612 lines
25 KiB
HTML
612 lines
25 KiB
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<PRE>
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<!-- Manpage converted by man2html 3.0.1 -->
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</PRE>
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<H2>NAME</H2><PRE>
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flex - fast lexical analyzer generator
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</PRE>
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<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2><PRE>
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flex [-bcdfinpstvFILT8 -C[efmF] -Sskeleton] [<I>filename</I> ...]
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</PRE>
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<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2><PRE>
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<I>flex</I> is a tool for generating <I>scanners</I>: programs which
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recognized lexical patterns in text. <I>flex</I> reads the given
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input files, or its standard input if no file names are
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given, for a description of a scanner to generate. The
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description is in the form of pairs of regular expressions
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and C code, called <I>rules</I>. <I>flex</I> generates as output a C
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source file, lex.yy.c, which defines a routine yylex(). This
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file is compiled and linked with the -lfl library to produce
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an executable. When the executable is run, it analyzes its
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input for occurrences of the regular expressions. Whenever
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it finds one, it executes the corresponding C code.
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For full documentation, see <B>flexdoc(1)</B>. This manual entry is
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intended for use as a quick reference.
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</PRE>
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<H2>OPTIONS</H2><PRE>
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<I>flex</I> has the following options:
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-b Generate backtracking information to <I>lex</I>.<I>backtrack</I>.
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This is a list of scanner states which require back-
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tracking and the input characters on which they do so.
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By adding rules one can remove backtracking states. If
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all backtracking states are eliminated and -f or -F is
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used, the generated scanner will run faster.
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-c is a do-nothing, deprecated option included for POSIX
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compliance.
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NOTE: in previous releases of <I>flex</I> -c specified table-
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compression options. This functionality is now given
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by the -C flag. To ease the the impact of this change,
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when <I>flex</I> encounters -c, it currently issues a warning
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message and assumes that -C was desired instead. In
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the future this "promotion" of -c to -C will go away in
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the name of full POSIX compliance (unless the POSIX
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meaning is removed first).
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-d makes the generated scanner run in <I>debug</I> mode. When-
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ever a pattern is recognized and the global
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yy_flex_debug is non-zero (which is the default), the
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scanner will write to <I>stderr</I> a line of the form:
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--accepting rule at line 53 ("the matched text")
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The line number refers to the location of the rule in
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the file defining the scanner (i.e., the file that was
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fed to flex). Messages are also generated when the
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scanner backtracks, accepts the default rule, reaches
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the end of its input buffer (or encounters a NUL; the
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two look the same as far as the scanner's concerned),
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or reaches an end-of-file.
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-f specifies (take your pick) <I>full</I> <I>table</I> or <I>fast</I> <I>scanner</I>.
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No table compression is done. The result is large but
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fast. This option is equivalent to -Cf (see below).
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-i instructs <I>flex</I> to generate a <I>case</I>-<I>insensitive</I> scanner.
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The case of letters given in the <I>flex</I> input patterns
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will be ignored, and tokens in the input will be
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matched regardless of case. The matched text given in
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<I>yytext</I> will have the preserved case (i.e., it will not
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be folded).
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-n is another do-nothing, deprecated option included only
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for POSIX compliance.
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-p generates a performance report to stderr. The report
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consists of comments regarding features of the <I>flex</I>
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input file which will cause a loss of performance in
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the resulting scanner.
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-s causes the <I>default</I> <I>rule</I> (that unmatched scanner input
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is echoed to <I>stdout</I>) to be suppressed. If the scanner
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encounters input that does not match any of its rules,
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it aborts with an error.
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-t instructs <I>flex</I> to write the scanner it generates to
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standard output instead of lex.yy.c.
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-v specifies that <I>flex</I> should write to <I>stderr</I> a summary of
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statistics regarding the scanner it generates.
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-F specifies that the <I>fast</I> scanner table representation
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should be used. This representation is about as fast
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as the full table representation (-<I>f</I>), and for some
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sets of patterns will be considerably smaller (and for
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others, larger). See <B>flexdoc(1)</B> for details.
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This option is equivalent to -CF (see below).
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-I instructs <I>flex</I> to generate an <I>interactive</I> scanner, that
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is, a scanner which stops immediately rather than look-
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ing ahead if it knows that the currently scanned text
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cannot be part of a longer rule's match. Again, see
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<B>flexdoc(1)</B> for details.
