}" not + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}}" not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em- - bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- + bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- sion. The basic form of parameter expansion is @@ -1913,129 +1913,129 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} which substitutes the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The braces are required when - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as - part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell parameter as described + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as + part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell parameter as described above (PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference (AArrrraayyss). - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of indirection. BBaasshh uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the new _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in - the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject - to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and - arithmetic expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in + the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject + to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete indirect expansion, for compatibility. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The - exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to + exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When performing the first four expansions documented below (::--, ::==, ::??, - and ::++), including the colon, bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset + and ::++), including the colon, bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} - UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, or unset if - the colon is not present, the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, or unset if + the colon is not present, the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} - AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, or unset - if the colon is not present, the expansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, or unset + if the colon is not present, the expansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, and the expansion is the final value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned in this way. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} - DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, - or unset if the colon is not present, the shell writes the ex- - pansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is not - present) to the standard error and, if it is not interactive, - exits with a non-zero status. An interactive shell does not - exit, but does not execute the command associated with the ex- + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, + or unset if the colon is not present, the shell writes the ex- + pansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is not + present) to the standard error and, if it is not interactive, + exits with a non-zero status. An interactive shell does not + exit, but does not execute the command associated with the ex- pansion. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, or unset if - the colon is not present, nothing is substituted, otherwise the + the colon is not present, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not used. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} - SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- - _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ - or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- - scribed below. If ::_l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted (the first form above), + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ + or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- + scribed below. If ::_l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted (the first form above), this expands to the substring of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t and extending to the end of the value. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is omitted, it is treated as 0. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, but the colon after _o_f_f_s_e_t is present, it is treated - as 0. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHH-- + as 0. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHH-- MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). - If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value - of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- - sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note - that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at + of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- + sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note + that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expansion. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- - ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative - to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- + ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative + to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter (or 0 if - there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error + there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_- - _m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one + _m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un- defined results. - Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- - ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- - fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- + fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} - NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the - IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears - within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} - LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to - the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is - not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. - When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. Substitutes the length in characters of the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value - substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- - _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- - tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that - number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- - mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the - end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. Substitutes the length in characters of the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value + substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- + tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that + number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- + mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the + end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- ment. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} @@ -2043,15 +2043,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of - the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern - (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case) - deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation - is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan- - sion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable - subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is ap- - plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern + (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case) + deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation + is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan- + sion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable + subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is ap- + plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} @@ -2059,15 +2059,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion - of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- - pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern - (the "%%" case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal - operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion + of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- + pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern + (the "%%" case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal + operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} @@ -2075,128 +2075,128 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//##_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//%%_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as de- + tern and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as de- scribed under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The longest match of _p_a_t_- - _t_e_r_n in the expanded value is replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g un- + _t_e_r_n in the expanded value is replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g un- dergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, - arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and + arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and quote removal. - In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If + In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If there are two slashes separating _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r and _p_a_t_t_e_r_n (the sec- - ond form above), all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with - _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by ## (the third form above), it - must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. - If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by %% (the fourth form above), it must + ond form above), all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by ## (the third form above), it + must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by %% (the fourth form above), it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. - If the expansion of _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are + If the expansion of _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // following _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. - If the ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, - any unquoted instances of && in _s_t_r_i_n_g are replaced with the + If the ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, + any unquoted instances of && in _s_t_r_i_n_g are replaced with the matching portion of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. Quoting any part of _s_t_r_i_n_g inhibits replacement in the expansion - of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in - shell variables. Backslash escapes && in _s_t_r_i_n_g; the backslash - is removed in order to permit a literal && in the replacement - string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; \\\\ + of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in + shell variables. Backslash escapes && in _s_t_r_i_n_g; the backslash + is removed in order to permit a literal && in the replacement + string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; \\\\ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users should - take care if _s_t_r_i_n_g is double-quoted to avoid unwanted interac- - tions between the backslash and double-quoting, since backslash - has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern substitution - performs the check for unquoted && after expanding _s_t_r_i_n_g; shell - programmers should quote any occurrences of && they want to be + take care if _s_t_r_i_n_g is double-quoted to avoid unwanted interac- + tions between the backslash and double-quoting, since backslash + has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern substitution + performs the check for unquoted && after expanding _s_t_r_i_n_g; shell + programmers should quote any occurrences of && they want to be taken literally in the replacement and ensure any instances of && they want to be replaced are unquoted. - Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding + Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding the replacement string quote the expanded characters, while dou- - ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not, - since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take + ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not, + since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take any enclosing double quotes into account. - If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- + If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to - each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re- - sultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted - with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each mem- - ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re- + sultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted + with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each mem- + ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} - CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- - betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. First, the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded - to produce a pattern as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. First, the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded + to produce a pattern as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. BBaasshh then examines characters in the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n as described below. If a character matches the - pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt + against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n as described below. If a character matches the + pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. - Using "^" converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to upper- + Using "^" converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to upper- case; "," converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The - ^^ and ,, variants examine the first character in the expanded - value and convert its case if it matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; the ^^^^ and ,,,, - variants examine all characters in the expanded value and con- - vert each one that matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omitted, it + ^^ and ,, variants examine the first character in the expanded + value and convert its case if it matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; the ^^^^ and ,,,, + variants examine all characters in the expanded value and con- + vert each one that matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is ap- + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is ap- plied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is - the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- + the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- scripted with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied - to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the + to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r} PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn. The expansion is either a transforma- - tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a + tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a single letter: - UU The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper- + UU The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper- case. - uu The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + uu The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the first character converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic. - LL The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower- + LL The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower- case. - QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r quoted in a format that can be reused as input. - EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the + EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the $$''...'' quoting mechanism. PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). - AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment - statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, recre- + AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, recre- ates _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value. - KK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _p_a_r_a_- - _m_e_t_e_r, except that it prints the values of indexed and - associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value + KK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _p_a_r_a_- + _m_e_t_e_r, except that it prints the values of indexed and + associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs (see AArrrraayyss above). The keys and values are quoted in a format that can be reused as input. - aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- + aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes. - kk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val- - ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words + kk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val- + ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. - The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname expansion as described below. CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn @@ -2210,52 +2210,52 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ- ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are - not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- - mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but + not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- + mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). - With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains - its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first - backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu- - tion. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains + its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first + backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu- + tion. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. There is an alternate form of command substitution: $${{_c _c_o_m_m_a_n_d;;}} - which executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in the current execution environment and cap- + which executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in the current execution environment and cap- tures its output, again with trailing newlines removed. The character _c following the open brace must be a space, tab, newline, "|", or ";"; and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved - word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semi- - colon). BBaasshh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining - characters in the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter + word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semi- + colon). BBaasshh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining + characters in the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved word would usually require. Any side effects of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d take effect immediately in the current exe- - cution environment and persist in the current environment after the + cution environment and persist in the current environment after the command completes (e.g., the eexxiitt builtin exits the shell). - This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an - unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell - function is executing, and the rreettuurrnn builtin forces _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to com- - plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the + This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an + unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell + function is executing, and the rreettuurrnn builtin forces _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to com- + plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the caller. If the first character following the open brace is a ";", the construct - behaves like the form above but preserves any trailing newlines in the - output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d instead of removing them. This form is useful when - the trailing newlines are significant and should not be stripped from + behaves like the form above but preserves any trailing newlines in the + output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d instead of removing them. This form is useful when + the trailing newlines are significant and should not be stripped from the command's output. If the first character following the open brace is a "|", the construct - expands to the value of the RREEPPLLYY shell variable after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d exe- - cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output - of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d remains the same as in the calling shell. BBaasshh creates RREE-- + expands to the value of the RREEPPLLYY shell variable after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d exe- + cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output + of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d remains the same as in the calling shell. BBaasshh creates RREE-- PPLLYY as an initially-unset local variable when _c_o_m_m_a_n_d executes, and re- - stores RREEPPLLYY to the value it had before the command substitution after + stores RREEPPLLYY to the value it had before the command substitution after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d completes, as with any local variable. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted @@ -2270,204 +2270,204 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- ble quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not - treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression un- + treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression un- dergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote - removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be - evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially - result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as expres- + removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be + evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially + result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as expres- sions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. - The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message - to standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitu- - tion, and does not continue to execute the command in which the error + to standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitu- + tion, and does not continue to execute the command in which the error occurs. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn - _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred - to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred + to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t, as long as it is not a null command without redirections, - is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a filename. - This filename is passed as an argument to the current command as the + is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a filename. + This filename is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the expansion. - If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file provides input for + If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file provides input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, reading the file obtains the output of _l_i_s_t. No space may appear between the << or >> and the left parenthe- sis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirection. - Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes + Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the _/_d_e_v_/_f_d method of naming open files. - When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with - parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg - The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. Words that were not expanded are not split. - The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the - results of the other expansions into words using these characters as + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + results of the other expansions into words using these characters as field terminators. An _I_F_S _w_h_i_t_e_s_p_a_c_e character is whitespace as defined above (see DDeeffiinnii-- - ttiioonnss) that appears in the value of IIFFSS. Space, tab, and newline are - always considered IFS whitespace, even if they don't appear in the lo- + ttiioonnss) that appears in the value of IIFFSS. Space, tab, and newline are + always considered IFS whitespace, even if they don't appear in the lo- cale's ssppaaccee category. - If IIFFSS is unset, field splitting acts as if its value were - <><><>, and treats these characters as IFS whitespace. - If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs, but implicit + If IIFFSS is unset, field splitting acts as if its value were + <><><>, and treats these characters as IFS whitespace. + If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs, but implicit null arguments (see below) are still removed. - Word splitting begins by removing sequences of IFS whitespace charac- - ters from the beginning and end of the results of the previous expan- + Word splitting begins by removing sequences of IFS whitespace charac- + ters from the beginning and end of the results of the previous expan- sions, then splits the remaining words. - If the value of IIFFSS consists solely of IFS whitespace, any sequence of - IFS whitespace characters delimits a field, so a field consists of + If the value of IIFFSS consists solely of IFS whitespace, any sequence of + IFS whitespace characters delimits a field, so a field consists of characters that are not unquoted IFS whitespace, and null fields result only from quoting. - If IIFFSS contains a non-whitespace character, then any character in the - value of IIFFSS that is not IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS + If IIFFSS contains a non-whitespace character, then any character in the + value of IIFFSS that is not IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS whitespace characters, delimits a field. This means that adjacent non- - IFS-whitespace delimiters produce a null field. A sequence of IFS + IFS-whitespace delimiters produce a null field. A sequence of IFS whitespace characters also delimits a field. - Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the - expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. Expanding a - parameter with no value within double quotes produces a null field, + expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. Expanding a + parameter with no value within double quotes produces a null field, which is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. - When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion - is non-null, word splitting removes the null argument portion, leaving - the non-null expansion. That is, the word "-d''" becomes "-d" after + When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion + is non-null, word splitting removes the null argument portion, leaving + the non-null expansion. That is, the word "-d''" becomes "-d" after word splitting and null argument removal. PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn - After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans - each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with a sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below) subject to the value of the GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell vari- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below) subject to the value of the GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell vari- able. - If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is - not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is - set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb - shell option is set, and no matches are found, bbaasshh prints an error - message and does not execute the command. If the shell option nnooccaassee-- - gglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of + If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is + not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is + set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb + shell option is set, and no matches are found, bbaasshh prints an error + message and does not execute the command. If the shell option nnooccaassee-- + gglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character "." at the - start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex- - plicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. In order to match - the filenames _. and _._., the pattern must begin with "." (for example, + start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex- + plicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. In order to match + the filenames _. and _._., the pattern must begin with "." (for example, ".?"), even if ddoottgglloobb is set. If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss shell option is en- - abled, the filenames _. and _._. never match, even if the pattern begins - with a ".". When not matching pathnames, the "." character is not + abled, the filenames _. and _._. never match, even if the pattern begins + with a ".". When not matching pathnames, the "." character is not treated specially. - When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched + When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it - can be matched by a special pattern character as described below under + can be matched by a special pattern character as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. - See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a - description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, gglloobbsskkiippddoottss, ffaaiillgglloobb, and + See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a + description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, gglloobbsskkiippddoottss, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. - The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file - names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file - name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed - from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- - ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- + ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to case. The filenames _. and _._. are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set - and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the + and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other filenames be- - ginning with a "." match. To get the old behavior of ignoring file- - names beginning with a ".", make ".*" one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGG-- - NNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. The + ginning with a "." match. To get the old behavior of ignoring file- + names beginning with a ".", make ".*" one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGG-- + NNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell op- tion. - The value of the GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell variable controls how the results of - pathname expansion are sorted, as described above under SShheellll VVaarrii-- + The value of the GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell variable controls how the results of + pathname expansion are sorted, as described above under SShheellll VVaarrii-- aabblleess. PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern - characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not - occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the - escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: - ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the - gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a - pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a - single pattern match all files and zero or more directo- - ries and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two adja- + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the + gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a + pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a + single pattern match all files and zero or more directo- + ries and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two adja- cent **s match only directories and subdirectories. ?? Matches any single character. - [[...]] Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the - brackets. This is known as a _b_r_a_c_k_e_t _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n and - matches a single character. A pair of characters sepa- + [[...]] Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the + brackets. This is known as a _b_r_a_c_k_e_t _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n and + matches a single character. A pair of characters sepa- rated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n; any charac- - ter that falls between those two characters, inclusive, + ter that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and charac- ter set, matches. If the first character following the [[ - is a !! or a ^^ then any character not within the range - matches. To match a --, include it as the first or last - character in the set. To match a ]], include it as the + is a !! or a ^^ then any character not within the range + matches. To match a --, include it as the first or last + character in the set. To match a ]], include it as the first character in the set. The sorting order of characters in range expressions, and - the characters included in the range, are determined by + the characters included in the range, are determined by the collating sequence of the current locale and the val- ues of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. - For example, in the C locale, [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to - [[aabbccdd]]. Many locales sort characters in dictionary or- - der, and in these locales [[aa--dd]] is typically not equiva- - lent to [[aabbccdd]]; it might be equivalent to [[aaBBbbCCccDDdd]] or - [[aaAAbbBBccCCdd]]. To obtain the traditional interpretation of - range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], + For example, in the C locale, [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to + [[aabbccdd]]. Many locales sort characters in dictionary or- + der, and in these locales [[aa--dd]] is typically not equiva- + lent to [[aabbccdd]]; it might be equivalent to [[aaBBbbCCccDDdd]] or + [[aaAAbbBBccCCdd]]. To obtain the traditional interpretation of + range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], set the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables to CC, or enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. - Within a bracket expression, _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be - specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one + Within a bracket expression, _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be + specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. - Within a bracket expression, an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be + Within a bracket expression, an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all char- - acters with the same collation weight (as defined by the + acters with the same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character _c. - Within a bracket expression, the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] + Within a bracket expression, the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collating symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. - If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the - shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the + If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the + shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns - separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more + separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following sub-patterns: ??((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) @@ -2482,80 +2482,80 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Matches anything except one of the given patterns. The eexxttgglloobb option changes the behavior of the parser, since the paren- - theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To - ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure - that eexxttgglloobb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat- + theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To + ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure + that eexxttgglloobb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat- terns, including shell functions and command substitutions. When matching filenames, the ddoottgglloobb shell option determines the set of - filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- - names includes all files beginning with ".", but _. and _._. must be - matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is + filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- + names includes all files beginning with ".", but _. and _._. must be + matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning with "." un- less the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ".". If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss - shell option is enabled, the filenames _. and _._. never appear in the + shell option is enabled, the filenames _. and _._. never appear in the set. As above, "." only has a special meaning when matching filenames. Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es- pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain - multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or + multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- - ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d - using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _R_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n allows - commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _R_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n allows + commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and - writes to. When used with the eexxeecc builtin, redirections modify file - handles in the current shell execution environment. The following - redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e + writes to. When used with the eexxeecc builtin, redirections modify file + handles in the current shell execution environment. The following + redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may follow a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the or- der they appear, from left to right. - Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for - each redirection operator except >>&&-- and <<&&--, the shell allocates a - file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assigns it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. + each redirection operator except >>&&-- and <<&&--, the shell allocates a + file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assigns it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} precedes >>&&-- or <<&&--, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines the file - descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirection per- - sists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell program- + descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirection per- + sists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell program- mer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using the eexxeecc builtin. The vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee shell option manages this behavior. - In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- - ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is "<", the - redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the - first character of the redirection operator is ">", the redirection + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is "<", the + redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is ">", the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The _w_o_r_d following the redirection operator in the following descrip- - tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word + The _w_o_r_d following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. The order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 - directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, while the command ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist - directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard - error was directed to the standard output before the standard output + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was directed to the standard output before the standard output was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on - which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bbaasshh uses them; - otherwise it emulates them internally with the behavior described be- + which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bbaasshh uses them; + otherwise it emulates them internally with the behavior described be- low. //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d @@ -2568,22 +2568,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding TCP socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding UDP socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. - Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with - care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt - Redirecting input opens the file whose name results from the expansion - of _w_o_r_d for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file + Redirecting input opens the file whose name results from the expansion + of _w_o_r_d for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: @@ -2592,24 +2592,24 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt Redirecting output opens the file whose name results from the expansion - of _w_o_r_d for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file - descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is + of _w_o_r_d for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file + descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d - If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin command has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file - whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular - file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator - is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin is not enabled, bbaasshh + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin command has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file + whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular + file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator + is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin is not enabled, bbaasshh attempts the redirection even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results - from the expansion of _w_o_r_d for appending on file descriptor _n, or the + Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results + from the expansion of _w_o_r_d for appending on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. @@ -2618,11 +2618,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1) - and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose + This construct redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1) + and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. - There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er- + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er- ror: &&>>_w_o_r_d @@ -2634,8 +2634,8 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 - When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If - it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDee-- + When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If + it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDee-- ssccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons. AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr @@ -2654,10 +2654,10 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below). HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss - This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until it reads a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no - trailing blanks). All of the lines read up to that point then become - the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a com- + trailing blanks). All of the lines read up to that point then become + the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a com- mand. The format of here-documents is: @@ -2666,28 +2666,28 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r - The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command + The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion on _w_o_r_d. If any part of _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote re- moval on _w_o_r_d, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If - _w_o_r_d is unquoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is _w_o_r_d itself, and the here-document - text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the - here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\<> is + _w_o_r_d is unquoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is _w_o_r_d itself, and the here-document + text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the + here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\<> is treated as a line continuation, and \\ must be used to quote the charac- - ters \\, $$, and ``; however, double quote characters have no special + ters \\, $$, and ``; however, double quote characters have no special meaning. - If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then the shell strips all leading - tab characters from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. - This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a + If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then the shell strips all leading + tab characters from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. + This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. - If the delimiter is not quoted, the shell treats the \\<> se- - quence as a line continuation: the two lines are joined and the back- - slash-newline is removed. This happens while reading the here-docu- - ment, before the check for the ending delimiter, so joined lines can + If the delimiter is not quoted, the shell treats the \\<> se- + quence as a line continuation: the two lines are joined and the back- + slash-newline is removed. This happens while reading the here-docu- + ment, before the check for the ending delimiter, so joined lines can form the end delimiter. HHeerree SSttrriinnggss @@ -2695,9 +2695,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d - The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, - command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- - name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is + The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- + name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified). @@ -2707,22 +2707,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, file descriptor _n is made to be a copy of that file de- + more digits, file descriptor _n is made to be a copy of that file de- scriptor. It is a redirection error if the digits in _w_o_r_d do not spec- ify a file descriptor open for input. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file de- - scriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, this uses the standard + scriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, this uses the standard input (file descriptor 0). The operator [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a - redirection error if the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descrip- - tor open for output. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is - closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand - to one or more digits or --, this redirects the standard output and + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a + redirection error if the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descrip- + tor open for output. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, this redirects the standard output and standard error as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss @@ -2730,7 +2730,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -2738,7 +2738,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2751,170 +2751,170 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN ified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi- - tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command. - Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us- - ing the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi- + tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command. + Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us- + ing the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks - the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell - replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it + If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks + the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell + replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it had been read instead of the word. The shell doesn't look at any char- acters following the word before attempting alias substitution. - The characters //, $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or - quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The - replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell - metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for + The characters //, $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or + quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The + replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell + metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for - instance, and bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement + instance, and bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. - If the last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, the shell checks + If the last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, the shell checks the next command word following the alias for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If - arguments are needed, use a shell function (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below) in- + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, use a shell function (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below) in- stead. - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and - all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the - commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded - when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias - definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and + all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the + commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded + when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias + definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take effect until the shell reads the next line of input, and an alias defi- - nition in a compound command does not take effect until the shell - parses and executes the entire compound command. The commands follow- - ing the alias definition on that line, or in the rest of a compound - command, are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an - issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a func- - tion definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a + nition in a compound command does not take effect until the shell + parses and executes the entire compound command. The commands follow- + ing the alias definition on that line, or in the rest of a compound + command, are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an + issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a func- + tion definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases de- fined in a function are not available until after that function is exe- - cuted. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, + cuted. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands. For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the shell executes the list of commands associated with that function name. Functions are ex- - ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process - created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell + ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process + created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 00 + updated to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the function while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- - tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- + tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function are declared with the llooccaall builtin - command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are - shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared - llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and + Variables local to the function are declared with the llooccaall builtin + command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are + shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared + llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions it calls). In the following description, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _s_c_o_p_e is a currently- execut- ing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so - on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any - shell function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable - declared using the llooccaall or ddeeccllaarree builtins in the function that is + on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any + shell function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable + declared using the llooccaall or ddeeccllaarree builtins in the function that is currently executing. - Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- - vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- + vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function hides variables with the same name declared at previous scopes, includ- - ing global variables: references and assignments refer to the local - variable, leaving the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When + ing global variables: references and assignments refer to the local + variable, leaving the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. - The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility - within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their - values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- - cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a - function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether - that caller is the global scope or another shell function. This is + The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility + within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their + values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- + cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a + function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether + that caller is the global scope or another shell function. This is also the value that a local variable declaration shadows, and the value that is restored when the function returns. - For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, - and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from - within _f_u_n_c_2 resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadowing + For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, + and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from + within _f_u_n_c_2 resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadowing any global variable named _v_a_r. The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable - is local to the current scope, uunnsseett unsets it; otherwise the unset - will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described - above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains - so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until the + is local to the current scope, uunnsseett unsets it; otherwise the unset + will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described + above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains + so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the vari- able at a previous scope becomes visible. If the unset acts on a vari- - able at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name - that had been shadowed becomes visible (see below how the llooccaallvvaarr__uunn-- + able at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name + that had been shadowed becomes visible (see below how the llooccaallvvaarr__uunn-- sseett shell option changes this behavior). - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- - fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- + fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- tion call. If rreettuurrnn is supplied a numeric argument, that is the func- - tion's return status; otherwise the function's return status is the - exit status of the last command executed before the rreettuurrnn. Any com- - mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- + tion's return status; otherwise the function's return status is the + exit status of the last command executed before the rreettuurrnn. Any com- + mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- sumes. When a function completes, the values of the positional parame- - ters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had + ters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. The --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands lists function - names and definitions. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett lists the + names and definitions. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett lists the function names only (and optionally the source file and line number, if - the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so - that child shell processes (those created when executing a separate + the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so + that child shell processes (those created when executing a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. The --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin deletes a func- tion definition. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- - tion invocations. By default, bbaasshh imposes no limit on the number of + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + tion invocations. By default, bbaasshh imposes no limit on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- - pound command, the arithmetic ffoorr command, the [[[[ conditional command, + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + pound command, the arithmetic ffoorr command, the [[[[ conditional command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). - Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with - no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as - an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val- + Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with + no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as + an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val- ues are the same as in the C language. The following list of operators - is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are + is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- @@ -2942,63 +2942,63 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. This means you can use "x", where _x is a shell vari- able name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell will evaluate its - value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is + value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name in an expression. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute enabled to + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute enabled to be used in an expression. Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc- - tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- - bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- - ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- - ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When + tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- + bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- + ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- + ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are - represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, - in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- - percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- + represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, + in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- + percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- tween 10 and 35. Operators are evaluated in precedence order. Sub-expressions in paren- theses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their - behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their + behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other command-specific actions. Expressions are formed from the unary or binary primaries listed below. - Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or - shell variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and + Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or + shell variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and file attribute comparisons. - BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- + BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- sions. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these - special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- - ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- - maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then bbaasshh checks file descriptor _n. - If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, - _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, bbaasshh checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, + special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- + ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- + maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then bbaasshh checks file descriptor _n. + If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, bbaasshh checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, or when the shell is in posix mode, the << and >> op- - erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the - shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt command sorts using ASCII order- + When used with [[[[, or when the shell is in posix mode, the << and >> op- + erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the + shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt command sorts using ASCII order- ing. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -3037,25 +3037,25 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last ac- + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last ac- cessed. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a - value). If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable name sub- - scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if the array has any set + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + value). If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable name sub- + scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if the array has any set elements. If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an associative array variable name sub- - scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if an element with that + scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if an element with that key is set. --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -3065,8 +3065,8 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- mmaannddss). _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 @@ -3077,127 +3077,127 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive - or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _a_r_g_1 and - _a_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _a_r_g_1 and + _a_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). Since the expansions the [[[[ command performs on _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 can potentially result in empty strings, arith- - metic expression evaluation treats those as expressions that + metic expression evaluation treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0. SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following ex- - pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the + pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the following order. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists - only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements - are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added - to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- + shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists + only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements + are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added + to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a - value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits + value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- - fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- + fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a zero sta- tus. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- lowing actions. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to re- - member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo- - ries in PPAATTHH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If - the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell - function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it - is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com- - mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the - function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If + member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo- + ries in PPAATTHH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If + the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell + function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it + is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com- + mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the + function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and re- turns an exit status of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of - itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a - text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be + itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a + text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be binaries. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as - if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep- - tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh + if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep- + tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + +o Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin. - +o The current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + +o The current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation. - +o The file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + +o The file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent. +o Current traps set by ttrraapp. @@ -3205,137 +3205,137 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN +o Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment. - +o Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + +o Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment. - +o Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + +o Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett. +o Options enabled by sshhoopptt. +o Shell aliases defined with aalliiaass. - +o Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + +o Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD. - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + +o The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command. +o The current working directory. +o The file creation mode mask. - +o Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + +o Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment. +o Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored. - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. A _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l is a copy of the shell process. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re- - set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- - tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except - possibly in the last element depending on the value of the llaassttppiippee - shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes - made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution + set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- + tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except + possibly in the last element depending on the value of the llaassttppiippee + shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes + made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. - When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command - substitutions inherit the value of the --ee option from their parent - shell. When not in posix mode, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such sub- - shells. See the description of the iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt shell option below + When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command + substitutions inherit the value of the --ee option from their parent + shell. When not in posix mode, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such sub- + shells. See the description of the iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt shell option below for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- - fault standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l, un- + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- + fault standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l, un- less the command has an explicit redirection involving the standard in- - put. Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of + put. Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- - vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- + vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt, ddee-- - ccllaarree --xx, and uunnsseett commands modify the environment by adding and - deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the - environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of - the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any - executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose - values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunn-- - sseett or eexxppoorrtt --nn commands, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- + ccllaarree --xx, and uunnsseett commands modify the environment by adding and + deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the + environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of + the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any + executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose + values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunn-- + sseett or eexxppoorrtt --nn commands, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- ccllaarree --xx commands. - If any parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS, appear + If any parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS, appear before a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, the variable assignments are part of that com- mand's environment for as long as it executes. These assignment state- - ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as- - signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local + ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as- + signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local to the function and exported to that function's children. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environ- ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a + has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a non-zero exit status indicates failure. - When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of + When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- - turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- + turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins - return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- valid options or missing arguments. The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame- ter $?. - BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- - less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- + less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS - When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores - SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and catches and handles SSIIGGIINNTT (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). - When bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT, it breaks out of any executing loops and - command lists. In all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is + When bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT, it breaks out of any executing loops and + command lists. In all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. The ttrraapp builtin modifies the shell's signal handling, as described be- @@ -3343,45 +3343,45 @@ SSIIGGNNAALLSS Non-builtin commands bbaasshh executes have signal handlers set to the val- ues inherited by the shell from its parent, unless ttrraapp sets them to be - ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well. - When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT + ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well. + When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a - result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con- + result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con- trol signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. - The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, - an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or - stopped. The shell sends SSIIGGCCOONNTT to stopped jobs to ensure that they - receive the SSIIGGHHUUPP (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more information about - running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig- - nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or mark it not to receive + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + stopped. The shell sends SSIIGGCCOONNTT to stopped jobs to ensure that they + receive the SSIIGGHHUUPP (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more information about + running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig- + nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or mark it not to receive SSIIGGHHUUPP using ddiissoowwnn --hh. - If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set using sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set using sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. - If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for - which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the com- + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the com- mand completes. If bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the - wwaaiitt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set, - the wwaaiitt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater + wwaaiitt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set, + the wwaaiitt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the shell executes the trap. - When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground + When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such - as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send + as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in - the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all - processes in that process group. Since bbaasshh does not enable job con- - trol by default when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is + the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all + processes in that process group. Since bbaasshh does not enable job con- + trol by default when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is most common in non-interactive shells. - When job control is enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground com- - mand to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated sig- - nals, because it is not in the same process group as the terminal. + When job control is enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground com- + mand to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated sig- + nals, because it is not in the same process group as the terminal. This scenario is most common in interactive shells, where bbaasshh attempts - to enable job control by default. See JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more in- + to enable job control by default. See JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more in- formation about process groups. When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT while waiting @@ -3391,168 +3391,168 @@ SSIIGGNNAALLSS 1. If the command terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh concludes that the user meant to send the SSIIGGIINNTT to the shell as well, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT (e.g., by running a SSIIGGIINNTT trap, exiting a non-in- - teractive shell, or returning to the top level to read a new + teractive shell, or returning to the top level to read a new command). - 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program - handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- - nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- - nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part - of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort + 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program + handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- + nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- + nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part + of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, bbaasshh will - run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped - signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- + run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped + signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- mand to complete, for compatibility. - When job control is enabled, bbaasshh does not receive keyboard-generated - signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT while it is waiting for a foreground command. - An interactive shell does not pay attention to the SSIIGGIINNTT, even if the - foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit - status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command - terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh pretends it received the SSIIGGIINNTT it- + When job control is enabled, bbaasshh does not receive keyboard-generated + signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT while it is waiting for a foreground command. + An interactive shell does not pay attention to the SSIIGGIINNTT, even if the + foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit + status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command + terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh pretends it received the SSIIGGIINNTT it- self (scenario 1 above), for compatibility. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the ex- - ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later - point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- + ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal dri- ver and bbaasshh. - The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of - currently executing jobs, which the jjoobbss command will display. Each - job has a _j_o_b _n_u_m_b_e_r, which jjoobbss displays between brackets. Job num- - bers start at 1. When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_- + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which the jjoobbss command will display. Each + job has a _j_o_b _n_u_m_b_e_r, which jjoobbss displays between brackets. Job num- + bers start at 1. When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_- _g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of - the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. - To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D, and the operating system maintains - the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. This terminal + the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. This terminal process group ID is associated with the _c_o_n_t_r_o_l_l_i_n_g _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l. - Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of - the same _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p. Members of the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d process group - (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal - process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. - Processes in the foreground process group are said to be _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d - processes. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID dif- + Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of + the same _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p. Members of the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d process group + (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal + process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. + Processes in the foreground process group are said to be _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d + processes. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID dif- fers from the controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to key- board-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so specifies with "stty tostop", write to the con- - trolling terminal. The system sends a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal to + trolling terminal. The system sends a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal to background processes which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process. - If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running stops that process and - returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typi- - cally ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read - input from the terminal, and returns control to bbaasshh. The user then - manipulates the state of this job, using the bbgg command to continue it - in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or - the kkiillll command to kill it. The suspend character takes effect imme- - diately, and has the additional side effect of discarding any pending + returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typi- + cally ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read + input from the terminal, and returns control to bbaasshh. The user then + manipulates the state of this job, using the bbgg command to continue it + in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or + the kkiillll command to kill it. The suspend character takes effect imme- + diately, and has the additional side effect of discarding any pending output and typeahead. To force a background process to stop, or stop a - process that's not associated with the current terminal session, send + process that's not associated with the current terminal session, send it the SSIIGGSSTTOOPP signal using kkiillll. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The %% char- acter introduces a job specification (jobspec). - Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to - using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that - appears in its command line. For example, %%ccee refers to a job whose - command name begins with ccee. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to + Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to + using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that + appears in its command line. For example, %%ccee refers to a job whose + command name begins with ccee. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. - The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b. - A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the - current job. %%-- refers to the _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b. When a job starts in the + The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b. + A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the + current job. %%-- refers to the _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b. When a job starts in the background, a job stops while in the foreground, or a job is resumed in - the background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the cur- - rent job becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates, - the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a single - job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer to that job. In output per- + the background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the cur- + rent job becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates, + the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a single + job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer to that job. In output per- taining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always marked with a ++, and the previous job with a --. - Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is - a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. Similarly, "%1 &" resumes job 1 in the background, equiva- lent to "bg %1". - The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, - bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the - user about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other - output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a - foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next com- - mand in the list. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is en- + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the + user about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other + output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a + foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next com- + mand in the list. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is en- abled, bbaasshh reports status changes immediately. BBaasshh executes any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD for each child that terminates. When a job terminates and bbaasshh notifies the user about it, bbaasshh removes - the job from the table. It will not appear in jjoobbss output, but wwaaiitt - will report its exit status, as long as it's supplied the process ID - associated with the job as an argument. When the table is empty, job + the job from the table. It will not appear in jjoobbss output, but wwaaiitt + will report its exit status, as long as it's supplied the process ID + associated with the job as an argument. When the table is empty, job numbers start over at 1. - If a user attempts to exit bbaasshh while jobs are stopped (or, if the - cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + If a user attempts to exit bbaasshh while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option - is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may then be used to inspect their status. If the user immediately attempts - to exit again, without an intervening command, bbaasshh does not print an- + to exit again, without an intervening command, bbaasshh does not print an- other warning, and terminates any stopped jobs. - When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, - and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, + and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes state. The --ff option causes wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process ter- minates before returning. PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when - it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it needs more input to complete a command. - BBaasshh examines the value of the array variable PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD just be- - fore printing each primary prompt. If any elements in PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just - as if it had been typed on the command line. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after + BBaasshh examines the value of the array variable PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD just be- + fore printing each primary prompt. If any elements in PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD + are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just + as if it had been typed on the command line. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it reads a command but before executing it. - BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as described above before tracing each command when + BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as described above before tracing each command when the --xx option is enabled. BBaasshh allows the prompt strings PPSS00, PPSS11, PPSS22, and PPSS44, to be customized - by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are + by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa An ASCII bell character (07). - \\dd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} The _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is in- serted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in - a locale-specific time representation. The braces are + a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required. \\ee An ASCII escape character (033). \\hh The hostname up to the first ".". \\HH The hostname. \\jj The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. - \\ll The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g., + \\ll The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g., "ttys0"). \\nn A newline. \\rr A carriage return. - \\ss The name of the shell: the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss The name of the shell: the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash). \\tt The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. \\TT The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. @@ -3561,21 +3561,22 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\uu The username of the current user. \\vv The bbaasshh version (e.g., 2.00). \\VV The bbaasshh release, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) - \\ww The value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE - abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the + \\ww The value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE + abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM variable). - \\WW The basename of $$PPWWDD, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a + \\WW The basename of $$PPWWDD, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde. \\!! The history number of this command. \\## The command number of this command. \\$$ If the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$. \\_n_n_n The character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n. \\\\ A backslash. - \\[[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the - prompt. This escape is only useful when the prompt will - be supplied to rreeaaddlliinnee, so it shouldn't be used in PPSS00 - or PPSS44 or when line editing is not enabled. + \\[[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + prompt. This escape is only useful when the prompt will + be supplied to rreeaaddlliinnee, and is ignored and removed oth- + erwise, so it shouldn't be used in PPSS00 or PPSS44 or when + line editing is not enabled. \\]] End a sequence of non-printing characters begun with \\[[. The command number and the history number are usually different: the @@ -6624,161 +6625,162 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS recreate the current option settings on the standard output. --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the shell does - not read the $$EENNVV and $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files, shell functions - are not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELL-- - LLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if - they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the - shell is started with the effective user (group) id not - equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is - not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective - user id is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is - supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. - Turning this option off causes the effective user and - group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. + not read the $$EENNVV and $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files, does not inherit + shell functions from the environment, and ignores the + SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, + if they appear in the environment. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id + is set to the real user id (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above for + more details). If the --pp option is supplied at startup, + the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option + off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to + the real user and group ids. --rr Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un- set once it has been set. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- - cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- - scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing - parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an - unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error - message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- + scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. - --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- - play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command - and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to the standard error. - --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. - --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with - the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. Using the - redirection operator >>|| instead of >> will override this + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. Using the + redirection operator >>|| instead of >> will override this and force the creation of an output file. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, - command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- - shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when - executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical - chain of directories when performing commands which + chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. - --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex- - ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. ---- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. -- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _a_r_gs to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are - turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the positional para- + turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the positional para- meters remain unchanged. - The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + - rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the - shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- - turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun- + shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- + turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] Rename positional parameters from _n+1 ... to $$11 ........ Parameters - represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are unset. _n must - be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. If _n is 0, - no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is assumed to - be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional parameters are - not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is + represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are unset. _n must + be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. If _n is 0, + no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is assumed to + be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional parameters are + not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- - ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett builtin command. - With no options, or with the --pp option, display a list of all - settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is - set; if any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output is restricted to + With no options, or with the --pp option, display a list of all + settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is + set; if any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The --pp option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. - --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- - ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are supplied with --qq, the return + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are supplied with --qq, the return status is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero oth- erwise. - --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt - shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. - Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. - The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s - are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- - tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- + tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: aarrrraayy__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee - If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can - perform variable assignments, and while executing + perform variable assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee Deprecated; a synonym for aarrrraayy__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee. - aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory - is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. bbaasshh__ssoouurrccee__ffuullllppaatthh - If set, filenames added to the BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE array vari- - able are converted to full pathnames (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- + If set, filenames added to the BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE array vari- + able are converted to full pathnames (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- aabblleess above). ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss - If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is - not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. - ccddssppeellll If set, the ccdd command attempts to correct minor errors - in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors - include transposed characters, a missing character, and + ccddssppeellll If set, the ccdd command attempts to correct minor errors + in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors + include transposed characters, a missing character, and one extra character. If ccdd corrects the directory name, - it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro- + it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro- ceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- - ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed - command no longer exists, bbaasshh performs a normal path + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, bbaasshh performs a normal path search. cchheecckkjjoobbss If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running - jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, bbaasshh defers the exit until a second exit is - attempted without an intervening command (see JJOOBB CCOONN-- - TTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any + attempted without an intervening command (see JJOOBB CCOONN-- + TTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external - (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the - values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, using the file descriptor - associated with the standard error if it is a terminal. + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, using the file descriptor + associated with the standard error if it is a terminal. This option is enabled by default. - ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- - line command in the same history entry. This allows - easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is - enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. ccoommppaatt3311 ccoommppaatt3322 @@ -6787,143 +6789,143 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ccoommppaatt4422 ccoommppaatt4433 ccoommppaatt4444 - These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode + These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below). ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee - If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- - names and directory names when performing completion. + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- - lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted - in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear - in shell variable references in words to be completed. - This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- - pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any - dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, - either. This is active only when bash is using back- - slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is - set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- + pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. ddiirreexxppaanndd - If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results - of word expansion when performing filename completion. + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. This changes the contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee editing - buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a "." in - the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _. and + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a "." in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _. and _._. must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell - starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- - ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers + starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- + ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above). - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. - eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features + eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- - ble completions. See SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above for a de- - scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- + ble completions. See SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above for a de- + scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- fault. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave - as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- - parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the - current locale's collating sequence into account, so bb - will not collate between AA and BB, and upper-case and + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the + current locale's collating sequence into account, so bb + will not collate between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbsskkiippddoottss - If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- - names _. and _._., even if the pattern begins with a ".". + If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- + names _. and _._., even if the pattern begins with a ".". This option is enabled by default. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex- its, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the user is given - the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu- + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the user is given + the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu- tion. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt - If set, command substitution inherits the value of the - eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss - In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes - that word and all remaining characters on that line to - be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS + In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes + that word and all remaining characters on that line to + be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt @@ -6932,37 +6934,37 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at- tribute is not inherited. llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett - If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous - function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find + If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function returns. This is identi- - cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the + cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function scope. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, bbaasshh - displays the message "The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, bbaasshh + displays the message "The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read". nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh does not search - PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is at- + PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is at- tempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- - tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn - If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $$""..."" - quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If + If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $$""..."" + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is not translated, this has no effect. nnuullllgglloobb If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files @@ -6970,73 +6972,73 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS removed, rather than expanding to themselves. ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement - string of pattern substitution to the text matched by - the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by + the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn above. This option is enabled by default. pprrooggccoommpp - If set, enable the programmable completion facilities + If set, enable the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above). This option is en- abled by default. pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass - If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh - treats a command name that doesn't have any completions + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh + treats a command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it - has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- + has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- - moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- + moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in re- - stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + The shell sets this option if it is started in re- + stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an - argument when the --pp option is not supplied. This op- + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument when the --pp option is not supplied. This op- tion is enabled by default. vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee - If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors - assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN above) instead of leaving them open when the command completes. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- - quences by default. If the ppoossiixx shell option is also + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- + quences by default. If the ppoossiixx shell option is also enabled, eecchhoo does not interpret any options. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT - signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, - cannot be suspended; the --ff option will override this and force - the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a - login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is not sup- + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the --ff option will override this and force + the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a + login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is not sup- plied. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- - ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and - operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed - of the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. - tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and + operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed + of the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, - listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- pends on the number of arguments; see below. tteesstt uses operator precedence when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override normal operator precedence. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -7053,111 +7055,111 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining - arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the fourth argument is exactly )), the result is the two-argu- - ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise, - the expression is parsed and evaluated according to + ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise, + the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the [[[[ command, the << and >> operators sort using the current lo- - cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt and [[ com- + cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt and [[ com- mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. - The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- - ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that - look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa - and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. - Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to - restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace + The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- + ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that + look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa + and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. + Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to + restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace uses of --aa and --oo with the shell's &&&& and |||| list operators. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llppPP] [[_a_c_t_i_o_n] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] The _a_c_t_i_o_n is a command that is read and executed when the shell - receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and + receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and there is a single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is reset - to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is - the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored + to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is + the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- + If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- ated with each trapped signal as a set of ttrraapp commands that can - be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- - tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp - displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none + be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- + tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp + displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of ttrraapp commands - that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal - dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays - only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- - quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may - be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) - and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a + that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal + dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays + only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- + quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may + be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) + and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps. - The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- - sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined + The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- + sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen- - sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with + sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with no _s_i_g_s_p_e_c arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the - shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every - _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( - arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- - mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function - (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the description of the - eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt above) for details of its ef- - fect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is exe- + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the + shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every + _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( + arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- + mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function + (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the description of the + eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt above) for details of its ef- + fect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is exe- cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins finishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline - (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a - compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the - following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline + (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a + compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the + following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill reserved word, part of the test in an _i_f state- - ment, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the - command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline - but the last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell op- - tion), or if the command's return value is being inverted using + ment, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the + command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline + but the last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell op- + tion), or if the command's return value is being inverted using !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) op- tion. When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not - being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell - or subshell environment when one is created. The return status + being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell + or subshell environment when one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttrruuee Does nothing, returns a 0 status. @@ -7166,61 +7168,61 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. - If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of - _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, - shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re- - spectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints nothing and + If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of + _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, + shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re- + spectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints nothing and returns a non-zero exit status. - If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the pathname of - the executable file that would be found by searching $$PPAATTHH for + If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the pathname of + the executable file that would be found by searching $$PPAATTHH for _n_a_m_e or nothing if "type -t name" would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP - option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if "type -t + option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if "type -t name" would not return _f_i_l_e. If _n_a_m_e is present in the table of - hashed commands, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not + hashed commands, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. - If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that - contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, reserved - words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (--pp - and --PP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable - files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands when + If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that + contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, reserved + words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (--pp + and --PP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable + files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands when using --aa with --pp, and only performs a PPAATTHH search for _n_a_m_e. The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the ccoomm-- - mmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are + mmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] --aa uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] [--bbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPRRTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] - Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control. - The --HH and --SS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is + The --HH and --SS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up - to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- fied, uulliimmiitt sets both the soft and hard limits. The value of _l_i_m_i_t can be a number in the unit specified for the - resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, - which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, - and no limit, respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, uulliimmiitt prints - the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the - --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, - the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the + resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, + which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, + and no limit, respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, uulliimmiitt prints + the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the + --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, + the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as follows: --aa Report all current limits; no limits are set. --bb The maximum socket buffer size. --cc The maximum size of core files created. --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment. --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). - --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. --ii The maximum number of pending signals. --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory. - --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set). @@ -7229,148 +7231,148 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority. --ss The maximum stack size. --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. - --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single user. - --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its children. --xx The maximum number of file locks. --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals. - --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before + --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds. --TT The maximum number of threads. - If _l_i_m_i_t is supplied, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is - the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup- + If _l_i_m_i_t is supplied, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is + the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup- plied, then --ff is assumed. - Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, which is in - seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, which is in units of - 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled - values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in - 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid + Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, which is in + seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, which is in units of + 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled + values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in + 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] - Set the user file-creation mask to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with a + Set the user file-creation mask to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is in- - terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, uummaasskk prints the current value of the mask. The --SS option without a _m_o_d_e argument prints the mask in a symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in - a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero - if the mode was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was + a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero + if the mode was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and non-zero otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is - supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] - For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, - and that variable is removed. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e - refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re- - moved. If the --nn option is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable - with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the - variable it references. --nn has no effect if the --ff option is - supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset. - When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed - from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op- - tions are supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is - no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is - unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of + and that variable is removed. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e + refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re- + moved. If the --nn option is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable + with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the + variable it references. --nn has no effect if the --ff option is + supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset. + When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed + from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op- + tions are supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is + no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is + unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS, BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00, BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS, BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD, BBAASSHH__SSUUBB-- - SSHHEELLLL, BBAASSHHPPIIDD, CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, - EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECC-- - OONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are unset, they lose their special properties, - even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true + SSHHEELLLL, BBAASSHHPPIIDD, CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECC-- + OONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are unset, they lose their special properties, + even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly or may not be unset. wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [--pp _v_a_r_n_a_m_e] [_i_d ...] Wait for each specified child process _i_d and return the termina- - tion status of the last _i_d. Each _i_d may be a process ID _p_i_d or - a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c; if a jobspec is supplied, wwaaiitt + tion status of the last _i_d. Each _i_d may be a process ID _p_i_d or + a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c; if a jobspec is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for all processes in the job. - If no options or _i_ds are supplied, wwaaiitt waits for all running - background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if + If no options or _i_ds are supplied, wwaaiitt waits for all running + background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if its process id is the same as $$!!, and the return status is zero. - If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any one of the + If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any one of the given _i_ds or, if no _i_ds are supplied, any job or process substi- tution, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the - supplied _i_ds is a child of the shell, or if no _i_ds are supplied - and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is + supplied _i_ds is a child of the shell, or if no _i_ds are supplied + and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. - If the --pp option is supplied, wwaaiitt assigns the process or job - identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to - the variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The vari- - able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before - any assignment. This is useful only when used with the --nn op- + If the --pp option is supplied, wwaaiitt assigns the process or job + identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to + the variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The vari- + able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before + any assignment. This is useful only when used with the --nn op- tion. - Supplying the --ff option, when job control is enabled, forces - wwaaiitt to wait for each _i_d to terminate before returning its sta- - tus, instead of returning when it changes status. If there are - no _i_d arguments, wwaaiitt waits until all background processes have + Supplying the --ff option, when job control is enabled, forces + wwaaiitt to wait for each _i_d to terminate before returning its sta- + tus, instead of returning when it changes status. If there are + no _i_d arguments, wwaaiitt waits until all background processes have terminated. - If none of the _i_ds specify one of the shell's active child - processes, the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by - a signal, any _v_a_r_n_a_m_e will remain unset, and the return status - will be greater than 128, as described under SSIIGGNNAALLSS above. + If none of the _i_ds specify one of the shell's active child + processes, the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by + a signal, any _v_a_r_n_a_m_e will remain unset, and the return status + will be greater than 128, as described under SSIIGGNNAALLSS above. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last _i_d. SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE - Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- + Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin (ccoommppaatt3311, ccoommppaatt3322, ccoomm-- - ppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibility + ppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibility level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is - intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that - is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use - current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu- + intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that + is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use + current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu- tion. - This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- - lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the right hand - side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters - in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver- + This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- + lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the right hand + side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters + in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver- sions). - If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other - compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility - level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior - that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been - present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- - based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier + If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other + compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility + level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior + that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been + present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- + based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling ccoommppaatt3322 will enable - ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- - cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility - levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to + ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- + cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility + levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out the current behavior. - Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- + Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte- - ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- + ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- patibility level. Starting with bash-4.4, bbaasshh began deprecating older compatibility lev- els. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. - Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt - option for the previous version. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is the only mechanism to + Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt + option for the previous version. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is the only mechanism to control the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0. - The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each + The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each compatibility level setting. The ccoommppaatt_N_N tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility level to _N_N using one of the following mecha- - nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be - set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and - later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- + nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be + set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and + later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- quired for bash-5.1 and later versions. ccoommppaatt3311 @@ -7378,173 +7380,173 @@ SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE ator (=~) has no special effect. ccoommppaatt3322 - +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider + +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering. ccoommppaatt4400 - +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider + +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering. BBaasshh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col- - lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current + lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt4411 - +o In posix mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still + +o In posix mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre- tation 267). +o In _p_o_s_i_x mode, the parser requires that an even number of - single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- - quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so - that characters within the single quotes are considered + single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- + quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so + that characters within the single quotes are considered quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221). ccoommppaatt4422 +o The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu- - tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- + tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- sions after bash-4.2. - +o In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when - expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter - expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or - other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- - tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not + +o In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when + expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter + expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or + other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- + tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not special within double-quoted word expansions. ccoommppaatt4433 - +o Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors - that cause the current command to fail, even in posix - mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors + +o Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors + that cause the current command to fail, even in posix + mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit). - +o When executing a shell function, the loop state + +o When executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in that function will break or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre- vent this. ccoommppaatt4444 - +o The shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and - BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional - parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en- + +o The shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and + BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional + parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en- abled. - +o A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so - bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. - Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the + +o A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so + bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. + Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit - +o Variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and + +o Variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and rreeaaddoonnllyy that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix mode. ccoommppaatt5500 - +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- - duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil- + +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- + duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil- ity level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method - from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- - dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will + from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- + dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0. - +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior - to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- - fect, even when producing output that can be reused as - input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- + +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior + to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- + fect, even when producing output that can be reused as + input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- tion is supplied. ccoommppaatt5511 - +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- - scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- - ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in + +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- + scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- + ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in previous versions. +o Arithmetic commands ( ((((...)))) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once. - +o Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in - the [[[[ conditional command can be expanded more than + +o Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in + the [[[[ conditional command can be expanded more than once. - +o The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion + +o The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be expanded more than once. +o The expressions in the $$((((...)))) word expansion can be ex- panded more than once. - +o Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts + +o Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be expanded more than once. - +o tteesstt --vv, when given an argument of AA[[@@]], where AA is an + +o tteesstt --vv, when given an argument of AA[[@@]], where AA is an existing associative array, will return true if the array - has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report + has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key named @@. +o The ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[[::]]==_v_a_l_u_e} word expansion will return - _v_a_l_u_e, before any variable-specific transformations have + _v_a_l_u_e, before any variable-specific transformations have been performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2 will return the final value assigned to the variable. - +o Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended + +o Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended globbing (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin above) - is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con- + is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con- taining an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell func- - tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en- - able extglob before the command is executed and word ex- - pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion - time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com- + tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en- + able extglob before the command is executed and word ex- + pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion + time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com- mand is executed. ccoommppaatt5522 - +o The tteesstt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse - parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar- + +o The tteesstt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse + parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar- guments. - +o If the --pp or --PP option is supplied to the bbiinndd builtin, + +o If the --pp or --PP option is supplied to the bbiinndd builtin, bbiinndd treats any arguments remaining after option process- - ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se- - quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the + ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se- + quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the arguments as key sequences to bind. RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at - invocation, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d. A restricted shell is used - to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It - behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + invocation, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +o Changing directories with ccdd. - +o Setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, EENNVV, + +o Setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, EENNVV, or BBAASSHH__EENNVV. +o Specifying command names containing //. - +o Specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. + +o Specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. builtin command. - +o Using the --pp option to the .. builtin command to specify a + +o Using the --pp option to the .. builtin command to specify a search path. - +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command. - +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command. - +o Importing function definitions from the shell environment at + +o Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. - +o Parsing the values of BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS and SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell en- + +o Parsing the values of BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS and SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell en- vironment at startup. - +o Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec- + +o Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec- tion operators. +o Using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another command. - +o Adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + +o Adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options to the eennaabbllee builtin command. - +o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + +o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins. +o Specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command. - +o Turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sshhoopptt --uu rree-- + +o Turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sshhoopptt --uu rree-- ssttrriicctteedd__sshheellll. These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell + MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. SSEEEE AALLSSOO @@ -7569,10 +7571,10 @@ FFIILLEESS _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c The individual per-interactive-shell startup file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t - The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y - The default value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, the file in which bash saves the + The default value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, the file in which bash saves the command history _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file @@ -7584,15 +7586,15 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS If you find a bug in bbaasshh, you should report it. But first, you should - make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest - version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from and . - Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g - command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! You may send suggestions and "philosophical" bug - reports, as well as comments and bug reports concerning this manual + reports, as well as comments and bug reports concerning this manual page, to to . _A_l_l bug reports should include: @@ -7600,37 +7602,37 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS +o the version number of bbaasshh ("echo $BASH_VERSION"), +o the host platform and operating system ("uname -a"), +o either - (a) if you or an administrator built and installed bbaasshh from - source, the name and version of the compiler used to build it, + (a) if you or an administrator built and installed bbaasshh from + source, the name and version of the compiler used to build it, as reported by bbaasshh's "configure" script; or - (b) if your site uses a distributor's bbaasshh package, the version of + (b) if your site uses a distributor's bbaasshh package, the version of that package (for example, "dpkg -i bash" or "rpm -qi bash"), +o a description of the behavior bbaasshh exhibited, +o a description of the behavior you expected from bbaasshh, and +o a short shell script or "recipe" exercising the unexpected behavior. - _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. BBUUGGSS It's too big and too slow. - There are some subtle differences between bbaasshh and historical versions - of sshh, due mostly to bbaasshh's independent implementation and the evolu- + There are some subtle differences between bbaasshh and historical versions + of sshh, due mostly to bbaasshh's independent implementation and the evolu- tion of the POSIX specification. Aliases are confusing in some uses. Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. - Compound commands and command lists of the form "a ; b ; c" are not - handled gracefully when combined with process suspension. When a - process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in - the list or breaks out of any existing loops. It suffices to enclose - the command in parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be - stopped as a unit, or to start the command in the background and imme- + Compound commands and command lists of the form "a ; b ; c" are not + handled gracefully when combined with process suspension. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the list or breaks out of any existing loops. It suffices to enclose + the command in parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be + stopped as a unit, or to start the command in the background and imme- diately bring it into the foreground. Array variables may not (yet) be exported. -GNU Bash 5.3 2026 May 18 _B_A_S_H(1) +GNU Bash 5.3 2026 July 1 _B_A_S_H(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index e42b8adc..7d3e997d 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Mon May 18 11:35:35 EDT 2026 +.\" Last Change: Thu Jul 9 09:19:19 EDT 2026 .\" .\" For bash_builtins, strip all but "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" section .\" For rbash, strip all but "RESTRICTED SHELL" section @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ .ds zX \" empty .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2026 May 18" "GNU Bash 5.3" +.TH BASH 1 "2026 July 1" "GNU Bash 5.3" .\" .ie \n(.g \{\ .ds ' \(aq @@ -539,8 +539,12 @@ but neither or allow them to be specified. .PP If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, no startup -files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the +real user (group) id, +and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, +bash does not attempt to read any startup files or +.FN \*~/.bash_logout , +does not inherit shell functions from the environment, +ignores the .SM .BR SHELLOPTS , .SM @@ -550,8 +554,8 @@ files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the and .SM .B GLOBIGNORE -variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, -and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +variables, if they appear in the environment, +and sets the effective user id to the real user id. If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but \fBbash\fP does not reset the effective user id. .SH DEFINITIONS @@ -7787,7 +7791,7 @@ the previous command. Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the \fIn\fPth word, as if the -.Q !\fIn\fP +.Q !!:\fIn\fP history expansion had been specified. .TP .B @@ -11853,14 +11857,16 @@ on the standard output. .B \-p Turn on .I privileged -mode. In this mode, the shell does not read the +mode. +In this mode, the shell does not read the .SM .B $ENV and .SM .B $BASH_ENV -files, shell functions are not inherited from the -environment, and the +files, +does not inherit shell functions from the environment, +and ignores the .SM .BR SHELLOPTS , .SM @@ -11870,10 +11876,12 @@ environment, and the and .SM .B GLOBIGNORE -variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +variables, if they appear in the environment. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, these actions -are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +real user (group) id, +and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, +these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id +(see \fBINVOCATION\fP above for more details). If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index d5fa372d..8aad90a8 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.3 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2026). +Bash shell (version 5.3, 1 July 2026). - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 1 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Copyright © 1988-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2026). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.3, 1 July 2026). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 1 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -5083,18 +5083,18 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. Same as ‘-x’. ‘-p’ - Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the ‘$BASH_ENV’ and - ‘$ENV’ files are not processed, shell functions are not - inherited from the environment, and the ‘SHELLOPTS’, + Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, Bash does not process + the ‘$BASH_ENV’ and ‘$ENV’ files, does not inherit shell + functions from the environment, and ignores the ‘SHELLOPTS’, ‘BASHOPTS’, ‘CDPATH’ and ‘GLOBIGNORE’ variables, if they - appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is - started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the - real user (group) id, and the ‘-p’ option is not supplied, - these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to - the real user id. If the ‘-p’ option is supplied at startup, - the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off - causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real - user and group ids. + appear in the environment. If the shell is started with the + effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) + id, and the ‘-p’ option is not supplied, these actions are + taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id + (*note Bash Startup Files:: for details). If the ‘-p’ option + is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group + ids to be set to the real user and group ids. ‘-r’ Enable restricted shell mode (*note The Restricted Shell::). @@ -6808,13 +6808,13 @@ Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs ................................................ If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the ‘-p’ option is not supplied, no startup -files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, -the ‘SHELLOPTS’, ‘BASHOPTS’, ‘CDPATH’, and ‘GLOBIGNORE’ variables, if -they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id -is set to the real user id. If the ‘-p’ option is supplied at -invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but Bash does not reset -the effective user id. +real user (group) id, and the ‘-p’ option is not supplied, Bash does not +attempt to read any startup files or ‘~/.bash_logout’, does not inherit +shell functions from the environment, ignores the ‘SHELLOPTS’, +‘BASHOPTS’, ‘CDPATH’, and ‘GLOBIGNORE’ variables, if they appear in the +environment, and sets the effective user id to the real user id. If the +‘-p’ option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, +but Bash does not reset the effective user id.  File: bash.info, Node: Interactive Shells, Next: Bash Conditional Expressions, Prev: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features @@ -7623,9 +7623,9 @@ can appear in the prompt variables ‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4 ‘\[’ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. This escape is - only useful when the prompt will be supplied to Readline, so it - shouldn't be used in ‘PS0’ or ‘PS4’, or when line editing is not - enabled. + only useful when the prompt will be supplied to Readline, and is + ignored and removed otherwise, so it shouldn't be used in ‘PS0’ or + ‘PS4’, or when line editing is not enabled. ‘\]’ End a sequence of non-printing characters begun with ‘\[’ @@ -7984,100 +7984,103 @@ startup files. supplied as an argument exceeds ‘PATH_MAX’ when canonicalized, ‘cd’ will attempt to use the supplied directory name. - 52. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + 52. The ‘command’ builtin prints command name arguments containing a + slash as full pathnames when the ‘-v’ option is supplied. + + 53. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options. ‘echo’ displays each argument after converting escape sequences. - 53. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output + 54. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output in the format required by POSIX. - 54. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an + 55. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - 55. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’. + 56. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’. - 56. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them. + 57. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them. - 57. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints + 58. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints an error message and returns failure. - 58. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single + 59. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix. - 59. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ + 60. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ prefix. - 60. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or + 61. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or job arguments are invalid or if sending the specified signal to any of them fails. In default mode, ‘kill’ returns success if the signal was successfully sent to any of the specified processes. - 61. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert + 62. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available. - 62. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 63. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the ‘-P’ option. - 63. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 64. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status greater than 128. - 64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 65. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 65. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 66. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 66. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when + 67. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators. - 67. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. + 68. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards compatibility. - 68. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading + 69. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading ‘SIG’. - 69. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 70. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use ‘-’ as the first argument. - 70. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions + 71. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not just trapped signals. - 71. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable + 72. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’. - 72. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ + 73. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ and ‘-f’ options. - 73. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal + 74. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’ variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit. - 74. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment + 75. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist" behavior. - 75. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not + 76. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 76. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 77. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it. There is additional POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by @@ -13824,82 +13827,82 @@ Node: Bourne Shell Builtins155613 Node: Bash Builtins182332 Node: Modifying Shell Behavior220067 Node: The Set Builtin220409 -Node: The Shopt Builtin232403 -Node: Special Builtins249456 -Node: Shell Variables250445 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables250879 -Node: Bash Variables253387 -Node: Bash Features292671 -Node: Invoking Bash293685 -Node: Bash Startup Files300915 -Node: Interactive Shells306237 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?306645 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?307307 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior308131 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions311892 -Node: Shell Arithmetic317309 -Node: Aliases320636 -Node: Arrays323770 -Node: The Directory Stack331472 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins332269 -Node: Controlling the Prompt336714 -Node: The Restricted Shell339795 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode342888 -Node: Shell Compatibility Mode362704 -Node: Job Control371711 -Node: Job Control Basics372168 -Node: Job Control Builtins378536 -Node: Job Control Variables385324 -Node: Command Line Editing386555 -Node: Introduction and Notation388258 -Node: Readline Interaction390610 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials391798 -Node: Readline Movement Commands393606 -Node: Readline Killing Commands394602 -Node: Readline Arguments396625 -Node: Searching397715 -Node: Readline Init File399958 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax401261 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs428212 -Node: Sample Init File432597 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands435717 -Node: Commands For Moving437255 -Node: Commands For History439719 -Node: Commands For Text445110 -Node: Commands For Killing449235 -Node: Numeric Arguments452023 -Node: Commands For Completion453175 -Node: Keyboard Macros458871 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands459572 -Node: Readline vi Mode467115 -Node: Programmable Completion468092 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins477828 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example489565 -Node: Using History Interactively494910 -Node: Bash History Facilities495591 -Node: Bash History Builtins499326 -Node: History Interaction506921 -Node: Event Designators511871 -Node: Word Designators513449 -Node: Modifiers515841 -Node: Installing Bash517778 -Node: Basic Installation518894 -Node: Compilers and Options522770 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures523520 -Node: Installation Names525273 -Node: Specifying the System Type527507 -Node: Sharing Defaults528253 -Node: Operation Controls528967 -Node: Optional Features529986 -Node: Reporting Bugs542709 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell544066 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License565493 -Node: Indexes590670 -Node: Builtin Index591121 -Node: Reserved Word Index598219 -Node: Variable Index600664 -Node: Function Index618077 -Node: Concept Index632210 +Node: The Shopt Builtin232441 +Node: Special Builtins249494 +Node: Shell Variables250483 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables250917 +Node: Bash Variables253425 +Node: Bash Features292709 +Node: Invoking Bash293723 +Node: Bash Startup Files300953 +Node: Interactive Shells306313 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?306721 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?307383 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior308207 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions311968 +Node: Shell Arithmetic317385 +Node: Aliases320712 +Node: Arrays323846 +Node: The Directory Stack331548 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins332345 +Node: Controlling the Prompt336790 +Node: The Restricted Shell339909 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode343002 +Node: Shell Compatibility Mode362961 +Node: Job Control371968 +Node: Job Control Basics372425 +Node: Job Control Builtins378793 +Node: Job Control Variables385581 +Node: Command Line Editing386812 +Node: Introduction and Notation388515 +Node: Readline Interaction390867 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials392055 +Node: Readline Movement Commands393863 +Node: Readline Killing Commands394859 +Node: Readline Arguments396882 +Node: Searching397972 +Node: Readline Init File400215 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax401518 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs428469 +Node: Sample Init File432854 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands435974 +Node: Commands For Moving437512 +Node: Commands For History439976 +Node: Commands For Text445367 +Node: Commands For Killing449492 +Node: Numeric Arguments452280 +Node: Commands For Completion453432 +Node: Keyboard Macros459128 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands459829 +Node: Readline vi Mode467372 +Node: Programmable Completion468349 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins478085 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example489822 +Node: Using History Interactively495167 +Node: Bash History Facilities495848 +Node: Bash History Builtins499583 +Node: History Interaction507178 +Node: Event Designators512128 +Node: Word Designators513706 +Node: Modifiers516098 +Node: Installing Bash518035 +Node: Basic Installation519151 +Node: Compilers and Options523027 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures523777 +Node: Installation Names525530 +Node: Specifying the System Type527764 +Node: Sharing Defaults528510 +Node: Operation Controls529224 +Node: Optional Features530243 +Node: Reporting Bugs542966 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell544323 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License565750 +Node: Indexes590927 +Node: Builtin Index591378 +Node: Reserved Word Index598476 +Node: Variable Index600921 +Node: Function Index618334 +Node: Concept Index632467  End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info index 9b83f6db..5733de04 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.info +++ b/doc/bashref.info @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.3 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2026). +Bash shell (version 5.3, 1 July 2026). - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 1 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Copyright © 1988-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 18 May 2026). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.3, 1 July 2026). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 18 May 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 1 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -5084,18 +5084,18 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. Same as ‘-x’. ‘-p’ - Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the ‘$BASH_ENV’ and - ‘$ENV’ files are not processed, shell functions are not - inherited from the environment, and the ‘SHELLOPTS’, + Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, Bash does not process + the ‘$BASH_ENV’ and ‘$ENV’ files, does not inherit shell + functions from the environment, and ignores the ‘SHELLOPTS’, ‘BASHOPTS’, ‘CDPATH’ and ‘GLOBIGNORE’ variables, if they - appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is - started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the - real user (group) id, and the ‘-p’ option is not supplied, - these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to - the real user id. If the ‘-p’ option is supplied at startup, - the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off - causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real - user and group ids. + appear in the environment. If the shell is started with the + effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) + id, and the ‘-p’ option is not supplied, these actions are + taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id + (*note Bash Startup Files:: for details). If the ‘-p’ option + is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group + ids to be set to the real user and group ids. ‘-r’ Enable restricted shell mode (*note The Restricted Shell::). @@ -6809,13 +6809,13 @@ Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs ................................................ If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the ‘-p’ option is not supplied, no startup -files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, -the ‘SHELLOPTS’, ‘BASHOPTS’, ‘CDPATH’, and ‘GLOBIGNORE’ variables, if -they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id -is set to the real user id. If the ‘-p’ option is supplied at -invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but Bash does not reset -the effective user id. +real user (group) id, and the ‘-p’ option is not supplied, Bash does not +attempt to read any startup files or ‘~/.bash_logout’, does not inherit +shell functions from the environment, ignores the ‘SHELLOPTS’, +‘BASHOPTS’, ‘CDPATH’, and ‘GLOBIGNORE’ variables, if they appear in the +environment, and sets the effective user id to the real user id. If the +‘-p’ option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, +but Bash does not reset the effective user id.  File: bashref.info, Node: Interactive Shells, Next: Bash Conditional Expressions, Prev: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features @@ -7624,9 +7624,9 @@ can appear in the prompt variables ‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4 ‘\[’ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. This escape is - only useful when the prompt will be supplied to Readline, so it - shouldn't be used in ‘PS0’ or ‘PS4’, or when line editing is not - enabled. + only useful when the prompt will be supplied to Readline, and is + ignored and removed otherwise, so it shouldn't be used in ‘PS0’ or + ‘PS4’, or when line editing is not enabled. ‘\]’ End a sequence of non-printing characters begun with ‘\[’ @@ -7985,100 +7985,103 @@ startup files. supplied as an argument exceeds ‘PATH_MAX’ when canonicalized, ‘cd’ will attempt to use the supplied directory name. - 52. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + 52. The ‘command’ builtin prints command name arguments containing a + slash as full pathnames when the ‘-v’ option is supplied. + + 53. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options. ‘echo’ displays each argument after converting escape sequences. - 53. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output + 54. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output in the format required by POSIX. - 54. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an + 55. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - 55. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’. + 56. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’. - 56. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them. + 57. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them. - 57. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints + 58. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints an error message and returns failure. - 58. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single + 59. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix. - 59. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ + 60. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ prefix. - 60. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or + 61. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or job arguments are invalid or if sending the specified signal to any of them fails. In default mode, ‘kill’ returns success if the signal was successfully sent to any of the specified processes. - 61. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert + 62. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available. - 62. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 63. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the ‘-P’ option. - 63. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 64. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status greater than 128. - 64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 65. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 65. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 66. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 66. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when + 67. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators. - 67. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. + 68. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards compatibility. - 68. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading + 69. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading ‘SIG’. - 69. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 70. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use ‘-’ as the first argument. - 70. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions + 71. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not just trapped signals. - 71. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable + 72. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’. - 72. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ + 73. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ and ‘-f’ options. - 73. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal + 74. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’ variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit. - 74. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment + 75. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist" behavior. - 75. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not + 76. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 76. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 77. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it. There is additional POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by @@ -13825,82 +13828,82 @@ Node: Bourne Shell Builtins155772 Node: Bash Builtins182494 Node: Modifying Shell Behavior220232 Node: The Set Builtin220577 -Node: The Shopt Builtin232574 -Node: Special Builtins249630 -Node: Shell Variables250622 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables251059 -Node: Bash Variables253570 -Node: Bash Features292857 -Node: Invoking Bash293874 -Node: Bash Startup Files301107 -Node: Interactive Shells306432 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?306843 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?307508 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior308335 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions312099 -Node: Shell Arithmetic317519 -Node: Aliases320849 -Node: Arrays323986 -Node: The Directory Stack331691 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins332491 -Node: Controlling the Prompt336939 -Node: The Restricted Shell340023 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode343119 -Node: Shell Compatibility Mode362938 -Node: Job Control371948 -Node: Job Control Basics372408 -Node: Job Control Builtins378779 -Node: Job Control Variables385570 -Node: Command Line Editing386804 -Node: Introduction and Notation388510 -Node: Readline Interaction390865 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials392056 -Node: Readline Movement Commands393867 -Node: Readline Killing Commands394866 -Node: Readline Arguments396892 -Node: Searching397985 -Node: Readline Init File400231 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax401537 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs428491 -Node: Sample Init File432879 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands436002 -Node: Commands For Moving437543 -Node: Commands For History440010 -Node: Commands For Text445404 -Node: Commands For Killing449532 -Node: Numeric Arguments452323 -Node: Commands For Completion453478 -Node: Keyboard Macros459177 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands459881 -Node: Readline vi Mode467427 -Node: Programmable Completion468407 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins478146 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example489886 -Node: Using History Interactively495234 -Node: Bash History Facilities495918 -Node: Bash History Builtins499656 -Node: History Interaction507254 -Node: Event Designators512207 -Node: Word Designators513788 -Node: Modifiers516183 -Node: Installing Bash518123 -Node: Basic Installation519242 -Node: Compilers and Options523121 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures523874 -Node: Installation Names525630 -Node: Specifying the System Type527867 -Node: Sharing Defaults528616 -Node: Operation Controls529333 -Node: Optional Features530355 -Node: Reporting Bugs543081 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell544441 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License565871 -Node: Indexes591051 -Node: Builtin Index591505 -Node: Reserved Word Index598606 -Node: Variable Index601054 -Node: Function Index618470 -Node: Concept Index632606 +Node: The Shopt Builtin232612 +Node: Special Builtins249668 +Node: Shell Variables250660 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables251097 +Node: Bash Variables253608 +Node: Bash Features292895 +Node: Invoking Bash293912 +Node: Bash Startup Files301145 +Node: Interactive Shells306508 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?306919 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?307584 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior308411 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions312175 +Node: Shell Arithmetic317595 +Node: Aliases320925 +Node: Arrays324062 +Node: The Directory Stack331767 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins332567 +Node: Controlling the Prompt337015 +Node: The Restricted Shell340137 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode343233 +Node: Shell Compatibility Mode363195 +Node: Job Control372205 +Node: Job Control Basics372665 +Node: Job Control Builtins379036 +Node: Job Control Variables385827 +Node: Command Line Editing387061 +Node: Introduction and Notation388767 +Node: Readline Interaction391122 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials392313 +Node: Readline Movement Commands394124 +Node: Readline Killing Commands395123 +Node: Readline Arguments397149 +Node: Searching398242 +Node: Readline Init File400488 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax401794 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs428748 +Node: Sample Init File433136 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands436259 +Node: Commands For Moving437800 +Node: Commands For History440267 +Node: Commands For Text445661 +Node: Commands For Killing449789 +Node: Numeric Arguments452580 +Node: Commands For Completion453735 +Node: Keyboard Macros459434 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands460138 +Node: Readline vi Mode467684 +Node: Programmable Completion468664 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins478403 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example490143 +Node: Using History Interactively495491 +Node: Bash History Facilities496175 +Node: Bash History Builtins499913 +Node: History Interaction507511 +Node: Event Designators512464 +Node: Word Designators514045 +Node: Modifiers516440 +Node: Installing Bash518380 +Node: Basic Installation519499 +Node: Compilers and Options523378 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures524131 +Node: Installation Names525887 +Node: Specifying the System Type528124 +Node: Sharing Defaults528873 +Node: Operation Controls529590 +Node: Optional Features530612 +Node: Reporting Bugs543338 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell544698 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License566128 +Node: Indexes591308 +Node: Builtin Index591762 +Node: Reserved Word Index598863 +Node: Variable Index601311 +Node: Function Index618727 +Node: Concept Index632863  End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi index b6b9db44..c76c69b3 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.texi +++ b/doc/bashref.texi @@ -6175,13 +6175,16 @@ Same as @code{-x}. @item -p Turn on privileged mode. -In this mode, the @env{$BASH_ENV} and @env{$ENV} files are not -processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, -and the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH} and @env{GLOBIGNORE} -variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +In this mode, Bash does not process the @env{$BASH_ENV} and @env{$ENV} files, +does not inherit shell functions from the environment, +and ignores the +@env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH} and @env{GLOBIGNORE} +variables, if they appear in the environment. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, these actions -are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +real user (group) id, +and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, +these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id +(@pxref{Bash Startup Files} for details). If the @option{-p} option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user @@ -8182,11 +8185,16 @@ options or allow them to be specified. @subsubheading Invoked with unequal effective and real @sc{uid/gid}s If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, no startup -files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, -the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH}, and @env{GLOBIGNORE} -variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective -user id is set to the real user id. +real user (group) id, +and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, +Bash does not attempt to read any startup files or +@file{~/.bash_logout}, +does not inherit shell functions from the environment, +ignores the +@env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH}, and @env{GLOBIGNORE} +variables, +if they appear in the environment, +and sets the effective user id to the real user id. If the @option{-p} option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but Bash does not reset the effective user id. diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi index 9632036b..b221b64d 100644 --- a/doc/version.texi +++ b/doc/version.texi @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ Copyright (C) 1988-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @end ignore -@set LASTCHANGE Mon May 18 11:35:01 EDT 2026 +@set LASTCHANGE Thu Jul 9 09:19:32 EDT 2026 @set EDITION 5.3 @set VERSION 5.3 -@set UPDATED 18 May 2026 -@set UPDATED-MONTH May 2026 +@set UPDATED 9 July 2026 +@set UPDATED-MONTH July 2026 diff --git a/externs.h b/externs.h index 934b0050..fb573900 100644 --- a/externs.h +++ b/externs.h @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ /* externs.h -- extern function declarations which do not appear in their own header file. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1993-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1993-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ extern void set_exit_status (int); extern void disable_priv_mode (void); extern void unbind_args (void); +extern void bash_logout (void); + #if defined (RESTRICTED_SHELL) extern int shell_is_restricted (char *); extern int maybe_make_restricted (char *); diff --git a/general.c b/general.c index f2c8ec0e..6af78b6a 100644 --- a/general.c +++ b/general.c @@ -615,6 +615,27 @@ sh_unset_nodelay_mode (int fd) return 0; } +int +sh_setnodelay (int fd) +{ + int flags; + + if ((flags = fcntl (fd, F_GETFL, 0)) < 0) + return -1; + + /* This is defined to O_NDELAY in filecntl.h if O_NONBLOCK is not present + and O_NDELAY is defined. */ +#ifdef O_NONBLOCK + flags |= O_NONBLOCK; +#endif + +#ifdef O_NDELAY + flags |= O_NDELAY; +#endif + + return (fcntl (fd, F_SETFL, flags)); +} + /* Just a wrapper for the define in include/filecntl.h */ int sh_setclexec (int fd) @@ -1036,7 +1057,7 @@ trim_pathname (char *name, int maxlen) than its argument. If FLAGS is non-zero, we are printing for portable re-input and should single-quote filenames appropriately. */ char * -printable_filename (char *fn, int flags) +printable_filename (const char *fn, int flags) { char *newf; @@ -1045,7 +1066,7 @@ printable_filename (char *fn, int flags) else if (flags && sh_contains_shell_metas (fn)) newf = sh_single_quote (fn); else - newf = fn; + newf = (char *)fn; return newf; } diff --git a/general.h b/general.h index b9fd1018..1ed6e1d2 100644 --- a/general.h +++ b/general.h @@ -320,6 +320,7 @@ extern int line_isblank (const char *); extern int assignment (const char *, int); extern int sh_unset_nodelay_mode (int); +extern int sh_setnodelay (int); extern int sh_setclexec (int); extern int sh_validfd (int); extern int fd_ispipe (int); @@ -346,7 +347,7 @@ extern char *base_pathname (char *); extern char *full_pathname (char *); extern char *polite_directory_format (char *); extern char *trim_pathname (char *, int); -extern char *printable_filename (char *, int); +extern char *printable_filename (const char *, int); extern char *extract_colon_unit (char *, int *); diff --git a/lib/intl/Makefile.in b/lib/intl/Makefile.in index a2fbd0ff..b786261b 100644 --- a/lib/intl/Makefile.in +++ b/lib/intl/Makefile.in @@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ HEADERS = gmo.h gettextP.h hash-string.h loadinfo.h plural-exp.h \ thread-optim.h tsearch.h verify.h xsize.h \ printf-args.h printf-parse.h wprintf-parse.h \ export.h os2compat.h plural-exp.h vasnprintf.h vasnwprintf.h \ + localename.h \ libgnuintl.in.h SOURCES = bindtextdom.c dcgettext.c dgettext.c gettext.c \ diff --git a/lib/intl/localename.h b/lib/intl/localename.