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Chet Ramey
2011-11-21 20:51:19 -05:00
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doc/FAQ
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@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.01, for Bash version 4.0.
This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.11, for Bash version 4.1.
This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
Section B: The latest version
B1) What's new in version 4.0?
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.0,
bash-3.2, and bash-2.05b?
B1) What's new in version 4.1?
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.1 and
previous bash versions?
Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ E12) Why don't negative offsets in substring expansion work like I expect?
E13) Why does filename completion misbehave if a colon appears in the filename?
E14) Why does quoting the pattern argument to the regular expression matching
conditional operator (=~) cause matching to stop working?
E15) Tell me more about the shell compatibility level.
Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
@@ -143,26 +144,26 @@ of Case Western Reserve University.
A2) What's the latest version?
The latest version is 4.0, first made available on 20 February, 2009.
The latest version is 4.1, first made available on 31 December, 2009.
A3) Where can I get it?
Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The
latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
The following URLs tell how to get version 4.0:
The following URLs tell how to get version 4.1:
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.0.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.0.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.1.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.1.tar.gz
Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.0.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.0.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.1.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.1.tar.gz
Any patches for the current version are available with the URL:
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.0-patches/
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.1-patches/
A4) On what machines will bash run?
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ http://www.cygwin.com/.
Cygnus originally ported bash-1.14.7, and that port was part of their
early GNU-Win32 (the original name) releases. Cygnus has also done
ports of bash-2.05b and bash-3.2 to the CYGWIN environment, and both
ports of bash-3.2 and bash-4.0 to the CYGWIN environment, and both
are available as part of their current release.
Bash-2.05b and later versions should require no local Cygnus changes to
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ Mark began to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the current status.
Bash-3.0 compiles and runs with no modifications under Microsoft's Services
for Unix (SFU), once known as Interix. I do not anticipate any problems
with building bash-4.0, but will gladly accept any patches that are needed.
with building bash-4.1, but will gladly accept any patches that are needed.
A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
@@ -387,16 +388,124 @@ They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual
Section B: The latest version
B1) What's new in version 4.0?
B1) What's new in version 4.1?
Bash-4.0 is the fourth major release of bash. There are numerous new features,
some experimental. Depending on community reception, the experimental
features will evolve.
Bash-4.1 is the first revision to the fourth major release of bash.
Bash-4.0 contains the following new features (see the manual page for
complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.0
Bash-4.1 contains the following new features (see the manual page for
complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.1
distribution):
o Here-documents within $(...) command substitutions may once more be
delimited by the closing right paren, instead of requiring a newline.
o Bash's file status checks (executable, readable, etc.) now take file
system ACLs into account on file systems that support them.
o Bash now passes environment variables with names that are not valid
shell variable names through into the environment passed to child
processes.
o The `execute-unix-command' readline function now attempts to clear and
reuse the current line rather than move to a new one after the command
executes.
o `printf -v' can now assign values to array indices.
o New `complete -E' and `compopt -E' options that work on the "empty"
completion: completion attempted on an empty command line.
o New complete/compgen/compopt -D option to define a `default' completion:
a completion to be invoked on command for which no completion has been
defined. If this function returns 124, programmable completion is
attempted again, allowing a user to dynamically build a set of completions
as completion is attempted by having the default completion function
install individual completion functions each time it is invoked.
o When displaying associative arrays, subscripts are now quoted.
o Changes to dabbrev-expand to make it more `emacs-like': no space appended
after matches, completions are not sorted, and most recent history entries
are presented first.
o The [[ and (( commands are now subject to the setting of `set -e' and the
ERR trap.
o The source/. builtin now removes NUL bytes from the file before attempting
to parse commands.
o There is a new configuration option (in config-top.h) that forces bash to
forward all history entries to syslog.
o A new variable $BASHOPTS to export shell options settable using `shopt' to
child processes.
o There is a new confgure option that forces the extglob option to be
enabled by default.
o New variable $BASH_XTRACEFD; when set to an integer bash will write xtrace
output to that file descriptor.
o If the optional left-hand-side of a redirection is of the form {var}, the
shell assigns the file descriptor used to $var or uses $var as the file
descriptor to move or close, depending on the redirection operator.
o The < and > operators to the [[ conditional command now do string
comparison according to the current locale.