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Note, -I cannot be used in conjunction with <I>full</I> or
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<I>fast</I> <I>tables</I>, i.e., the -f, -F, -Cf, or -CF flags.
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-L instructs <I>flex</I> not to generate #line directives in
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lex.yy.c. The default is to generate such directives so
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error messages in the actions will be correctly located
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with respect to the original <I>flex</I> input file, and not
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to the fairly meaningless line numbers of lex.yy.c.
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-T makes <I>flex</I> run in <I>trace</I> mode. It will generate a lot
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of messages to <I>stdout</I> concerning the form of the input
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and the resultant non-deterministic and deterministic
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finite automata. This option is mostly for use in
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maintaining <I>flex</I>.
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-8 instructs <I>flex</I> to generate an 8-bit scanner. On some
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sites, this is the default. On others, the default is
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7-bit characters. To see which is the case, check the
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verbose (-v) output for "equivalence classes created".
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If the denominator of the number shown is 128, then by
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default <I>flex</I> is generating 7-bit characters. If it is
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256, then the default is 8-bit characters.
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-C[efmF]
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controls the degree of table compression.
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-Ce directs <I>flex</I> to construct <I>equivalence</I> <I>classes</I>,
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i.e., sets of characters which have identical lexical
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properties. Equivalence classes usually give dramatic
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reductions in the final table/object file sizes (typi-
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cally a factor of 2-5) and are pretty cheap
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performance-wise (one array look-up per character
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scanned).
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-Cf specifies that the <I>full</I> scanner tables should be
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generated - <I>flex</I> should not compress the tables by tak-
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ing advantages of similar transition functions for dif-
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ferent states.
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-CF specifies that the alternate fast scanner represen-
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tation (described in <B>flexdoc(1)</B>) should be used.
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-Cm directs <I>flex</I> to construct <I>meta</I>-<I>equivalence</I> <I>classes</I>,
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which are sets of equivalence classes (or characters,
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if equivalence classes are not being used) that are
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commonly used together. Meta-equivalence classes are
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often a big win when using compressed tables, but they
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have a moderate performance impact (one or two "if"
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tests and one array look-up per character scanned).
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A lone -C specifies that the scanner tables should be
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compressed but neither equivalence classes nor meta-
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equivalence classes should be used.
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The options -Cf or -CF and -Cm do not make sense
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together - there is no opportunity for meta-equivalence
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classes if the table is not being compressed. Other-
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wise the options may be freely mixed.
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The default setting is -Cem, which specifies that <I>flex</I>
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should generate equivalence classes and meta-
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equivalence classes. This setting provides the highest
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degree of table compression. You can trade off
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faster-executing scanners at the cost of larger tables
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with the following generally being true:
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slowest & smallest
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-Cem
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-Cm
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-Ce
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-C
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-C{f,F}e
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-C{f,F}
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fastest & largest
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-C options are not cumulative; whenever the flag is
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encountered, the previous -C settings are forgotten.
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-Sskeleton_file
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overrides the default skeleton file from which <I>flex</I>
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constructs its scanners. You'll never need this option
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unless you are doing <I>flex</I> maintenance or development.
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</PRE>
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<H2>SUMMARY OF FLEX REGULAR EXPRESSIONS</H2><PRE>
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The patterns in the input are written using an extended set
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of regular expressions. These are:
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x match the character 'x'
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. any character except newline
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[xyz] a "character class"; in this case, the pattern
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matches either an 'x', a 'y', or a 'z'
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[abj-oZ] a "character class" with a range in it; matches
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an 'a', a 'b', any letter from 'j' through 'o',
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or a 'Z'
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[^A-Z] a "negated character class", i.e., any character
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but those in the class. In this case, any
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character EXCEPT an uppercase letter.
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[^A-Z\n] any character EXCEPT an uppercase letter or
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a newline
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r* zero or more r's, where r is any regular expression
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r+ one or more r's
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r? zero or one r's (that is, "an optional r")
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r{2,5} anywhere from two to five r's
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r{2,} two or more r's
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r{4} exactly 4 r's
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{name} the expansion of the "name" definition
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(see above)
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"[xyz]\"foo"
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the literal string: [xyz]"foo
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\X if X is an 'a', 'b', 'f', 'n', 'r', 't', or 'v',
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then the ANSI-C interpretation of \x.