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..791630ce --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/intl/localename.h @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +/* Determine name of the currently selected locale. + Copyright (C) 2007, 2009-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License + along with this program. If not, see . */ + +#ifndef _GL_LOCALENAME_H +#define _GL_LOCALENAME_H + +/* This file uses _GL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST, HAVE_CFPREFERENCESCOPYAPPVALUE. */ + +#ifdef __cplusplus +extern "C" { +#endif + + +/* Determine the current locale's name. + It considers both the POSIX notion of locale name (see functions + gl_locale_name_thread and gl_locale_name_posix) and the system notion + of locale name (see function gl_locale_name_default). + CATEGORY is a locale category abbreviation, as defined in , + but not LC_ALL. E.g. LC_MESSAGES. + CATEGORYNAME is the name of CATEGORY as a string, e.g. "LC_MESSAGES". + Return the locale category's name, canonicalized into XPG syntax + language[_territory][.codeset][@modifier] + The codeset part in the result is not reliable; the locale_charset() + should be used for codeset information instead. + The result must not be freed; it is statically allocated. */ +extern const char * gl_locale_name (int category, const char *categoryname); + +/* Determine the current per-thread locale's name, as specified by uselocale() + calls. + CATEGORY is a locale category abbreviation, as defined in , + but not LC_ALL. E.g. LC_MESSAGES. + CATEGORYNAME is the name of CATEGORY as a string, e.g. "LC_MESSAGES". + Return the locale category's name, canonicalized into XPG syntax + language[_territory][.codeset][@modifier] + or NULL if no locale has been specified for the current thread. + The codeset part in the result is not reliable; the locale_charset() + should be used for codeset information instead. + The result must not be freed; it is statically allocated. */ +extern const char * gl_locale_name_thread (int category, const char *categoryname); + +/* Determine the thread-independent current locale's name, as specified by + setlocale() calls or by environment variables. + CATEGORY is a locale category abbreviation, as defined in , + but not LC_ALL. E.g. LC_MESSAGES. + CATEGORYNAME is the name of CATEGORY as a string, e.g. "LC_MESSAGES". + Return the locale category's name, canonicalized into XPG syntax + language[_territory][.codeset][@modifier] + or NULL if no locale has been specified to setlocale() or by environment + variables. + The codeset part in the result is not reliable; the locale_charset() + should be used for codeset information instead. + The result must not be freed; it is statically allocated. */ +extern const char * gl_locale_name_posix (int category, const char *categoryname); + +/* Determine the default locale's name, as specified by environment + variables. + Return the locale category's name, or NULL if no locale has been specified + by environment variables. + The result must not be freed; it is statically allocated. */ +extern const char * gl_locale_name_environ (int category, const char *categoryname); + +/* Determine the default locale's name. This is the current locale's name, + if not specified by uselocale() calls, by setlocale() calls, or by + environment variables. This locale name is usually determined by systems + settings that the user can manipulate through a GUI. + + Quoting POSIX:2001: + "All implementations shall define a locale as the default locale, + to be invoked when no environment variables are set, or set to the + empty string. This default locale can be the C locale or any other + implementation-defined locale. Some implementations may provide + facilities for local installation administrators to set the default + locale, customizing it for each location. IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 does + not require such a facility." + + The result must not be freed; it is statically allocated. */ +extern const char * gl_locale_name_default (void) +#if !(HAVE_CFPREFERENCESCOPYAPPVALUE || defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__) + _GL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST +#endif + ; + + +/* These functions with the '_unsafe' suffix are like the functions without + this suffix, above, except that the result is not statically allocated, but + instead only valid in the current thread, until the next uselocale(), + setlocale(), newlocale(), or freelocale() call. */ +extern const char * gl_locale_name_unsafe (int category, + const char *categoryname); +extern const char * gl_locale_name_thread_unsafe (int category, + const char *categoryname); +extern const char * gl_locale_name_posix_unsafe (int category, + const char *categoryname); + + +#ifdef __cplusplus +} +#endif + +#endif /* _GL_LOCALENAME_H */ diff --git a/lib/intl/setlocale-fixes.h b/lib/intl/setlocale-fixes.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d46a30db --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/intl/setlocale-fixes.h @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +/* Make the global locale minimally POSIX compliant. + Copyright (C) 2025-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + This file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as + published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the + License, or (at your option) any later version. + + This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License + along with this program. If not, see . */ + +/* Written by Bruno Haible , 2025. */ + +#ifndef _SETLOCALE_FIXES_H +#define _SETLOCALE_FIXES_H + +#ifdef __cplusplus +extern "C" { +#endif + + +#if defined _WIN32 && !defined __CYGWIN__ + +/* This section is only relevant on platforms that lack LC_MESSAGES, namely + native Windows. */ + +/* setlocale_messages (NAME) is like setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, NAME). */ +extern const char *setlocale_messages (const char *name); + +/* setlocale_messages_null () is like setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, NULL), except that + it is guaranteed to be multithread-safe. */ +extern const char *setlocale_messages_null (void); + +#endif + + +#if defined __ANDROID__ + +/* This section is only relevant on Android. + While OpenBSD ≥ 6.2 and Android API level >= 21 have a fake locale_t type, + regarding the global locale, OpenBSD at least stores the name of each + category of the global locale. Android doesn't do this, and additionally + has a bug: setting any category != LC_CTYPE of the global locale affects + the LC_CTYPE category as well. */ + +/* Like setlocale (CATEGORY, NAME), but fixes these two Android bugs. */ +extern const char *setlocale_fixed (int category, const char *name); + +/* Like setlocale_null (CATEGORY), but consistent with setlocale_fixed. */ +extern const char *setlocale_fixed_null (int category); + +#endif + + +#ifdef __cplusplus +} +#endif + +#endif /* _SETLOCALE_FIXES_H */ diff --git a/lib/intl/setlocale.c b/lib/intl/setlocale.c index 2995db1c..04236e18 100644 --- a/lib/intl/setlocale.c +++ b/lib/intl/setlocale.c @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ /* setlocale() function that respects the locale chosen by the user. - Copyright (C) 2009, 2011, 2013, 2018-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - Written by Bruno Haible , 2009. + Copyright (C) 2009-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by @@ -15,6 +14,8 @@ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this program. If not, see . */ +/* Written by Bruno Haible. */ + #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H # include #endif @@ -25,23 +26,40 @@ This matters on MacOS X 10 and Windows. See the comments in localename.c, function gl_locale_name_default. */ +/* Specification. */ #include + +#include #include #include #include -/* When building a DLL, we must export some functions. Note that because - the functions are only defined for binary backward compatibility, we - don't need to use __declspec(dllimport) in any case. */ -#if HAVE_VISIBILITY && BUILDING_DLL -# define DLL_EXPORTED __attribute__((__visibility__("default"))) -#elif defined _MSC_VER && BUILDING_DLL -# define DLL_EXPORTED __declspec(dllexport) +/* When building a shared library, we must export some functions. + Note that because this is a .c file, not a .h file, we don't need to use + __declspec(dllimport) in any case. */ +#if HAVE_VISIBILITY && BUILDING_LIBRARY +# define SHLIB_EXPORTED __attribute__((__visibility__("default"))) +#elif defined _MSC_VER && BUILDING_LIBRARY +/* When building with MSVC, exporting a symbol means that the object file + contains a "linker directive" of the form /EXPORT:symbol. This can be + inspected through the "objdump -s --section=.drectve FILE" or + "dumpbin /directives FILE" commands. + The symbols from this file should be exported if and only if the object + file gets included in a DLL. Libtool, on Windows platforms, defines + the C macro DLL_EXPORT (together with PIC) when compiling for a shared + library (called DLL under Windows) and does not define it when compiling + an object file meant to be linked statically into some executable. */ +# if defined DLL_EXPORT +# define SHLIB_EXPORTED __declspec(dllexport) +# else +# define SHLIB_EXPORTED +# endif #else -# define DLL_EXPORTED +# define SHLIB_EXPORTED #endif -#include "gettextP.h" +#include "setlocale-fixes.h" +#include "localename.h" #if HAVE_CFLOCALECOPYPREFERREDLANGUAGES || HAVE_CFPREFERENCESCOPYAPPVALUE # if HAVE_CFLOCALECOPYPREFERREDLANGUAGES @@ -52,8 +70,17 @@ # include # include # include +extern void gl_locale_name_canonicalize (char *name); #endif +#if defined _WIN32 && !defined __CYGWIN__ +# define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN +# include +#endif + +/* Get _nl_msg_cat_cntr declaration. */ +#include "gettextP.h" + #if (defined __APPLE__ && defined __MACH__) || defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__ # undef setlocale @@ -649,6 +676,7 @@ search (const struct table_entry *table, size_t table_size, const char *string, static char * setlocale_unixlike (int category, const char *locale) { + int is_utf8 = (GetACP () == 65001); char *result; char llCC_buf[64]; char ll_buf[64]; @@ -659,6 +687,15 @@ setlocale_unixlike (int category, const char *locale) if (locale != NULL && strcmp (locale, "POSIX") == 0) locale = "C"; + /* The native Windows implementation of setlocale, in the UTF-8 environment, + does not understand the locale names "C.UTF-8" or "C.utf8" or "C.65001", + but it understands "English_United States.65001", which is functionally + equivalent. */ + if (locale != NULL + && ((is_utf8 && strcmp (locale, "C") == 0) + || strcmp (locale, "C.UTF-8") == 0)) + locale = "English_United States.65001"; + /* First, try setlocale with the original argument unchanged. */ result = setlocale (category, locale); if (result != NULL) @@ -691,7 +728,15 @@ setlocale_unixlike (int category, const char *locale) */ if (strcmp (llCC_buf, locale) != 0) { - result = setlocale (category, llCC_buf); + if (is_utf8) + { + char buf[64+6]; + strcpy (buf, llCC_buf); + strcat (buf, ".65001"); + result = setlocale (category, buf); + } + else + result = setlocale (category, llCC_buf); if (result != NULL) return result; } @@ -708,7 +753,15 @@ setlocale_unixlike (int category, const char *locale) for (i = range.lo; i < range.hi; i++) { /* Try the replacement in language_table[i]. */ - result = setlocale (category, language_table[i].english); + if (is_utf8) + { + char buf[64+6]; + strcpy (buf, language_table[i].english); + strcat (buf, ".65001"); + result = setlocale (category, buf); + } + else + result = setlocale (category, language_table[i].english); if (result != NULL) return result; } @@ -762,13 +815,15 @@ setlocale_unixlike (int category, const char *locale) size_t part1_len = strlen (part1); const char *part2 = country_table[j].english; size_t part2_len = strlen (part2) + 1; - char buf[64+64]; + char buf[64+64+6]; - if (!(part1_len + 1 + part2_len <= sizeof (buf))) + if (!(part1_len + 1 + part2_len + 6 <= sizeof (buf))) abort (); memcpy (buf, part1, part1_len); buf[part1_len] = '_'; memcpy (buf + part1_len + 1, part2, part2_len); + if (is_utf8) + strcat (buf, ".65001"); /* Try the concatenated replacements. */ result = setlocale (category, buf); @@ -786,8 +841,16 @@ setlocale_unixlike (int category, const char *locale) for (i = language_range.lo; i < language_range.hi; i++) { /* Try only the language replacement. */ - result = - setlocale (category, language_table[i].english); + if (is_utf8) + { + char buf[64+6]; + strcpy (buf, language_table[i].english); + strcat (buf, ".65001"); + result = setlocale (category, buf); + } + else + result = + setlocale (category, language_table[i].english); if (result != NULL) return result; } @@ -808,7 +871,7 @@ setlocale_unixlike (int category, const char *locale) static char * setlocale_unixlike (int category, const char *locale) { - char *result = setlocale (category, locale); + char *result = setlocale_fixed (category, locale); if (result == NULL) switch (category) { @@ -841,22 +904,12 @@ setlocale_unixlike (int category, const char *locale) # if LC_MESSAGES == 1729 -/* The system does not store an LC_MESSAGES locale category. Do it here. */ -static char lc_messages_name[64] = "C"; - /* Like setlocale, but support also LC_MESSAGES. */ static char * setlocale_single (int category, const char *locale) { if (category == LC_MESSAGES) - { - if (locale != NULL) - { - lc_messages_name[sizeof (lc_messages_name) - 1] = '\0'; - strncpy (lc_messages_name, locale, sizeof (lc_messages_name) - 1); - } - return lc_messages_name; - } + return setlocale_messages (locale); else return setlocale_unixlike (category, locale); } @@ -932,6 +985,7 @@ static char const locales_with_principal_territory[][6 + 1] = "fy_NL", /* Western Frisian Netherlands */ "ga_IE", /* Irish Ireland */ "gd_GB", /* Scottish Gaelic Britain */ + "gl_ES", /* Galician Spain */ "gon_IN", /* Gondi India */ "gsw_CH", /* Swiss German Switzerland */ "gu_IN", /* Gujarati India */ @@ -1050,6 +1104,7 @@ static char const locales_with_principal_territory[][6 + 1] = "suk_TZ", /* Sukuma Tanzania */ "sus_GN", /* Susu Guinea */ "sv_SE", /* Swedish Sweden */ + "ta_IN", /* Tamil India */ "te_IN", /* Telugu India */ "tem_SL", /* Timne Sierra Leone */ "tet_ID", /* Tetum Indonesia */ @@ -1061,7 +1116,7 @@ static char const locales_with_principal_territory[][6 + 1] = "tl_PH", /* Tagalog Philippines */ "to_TO", /* Tonga Tonga */ "tpi_PG", /* Tok Pisin Papua New Guinea */ - "tr_TR", /* Turkish Turkey */ + "tr_TR", /* Turkish Türkiye */ "tum_MW", /* Tumbuka Malawi */ "ug_CN", /* Uighur China */ "uk_UA", /* Ukrainian Ukraine */ @@ -1316,7 +1371,7 @@ static char const locales_with_principal_language[][6 + 1] = "tk_TM", /* Turkmen Turkmenistan */ "ar_TN", /* Arabic Tunisia */ "to_TO", /* Tonga Tonga */ - "tr_TR", /* Turkish Turkey */ + "tr_TR", /* Turkish Türkiye */ "zh_TW", /* Chinese Taiwan */ "sw_TZ", /* Swahili Tanzania */ "uk_UA", /* Ukrainian Ukraine */ @@ -1386,7 +1441,7 @@ get_main_locale_with_same_territory (const char *locale) # endif -DLL_EXPORTED +SHLIB_EXPORTED char * libintl_setlocale (int category, const char *locale) { @@ -1552,7 +1607,7 @@ libintl_setlocale (int category, const char *locale) For LC_COLLATE, the application should use the locale properties kCFLocaleCollationIdentifier, kCFLocaleCollatorIdentifier. - For LC_MONETARY, the applicationshould use the locale + For LC_MONETARY, the application should use the locale properties kCFLocaleCurrencySymbol, kCFLocaleCurrencyCode. But since most applications don't have macOS specific @@ -1587,7 +1642,7 @@ libintl_setlocale (int category, const char *locale) /* All steps were successful. */ ++_nl_msg_cat_cntr; free (saved_locale); - return setlocale (LC_ALL, NULL); + goto ret_all; fail: if (saved_locale[0] != '\0') /* don't risk an endless recursion */ @@ -1611,55 +1666,165 @@ libintl_setlocale (int category, const char *locale) } else { -# if defined _WIN32 && ! defined __CYGWIN__ - if (category == LC_ALL && locale != NULL && strchr (locale, '.') != NULL) +# if LC_MESSAGES == 1729 + if (locale != NULL) { - char *saved_locale; + char truncated_locale[SETLOCALE_NULL_ALL_MAX]; + const char *native_locale; + const char *messages_locale; - /* Back up the old locale. */ - saved_locale = setlocale (LC_ALL, NULL); - if (saved_locale == NULL) - return NULL; - saved_locale = strdup (saved_locale); - if (saved_locale == NULL) - return NULL; - - if (setlocale_unixlike (LC_ALL, locale) == NULL) + if (strncmp (locale, "LC_COLLATE=", 11) == 0) { - free (saved_locale); - return NULL; + /* The locale argument indicates a mixed locale. It must be of + the form + "LC_COLLATE=...;LC_CTYPE=...;LC_MONETARY=...;LC_NUMERIC=...;LC_TIME=...;LC_MESSAGES=..." + since that is what this function returns (see ret_all below). + Decompose it. */ + const char *last_semicolon = strrchr (locale, ';'); + if (!(last_semicolon != NULL + && strncmp (last_semicolon + 1, "LC_MESSAGES=", 12) == 0)) + return NULL; + if (category == LC_MESSAGES) + return setlocale_single (category, last_semicolon + 13); + size_t truncated_locale_len = last_semicolon - locale; + if (truncated_locale_len >= sizeof (truncated_locale)) + return NULL; + memcpy (truncated_locale, locale, truncated_locale_len); + truncated_locale[truncated_locale_len] = '\0'; + native_locale = truncated_locale; + messages_locale = last_semicolon + 13; + } + else + { + native_locale = locale; + messages_locale = locale; } - /* On native Windows, setlocale(LC_ALL,...) may succeed but set the - LC_CTYPE category to an invalid value ("C") when it does not - support the specified encoding. Report a failure instead. */ - if (strcmp (setlocale (LC_CTYPE, NULL), "C") == 0) + if (category == LC_ALL) { - if (saved_locale[0] != '\0') /* don't risk an endless recursion */ - setlocale (LC_ALL, saved_locale); - free (saved_locale); - return NULL; - } + /* In the underlying implementation, LC_ALL does not contain + LC_MESSAGES. Therefore we need to handle LC_MESSAGES + separately. */ + char *result; - /* It was really successful. */ - ++_nl_msg_cat_cntr; - free (saved_locale); - return setlocale (LC_ALL, NULL); +# if defined _WIN32 && ! defined __CYGWIN__ + if (strchr (native_locale, '.') != NULL) + { + char *saved_locale; + + /* Back up the old locale. */ + saved_locale = setlocale (LC_ALL, NULL); + if (saved_locale == NULL) + return NULL; + saved_locale = strdup (saved_locale); + if (saved_locale == NULL) + return NULL; + + if (setlocale_unixlike (LC_ALL, native_locale) == NULL) + { + free (saved_locale); + return NULL; + } + + /* On native Windows, setlocale(LC_ALL,...) may succeed but + set the LC_CTYPE category to an invalid value ("C") when + it does not support the specified encoding. Report a + failure instead. */ + if (strcmp (setlocale (LC_CTYPE, NULL), "C") == 0) + { + /* Don't risk an endless recursion. */ + if (saved_locale[0] != '\0') + setlocale (LC_ALL, saved_locale); + free (saved_locale); + return NULL; + } + + /* It was really successful. */ + free (saved_locale); + result = setlocale (LC_ALL, NULL); + } + else +# endif + result = setlocale_single (LC_ALL, native_locale); + if (result == NULL) + return NULL; + + setlocale_single (LC_MESSAGES, messages_locale); + + ++_nl_msg_cat_cntr; + goto ret_all; + } + else + { + char *result; + + if (category == LC_MESSAGES) + result = setlocale_single (category, messages_locale); + else + result = setlocale_single (category, native_locale); + if (result != NULL) + ++_nl_msg_cat_cntr; + return result; + } } - else + else /* locale == NULL */ + { + if (category == LC_ALL) + goto ret_all; + else + return setlocale_single (category, NULL); + } +# else + return setlocale_single (category, locale); # endif - { - char *result = setlocale_single (category, locale); - if (result != NULL) - ++_nl_msg_cat_cntr; - return result; - } } + + ret_all: + /* Return the name of all categories of the current locale. */ +# if LC_MESSAGES == 1729 /* native Windows */ + /* The locale name for mixed locales looks like this: + "LC_COLLATE=...;LC_CTYPE=...;LC_MONETARY=...;LC_NUMERIC=...;LC_TIME=..." + If necessary, add ";LC_MESSAGES=..." at the end. */ + { + char *name1 = setlocale (LC_ALL, NULL); + char *name2 = setlocale_single (LC_MESSAGES, NULL); + if (strcmp (name1, name2) == 0) + /* Not a mixed locale. */ + return name1; + else + { + static char resultbuf[SETLOCALE_NULL_ALL_MAX]; + /* Prepare the result in a stack-allocated buffer, in order to reduce + race conditions in a multithreaded situation. */ + char stackbuf[SETLOCALE_NULL_ALL_MAX]; + if (strncmp (name1, "LC_COLLATE=", 11) == 0) + { + if (strlen (name1) + strlen (name2) + 13 >= sizeof (stackbuf)) + return NULL; + sprintf (stackbuf, "%s;LC_MESSAGES=%s", name1, name2); + } + else + { + if (5 * strlen (name1) + strlen (name2) + 68 >= sizeof (stackbuf)) + return NULL; + sprintf (stackbuf, + "LC_COLLATE=%s;LC_CTYPE=%s;LC_MONETARY=%s;LC_NUMERIC=%s;LC_TIME=%s;LC_MESSAGES=%s", + name1, name1, name1, name1, name1, name2); + } + strcpy (resultbuf, stackbuf); + return resultbuf; + } + } +# elif defined __ANDROID__ + return setlocale_fixed_null (LC_ALL); +# else + return setlocale (LC_ALL, NULL); +# endif } # if HAVE_NEWLOCALE -DLL_EXPORTED +SHLIB_EXPORTED locale_t libintl_newlocale (int category_mask, const char *locale, locale_t base) { diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/readline.3 b/lib/readline/doc/readline.3 index 1466b560..b575a5ff 100644 --- a/lib/readline/doc/readline.3 +++ b/lib/readline/doc/readline.3 @@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ the previous command. Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the \fIn\fPth word, as if the -.Q !\fIn\fP +.Q !!:\fIn\fP history expansion had been specified. .TP .B diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi b/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi index 9830c11c..bf1dfff3 100644 --- a/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi +++ b/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi @@ -1501,7 +1501,7 @@ the previous command. Once the argument @var{n} is computed, this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the @var{n}th word, as if the -@samp{!@var{n}} history expansion had been specified. +@samp{!!:@var{n}} history expansion had been specified. @item yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_) Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi b/lib/readline/doc/version.texi index 0b68b50b..d2b4a7ab 100644 --- a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi +++ b/lib/readline/doc/version.texi @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ @ignore -Copyright (C) 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1988-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @end ignore @set EDITION 8.3 @set VERSION 8.3 -@set UPDATED 25 August 2025 -@set UPDATED-MONTH August 2025 +@set UPDATED 9 July 2026 +@set UPDATED-MONTH July 2026 -@set LASTCHANGE Mon Aug 25 11:33:46 EDT 2025 +@set LASTCHANGE Thu Jul 9 09:20:35 EDT 2026 diff --git a/redir.c b/redir.c index 4947fed7..bd3fee8e 100644 --- a/redir.c +++ b/redir.c @@ -478,7 +478,30 @@ here_document_to_fd (WORD_DESC *redirectee, enum r_instruction ri) } #endif +#if defined (PIPESIZE_DYNAMIC) + /* If we can't count on the pipe size determined at compile time to be + constant across systems, define PIPESIZE_DYNAMIC in configure.ac. + We set the pipe's write end to be non-blocking, try to write, and + fall back to a temp file on error. */ + if (sh_setnodelay (herepipe[1]) < 0) + { + close (herepipe[0]); + close (herepipe[1]); + goto use_tempfile; + } +#endif + r = heredoc_write (herepipe[1], document, document_len); + +#if defined (PIPESIZE_DYNAMIC) + if (r == ENOSPC || r == EAGAIN) + { + close (herepipe[0]); + close (herepipe[1]); + goto use_tempfile; + } +#endif + if (document != redirectee->word) free (document); close (herepipe[1]); diff --git a/shell.c b/shell.c index ab0d1b69..a136e0ab 100644 --- a/shell.c +++ b/shell.c @@ -211,6 +211,9 @@ static int act_like_sh; /* Non-zero if we have already expanded and sourced $ENV. */ static int sourced_env; +/* Non-zero if we have already sourced ~/.bash_logout. */ +static int sourced_logout; + /* Is this shell running setuid? */ static int running_setuid; @@ -1250,6 +1253,19 @@ run_startup_files (void) #endif } +void +bash_logout (void) +{ + /* Run our `~/.bash_logout' file if it exists, and this is a login shell. */ + if (login_shell && sourced_logout++ == 0 && subshell_environment == 0 && running_setuid == 0) + { + maybe_execute_file ("~/.bash_logout", 1); +#ifdef SYS_BASH_LOGOUT + maybe_execute_file (SYS_BASH_LOGOUT, 1); +#endif + } +} + #if defined (RESTRICTED_SHELL) /* Return 1 if the shell should be a restricted one based on NAME or the value of `restricted'. Don't actually do anything, just return a