o Programmable completion now uses the completion for `b' instead of `a'
when completion is attempted on a line like: a $(b c.
o Force extglob on temporarily when parsing the pattern argument to
the == and != operators to the [[ command, for compatibility.
o Changed the behavior of interrupting the wait builtin when a SIGCHLD is
received and a trap on SIGCHLD is set to be Posix-mode only.
o The read builtin has a new `-N nchars' option, which reads exactly NCHARS
characters, ignoring delimiters like newline.
o The mapfile/readarray builtin no longer stores the commands it invokes via
callbacks in the history list.
o There is a new `compat40' shopt option.
o The < and > operators to [[ do string comparisons using the current locale
only if the compatibility level is greater than 40 (set to 41 by default).
o New bindable readline function: menu-complete-backward.
o In the readline vi-mode insertion keymap, C-n is now bound to menu-complete
by default, and C-p to menu-complete-backward.
o When in readline vi command mode, repeatedly hitting ESC now does nothing,
even when ESC introduces a bound key sequence. This is closer to how
historical vi behaves.
o New bindable readline function: skip-csi-sequence. Can be used as a
default to consume key sequences generated by keys like Home and End
without having to bind all keys.
o New bindable readline variable: skip-completed-text, active when
completing in the middle of a word. If enabled, it means that characters
in the completion that match characters in the remainder of the word are
"skipped" rather than inserted into the line.
o The pre-readline-6.0 version of menu completion is available as
"old-menu-complete" for users who do not like the readline-6.0 version.
o New bindable readline variable: echo-control-characters. If enabled, and
the tty ECHOCTL bit is set, controls the echoing of characters
corresponding to keyboard-generated signals.
o New bindable readline variable: enable-meta-key. Controls whether or not
readline sends the smm/rmm sequences if the terminal indicates it has a
meta key that enables eight-bit characters.
A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
Bash-4.0 contained the following new features:
o When using substring expansion on the positional parameters, a starting
index of 0 now causes $0 to be prefixed to the list.
@@ -536,8 +645,6 @@ o New bindable readline functions shell-backward-kill-word and shell-kill-word
which kill words backward and forward, but use the same word boundaries
as shell-forward-word and shell-backward-word.
A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
Bash-3.2 contained the following new features:
o Bash-3.2 now checks shell scripts for NUL characters rather than non-printing
@@ -794,13 +901,14 @@ grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone)
lots of code now smaller and faster
test suite greatly expanded
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.0, bash-3.2,
and bash-2.05b?
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.1 and
previous bash versions?
There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.0 and version 3.2.
They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution. That file
is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to bash-maintainers@gnu.org
if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.1 and previous
versions. They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution.
That file is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to
bash-maintainers@gnu.org (or bug-bash@gnu.org if you would like
community discussion) if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
@@ -837,7 +945,7 @@ Things bash has that sh does not:
HISTFILESIZE, HISTCONTROL, HISTIGNORE, GLOBIGNORE, GROUPS,
PROMPT_COMMAND, FCEDIT, FIGNORE, IGNOREEOF, INPUTRC,
SHELLOPTS, OPTERR, HOSTFILE, TMOUT, FUNCNAME, histchars,
auto_resume, PROMPT_DIRTRIM
auto_resume, PROMPT_DIRTRIM, BASHOPTS, BASH_XTRACEFD
DEBUG trap
ERR trap
variable arrays with new compound assignment syntax
@@ -848,7 +956,7 @@ Things bash has that sh does not:
bash return builtin will exit a file sourced with `.'
builtins: cd -/-L/-P, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t.