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Otherwise, a literal 'X' (used to escape
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operators such as '*')
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\123 the character with octal value 123
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\x2a the character with hexadecimal value 2a
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(r) match an r; parentheses are used to override
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precedence (see below)
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rs the regular expression r followed by the
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regular expression s; called "concatenation"
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r|s either an r or an s
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r/s an r but only if it is followed by an s. The
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s is not part of the matched text. This type
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of pattern is called as "trailing context".
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^r an r, but only at the beginning of a line
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r$ an r, but only at the end of a line. Equivalent
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to "r/\n".
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<s>r an r, but only in start condition s (see
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below for discussion of start conditions)
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<s1,s2,s3>r
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same, but in any of start conditions s1,
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s2, or s3
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<<EOF>> an end-of-file
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<s1,s2><<EOF>>
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an end-of-file when in start condition s1 or s2
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The regular expressions listed above are grouped according
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to precedence, from highest precedence at the top to lowest
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at the bottom. Those grouped together have equal pre-
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cedence.
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Some notes on patterns:
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- Negated character classes <I>match</I> <I>newlines</I> unless "\n"
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(or an equivalent escape sequence) is one of the char-
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acters explicitly present in the negated character
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class (e.g., "[^A-Z\n]").
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- A rule can have at most one instance of trailing con-
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text (the '/' operator or the '$' operator). The start
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condition, '^', and "<<EOF>>" patterns can only occur
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at the beginning of a pattern, and, as well as with '/'
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and '$', cannot be grouped inside parentheses. The
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following are all illegal:
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foo/bar$
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foo|(bar$)
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foo|^bar
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<sc1>foo<sc2>bar
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</PRE>
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<H2>SUMMARY OF SPECIAL ACTIONS</H2><PRE>
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In addition to arbitrary C code, the following can appear in
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actions:
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- ECHO copies yytext to the scanner's output.
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- BEGIN followed by the name of a start condition places
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the scanner in the corresponding start condition.
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- REJECT directs the scanner to proceed on to the "second
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best" rule which matched the input (or a prefix of the
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input). yytext and yyleng are set up appropriately.
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Note that REJECT is a particularly expensive feature in
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terms scanner performance; if it is used in <I>any</I> of the
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scanner's actions it will slow down <I>all</I> of the
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scanner's matching. Furthermore, REJECT cannot be used
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with the -<I>f</I> or -<I>F</I> options.
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Note also that unlike the other special actions, REJECT
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is a <I>branch</I>; code immediately following it in the
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action will <I>not</I> be executed.
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- yymore() tells the scanner that the next time it
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matches a rule, the corresponding token should be
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<I>appended</I> onto the current value of yytext rather than
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replacing it.
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- yyless(n) returns all but the first <I>n</I> characters of the
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current token back to the input stream, where they will
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be rescanned when the scanner looks for the next match.
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yytext and yyleng are adjusted appropriately (e.g.,
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yyleng will now be equal to <I>n</I> ).
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- unput(c) puts the character <I>c</I> back onto the input
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stream. It will be the next character scanned.
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- input() reads the next character from the input stream
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(this routine is called yyinput() if the scanner is
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compiled using C++).
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- yyterminate() can be used in lieu of a return statement
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in an action. It terminates the scanner and returns a
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0 to the scanner's caller, indicating "all done".
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By default, yyterminate() is also called when an end-
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of-file is encountered. It is a macro and may be rede-
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fined.
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- YY_NEW_FILE is an action available only in <<EOF>>
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rules. It means "Okay, I've set up a new input file,
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continue scanning".
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- yy_create_buffer( file, size ) takes a <I>FILE</I> pointer and
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an integer <I>size</I>. It returns a YY_BUFFER_STATE handle to
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a new input buffer large enough to accomodate <I>size</I>
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characters and associated with the given file. When in
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doubt, use YY_BUF_SIZE for the size.
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- yy_switch_to_buffer( new_buffer ) switches the
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scanner's processing to scan for tokens from the given
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buffer, which must be a YY_BUFFER_STATE.
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- yy_delete_buffer( buffer ) deletes the given buffer.
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</PRE>
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<H2>VALUES AVAILABLE TO THE USER</H2><PRE>
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- char *yytext holds the text of the current token. It
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may not be modified.
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- int yyleng holds the length of the current token. It
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may not be modified.
