diff --git a/process/JFJochProcess.cpp b/process/JFJochProcess.cpp
index 27a5da27..27cc22b1 100644
--- a/process/JFJochProcess.cpp
+++ b/process/JFJochProcess.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "../image_analysis/image_preprocessing/ImagePreprocessorBuffer.h"
 #include "../image_analysis/scale_merge/Merge.h"
 #include "../image_analysis/scale_merge/GlobalScale.h"
+#include "../image_analysis/scale_merge/ScaleOnTheFly.h"
 #include "../image_analysis/scale_merge/SearchSpaceGroup.h"
 #include "../image_analysis/scale_merge/Combine3D.h"
 #include "../image_analysis/WriteReflections.h"
@@ -118,6 +119,27 @@ namespace {
         }
         logger.Info("Global scaling complete ({} images)", outcomes.size());
     }
+
+    // XDS-order scaling. The rot3d combine emits fulls with partiality == 1 (image_scale_corr == 1),
+    // so they were only ever scaled as per-frame *partials* upstream - their per-frame scale is
+    // entangled with the rocking-curve/partiality model. This refits a per-frame scale directly on
+    // the complete reflections with the Unity model (no partiality term, G*Itrue - I_full), the way
+    // XDS/DIALS scale 3D-integrated fulls. A pure post-correction: it updates image_scale_corr on the
+    // fulls (1 -> 1/G) without re-combining.
+    void ScaleFulls(const DiffractionExperiment &experiment,
+                    std::vector<IntegrationOutcome> &fulls, int scaling_iter,
+                    size_t nthreads, Logger &logger) {
+        DiffractionExperiment unity = experiment;
+        ScalingSettings ss = unity.GetScalingSettings();
+        ss.SetPartialityModel(PartialityModel::Unity);
+        unity.ImportScalingSettings(ss);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < scaling_iter; i++) {
+            const auto reference = MergeAll(unity, fulls, false);
+            ScaleOnTheFly(unity, reference).Scale(fulls, nthreads);
+        }
+        logger.Info("Scaled fulls (XDS order, Unity model)");
+    }
 }
 
 JFJochProcess::JFJochProcess(JFJochHDF5Reader &reader, DiffractionExperiment experiment,
@@ -464,6 +486,8 @@ ProcessResult JFJochProcess::Run(JFJochProcessObserver *observer) {
         if (rot3d)
             combined = CombineRotationObservations(indexer->GetIntegrationOutcome(), experiment_, &logger,
                                                    config_.observation_dump_path);
+        if (rot3d && config_.scale_fulls)
+            ScaleFulls(experiment_, combined, static_cast<int>(config_.scaling_iter), config_.nthreads, logger);
         const std::vector<IntegrationOutcome> &merge_input =
             rot3d ? combined : indexer->GetIntegrationOutcome();
 
diff --git a/process/JFJochProcess.h b/process/JFJochProcess.h
index d0634421..4dafbb4a 100644
--- a/process/JFJochProcess.h
+++ b/process/JFJochProcess.h
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ struct ProcessConfig {
     // Global (joint) scaling instead of the alternating merge/scale loop: refine all per-image
     // scales, mosaicities and the shared per-HKL intensities together in one Ceres problem.
     bool global_scaling = false;
+    // XDS-order scaling: after the rot3d combine, refit a per-frame scale on the combined fulls
+    // (Unity model, no partiality term) so the per-frame scale is decoupled from rocking-curve
+    // model error. Only meaningful with -P rot3d.
+    bool scale_fulls = false;
     std::vector<MergedReflection> reference_data;
 
     // Diagnostic: if set, the -P rot3d combine writes the unmerged fulls here (for comparison vs XDS).
diff --git a/tools/jfjoch_process.cpp b/tools/jfjoch_process.cpp
index d387c862..54e9a025 100644
--- a/tools/jfjoch_process.cpp
+++ b/tools/jfjoch_process.cpp
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ void print_usage() {
     std::cout << "  Scaling and merging" << std::endl;
     std::cout << "   -M, --scale-merge               Scale and merge (refine mosaicity) and write scaled.hkl + image.dat" << std::endl;
     std::cout << "   --global-scale                  Joint global scaling (all images + Itrue in one fit) instead of the alternating loop; implies -M" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "   --scale-fulls                   After -P rot3d combine, refit a per-frame scale on the fulls (XDS order, Unity model); implies -M" << std::endl;
     std::cout << "   -P, --partiality <txt>          Partiality model fixed|rot|rot3d|unity (default: fixed). rot3d = rot + 3D combine of per-frame partials" << std::endl;
     std::cout << "   -A, --anomalous                 Anomalous mode (don't merge Friedel pairs)" << std::endl;
     std::cout << "   -B, --refine-bfactor            Refine per image B-factor" << std::endl;
@@ -93,7 +94,8 @@ enum {
     OPT_REFERENCE_COLUMN,
     OPT_DUMP_OBSERVATIONS,
     OPT_INTEGRATOR,
-    OPT_GLOBAL_SCALE
+    OPT_GLOBAL_SCALE,
+    OPT_SCALE_FULLS
 };
 
 static option long_options[] = {
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ static option long_options[] = {
     {"wedge", optional_argument, nullptr, 'w'},
     {"scale-merge", no_argument, nullptr, 'M'},
     {"global-scale", no_argument, nullptr, OPT_GLOBAL_SCALE},
+    {"scale-fulls", no_argument, nullptr, OPT_SCALE_FULLS},
     {"refine", required_argument, nullptr, 'r'},
 
     {"two-pass-rotation", optional_argument, nullptr, 'R'},
@@ -275,6 +278,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     std::optional<float> rotation_indexing_range;
     bool run_scaling = false;
     bool global_scaling = false;
+    bool scale_fulls = false;
     bool anomalous_mode = false;
     std::optional<int64_t> space_group_number;
     std::optional<UnitCell> fixed_reference_unit_cell;
@@ -508,6 +512,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
             run_scaling = true;
             global_scaling = true;
             break;
+        case OPT_SCALE_FULLS:
+            run_scaling = true;
+            scale_fulls = true;
+            break;
         case OPT_MIN_PARTIALITY:
             min_partiality = std::stod(optarg);
             break;
@@ -791,6 +799,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     config.forced_rotation_lattice = forced_rotation_lattice;
     config.run_scaling = run_scaling;
     config.global_scaling = global_scaling;
+    config.scale_fulls = scale_fulls;
     config.scaling_iter = scaling_iter;
     config.reference_data = reference_data;
     config.observation_dump_path = dump_observations;