export -n/-f/-p/name=value, pwd -L/-P,
read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-u/-i,
read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-u/-i/-N,
readonly -a/-f/name=value, trap -l, set +o,
set -b/-m/-o option/-h/-p/-B/-C/-H/-P,
unset -f/-v, ulimit -i/-m/-p/-q/-u/-x,
@@ -894,6 +1002,7 @@ Things bash has that sh does not:
case-modifying word expansions and variable attributes
associative arrays
coprocesses using the `coproc' reserved word and variables
shell assignment of a file descriptor used in a redirection to a variable
Things sh has that bash does not:
uses variable SHACCT to do shell accounting
@@ -950,7 +1059,7 @@ Things bash has or uses that ksh88 does not:
builtins: bind, builtin, command, declare, dirs, echo -e/-E, enable,
exec -l/-c/-a, fc -s, export -n/-f/-p, hash, help, history,
jobs -x/-r/-s, kill -s/-n/-l, local, logout, popd, pushd,
read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s, readonly -a/-n/-f/-p,
read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-N, readonly -a/-n/-f/-p,
set -o braceexpand/-o histexpand/-o interactive-comments/
-o notify/-o physical/-o posix/-o hashall/-o onecmd/
-h/-B/-C/-b/-H/-P, set +o, suspend, trap -l, type,
@@ -979,6 +1088,7 @@ Things bash has or uses that ksh88 does not:
case-modifying word expansions and variable attributes
associative arrays
coprocesses using the `coproc' reserved word and variables
shell assignment of a file descriptor used in a redirection to a variable
Things ksh88 has or uses that bash does not:
tracked aliases (alias -t)
@@ -1006,9 +1116,9 @@ Implementation differences:
C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
This list is current through ksh93t (11/04/2008)
This list is current through ksh93t+ (05/05/2009)
New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.0:
New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.1:
floating point arithmetic and variables
math library functions
${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array
@@ -1031,10 +1141,11 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.0:
`.' can execute shell functions
getopts -a
printf %B, %H, %P, %R, %T, %Z modifiers, output base for %d, `=' flag
read -N (read -n differs, too)/-v
read -n/-N differ/-v
set -o showme/-o multiline (bash default)
`sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions)
typeset -n and `nameref' variables
[[ -R name ]] (checks whether or not name is a nameref)
typeset -C/-S/-T/-X/-h/-s
experimental `type' definitions (a la typedef) using typeset
negative subscripts for indexed array variables
@@ -1042,11 +1153,11 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.0:
associative array assignments using `;' as element separator
command substitution $(n<#) expands to current byte offset for fd N
new '${ ' form of command substitution, executed in current shell
new >;/<#pat/<##pat/<#/># redirections
redirection operators preceded with {varname} to store fd number in varname
new >;/<>;/<#pat/<##pat/<#/># redirections
brace expansion printf-like formats
[[ -v var ]] operators (checks whether or not var is set)
New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.0:
New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1:
associative arrays
[n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
@@ -1080,6 +1191,8 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.0:
the `;&' case statement "fallthrough" pattern list terminator
csh-style history expansion and set -H
negative offsets in ${param:offset:length}
redirection operators preceded with {varname} to store fd number in varname
DEBUG can force skipping following command
Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
@@ -1641,6 +1754,32 @@ several options to the `shopt' builtin. If the `compat31' option is enabled,
bash reverts to the bash-3.1 behavior with respect to quoting the rhs of
the =~ operator.
E15) Tell me more about the shell compatibility level.
Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a `shell compatibility level', specified
as a set of options to the shopt builtin (compat31, compat32, compat40 at
this writing). There is only one current compatibility level -- each
option is mutually exclusive. This list does not mention behavior that is
standard for a particular version (e.g., setting compat32 means that quoting
the rhs of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in
the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and above).
compat31 set
- the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current
locale when comparing strings
- quoting the rhs of the regexp matching operator (=~) has no
special effect
compat32 set
- the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current
locale when comparing strings
compat40 set
- the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current
locale when comparing strings
- interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution
of the entire list to be aborted
Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
@@ -2049,9 +2188,9 @@ Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing
H5) When will the next release appear?
The next version will appear sometime in 2009. Never make predictions.
The next version will appear sometime in 2010. Never make predictions.
This document is Copyright 1995-2009 by Chester Ramey.
This document is Copyright 1995-2010 by Chester Ramey.
Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and
without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute
doc/Makefile.in
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@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ GROFF = groff
HSUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/hsuser.texi
RLUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/rluser.texi
BASHREF_FILES = $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(srcdir)/version.texi
BASHREF_FILES = $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(srcdir)/fdl.texi $(srcdir)/version.texi
.SUFFIXES: .0 .1 .3 .ms .ps .txt .dvi .html .pdf
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@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ are preserved on all copies.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'',
and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is
@@ -498,6 +498,7 @@ alert (bell)
@item \b
backspace
@item \e
@itemx \E
an escape character (not ANSI C)
@item \f
form feed
@@ -513,6 +514,8 @@ vertical tab
backslash
@item \'
single quote
@item \"
double quote
@item \@var{nnn}
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
(one to three digits)
@@ -777,7 +780,7 @@ in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed.