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- FILE *yyin is the file which by default <I>flex</I> reads
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from. It may be redefined but doing so only makes
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sense before scanning begins. Changing it in the mid-
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dle of scanning will have unexpected results since <I>flex</I>
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buffers its input. Once scanning terminates because an
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end-of-file has been seen, void yyrestart( FILE
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*new_file ) may be called to point <I>yyin</I> at the new
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input file.
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- FILE *yyout is the file to which ECHO actions are done.
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It can be reassigned by the user.
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- YY_CURRENT_BUFFER returns a YY_BUFFER_STATE handle to
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the current buffer.
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</PRE>
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<H2>MACROS THE USER CAN REDEFINE</H2><PRE>
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- YY_DECL controls how the scanning routine is declared.
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By default, it is "int yylex()", or, if prototypes are
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being used, "int yylex(void)". This definition may be
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changed by redefining the "YY_DECL" macro. Note that
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if you give arguments to the scanning routine using a
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K&R-style/non-prototyped function declaration, you must
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terminate the definition with a semi-colon (;).
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- The nature of how the scanner gets its input can be
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controlled by redefining the YY_INPUT macro.
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YY_INPUT's calling sequence is
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"YY_INPUT(buf,result,max_size)". Its action is to
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place up to <I>max</I>_<I>size</I> characters in the character array
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<I>buf</I> and return in the integer variable <I>result</I> either
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the number of characters read or the constant YY_NULL
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(0 on Unix systems) to indicate EOF. The default
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YY_INPUT reads from the global file-pointer "yyin". A
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sample redefinition of YY_INPUT (in the definitions
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section of the input file):
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%{
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#undef YY_INPUT
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#define YY_INPUT(buf,result,max_size) \
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{ \
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int c = getchar(); \
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result = (c == EOF) ? YY_NULL : (buf[0] = c, 1); \
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}
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%}
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- When the scanner receives an end-of-file indication
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from YY_INPUT, it then checks the yywrap() function.
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If yywrap() returns false (zero), then it is assumed
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that the function has gone ahead and set up <I>yyin</I> to
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point to another input file, and scanning continues.
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If it returns true (non-zero), then the scanner ter-
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minates, returning 0 to its caller.
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The default yywrap() always returns 1. Presently, to
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redefine it you must first "#undef yywrap", as it is
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currently implemented as a macro. It is likely that
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yywrap() will soon be defined to be a function rather
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than a macro.
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- YY_USER_ACTION can be redefined to provide an action
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which is always executed prior to the matched rule's
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action.
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- The macro YY_USER_INIT may be redefined to provide an
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action which is always executed before the first scan.
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- In the generated scanner, the actions are all gathered
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in one large switch statement and separated using
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YY_BREAK, which may be redefined. By default, it is
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simply a "break", to separate each rule's action from
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the following rule's.
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</PRE>
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<H2>FILES</H2><PRE>
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<I>flex</I>.<I>skel</I>
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skeleton scanner.
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<I>lex</I>.<I>yy</I>.<I>c</I>
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generated scanner (called <I>lexyy</I>.<I>c</I> on some systems).
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<I>lex</I>.<I>backtrack</I>
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backtracking information for -b flag (called <I>lex</I>.<I>bck</I> on
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some systems).
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-lfl library with which to link the scanners.
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</PRE>
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<H2>SEE ALSO</H2><PRE>
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<B>flexdoc(1)</B>, <B>lex(1)</B>, <B>yacc(1)</B>, <B>sed(1)</B>, <B>awk(1)</B>.
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M. E. Lesk and E. Schmidt, <I>LEX</I> - <I>Lexical</I> <I>Analyzer</I> <I>Generator</I>
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</PRE>
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<H2>DIAGNOSTICS</H2><PRE>
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<I>reject</I>_<I>used</I>_<I>but</I>_<I>not</I>_<I>detected</I> <I>undefined</I> or
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<I>yymore</I>_<I>used</I>_<I>but</I>_<I>not</I>_<I>detected</I> <I>undefined</I> - These errors can
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occur at compile time. They indicate that the scanner uses
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REJECT or yymore() but that <I>flex</I> failed to notice the fact,
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meaning that <I>flex</I> scanned the first two sections looking for
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occurrences of these actions and failed to find any, but
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somehow you snuck some in (via a #include file, for exam-
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ple). Make an explicit reference to the action in your <I>flex</I>
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input file. (Note that previously <I>flex</I> supported a
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%used/%unused mechanism for dealing with this problem; this
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feature is still supported but now deprecated, and will go
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|
away soon unless the author hears from people who can argue
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compellingly that they need it.)