The syntax of the @code{for} command is:
@example
for @var{name} [in @var{words} @dots{}]; do @var{commands}; done
for @var{name} [ [in [@var{words} @dots{}] ] ; ] do @var{commands}; done
@end example
Expand @var{words}, and execute @var{commands} once for each member
in the resultant list, with @var{name} bound to the current member.
@@ -864,7 +867,7 @@ operator terminates a pattern list.
A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known
as a @var{clause}.
Each clause must be terminated with @samp{;;}, @samp{,&}, or @samp{;;&}.
Each clause must be terminated with @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}.
The @var{word} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is
attempted. Each @var{pattern} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter
@@ -976,6 +979,9 @@ substitution, and quote removal are performed.
Conditional operators such as @samp{-f} must be unquoted to be recognized
as primaries.
When used with @samp{[[}, The @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
When the @samp{==} and @samp{!=} operators are used, the string to the
right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching}.
@@ -1177,14 +1183,18 @@ positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
Special parameter @code{0} is unchanged.
The first element of the @env{FUNCNAME} variable is set to the
name of the function while the function is executing.
All other aspects of the shell execution
environment are identical between a function and its caller
with the exception that the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps
with these exceptions:
the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps
are not inherited unless the function has been given the
@code{trace} attribute using the @code{declare} builtin or
the @code{-o functrace} option has been enabled with
the @code{set} builtin,
(in which case all functions inherit the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps).
(in which case all functions inherit the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps),
and the @env{ERR} trap is not inherited unless the @code{-o errtrace}
shell option has been enabled.
@xref{Bourne Shell Builtins}, for the description of the
@code{trap} builtin.
@@ -1461,7 +1471,7 @@ bash$ echo a@{d,c,b@}e
ade ace abe
@end example
A sequence expression takes the form @code{@{@var{x}..@var{y}[@var{incr}]@}},
A sequence expression takes the form @code{@{@var{x}..@var{y}[..@var{incr}]@}},
where @var{x} and @var{y} are either integers or single characters,
and @var{incr}, an optional increment, is an integer.
When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
@@ -1601,7 +1611,7 @@ or when @var{parameter}
is followed by a character that is not to be
interpreted as part of its name.
If the first character of @var{parameter} is an exclamation point,
If the first character of @var{parameter} is an exclamation point (!),
a level of variable indirection is introduced.
Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
@var{parameter} as the name of the variable; this variable is then
@@ -1767,7 +1777,7 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
@itemx $@{@var{parameter},,@var{pattern}@}
This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in @var{parameter}.
The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
pathname expansion.
filename expansion.
The @samp{^} operator converts lowercase letters matching @var{pattern}
to uppercase; the @samp{,} operator converts matching uppercase letters
to lowercase.
@@ -1941,7 +1951,7 @@ an error message is printed and the command is not executed.
If the shell option @code{nocaseglob} is enabled, the match is performed
without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
When a pattern is used for filename generation, the character @samp{.}
When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character @samp{.}
at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash
must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option @code{dotglob} is set.
When matching a file name, the slash character must always be
@@ -2084,6 +2094,14 @@ simple command or may follow a command.
Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
left to right.
Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
may instead be preceded by a word of the form @{@var{varname}@}.
In this case, for each redirection operator except
>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
than 10 and assign it to @{@var{varname}@}. If >&- or <&- is preceded
by @{@var{varname}@}, the value of @var{varname} defines the file
descriptor to close.
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
@samp{<}, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
@@ -2765,8 +2783,14 @@ Many of the builtins have been extended by @sc{posix} or Bash.
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
options preceded by @samp{-} accepts @samp{--}
to signify the end of the options.
For example, the @code{:}, @code{true}, @code{false}, and @code{test}
builtins do not accept options.
The @code{:}, @code{true}, @code{false}, and @code{test}
builtins do not accept options and do not treat @samp{--} specially.
The @code{exit}, @code{logout}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, @code{let},
and @code{shift} builtins accept and process arguments beginning
with @samp{-} without requiring @samp{--}.
Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
options interpret arguments beginning with @samp{-} as invalid options and
require @samp{--} to prevent this interpretation.
@node Bourne Shell Builtins
@section Bourne Shell Builtins
@@ -3159,15 +3183,20 @@ The @option{-l} option causes the shell to print a list of signal names
and their corresponding numbers.
Each @var{sigspec} is either a signal name or a signal number.
Signal names are case insensitive and the @code{SIG} prefix is optional.
If a @var{sigspec}
is @code{0} or @code{EXIT}, @var{arg} is executed when the shell exits.
If a @var{sigspec} is @code{DEBUG}, the command @var{arg} is executed
before every simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command,
@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before
the first command executes in a shell function.
Refer to the description of the @code{extglob} option to the
Refer to the description of the @code{extdebug} option to the
@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) for details of its
effect on the @code{DEBUG} trap.
If a @var{sigspec} is @code{RETURN}, the command @var{arg} is executed
each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or
@code{source} builtins finishes executing.
If a @var{sigspec} is @code{ERR}, the command @var{arg}
is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status,
subject to the following conditions.
@@ -3178,13 +3207,10 @@ part of a command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list,
or if the command's return
status is being inverted using @code{!}.
These are the same conditions obeyed by the @code{errexit} option.
If a @var{sigspec} is @code{RETURN}, the command @var{arg} is executed
each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or
@code{source} builtins finishes executing.
Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
values in a child process when it is created.
values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
The return status is zero unless a @var{sigspec} does not specify a
valid signal.
@@ -3625,7 +3651,7 @@ parent.
mapfile [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [
-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}]
@end example
Read lines from the standard input into array variable @var{array},
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array},
or from file descriptor @var{fd}
if the @option{-u} option is supplied.
The variable @code{MAPFILE} is the default @var{array}.
@@ -3640,7 +3666,7 @@ The default index is 0.
@item -s
Discard the first @var{count} lines read.
@item -t
Remove a trailing line from each line read.
Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
@item -u
Read lines from file descriptor @var{fd} instead of the standard input.
@item -C
@@ -3661,7 +3687,8 @@ If not supplied with an explicit origin, @code{mapfile} will clear @var{array}
before assigning to it.
@code{mapfile} returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
argument is supplied, or @var{array} is invalid or unassignable.
argument is supplied, @var{array} is invalid or unassignable, or @var{array}
is not an indexed array.
@item printf
@btindex printf
@@ -3696,7 +3723,7 @@ non-zero on failure.
@item read
@btindex read
@example
read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}] [-p @var{prompt}] [-t @var{timeout}] [-u @var{fd}] [@var{name} @dots{}]
read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}] [-N @var{nchars}] [-p @var{prompt}] [-t @var{timeout}] [-u @var{fd}] [@var{name} @dots{}]
@end example
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option, and the first word
@@ -3739,7 +3766,16 @@ the editing buffer before editing begins.
@item -n @var{nchars}
@code{read} returns after reading @var{nchars} characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input.
waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer
than @var{nchars} characters are read before the delimiter.
@item -N @var{nchars}
@code{read} returns after reading exactly @var{nchars} characters rather
than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
@code{read} times out.
Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
not treated specially and do not cause @code{read} to return until
@var{nchars} characters are read.
@item -p @var{prompt}
Display @var{prompt}, without a trailing newline, before attempting
@@ -3779,7 +3815,7 @@ Read input from file descriptor @var{fd}.
readarray [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [
-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}]
@end example
Read lines from the standard input into array variable @var{array},
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array},
or from file descriptor @var{fd}
if the @option{-u} option is supplied.
@@ -4007,7 +4043,7 @@ separately (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and may cause
subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
@item -f
Disable file name generation (globbing).
Disable filename expansion (globbing).
@item -h
Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution.
@@ -4124,8 +4160,8 @@ Same as @code{-x}.
Turn on privileged mode.
In this mode, the @env{$BASH_ENV} and @env{$ENV} files are not
processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
and the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{CDPATH} and @env{GLOBIGNORE} variables,
if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
and the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH} and @env{GLOBIGNORE}
variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
real user (group) id, and the @code{-p} option is not supplied, these actions
are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
@@ -4391,7 +4427,7 @@ performed within @code{$@{@var{parameter}@}} expansions
enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default.