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<I>flex</I> <I>scanner</I> <I>jammed</I> - a scanner compiled with -s has encoun-
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tered an input string which wasn't matched by any of its
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rules.
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<I>flex</I> <I>input</I> <I>buffer</I> <I>overflowed</I> - a scanner rule matched a
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|
string long enough to overflow the scanner's internal input
|
|
buffer (16K bytes - controlled by YY_BUF_MAX in
|
|
"flex.skel").
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<I>scanner</I> <I>requires</I> -<I>8</I> <I>flag</I> - Your scanner specification
|
|
includes recognizing 8-bit characters and you did not
|
|
specify the -8 flag (and your site has not installed flex
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with -8 as the default).
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<I>fatal</I> <I>flex</I> <I>scanner</I> <I>internal</I> <I>error</I>--<I>end</I> <I>of</I> <I>buffer</I> <I>missed</I> -
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This can occur in an scanner which is reentered after a
|
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long-jump has jumped out (or over) the scanner's activation
|
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frame. Before reentering the scanner, use:
|
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yyrestart( yyin );
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<I>too</I> <I>many</I> %<I>t</I> <I>classes</I>! - You managed to put every single char-
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|
acter into its own %t class. <I>flex</I> requires that at least
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one of the classes share characters.
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</PRE>
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<H2>AUTHOR</H2><PRE>
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Vern Paxson, with the help of many ideas and much inspira-
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tion from Van Jacobson. Original version by Jef Poskanzer.
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|
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See <B>flexdoc(1)</B> for additional credits and the address to
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send comments to.
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</PRE>
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<H2>DEFICIENCIES / BUGS</H2><PRE>
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Some trailing context patterns cannot be properly matched
|
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and generate warning messages ("Dangerous trailing con-
|
|
text"). These are patterns where the ending of the first
|
|
part of the rule matches the beginning of the second part,
|
|
such as "zx*/xy*", where the 'x*' matches the 'x' at the
|
|
beginning of the trailing context. (Note that the POSIX
|
|
draft states that the text matched by such patterns is unde-
|
|
fined.)
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|
For some trailing context rules, parts which are actually
|
|
fixed-length are not recognized as such, leading to the
|
|
abovementioned performance loss. In particular, parts using
|
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'|' or {n} (such as "foo{3}") are always considered
|
|
variable-length.
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|
|
Combining trailing context with the special '|' action can
|
|
result in <I>fixed</I> trailing context being turned into the more
|
|
expensive <I>variable</I> trailing context. For example, this hap-
|
|
pens in the following example:
|
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|
|
%%
|
|
abc |
|
|
xyz/def
|
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|
|
|
Use of unput() invalidates yytext and yyleng.
|
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|
|
Use of unput() to push back more text than was matched can
|
|
result in the pushed-back text matching a beginning-of-line
|
|
('^') rule even though it didn't come at the beginning of
|
|
the line (though this is rare!).
|
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|
|
Pattern-matching of NUL's is substantially slower than
|
|
matching other characters.
|
|
|
|
<I>flex</I> does not generate correct #line directives for code
|
|
internal to the scanner; thus, bugs in <I>flex</I>.<I>skel</I> yield bogus
|
|
line numbers.
|
|
|
|
Due to both buffering of input and read-ahead, you cannot
|
|
intermix calls to <stdio.h> routines, such as, for example,
|
|
getchar(), with <I>flex</I> rules and expect it to work. Call
|
|
input() instead.
|
|
|
|
The total table entries listed by the -v flag excludes the
|
|
number of table entries needed to determine what rule has
|
|
been matched. The number of entries is equal to the number
|
|
of DFA states if the scanner does not use REJECT, and some-
|
|
what greater than the number of states if it does.
|
|
|
|
REJECT cannot be used with the -<I>f</I> or -<I>F</I> options.
|
|
|
|
Some of the macros, such as yywrap(), may in the future
|
|
become functions which live in the -lfl library. This will
|
|
doubtless break a lot of code, but may be required for
|
|
POSIX-compliance.
|
|
|
|
The <I>flex</I> internal algorithms need documentation.
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</PRE>
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<HR>
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<ADDRESS>
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Man(1) output converted with
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<a href="http://www.oac.uci.edu/indiv/ehood/man2html.html">man2html</a>
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</ADDRESS>
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
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