@item failglob
If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion
If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion
result in an expansion error.
@item force_fignore
@@ -4638,6 +4674,16 @@ variables for controlling the job control facilities
@item BASH
The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
@item BASHOPTS
A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
the list is a valid argument for the @option{-s} option to the
@code{shopt} builtin command (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
The options appearing in @env{BASHOPTS} are those reported
as @samp{on} by @samp{shopt}.
If this variable is in the environment when Bash
starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
@item BASHPID
Expands to the process id of the current Bash process.
This differs from @code{$$} under certain circumstances, such as subshells
@@ -4750,6 +4796,20 @@ The value of @env{MACHTYPE}.
@item BASH_VERSION
The version number of the current instance of Bash.
@item BASH_XTRACEFD
If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
will write the trace output generated when @samp{set -x}
is enabled to that file descriptor.
This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error
messages.
The file descriptor is closed when @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} is unset or assigned
a new value.
Unsetting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} or assigning it the empty string causes the
trace output to be sent to the standard error.
Note that setting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} to 2 (the standard error file
descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
being closed.
@item COLUMNS
Used by the @code{select} builtin command to determine the terminal width
when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
@@ -4962,7 +5022,8 @@ is running;
the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the
existing list.
If @env{HOSTFILE} is set, but has no value, Bash attempts to read
If @env{HOSTFILE} is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
Bash attempts to read
@file{/etc/hosts} to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
When @env{HOSTFILE} is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
@@ -5482,8 +5543,9 @@ allow them to be specified.
If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
real user (group) id, and the @code{-p} option is not supplied, no startup
files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
the @env{SHELLOPTS} variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored,
and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH}, and @env{GLOBIGNORE}
variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective
user id is set to the real user id.
If the @code{-p} option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
@@ -5660,6 +5722,9 @@ If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of
@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file
descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
When used with @samp{[[}, The @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
@@ -5752,19 +5817,18 @@ True if the length of @var{string} is zero.
True if the length of @var{string} is non-zero.
@item @var{string1} == @var{string2}
@itemx @var{string1} = @var{string2}
True if the strings are equal.
@samp{=} may be used in place of @samp{==} for strict @sc{posix} compliance.
@samp{=} should be used with the @code{test} command for @sc{posix} conformance.
@item @var{string1} != @var{string2}
True if the strings are not equal.
@item @var{string1} < @var{string2}
True if @var{string1} sorts before @var{string2} lexicographically
in the current locale.
True if @var{string1} sorts before @var{string2} lexicographically.
@item @var{string1} > @var{string2}
True if @var{string1} sorts after @var{string2} lexicographically
in the current locale.
True if @var{string1} sorts after @var{string2} lexicographically.
@item @var{arg1} OP @var{arg2}
@code{OP} is one of
@@ -6032,11 +6096,14 @@ If @var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or
Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
referencing with a subscript of 0.
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
The @code{unset} builtin is used to destroy arrays.
@code{unset} @var{name}[@var{subscript}]
destroys the array element at index @var{subscript}.
Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename
generation.
expansion.
@code{unset} @var{name}, where @var{name} is an array, removes the
entire array. A subscript of @samp{*} or @samp{@@} also removes the
entire array.
@@ -6512,6 +6579,11 @@ escape characters are converted.
The @code{ulimit} builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the @option{-c}
and @option{-f} options.
@item
The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD} when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does
not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
@end enumerate
There is other @sc{posix} behavior that Bash does not implement by
@@ -6561,7 +6633,7 @@ refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend)
the execution of processes and continue (resume)
their execution at a later point. A user typically employs
this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
by the system's terminal driver and Bash.
by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and Bash.
The shell associates a @var{job} with each pipeline. It keeps a
table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the
@@ -6586,11 +6658,13 @@ process group @sc{id} is equal to the current terminal process group
These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background
processes are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the
terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated
signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or
write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to
read from (write to) the terminal are sent a @code{SIGTTIN}
(@code{SIGTTOU}) signal by the terminal driver, which, unless
caught, suspends the process.
signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if
the user so specifies with @code{stty tostop}, write to the terminal.
Background processes which attempt to
read from (write to when @code{stty tostop} is in effect) the
terminal are sent a @code{SIGTTIN} (@code{SIGTTOU})
signal by the kernel's terminal driver,
which, unless caught, suspends the process.
If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the
@@ -7225,6 +7299,10 @@ Include support for the @code{((@dots{}))} command
Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
above under @ref{Pattern Matching}.
@item --enable-extended-glob-default
Set the default value of the @var{extglob} shell option described
above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled.
@item --enable-help-builtin
Include the @code{help} builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
variables (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
@@ -7318,7 +7396,7 @@ But first, you should
make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
version of Bash.
The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/}.
@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/}.
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
@code{bashbug} command to submit a bug report.
doc/builtins.0
+494 -449
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doc/builtins.ps
+1789 -1705
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File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff
doc/fdl.texi
+67 -12
View File
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
@c The GNU Free Documentation License.
@center Version 1.2, November 2002
@center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
@c This file is intended to be included within another document,
@c hence no sectioning command or @node.
@display
Copyright @copyright{} 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@uref{http://fsf.org/}
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@@ -111,6 +111,9 @@ formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The ``publisher'' means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
@@ -379,13 +382,30 @@ title.
@item
TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
not give you any rights to use it.
@item
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
@@ -403,7 +423,42 @@ following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
Document.
@item
RELICENSING
``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site'' (or ``MMC Site'') means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration'' (or ``MMC'') contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
``CC-BY-SA'' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
``Incorporate'' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is ``eligible for relicensing'' if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this License
somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
@end enumerate
@page
@@ -417,7 +472,7 @@ license notices just after the title page:
@group
Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
doc/fdl.txt
+92 -38
View File
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.2, November 2002
GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of
the Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
@@ -118,14 +121,13 @@ License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
@@ -169,8 +171,9 @@ Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
@@ -285,16 +288,18 @@ Entitled "Endorsements".
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
@@ -304,7 +309,7 @@ and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included an aggregate, this License does not
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.
@@ -340,21 +345,38 @@ title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns. See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
@@ -364,7 +386,39 @@ following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this License
somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or
in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and
(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
@@ -375,7 +429,7 @@ license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
doc/rbash.ps
+6 -5
View File
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2
%%CreationDate: Thu Feb 5 08:05:28 2009
%%CreationDate: Wed Dec 30 13:07:37 2009
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2
@@ -240,9 +240,10 @@ E F0(\(1\))A F1(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 112.8 Q F0(If)108 124.8 Q F2(bash)
(bash)2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E
(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E 32.5<8363>108
165.6 S(hanging directories with)-32.5 E F2(cd)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
182.4 S(etting or unsetting the v)-32.5 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(SHELL)2.5 E
F0(,)A F2 -.74(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.21 E F0(,)A F2(ENV)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5
E F2 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).3 E F0 32.5<8373>108 199.2 S
182.4 S(etting or unsetting the v)-32.5 E(alues of)-.25 E/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.666(PA)2.25
G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G
(SH_ENV).27 E F0 32.5<8373>108 199.2 S
(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
216 S(pecifying a \214le name containing a)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0
(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F2(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G
@@ -252,7 +253,7 @@ E F2 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).3 E F0 32.5<8373>108 199.2 S
(hash)2.851 E F0 -.2(bu)2.851 G .351(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 244.8 Q
32.5<8369>108 261.6 S(mporting function de\214nitions from the shell en)
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-32.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.5 E
-32.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E
(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8372>108 295.2 S(edirecting output usi\
ng the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)-32.5 E 32.5
<8375>108 312 S(sing the)-32.5 E F2(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
doc/texinfo.tex
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doc/version.texi
+5 -5
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@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
Copyright (C) 1988-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
@set LASTCHANGE Fri Feb 13 18:29:03 EST 2009
@set LASTCHANGE Wed Dec 23 16:29:41 EST 2009
@set EDITION 4.0
@set VERSION 4.0
@set UPDATED 13 February 2009
@set UPDATED-MONTH February 2009
@set EDITION 4.1
@set VERSION 4.1
@set UPDATED 23 December 2009
@set UPDATED-MONTH December 2009